Implementation

Application Module - 1

Application Module
Algorithm Engineering Data

AM09-601
Release 640
6/2007
 Copyright, Trademarks, and Notices
© Copyright 2007 by Honeywell Inc.

Revision 5 – June, 2007

While this information is presented in good faith and believed to be accurate, Honeywell
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Other brand or product names are trademarks of their respective owners.

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Process Solutions
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AM Algorithm Engineering Data ii 6/2007

Support and Other Contacts
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AM Algorithm Engineering Data iii 6/2007

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AM Algorithm Engineering Data iv 6/2007

Japan
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AM Algorithm Engineering Data v 6/2007

 About This Publication
This publication supports TotalPlant Solution (TPS) system network Release 640. TPS
is the evolution of TDC 3000X.

This publication provides a complete description of the functions of each of the 11 PV

algorithms and 13 control algorithms for regulatory data points in TotalPlant Solution
(TPS) system Application Modules (AMs). The purpose of this publication is to be used
as a reference manual for process engineers who are configuring control strategies for
TPS systems, using one or more Application Modules.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data vi 6/2007

 Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 References
1.2 Terms And Notation Used In The Algorithm Descriptions
2. TWO TYPES OF ALGORITHMS—PV ALGORITHMS AND CONTROL ALGORITHMS
2.1 PV Algorithms and Control Algorithms
2.2 Rolling Average Algorithm
2.2.1 Function
2.2.2 Use
2.2.3 Configuration
2.2.4 Equations
2.2.5 Errors
2.2.6 Compatibility with previous AM Releases
3. DATA ACQUISITION (PV)
3.1 Type And Name
3.2 Function
3.3 Use
3.4 Options And Special Features
3.5 Equation
3.6 Migration
4. FLOW COMPENSATION (PV)
4.1 Type And Name
4.2 Function
4.3 Use
4.4 Options And Special Features
4.4.1 Five Forms of Flow Compensation
4.4.2 Restart or Point Activation
4.4.3 Error Handling
4.4.4 Special Notes
4.4.5 Compensating for Assumed Design Conditions
4.5 Equations
4.6 Migration
5. GENERAL LINEARIZATION (PV)
5.1 Type And Name
5.2 Function
5.3 Use
5.4 Options And Special Features
5.4.1 Restart or Point Activation
5.4.2 Error Handling
5.4.3 Changing Parameters through a Universal Station
5.4.4 Parameter—Value Restrictions
5.4.5 Extension of First and Last Segments
5.5 Equation
5.6 Migration

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6. HIGH SELECTOR, LOW SELECTOR, AVERAGE (PV)

6.1 Type And Name
6.2 Function
6.3 Use
6.4 Options And Special Features
6.4.1 Forced Selection
6.4.2 Error Handling
6.4.3 Restart or Point Activation
6.5 Equations
6.6 Migration
7. TOTALIZER (PV)
7.1 Type And Name
7.2 Function
7.3 Use
7.4 Options And Special Features
7.4.1 Typical Operation
7.4.2 Time base and Engineering-Units Scaling
7.4.3 Commands and States
7.4.4 Near-Zero Cutoff
7.4.5 Target-Value Flags
7.4.6 Bad-Input and Warm-Restart Options
7.4.7 Restart or Point Activation
7.4.8 Scheduling
7.4.9 Error Handling
7.5 Equations
7.6 Migration
8. MIDDLE-OF-THREE SELECTOR (PV)
8.1 Type And Name
8.2 Function
8.3 Use
8.4 Options And Special Features
8.4.1 Normal Operation with Three Valid Inputs
8.4.2 Error Handling
8.5 Equations
8.6 Migration
9. MULTIPLIER/DIVIDER (PV)
9.1 Type And Name
9.2 Function
9.3 Use
9.4 Options And Special Features
9.4.1 Ensuring Adequate PV Range
9.4.2 Error Handling
9.4.3 Restart or Point Activation
9.5 Equations
9.6 Migration

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10. SUMMER (PV)

10.1 Type And Name
10.2 Function
10.3 Use
10.4 Options And Special Features
10.4.1 Ensuring Adequate PV Range
10.4.2 Error Handling
10.4.3 Restart or Point Activation
10.5 Equations
10.6 Migration
11. SUM OF PRODUCTS (PV)
11.1 Type And Name
11.2 Function
11.3 Use
11.4 Options And Special Features
11.4.1 Ensuring Adequate PV Range
11.4.2 Error Handling
11.4.3 Restart or Point Activation
11.5 Equations
11.6 Migration
12. VARIABLE DEAD TIME WITH LEAD-LAG COMPENSATION (PV)
12.1 Type And Name
12.2 Function
12.3 Use
12.4 Options And Special Features
12.4.1 Four Combinations of Delay and Lead-Lag Compensation
12.4.2 Dead-Time (Delay-Time) Calculation
12.4.3 Changing Dead-Time (Delay-Time) Parameters
12.4.4 Restrictions on Delay Time
12.4.5 Time-Constant Recommendations
12.4.6 Using Equation C or D for a Fixed Delay Time
12.4.7 Restart or Point Activation
12.4.8 Error Handling
12.5 Equations
12.6 Migration
13. CALCULATOR (PV)
13.1 Overview
13.2 Type And Name
13.3 Function
13.3 .1 Calculation and Arithmetic Functions Supported
13.4 Use
13.5 Options And Special Features
13.5.1 Calculator Expression Errors
13.5.2 Error Handling of Bad-Inputs and Uncertain Values
13.6 Equations

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14. USER-WRITTEN CL BLOCK (PV)

14.1 Type And Name
14.2 Function
14.3 Use
14.4 Options And Special Features
14.4.1 Initialization
14.4.2 Restart
14.4.3 Processing Schedule and Execution Time
14.4.4 Parameters Used for Comparisons
14.4.5 Error Handling
14.5 Equations
14.6 Migration
15. AUTO MANUAL STATION (CONTROL)
15.1 Type And Name
15.2 Function
15.3 Use
15.4 Options And Special Features
15.4.1 "Bumpless" Returns to Cascade Operation
15.4.2 Operating Modes
15.4.3 Input Value Range
15.4.4 Restart or Point Activation
15.4.5 Error Handling
15.5 Equations
15.6 Initialization
15.7 Override Feedback Processing
15.8 Automan Parameters
15.9 Migration
16. INCREMENTAL SUMMER (CONTROL)
16.1 Type And Name
16.2 Function
16.3 Use
16.4 Options And Special Features
16.4.1 Handling of Full Value, Floating PID Outputs
16.4.2 Input Value Range
16.4.3 Changes to Incremental Summer Output by User-Written Programs
16.4.4 Override Control Strategy and Past-Value Updating
16.4.5 Operating Modes
16.4.6 Restart or Point Activation
16.4.7 Error Handing
16.5 Equations
16.6 Initialization
16.7 Override Feedback Processing
16.8 Incrsum Parameters
16.9 Migration

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17. LEAD-LAG (CONTROL)

17.1 Type And Name
17.2 Function
17.3 Use
17.4 Options And Special Features
17.4.1 Operating Modes
17.4.2 Eliminating a Lead or Lag Term
17.4.3 Time-Constant Recommendations
17.4.4 Restart or Point Activation
17.4.5 SP Value Range
17.5 Equations
17.6 Initialization
17.7 Override Feedback Processing
17.8 Leadlag Parameters
17.9 Migration
18. MULTIPLIER/DIVIDER (CONTROL)
18.1 Type And Name
18.2 Function
18.3 Use
18.4 Options And Special Features
18.4.1 Operating Modes
18.4.2 SP Value Range
18.4.3 Restart or Point Activation
18.4.4 Error Handling
18.5 Equations
18.6 Initialization
18.7 Override Feedback Processing
18.8 Muldiv Parameters
18.9 Migration
19. PID (CONTROL)
19.1 Type And Name
19.2 Function
19.3 Use
19.4 Options And Special Features
19.4.1 Interactive and Noninteractive PID Forms
19.4.2 Four Combinations of Control Terms
19.4.3 Control by a Single Term
19.4.4 Direct and Reverse Control Action
19.4.5 PV Tracking
19.4.6 Gain Options
19.4.7 Windup Handling
19.4.8 Suppression of Output "Kicks" When Switching to CAS Mode
19.4.9 Initializing PID Output without Affecting Dynamics
19.4.10 Restrictions on Some Values
19.4.11 Ratio Control
19.4.12 Operating Modes
19.4.13 Restart or Point Activation
19.4.14 Error Handling
19.5 Equations

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19.6 Initialization
19.7 Override Feedback Processing
19.8 Pid Parameters
19.9 Migration
20. PID FEEDFORWARD (CONTROL)
20.1 Type And Name
20.2 Function
20.3 Use
20.4 Options And Special Features
20.4.1 Add or Multiply Action
20.4.2 Bypassing Feedforward Control Action
20.4.3 Feedforward Signal Value Status
20.5 Equations
20.6 Initialization
20.7 Override Feedback Processing
20.8 Pidff Parameters
20.9 Migration
21. PID WITH EXTERNAL RESET-FEEDBACK (CONTROL)
21.1 Type And Name
21.2 Function
21.3 Use
21.4 Options And Special Features
21.4.1 Error Handling, RFB and TRFB Inputs
21.4.2 Control Output Connections
21.5 Equations
21.6 Initialization
21.7 Override Feedback Processing
21.8 Piderfb Parameters
21.9 Migration
22. RATIO (CONTROL)
22.1 Type And Name
22.2 Function
22.3 Use
22.4 Options And Special Features
22.4.1 Role of the Multiplier/Divider PV Algorithm
22.4.2 Operating Mode
22.4.3 Restart or Point Activation
22.4.4 Error Handling
22.4.5 SP Value Range
22.5 Equations
22.6 Initialization
22.7 Override Feedback Processing
22.8 Ratioctl Parameters
22.9 Migration

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23. RAMP AND SOAK (CONTROL)

23.1 Type And Name
23.2 Function
23.3 Use
23.4 Options And Special Features
23.4.1 Operational Features
23.4.2 Changing Remaining Soak Time and Current Segment
23.4.3 Guaranteed Soak Time
23.4.4 Guaranteed Ramp Rate
23.4.5 Mark Timer Functions
23.4.6 Achieving Longer Sequences by Interconnecting RAMPSOAK Points
23.4.7 How to Get Just One Sequence
23.4.8 Changes of SP by Operators or User-Written Programs
23.4.9 Notes on Ranges and Limits
23.4.10 Restart or Point Activation
23.5 Equations
23.6 Initialization
23.7 Override Feedback Processing
23.8 Rampsoak Parameters
23.9 Migration
24. OVERRIDE SELECTOR (CONTROL)
24.1 Type And Name
24.2 Function
24.3 Use
24.4 Options And Special Features
24.4.1 Override and Bypass Options
24.4.2 Restrictions
24.4.3 Operating Modes
24.4.4 Restart or Point Activation
24.4.5 Error Handling
24.5 Equations
24.6 Initialization
24.7 Override Feedback Processing
24.7.1 Override Feedback Initiation
24.7.2 Override Feedback Propagation
24.8 Orsel Parameters
24.9 Migration
25. SUMMER (CONTROL)
25.1 Type And Name
25.2 Function
25.3 Use
25.4 Options And Special Features
25.4.1 Single Input Sum and Four Input Sum
25.4.3 Restart or Point Activation
25.4.4 Error Handling
25.5 Equations
25.6 Initialization
25.7 Override Feedback Processing

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 Table of Contents

25.8 Summer Parameters

25.9 Migration
26. SWITCH (CONTROL)
26.1 Type And Name
26.2 Function
26.3 Use
26.4 Options And Special Features
26.4.1 Operator Control of Switch Position--Equation A
26.4.2 Program Control of Switch Position—Equation B
26.4.3 Tracking Option
26.4.4 Operational Modes
26.4.5 Restart or Point Activation
26.4.6 Error Handling
26.4.7 Input Value Range
26.5 Equations
26.6 Initialization
26.7 Override Feedback Processing
26.8 Switch Parameters
26.9 Migration
27. CL CONTROL ALGORITHM (CONTROL)
27.1 Type And Name
27.2 Function
27.3 Use
27.4 Options And Special Features
27.4.1 Restart
27.4.2 Use of Key Control Subsystem Parameters
27.4.3 Error Handling
27.4.4 Processing Schedule and Execution Time
27.5 Equations
27.6 Initialization
27.7 Override Feedback Processing
27.8 Cl Algorithm Parameters
27.9 Migration

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 1

INTRODUCTION
Section 1
This section provides

• A list of reference publications.

• Definitions of the terms and notation used in this publication.

1.1 REFERENCES

In addition to this publication, the following publications may be needed for the design of
control strategies that use data points in Application Modules:

Note:, You should be familiar with the following publications before you refer to this
manual AM Algorithm Engineering Data.

• High-Performance Process Manager Control Theory - Knowledge Builder

• Advanced Process Manager Control Functions and Algorithms, in the

Implementation/Process Manager - 1 binder

• System Control Functions manual, Implementation/Startup & Reconfiguration - 1 binder.

• Application Module Control Functions manual, Implementation/Application Module - 1 binder.

• Process Manager Control Functions and Algorithms, in the Implementation/Process

Manager - 2 binder.

• Basic Controller Algorithm Engineering Data, in the Product Manual binder in the
BASIC System bookset.

• Extended Controller Algorithm Engineering Data, in the Product Manual binder in

the BASIC System bookset.

• Multifunction Controller Algorithm Engineering Data, in the Product Manual binder

in the BASIC System bookset.

• Control Language/Application Module Overview, in the Implementation/Application

Module - 2 binder.

• Application Module Parameter Reference Dictionary, in the Implementation/Application

Module - 1 binder.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 1-1 6/2007

 1.2

1.2 TERMS AND NOTATION USED IN THE ALGORITHM DESCRIPTIONS

Some of the following terms have special meanings when used to describe the AM
algorithms; others are usually meaningful to people familiar with computers and are
defined here for those who may not be so familiar with them. In any case, the following
terms have the meanings defined here when they are used in this publication. Other terms
used in this and other reference publications, such as "Active," "Inactive," "Configured,"
"Bad," "Uncertain," and "Normal," are defined in the Application Module Control
Functions manual.
Algorithm This is a procedure for calculating a result, solving a problem, or
accomplishing some end. In TPS systems, the algorithms do not
reside in the data points that use them, but are retained in the
memory of the process-connected boxes and modules that have
them, and are used by the data points as the data points are
processed. The algorithms operate as if they had continuous
relationships with each other, and it is convenient to refer to them
that way. For example, if algorithm A is connected to algorithm B,
that is true only as the data points using the algorithms are
processed.
Bad Control This is an indicator in the AM data points that use control
algorithms. It is accessible to programs and to other data points,
and may appear on Universal Station displays. When set, it
indicates that something has happened that prevents the data point
from properly processing the control algorithm.
Bad Control This is an indicator similar to the Bad Control indicator that, when
Return set, indicates that the Bad Control indicator has been reset and
proper control is now possible.
Default A default value is a value that the system uses if the process
engineer elects not to configure a parameter. Default values are
built into the system to eliminate the need for the engineer to enter
values for parameters that are not used, or to let the system use a
typical value.
Disposable Control outputs from regulatory data points are sometimes referred
to as "disposable" or "indisposable." To be disposable, the output
must be connected to an input of at least one active secondary data
point in CAScade mode, through a configured, active input;
otherwise, the output is indisposable. "Indisposable" is a situation
similar to the Initialization Manual condition in controllers (CB,
EC, and MC) on the Data Hiway.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 1-2 6/2007

 1.2

Indisposable See Disposable.

Migration This term means migration from SUPERVISORY/TOTAL or

PMX Systems to modules, such as the Application Module.
Adapting a control strategy that is in use on a
SUPERVISORY/TOTAL or PMX System to modules on the
Local Control Network is one form of migration. Most of the
algorithm descriptions have a Migration discussion. Typically,
these describe similar algorithms or features in the
SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Systems.

Not a Number This is a value in a data point parameter that indicates that the
(NaN) parameter should contain a number, but does not. This could be
because of an unavailable process input or because information
from another data point is not available. Programs and other data
points can access this indicator. A NaN data field on a Universal
Station display appears as "------" (six dashes).

Process-Connected A process-connected box is a box on the Data Hiway or

Universal Control Network that has electrical connections to the
process instruments and control devices. Also, a process-
connected data point (slot) is a point (slot) in such a box. The
boxes include CB, EC, MC, DHP, and PIUs on the LCN as well
as PM, APM and LMs on the UCN.

* The asterisk is the symbol for multiplication commonly used in

computer documentation. This symbol is used here because it
may be used in other TPS system documentation or on Universal
Station displays.
X*Y = X Y = XY.

(( )) (X*Y(A + B)W*Z) = [X*Y(A + B)W*Z]. In both cases, A + B

is calculated before the multiplication takes place. Such notation
is common in computer documentation because of the limited
number of parentheses and brackets in the printed character sets.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 1-3 6/2007

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 1-4 6/2007
 2

TWO TYPES OF ALGORITHMS—PV ALGORITHMS AND

CONTROL ALGORITHMS
Section 2
This section provides information about what to expect in the remaining sections of this
publication. Those sections describe the AM's PV and control algorithms.

2.1 PV ALGORITHMS AND CONTROL ALGORITHMS

Often, data points in the Application Module use both a PV algorithm and a control algorithm. If
the data point is used for only data acquisition, it probably won't use a control algorithm.
As Figure 2-1 shows, PV algorithm execution takes place between the PV-input-
processing step and the PV-filtering step in the regulatory data-point sequence. Control-
algorithm execution takes place between deviation-alarm processing and control output
processing. If a data point uses a PV algorithm and a PID control algorithm, the control
algorithm usually uses the PV calculated by the PV algorithm.

• Sections 3 through 27 defines one algorithm

• Sections 3 through 14 describes PV algorithms
• Sections 14 through 27 described Control algorithms

The rolling average algorithm is described in Section 2.

Each of the algorithm descriptions has the same form and the same headings:
• TYPE AND NAME
• FUNCTION
• USE
• OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES
• EQUATIONS
• INITIALIZATION
• OVERRIDE FEEDBACK PROCESSING
• MIGRATION
Of these headings, Initialization and Override Feedback Processing do not apply to PV
algorithms, so they are not included in Sections 3 through 14.

Each of the algorithm descriptions mentions several parameters associated with the
algorithm. The parameter names consist of CAPITAL letters. References to parameters
not named in the descriptions are provided after the descriptions. Further information on
all data-point parameters, including the data type, range, and access keys, is provided in
the Application Module Parameter Reference Dictionary manual.

NOTE: The Rolling Average section has been moved to the Application Module Control
Functions manual (AM09-602), section 3.1.16.

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 2.1

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 2-2 6/2007

 3

DATA ACQUISITION (PV)

Section 3
3.1 TYPE AND NAME

PV Algorithm: DATAACQ

3.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm normally accepts the input and places it, unchanged, in PVCALC. All of
the other PV algorithms alter the input(s) in some way. See Figure 3-1.

3.3 USE

The most common use of this algorithm is to provide a PV that has been through General
Input Processing, PV Input Processing, PV Algorithm Processing, PV Filtering, and PV
Source Selection (see Figure 2-1). The value in PVCALC is filtered, and becomes PV, if
the PV source is AUTO.

The input can be a measured process-variable, or the calculated PV or calculated output

of another data point. This algorithm could also be used to receive a calculated variable
from a CL block, through a custom data segment.

The input to this algorithm and its output are in engineering units; for example, a
temperature in °C from a thermocouple input to a Process Interface Unit (PIU).

3.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

This algorithm has no options or special features.

3.5 EQUATION

There is only one equation. The operation is simply the replacement of the data point's
calculated PV (PVCALC) with the value of the input:
PVCALC = P1

Where P1 contains the first input value and PVCALC contains the value that becomes the
PV when PVSOURCE = AUTO.

The parameters associated with this algorithm are P1, PVCALC, and P1STS. Refer to
the Application Module Parameter Reference Dictionary manual.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 3-1 6/2007

 3.6

Measured
Process Value
or Calculated (Data Point
P1 DATAACQ PVCALC
Value from Parameter)
Another Data
Point

1304

Figure 3-1 — Functional Diagram, Data Acquisition PV Algorithm

3.6 MIGRATION

This Data Acquisition PV algorithm is like several similar PV algorithms in

SUPERVISORY/TOTAL Systems and PMX Systems. The Hiway Gateway converts all
process variables from the process-connected boxes, to engineering-units form, so only
one Data Acquisition PV algorithm is needed in the AM.

Because the process-variable data supplied to SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX

Systems is not in such consistent form, several data-acquisition PV algorithms are used.
Those algorithms are

PV0 – Linear
PV1 – Thermocouple Type J
PV2 – Thermocouple Type K
PV3 – Thermocouple Type T
PV4 – Thermocouple Type S
PV5 – Square Root Linearization
PV6 – 100 Ohm RTD*
PV7 – RH Radiamatic*
PV20 – Simple via Input Word
PV21 – Simple via Input Source
PV103 – 10 Ohm Copper RTD*
PV104 – E Type Thermocouple Transmitter*
PV105 – R Type Thermocouple Transmitter*

*Not available in PMX Systems.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 3-2 6/2007

 4

FLOW COMPENSATION (PV)

Section 4
4.1 TYPE AND NAME
PV Algorithm: FLOWCOMP
4.2 FUNCTION
This algorithm compensates a flow measurement for variations in temperature, absolute
pressure, specific gravity, or molecular weight. The measured flow can be that of a gas, a
vapor, or a liquid. An extended equation is provided for industrial steam-flow
compensation, which includes factors that compensate for steam quality and
compressibility. See Figure 4-1.
4.3 USE
The uncompensated-flow input is typically a square-rooted, differential pressure
measurement. Other direct-flow measurements can also be used. The square root should
be extracted before the input to this data point, and the input value must be in engineering
units. For process-connected inputs, the square root can be extracted in the process-
connected box, and conversion to EUs can take place in the Hiway Gateway.
See Figure 4-2.
The compensation is calculated from temperature, pressure, specific gravity, molecular weight,
steam quality, or steam compressibility. Which of these is used depends on the type of
compensation you choose. All of these inputs are obtained through PV input-connections.
4.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES
4.4.1 Five Forms of Flow Compensation
Parameter PVEQN specifies one of five different equations for this algorithm. The
equation causes the compensation term (COMPTERM) to differ according to the
application, as follows (refer to 4.4.5 in this section for the actual equations):
Equation A

Primarily used for mass-flow or volumetric-flow compensation for liquids. Actual

(measured or calculated) specific gravity is used as a compensation input.
Equation B

Primarily used for mass-flow compensation of gas or vapor flows. Actual absolute
temperature and pressure are used as compensation inputs.

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 4.4.2

Equation C

Used for mass-flow compensation of gas or vapor flows. Actual specific gravity
(measured or calculated), absolute temperature, and pressure are used as compensation
inputs.
Equation D

Principally used for volumetric-flow compensation for gas or vapor flows. Actual
temperature, pressure, and molecular weight are used as compensation inputs. The
molecular weight can be calculated by a user-written program in an AM or in an upper-
level processor connected to the Computer Gateway.
Equation E

Used for mass-flow compensation of steam flows in industrial applications. Actual

temperature, pressure, specific gravity, steam compressibility, and steam quality are
used as compensation inputs. This equation can also be used for "custody transfer" of
gases or liquids.

4.4.2 Restart or Point Activation

On a cold, warm, or hot restart, or when this data point is activated, PVCALC is
recalculated the next time the FLOWCOMP data point is processed.

4.4.3 Error Handling

If the status of any of the input values is bad, PVCALC contains NaN and the PVAUTO
status becomes Bad. If there are no bad inputs but the status of one or more of the inputs
are "uncertain," the PVAUTO status becomes "uncertain."

4.4.4 Special Notes

Refer to 4.5 EQUATIONS in this section for more detail on the inputs and parameters
mentioned in these notes.
Zero Pressure Reference—Parameter P0 compensates for ambient atmospheric
pressure. Most pressure sensors measure pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure.
If the pressure measurement is actually absolute, P0 must be set to a value of zero. The
usual zero reference is a value for sea level. If the pressure sensor is at a significantly
different elevation than sea level, P0 should be set to a more appropriate value. For
example, Denver, Colorado has an average atmospheric pressure of about 12.2 psia.
Standard sea-level atmospheric pressure is 14.696 psia.
Units of Measure—Either U.S. Customary Units or SI (metric) units can be used. All
inputs and parameters must be in engineering units of one system or the other. The
typical value for P0 in U.S. Customary Units is 14.696 psia and in SI units it is
101.325 kPa. The typical T0 value is -459.69°F in U.S. Customary Units and
-273.15°C in SI units (omit the minus sign when you enter values in parameter T0).

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 4-2 6/2007

 4.4.4

Flow Input F
P
G FLOWCOMP (Data Point
COMPTERM PVCALC
T Parameter)
Inputs Q
Z

Simplified Equation:

PVCALC = F*COMPTERM

Where F is uncompensated flow and

COMPTERM has five forms:

A: Liquids
B: Gases, Vapors
C: Gases, Vapors (Spec. Gravity)
D: Volumetric Flow of Gases and Vapors
E: Steam

Figure 4-1 — Functional Diagram, Flow Compensation PV Algorithm 1305

CM or AM AM
Data Point F FLOWCOMP Compensated Flow PVCALC

Or
P

Flow Transmitter LCN

FT HG
Data Hiway

PIU, CB,
MC, or EC
Analog
Input Slot n

Figure 4-2 — Sources of Uncompensated Flow Measurement 1306

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 4-3 6/2007

 4.4.4

Compensation Term Value—Typically, the COMPTERM value is near 1. It should

never be zero or negative. The COMPLO and COMPHI limits are used to prevent
unrealistic values of COMPTERM caused by incorrect inputs. Should the calculated
value of COMPTERM go beyond one of these limits, the value is held (clamped) at that
limit. You should estimate the range of COMPTERM by considering the most extreme
input-conditions you expect. Also, you should set the PV range for this data point, by
considering the largest compensated-flow value you expect.

Custody Transfer—Equation E can be used for "custody transfer" of gases or liquids.

To do so, set parameter RX equals to one and specify the input connection to X to come
from RX in this data point.

4.4.5 Compensating for Assumed Design Conditions

Equation A can be used for either mass or volumetric compensation of liquid flows. The
use depends on whether the measurement of uncompensated flow is a mass measurement
or a volumetric measurement, and on the desired uncompensated-flow units. Here are
three ways to use Equation A:
• Converting an uncompensated mass-flow to compensated mass-flow; C1 and C2
(refer to 4.5 EQUATIONS in this section) are configured as 1.0.
• Converting an uncompensated, standard volumetric-flow to compensated mass-
flow; C1 is configured to equal the design density, referenced to standard conditions.
C2 is configured as 1.0.
• Converting uncompensated, standard volumetric-flow to compensated, standard
volumetric-flow; if the variations in standard density caused by fluid-composition
changes are significant, C2 is manipulated as follows:
If the measured value of specific gravity at flow conditions is available, the actual
specific gravity, referred to standard conditions, is calculated from that
measurement by another data point and input to C2 through a general input
connection. If a lab measures actual specific gravity, a numeric data-point could be
used to hold the value and input to C1 through a general input connection. For the
latter case, another data point uses the lab value to calculate specific gravity at flow
conditions and the result is input G.

4.5 EQUATIONS
You configure PVEQN for data point that uses the Flow Compensation algorithm to
specify one of five equations. The equations select the compensation term. The basic
equation is:

C1
PVCALC = C*———*F*COMPTERM
C2

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 4-4 6/2007

 4.5

Where:

PVCALC = The output of this algorithm. It is selected as the PV for this data point
when the PV source is AUTOmatic.

C = Scale factor. The default value is 1.0.

C1, C2 = Constants for correcting for assumed design conditions. Refer to 4.4.5.
in this section. Default value for each is 1.0.

F = The uncompensated flow input. A square-rooted, differential pressure input. (This

is P1.)

COMPTERM = The compensation term. This term differs in each of the five flow-
compensation equations, A through E. Its value lies between the
COMPLO and COMPHI limits, which are specified by the process
engineer. If either limit parameter contains NaN, the corresponding
limit check is not made.

The five forms of COMPTERM are as follows:

G (Liquids)
Equation A:COMPTERM =
RG

P+P0 RT
Equation B:COMPTERM = * (Gases & Vapors)
RP T+T0

P+P0 RT G
Equation C:COMPTERM = * * (Gases & Vapors,
RP T+T0 RG w/Specific Gravity)

Equation D:COMPTERM = P+P0 RT RG (Volumetric Flow of

* * Gases & Vapors)
RP T+T0 G

Equation E:COMPTERM = P+P0 RT X RQ

* * (Steam)
*
RP T+T0 RX Q
4112

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 4-5 6/2007

 4.6

Where the following (in engineering units) are received through input connections

G = Measured or calculated specific gravity or molecular weight. (This is P4.)

P = Measured actual gage pressure. (This is P2.)
T = Measured actual temperature. (This is P3.)
X = Measured actual steam compressibility.
Q = Measured actual steam-quality factor.
And the process engineer specifies the following parameters

RG = Reference specific gravity or reference molecular weight, in the same

engineering units as G (Default value = 1.0).
RP = Reference pressure, in the same engineering units as P (Default value = 1.0).
RT = Reference temperature, in the same engineering units as T (Default value = 1.0).
P0 = Zero reference for pressure, in the same engineering units as P. Typically
14.696 psia or 101.325 kPa. See 4.4.4. (Default value = 0).
T0 = Zero reference for temperature, in the same engineering units as T. Typically
-459.69°F or -273.15°C (omit the minus sign when entering a value in T0).
Refer to 4.4.4 in this section. (Default value = 0).
RX = Reference steam compressibility, in the same engineering units as X.
(Default value = 1.0).
Other parameters associated with this algorithm are as follows:
Refer to the Application Module Parameter Reference Dictionary manual.
FSTS QSTS COMPTERM PVCALC
GSTS TSTS COMPHILM PVEQN
PSTS XSTS COMPLOLM

4.6 MIGRATION

This Flow Compensation PV algorithm is like several similar PV algorithms in

SUPERVISORY/TOTAL Systems and PMX Systems. The different forms of flow
compensation are necessary in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Systems to
accommodate inputs in differing forms. The Hiway Gateway converts all process
variables from the process-connected boxes, to engineering-units form, so only one Flow
Compensation PV algorithm is needed in the AM. Table 4-1 compares the AM Flow
Compensation PV algorithm with the flow-compensation algorithms in
SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Systems.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 4-6 6/2007

 4.6

Table 4-1 — Comparison of SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Algorithms with FLOWCOMP

Nearest S/T-PMX S/T-PMX S/T-PMX Equations
AM Algorithm Equation in As Shown
Equation Number AM Terms in S/T-PMX Publications

A 32 PVCALC = F*COMPTERM*C PV = PVS*SP*V*K

COMPTERM Variable: G V-Term Variable: M

D 33 PVCALC = F*COMPTERM*C PV = PVS*SP*V*K

COMPTERM Variables: P, T, G V-Term Variables: P, T, M

C 34 PVCALC = F*COMPTERM*C PV = PVS*SP*V*K

COMPTERM Variables: P, T, G V-Term Variables: P, T, M

C 56 PVCALC = F*COMPTERM*C
X - DL
COMPTERM Variables: P, T, G
(Square root of input flow, F, PV = K *V * D H - DL
must already be extracted.)
V-Term Variables: P, T, G (The

S/T-PMX algorithm extracts

the square root of the
uncompensated flow input.)

C 57 PVCALC = C*COMPTERM*F PV = K*V/PVS

COMPTERM Variables: P, T, G V-Term Variables: P, T, M
(Square root of input flow, F,
must already be extracted.) (The S/T-PMX algorithm extracts
the square root of the
uncompensated flow input.)

C 60 PVCALC = C*COMPTERM*F
COMPTERM Variables: P, T, G V-Term Variables: P, T, G

C 61 PVCALC = C*F*COMPTERM P+K

COMPTERM Variables: P, T, G P
G*
PV = K * PV T+K
S* T
A 132 PVCALC = F*COMPTERM*C PV = PVS*SP*V*K
COMPTERM Variable: G V-Term Variable: M

D 133 PVCALC = F*COMPTERM*C PV = PVS*SP*V*K

C 134 COMPTERM Variables: P, T, G V-Term Variables: P, T, M

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 4-7 6/2007

 4.6

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 4-8 6/2007

 5

GENERAL LINEARIZATION (PV)

Section 5
5.1 TYPE AND NAME

PV Algorithm: GENLIN

5.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm calculates a PV that is a function of the input. The function can be any
that can be represented by up-to-12 continuous, linear segments. You specify the base
value and slope of each segment. The input is compared with the input range of each
segment and the output is set at the intersection of the input with the appropriate segment.
See Figures 5-1 and 5-2.

GENLI (Data
P1 PVCAL
N P a irnatm e t e

Figure 5-1 — Functional Diagram, General Linearization PV Algorithm 1307

5.3 USE

This algorithm is typically used to provide PVs in a linear range of engineering units for
a sensor with a nonlinear characteristic. This algorithm can also be used to characterize
functions of a single variable, such as heat transfer vs. flow rate, or efficiency as a
function of load. The algorithm is particularly useful when the relationship of the input
to engineering units is empirically determined.

This algorithm supplements the standard linearization functions that are provided in the
Hiway Gateway for standard temperature sensors and differential flow meters.

5.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

5.4.1 Restart or Point Activation

On a cold or warm restart, or when a data point using this algorithm is activated,
PVCALC is recalculated the next time this data point is processed.

5.4

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 5-1 6/2007

5.4.2 Error Handling

If the status of the P1 input is "uncertain," the PVAUTO status becomes "uncertain."

If the status of the P1 input is bad or if any of the segment coordinates (INi or OUTi)
contains NaN, the PVAUTO-value status becomes bad.

If any of the segment coordinate values (INi or OUTi) contains NaN, a configuration
alarm is generated.

5.4.3 Changing Parameters through a Universal Station

The SEGTOT, INi, and OUTi parameters can be changed through a Universal Station
only if the data point that uses the GENLIN algorithm is made inactive.

5.4.4 Parameter—Value Restrictions

The input coordinate value parameters must be specified in ascending order from the
smallest value to the largest.

5.4.5 Extension of First and Last Segments

The first and last segments are treated as if they indefinitely extended, so if P1 is less
than IN0 or greater than INsegtot (refer to 5.5 in this section), PVCALC is computed by
assuming that the slope of the appropriate segment continues to the intersection point.

5.5 EQUATIONS

Each time this algorithm is processed the input value P1 is compared with each segment,
starting with the first and continuing until a segment is found that intersects with the
input. When that segment is found, PVCALC is calculated as follows:

• If the P1 value is exactly equal to the input value at the beginning of any segment (P1
= INi, for i in a range from 0 to the value in SEGTOT),
PVCALC = OUTi

• If P1 intersects the first segment (P1 < IN1),

OUT1 - OUT0
PVCALC = ———————————*(P1 - IN0) + OUT0
IN1 - IN0

5.5

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 5-2 6/2007

 • If P1 intersects any segment except the first one or the last one [INi < P1 < IN(i+1)
for any i from 1 to segtot-2],

OUT (i+1) - OUTi

PV CALC = * (P1 - INi) + OUTi
IN IN1
(i+1)

• If P1 intersects the last segment [P1 > IN(segtot-1)],

OUTsegtot - OUT(segtot-1)
PVCALC = * [P1 - IN ] + OUT
INsegtot - IN(segtot-1) (segtot-1) (segtot-1)

Where:

PVCALC = The output of this algorithm. It is selected as the PV for this data point
when the PV source is AUTOmatic.

P1 = The input value.

IN(i) = Input value at the beginning of the intersecting segment.

IN(i+1) = Input value at the end of the intersecting segment.

OUT(i) = Output value at the beginning of the intersecting segment.

OUT(i+1) = Output value at the end of the intersecting segment.

segtot = A subscript indicating the user-entered value in SEGTOT.

Other parameters associated with the GENLIN algorithm are as follows (refer to the
Application Module Parameter Reference Dictionary):
P1STS PVCALC SEGTOT

5.6 MIGRATION

There are no similar algorithms in PMX and SUPERVISORY/TOTAL Systems.

The Extended Controller has a similar algorithm that offers up-to-eight segments.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 5-3 6/2007

 5.6

OUT3 100 -

90 -

80 -

Solution D
70 -

60 -
PVCALC

50 - SEGTOT = 3
OUT2 Solution A
40 -
Solution C
30 -

OUT1 20 -
Solution B
10 -

OUT0 0 -

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

IN0 IN1 IN2 IN3

IN0 = 0.0 OUT0 = 0.0 Beginning of 1st segment

IN1 = 30.0 OUT1 = 20.0 End of 1st segment
IN2 = 55.0 OUT2 = 45.0 End of 2nd segment
IN3 = 85.0 OUT3 = 100.0 End of 3rd segment

Solution A (P1 = IN2):

PVCALC = OUT2 = 45.0

Solution B (P1 > IN1):

OUT1 - OUT 0 20 - 0
PVCALC = * (P1 -IN0) + OUT0 * (20 - 0) + 0 = 13.33
IN1 - IN0 0-0

Solution C (P1 intersects any but 1st and last segment):

OUT(i+1) - OUTi 45 - 20
PVCALC = * (P1 - INi) + OUTi
IN(I+1) - INI 55 - 30
* (45 - 30) + 20 = 35.0

Solution D (P1 intersects the last segment):

OUTsegtot - OUT(segtot - 1)
PVCALC = *[P1 - IN(segtot - 1)] + OUT(segtot -1)
INsegtot - IN(segtot - 1)

100 - 45
=
85 - 55 * (70 - 55) + 45 = 72.5

Figure 5-2 — Example of GENLIN Algorithm Operation 1308

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 5-4 6/2007

 6

HIGH SELECTOR, LOW SELECTOR, AVERAGE (PV)

Section 6

6.1 TYPE AND NAME

PV Algorithm: HILOAVG

6.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm does one of the following:

• Selects the input with the highest value

• Selects the input with the lowest value

• Calculates the average value of all valid inputs

It can accept up-to-eight inputs. Valid inputs are those whose status is "Normal" or "Uncertain."
When the input selection functions are used, the number of the input that is selected is contained
in an accessible parameter (SELINP). See Figure 6-1.

6.3 USE

One example of the use of this algorithm is shown at the top of Figure 6-1. In this example, the
high value-selector version of the algorithm is used to detect hot spots in a boiler or a reactor.

Either the high value-selector version or the low value-selector version can be used to detect
production bottlenecks. For example, this algorithm might be used to notify the process operator that
production is currently constrained by the speed of a gas compressor. One of the selector options
might also be used to select the "safest" PV for control.

One use of the averaging option is in balancing furnace passes. In this application, the algorithm
calculates the average of the outlet temperatures of the passes.

6.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

6.4.1 Forced Selection

The data point can be configured to allow the Universal Station operator, a user-written program,
or a general-input connection to force selection of one of the inputs.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 6-1 6/2007

 6.4.1

Example: P1
P2
P3 HILOAVG PVCALC
P4 (Data Point
P5 Eq. A Parameters)
SELINP
P6
P7
P8
Which is the
hottest spot
in the boiler? PVCALC = Highest of the Input Values

P1
P2
P3 HILOAVG PVCALC
P4 (Data Point
P5 SELINP Parameters)
Eq. B
P6
P7
P8

PVCALC = Lowest of the Input Values

P1
P2
P3 HILOAVG
P4 (Data Point
PVCALC
P5 Parameters)
Eq. C
P6
P7
P8
PVCALC = (P1 + . . . . . + P N )/N

Where N = the number of valid inputs.

PVCALC = Average of all Valid Input Values

Figure 6-1 — Functional Diagram, HI, LO, Average Selector PV Algorithm 3670

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 6-2 6/2007

 6.4.2

• If the FRCPERM parameter is configured as On, the forced-selection function is enabled and
an operator, a user-written program, or a general input connection can force the selection.
• IF FRCPERM is configured as Off, the forced-selection function is disabled.
The FSELIN parameter specifies the input to be selected, when selection is forced (SelectP1
through SelectP8).
6.4.2 Error Handling
Except when forced selection is in effect (6.4.1), inputs with a bad status are ignored and they do
not make the PVAUTO status bad. For example, if the algorithm is configured as a 4-input high
selector and one of the inputs goes bad, the algorithm functions as a 3-input high-selector.

If the number of valid inputs (PV status of good or uncertain) is less than the minimum number
specified in parameter NMIN, PVCALC becomes NaN and the PVAUTO status is bad.
The value status of PVAUTO is changed to uncertain under any of the following conditions:

• An input selection is forced and the status of that input is not bad (is normal or uncertain).
• Forced selection is not in effect, at least as many inputs as specified by NMIN are normal or
uncertain, and the status of the selected one (Equation A or B) is uncertain.
• Equation C (averaging) is chosen, at least as many inputs as specified by NMIN are not bad
(normal or uncertain), and the status of any of them is uncertain.

PVCALC becomes NaN and the PVAUTO value-status becomes bad under either of the
following conditions:

• The selection of an input is forced and the status of that input is bad.
• Forced selection is not in effect, and there are fewer inputs with a status other than bad than
are specified by NMIN.

6.4.3 Restart or Point Activation

On a cold, warm, or hot restart, or when this data point is activated, PVCALC is simply
recalculated the next time this data point is processed.

6.5 EQUATIONS

Equation A selects the highest input value. Equation B selects the lowest input value. Equation
C calculates the average of all valid inputs.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 6-3 6/2007

 6.6

Equation A—High Selector

If FRCPERM and FORCE are both On,

PVCALC = the value of the input indicated by FSELIN and

SELINP = FSELIN

If either FRCPERM or FORCE is Off,

PVCALC = the highest valid input.

SELINP = the selected input, SelectP1 through SelectP8.

Equation B—Low Selector

If FRCPERM and FORCE are both On,

PVCALC = the value of the input indicated by FSELIN and

SELINP = FSELIN

If either FRCPERM or FORCE is Off,

PVCALC = the lowest valid input.

SELINP = the selected input, SelectP1 through SelectP8.

Equation C—Average

If FRCPERM and FORCE are both On,

PVCALC = the value of the input indicated by FSELIN and

SELINP = FSELIN

If either FRCPERM or FORCE is Off,

PVCALC = (Sum of the valid inputs)/N

SELINP = None

Other parameters associated with the HILOAVG algorithm are as follows (refer to the
Application Module Parameter Reference Dictionary):

NMIN PVEQN
PnSTS SELINP

6.6 MIGRATION

There are no similar algorithms in PMX and SUPERVISORY/TOTAL Systems.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 6-4 6/2007

 7

TOTALIZER (PV)
Section 7

7.1 TYPE AND NAME

PV Algorithm: TOTALIZR

7.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm provides a time-scaled accumulation of a single-input value. The input

value is typically a flow measurement. The time base can be seconds, minutes, or hours.

A data point that uses this algorithm cannot use a control algorithm.

The accumulation can be started, stopped, and reset by commands from a Universal
Station operator or from a user-written program. An operator or user-written program
can establish a target value for the accumulation. Status indicators are available to
indicate that the accumulation is near the target value, nearer to the target value, and is
complete (has reached or exceeded the target value).

For situations where the flow transmitter may not be precisely calibrated near the zero-flow
value, a zero-flow cutoff feature is provided that avoids accumulating negative flow values.
When the flow is below a user-specified cutoff value, the input value is clamped to zero.

Typically a flow P1
measurement Time-scaled
TOTALIZR PVCALC
Start accumulation
Stop
Operator or user-
Reset Target value
written program
TIMEBASE flags
Target Value

Equations A through F specify bad value and

restart-handling options. See 7.4.5
For all equations:
PVCALC = PVCALC (i-1) + C * (Time Scale) * P1

Figure 7-1 — Functional Diagram, Totalizer PV Algorithm 1310

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 7-1 6/2007

 7.3
7.3 USE

The Totalizer PV algorithm accumulates periodic measurements over time. It is

principally used to accumulate total flows, or in applications such as the measurement of
ingredients that are blended. The accumulated value can be used for control or just as
process history.

An example of TOTALIZR's use in control is determining how full a tank is, so that the
flow into the tank can be shut off before it overflows. In such an application, the P1
input to TOTALIZR would be the PV of PID-flow controller.

7.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

7.4.1 Typical Operation

The events in an operation that uses TOTALIZR might be as follows (see Figure 7-2):

• The target value, which represents the desired total volume, is specified to the PVTV
parameter in the TOTALIZR point, by an operator at a Universal Station or by a user-
written program.

• An operator or a user-written program issues a RESET command to TOTALIZR

point. This sets any accumulation value equal to RESETVAL.

• A START command is issued to the TOTALIZR point. A CL block inserted in the

processing of one of the points uses the setpoint Target Value function (refer to the
AM Control Functions manual) in the PID point, to "ramp" the flow up to a steady
rate.

• When the first "slowdown" or "near-target" flag (ADEV1FL) comes on, another CL
block ramps the flow SP down to a lower value.

• When the second "slowdown" or "near-target" flag (ADEV2FL) comes on, the flow
SP is lowered to a trickle.

• When the accumulation reaches the target value, filling is complete and the complete
flag (AVTVFL) comes on. A CL block shuts the flow off. The TOTALIZR point's
PV-high alarm can be configured to trip at this point, so the operator is notified that
filling is complete.

7.4.2 Time base and Engineering-Units Scaling

The user specifies the timebase in seconds, minutes, or hours, in parameter TIMEBASE.
This is the timebase in which the flow measurement is made. For example, liters per second.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 7-2 6/2007

 7.4.3

Scale factor, C, can be used to convert from one set of engineering units to another, for
example, from gallons per minute to barrels per minute.

Target
Value
(PVTV)

ADEV1FL
P1 TOTALIZER ADEV2FL CL Block(s)
AVTVFL

SP
PID OP
PV

F Flow Transmitter

Liquid

Figure 7-2 — Using TOTALIZER to Fill a Tank 1311

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 7-3 6/2007

 7.4.3
7.4.3 Commands and States

Three commands can be issued to the data point that is using TOTALIZR from a
Universal Station or by a user-written program. These commands are written in the
TOTALIZR point's COMMAND parameter. The commands are as follows:
• None—No action.
• Start—Start the accumulation. STATE changes to Running.
• Stop—Stop the accumulation. STATE changes to Stopped.
• Reset—Reset the accumulation value to a user-specified value. This value is
specified in parameter RSETVAL. If the accumulator is running, it continues from
the reset value.

7.4.4 Near-Zero Cutoff

To prevent accumulation of negative flow values, where the flow transmitter may not be
precisely calibrated near zero flow, you can specify a cutoff value in parameter
CUTOFFLM. When the P1 value is equal to or below CUTOFFLM, it is replaced by
zero. You can eliminate this feature by specifying NaN in CUTOFFLM.

7.4.5 Target-Value Flags

The target value can be specified by an operator by storing it in PVTV. A user-written

program can specify it by storing in AVTV. These parameters track each other. This
feature can be disabled by storing NaN in AVTV. NaN cannot be stored by a CL
program; it must be done by the Operator.

When the accumulated value in PVCALC exceeds AVTV, the target-value-reached flag,
AVTVFL, goes to On, indicating that the accumulation is complete.

Even if the accumulator has stopped, this check is made on each processing pass.

You can specify two other trip points in AVDEV1TP and AVDEV2TP. They are
specified as deviations from AVTV. Each of them is associated with a flag:

AVDEV1FL trips when

PVCALC > AVTV - AVDEV1TP

AVDEV2FL trips when

PVCALC > AVTV - AVDEV2TP

When the accumulated value (PVAUTO) status is bad, AVTVFL, AVDEV1FL, and
AVDEV2FL are all Off.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 7-4 6/2007

 7.4.6
7.4.6 Bad-Input and Warm-Restart Options

You can configure equations A through F for this algorithm, but instead of specifying the
calculation, they specify combinations of the following five options:
• Use Zero—When the accumulator is running, if P1's value status goes bad, P1's value
is replaced by zero and the accumulation continues with the PVAUTO status
uncertain. When P1 is again good, PVAUTO remains uncertain until a reset
command is received. No special action by the operator is required.
• Use Last Good Value—When the accumulator is running, if P1's value status goes
bad, P1's value is replaced by the last good value and the accumulation continues
with the PVAUTO status uncertain. When P1 is again good, PVAUTO remains
uncertain until a reset command is received. No special action by the operator is
required.
• Set PVAUTO Status Bad and Stop—When the accumulator is running, if P1's value
status goes bad, the value in PVCALC becomes NaN, the PVAUTO status goes bad
and the accumulator is stopped. If the PV source is AUTO, a bad-PV alarm is
generated. When P1 is again normal, PVAUTO remains bad until the accumulator is
started again. To restart the accumulation, the operator should estimate its value and
use the reset command (see 7.4.3) to establish that value, then use the Start command
to restart the accumulation. The last accumulated value before the status went bad is
in LASTPV.
• Continue After a Warm Restart—On a warm restart when the accumulator is
running, the accumulation continues from the last PVCALC value. The PVAUTO
status goes to uncertain and remains so until a reset command is received.
• Set PVAUTO Status Bad and Stop After a Warm Restart—On a warm restart
when the accumulator is running, the value in PVCALC becomes NaN, the PVAUTO
status goes bad and the accumulation is stopped. The operator must intervene to
restart the accumulator.
These options are selected as follows:
Equation Bad Input Handling Warm Restart

A Use Zero Continue

B Use Last Good Value Continue

C Set Bad and Stop Continue

D Use zero Set Bad and Stop

E Use Last Good Value Set Bad and Stop

F Set Bad and Stop Set Bad and Stop

If the accumulator is stopped, the P1-value status is ignored. If the accumulator is

stopped on a warm restart, no special action by the operator is required.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 7-5 6/2007

 7.4.7

7.4.7 Restart or Point Activation

When the TOTALIZR data point is activated or on a cold restart, the PVCALC
value becomes NaN, PVAUTO status goes bad and the accumulator state is Stopped.
If the PV source is AUTO, this causes a bad-PV alarm and the operator must
re-establish normal operation.

The processing that takes place for a warm restart is described in section 7.4.6.
of this document.

7.4.8 Scheduling

A data point that uses TOTALIZR must be scheduled after the point that supplies
TOTALIZR's P1 input.

7.4.9 Error Handling

The PVAUTO value status is uncertain when

• The P1-value status is uncertain.

• The P1-value status is bad and "use zero" or "use last value" (Equations A, B, D, or
E) is configured (see 7.4.6 in this section).

• The data point is in a warm restart and the continue option (Equations A, B, or C) is
configured (see 7.4.6 in this section).

A reset command is needed to return the PVAUTO-value status to normal, provided the
P1 status is normal.

PVCALC contains NaN and the PVAUTO-value status is bad when

• The P1-value status is bad and "set bad and stop" (Equation C or F) is configured.

• The data point is in a warm restart and is configured for "set bad and stop"
(Equations D, E, or F) is configured.

A reset command is needed to return the PVAUTO-value status to normal, provided the
P1 status is normal.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 7-6 6/2007

 7.5

7.5 EQUATIONS

You configure one of Equations A through F for a TOTALIZR data point; however, the
equation specifies the operating bad-input and warm-restart options according to 7.4.6,
and doesn't affect the accumulator calculation.

For all equations, when the accumulator is running, the accumulated value in PVCALC is
calculated as follows:
PVCALC(i) = PVCALC(i-1) + C*(Time-scale)*P1

Where

PVCALC = The output of this algorithm. It is selected as the PV for this data
point when the PV source is AUTOmatic.

PVCALC(i-1) = The accumulated value at the end of the last processing pass for this
point.

C= The scale factor. Can be used to convert from eng. units to different
eng. units. Default value = 1.0

(Time-scale) = TS*60 if TIMEBASE contains Sec.

TS if TIMEBASE contains Min.
TS/60 if TIMEBASE contains Hrs.

TS = The data point processing interval in minutes.

P1 = The input value. Typically a flow rate.

Other parameters associated with the TOTALIZR algorithm are as follows (refer to the
Application Module Parameter Reference Dictionary manual).

P1STS PVCALC PVEQN

7.6 MIGRATION

There are some similarities between TOTALIZR and PV algorithm 31 in

SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Systems. PV algorithm 31 in those systems
does not accept start, stop, and reset commands. Its accumulation begins when
the point is activated.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 7-7 6/2007

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 7-8 6/2007
 8

MIDDLE-OF-THREE SELECTOR (PV)

Section 8

8.1 TYPE AND NAME

PV Algorithm: MIDOF3

8.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm provides a calculated PV (PVCALC) that is normally the middle value of
three values from active PV-input connections. The PVAUTO status goes bad, only if all
three inputs to this algorithm are bad. If at least one input is valid (normal or uncertain),
the algorithm provides a valid value in PVCALC. See Figure 8-1.

P1
PVCALC
P2 MIDOF3 (Data Point
Parameter)
SELINP
P3

Normal Operation: PVCALC = Middle value of the three input values.

With only two valid inputs:

Equation A; PVCALC = Highest of the two inputs

Equation B; PVCALC = Lowest of the two inputs

Equation C; PVCALC = Average of the two inputs

With only one valid input: PVCALC = Value of the input

SELINP = The selected input, SelectP1 through SelectP3, except,

with only two valid inputs and Eq. C, SELINP contains None.

Figure 8-1 — Functional Diagram, Middle-of-Three Selector PV Algorithm 1312

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 8-1 6/2007

 8.3

If only one valid input value is available, it is selected. If only two valid input values are
available, the selected value can be the highest or the lowest, or the average of the two, as
specified when you select the equation to be used by this algorithm.

8.3 USE

This algorithm is used to provide a reasonably secure PVCALC when inputs are available
from three redundant inputs, one or more of which may occasionally fail or provide
erratic values. The Low Selector, High Selector, Average PV algorithm provides a
somewhat similar function with up to eight input connections. Refer to High Selector,
Low Selector, Average (PV) Section 6 in this manual.

8.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

8.4.1 Normal Operation with Three Valid Inputs

Normal operation occurs if there are no inputs with a bad-value status. Inputs are treated
as valid if their value status is either normal or uncertain.

If no two inputs have equal values,

PVCALC = the middle value of the three inputs, P1, P2, and P3

and
SELINP = the selected input, SelectP1 through SelectP3

If there are two inputs with equal values or if all three input values are equal,
PVCALC = the value for which there is at least one other equal

and
SELINP = the lowest-number input with and equal value, SelectP1 through
SelectP3.

8.4.2 Error Handling

The PVAUTO status becomes uncertain only when the selected input is uncertain or, for
equation C, when one of the inputs used for averaging is uncertain.

The PVAUTO status is bad and PVCALC becomes NaN when the status of all three
inputs is bad.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 8-2 6/2007

 8.5

8.5 EQUATIONS

If three valid inputs are present, the equations have no meaning and the algorithm
functions normally, as described in Section 8.4.1 of this manual. The equations specify
what the algorithm is to do if one or more inputs has a bad-value status. The equations
function as follows:

• With one bad input

Equation A

PVCALC = Highest of the two input values

SELINP = The selected input, SelectP1 through SelectP3

Equation B

PVCALC = Lowest of the two input values

SELINP = The selected input, SelectP1 through SelectP3

Equation C

PVCALC = The average of the two input values

SELINP = None

• With two bad inputs

Equations A, and B

PVCALC = the value of the valid input

SELINP = The selected input, SelectP1 through SelectP3

Equation C

PVCALC = the value of the valid input

SELINP = The selected input

• With three bad inputs

Equations A, B, and C

PVCALC = NaN

SELINP = None

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 8-3 6/2007

 8.6

Where:

PVCALC = The output of this algorithm. It is selected as the PV for the

data point when the PV source is AUTOmatic.

P1, P2, and P3 = The input values. The default value is NaN.

SELINP = The selected input, SelectP1 through SelectP3. If no input is

selected or if PVCALC contains an average value, SELINP
contains None.

Other parameters associated with the MIDOF3 algorithm are as follows: Refer to
the Application Module Parameter Reference Dictionary manual.

P1STS P3STS
P2STS PVEQN

8.6 MIGRATION

PV algorithm no. 54 in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL is similar to this algorithm with

Equation B selected. There is a similar algorithm in the Extended Controller that selects
the lower of two inputs if a third input is not available.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 8-4 6/2007

 9

MULTIPLIER/DIVIDER (PV)
Section 9
9.1 TYPE AND NAME

PV Algorithm: MULDIV

9.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm calculates a PV (PVCALC) that is either the product of two inputs
(Equation A), a quotient of two inputs (Equation B), or the product of three quotients
(Equation C). The products and quotients can be scaled and bias values can be added to
them. See Figure 9-1.

P1
P2
P3
MULDIV PVCALC (Data Point
P4
Parameter)
P5
P6
P7

Simplified Equations:

A; PVCALC = P1*P2

P1
B; PVCALC = ——
P2

P1 P3 P5
C; PVCALC = ——*——*—— + P7
P2 P4 P6

Figure 9-1 — Functional Diagram, Multiply/Divide PV Algorithm 1313

9.3 USE
Some uses, in the approximate order of importance, are
• Scaling and biasing of process-connected inputs.
• Engineering-units conversions.
• Miscellaneous process calculations.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 9-1 6/2007

 9.4

The following are some examples of use:

• Calculation of a scaled ratio between two flows
PVCALC = C*P1/P2 -- Equation B

• Conversion of degrees API to specific gravity

PVCALC = 141.5/(P2 + 131.5) -- Equation B

• Conversion of the liquid level in an elevated vessel to pressure (D1 is the elevation of
the vessel).
PVCALC = C*(P1 + D1) -- Equation A

• Scaling and biasing a bottleneck-detection input

Severity = PVCALC = C*P1 + D1 -- Equation A

Equation B or C is used with the Ratio Control Algorithm (see Section 19) to create a
ratio-control data point whose setpoint is the desired ratio, and whose output is a setpoint
to a flow controller. This algorithm provides the PV as a scaled ratio; therefore, it is a
measure of the ratio actually attained.

9.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

9.4.1 Ensuring Adequate PV Range

Because the input values can be either positive or negative, as can the scale factors and bias
values, the results in PVCALC can have a very broad range of values. You should evaluate the
worst-case values you expect to be in use, to establish the PV range. When you configure the
data point, be sure to specify a PV range adequate to cover all expected values.

9.4.2 Error Handling

If there are no inputs with a bad status and the status of at least one input is uncertain, the
PVAUTO-value status is uncertain.

If the status of at least one input is bad, the PVAUTO-value status becomes bad and
PVCALC contains NaN.

9.4.3 Restart or Point Activation

On any type of restart or when this data point is activated, PVCALC is normally calculated.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 9-2 6/2007

 9.5

9.5 EQUATIONS

You can select any one of three equations when configuring a data point that uses the
Multiplier/Divider PV algorithm:

Equation A

PVCALC = C*(C1*P1 + D1)*(C2*P2 + D2) + D

Equation B

(C1*P1 + D1)
PVCALC = C*———————————— + D
(C2*P2 + D2)

Equation C

(C1*P1 + D1) (C3*P3 + D3) (C5*P5 + D5)

PVCALC = C*————————————*————————————*———————————— + (C7*P7 + D7) + D
(C2*P2 + D2) (C4*P4 + D4) (C6*P6 + D6)

Where:

PVCALC = The output of this algorithm. It is selected as the PV for the data point
when the PV source is AUTOmatic.

P1 through P7 = The input values. The P1 default value is NaN. Default values for
P2 through P6 are 1.0. For P7, the default value is 0.

C =The overall scale factor. The default value is 1.0.

D = The overall bias value. The default value is 0.

C1 through C7 = Scale factors for Pn inputs with the same number. The default value
for each is 1.0.

D1 through D7 = Bias values for the scaled inputs with the same number. The default
value for each is 0.

Other parameters associated with the MULDIV algorithms are as follows: Refer to the
Application Module Parameter Reference Dictionary manual.

PnSTS PVEQN

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 9-3 6/2007

 9.6

9.6 MIGRATION

The Multiply/Divide PV algorithm can be used to duplicate the functions of several PV

algorithms in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Systems. Because Application
Module algorithms deal only with values in engineering units, just one algorithm can
handle the functions of several algorithms in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX
Systems.
Table 9-1 compares the algorithms.

Table 9-1 — Comparison of SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX PV Algorithms With MULDIVP

Nearest S-T/PMX S/T-PMX S/T-PMX
AM Algo Equation in Equation as shown
Eq No. AM Terms in S/T-PMX Pubs

A 22 PVCALC = P1*C PV = PV C
S*

A 23 PVCALC = P1*C
PV = PV C
LINEAR*

PVCALC = P1*C
A 25 PV = PV C
SR*

C1
PVCALC = ——— C1
B 62* P2 - D2 PV = —————
PV -C
S 2

C1
PVCALC = —— D C
1
C 63* PV = ——— C
P2 2
PV
S

P1
F
PVCALC = ——*C OUT
B 116/101 P2 PV = ———*K
F
IN

*Not available on PMX Systems.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 9-4 6/2007

 10

SUMMER (PV)
Section 10

10.1 TYPE AND NAME

PV Algorithm: SUMMER

10.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm calculates a PV (PVCALC) that is the sum of up to eight input values.
The input values can be scaled, the combined inputs can be scaled, and a bias value can
be added to the result. See Figure 10-1.

P1
P2
P3
P4 SUMMER (Data Point
PVCALC
P5 Parameters)
P6
P7
P8

Equation B, Simplified:

PVCALC = P1 + P2 + . . . + P8

Figure 10-1 — Functional Diagram, Summer PV Algorithm 1314

10.3 USE

A typical use is the calculation of the rate at which a component of a raw product is
entering a process unit, which is found by summing the proportion of the component in
each of several input streams and multiplying by the stream flow rates. This algorithm
can also be used to calculate a net heat loss by finding the difference between the heat
inputs and heat outputs (the difference can be obtained by using a negative scale factor,
for example, –1.0).

Other possible uses are mass-balance, heat-balance, and inventory calculations.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 10-1 6/2007

 10.4
10.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

10.4.1 Ensuring Adequate PV Range

Because the input values can be either positive or negative, as can the scale factors and bias
values, the results in PVCALC can have a very broad range of values. You should evaluate the
worst-case values you expect to be in use, to establish the PV range. When you configure the
data point, be sure to specify a PV range adequate to cover all expected values.

10.4.2 Error Handling

If there are no inputs with a bad status and the status of at least one input is uncertain, the
PVAUTO-value status is uncertain.

If the status of at least one input is bad, the PVAUTO-value status becomes bad and
PVCALC contains NaN.

10.4.3 Restart or Point Activation

On any type of restart or when this data point is activated, PVCALC is normally calculated.

10.5 EQUATIONS

You can select one of two equations when you configure a data point that uses the
Summer PV algorithm:

Equation A

PVCALC = C*P1 + D

Equation B

PVCALC = C*(C1*P1 + C2*P2 + . . . . +Cn*Pn) + D

Where:

PVCALC = The output of this algorithm. It is selected as the PV for this data point
when the PV source is AUTOmatic.

C = The overall scale factor. Default = 1.0.

C1 through Cn = The scale factors for P1 through Pn. Default = 1.0.

P1 through Pn = The PV input values. Default for all values is NaN

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 10-2 6/2007

 10.4

D = The overall bias. Default = 0.

n = The number of PV inputs used. Default = 2.

Other parameters associated with the SUMMER algorithm are as follows (refer to the
Application Module Parameter Reference Dictionary):

N PnSTS PVEQN

10.6 MIGRATION

The Summer PV algorithm can accomplish the function of four similar algorithms
in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Systems. Table 10-1 compares those algorithms
to this one.

Table 10-1 — Comparison of SUPERVISORY/TOTAL Algorithms With SUMMER

Nearest S-T/PMX S-T/PMX S-T/PMX

AM Algorithm Equation in Equation as shown
Equation Number AM Terms in S/T-PMX Pubs.

B 26 PVCALC = P1 + . . . . +Pn N
n = 1 through 8 PV = J1
i =1
n = 1 through 15

B 43 A1 A2
PVCALC = C1 * P1 + C2 * P2 PV = F+ F
100 * 1 100 * 2

B 120/103 PVCALC = C1* P1 + . . . . Cn * Pn N

n = 1 through 8 PV = (J I * WF)
I
i =1

N = 1 through 14

B 115* PVCALC = P1 - P2 PV = I - I
1 2

*Not available in PMX Systems.

11146

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 10-3 6/2007

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 10-4 6/2007
 11

SUM OF PRODUCTS (PV)

Section 11

11.1 TYPE AND NAME

PV Algorithm: SUMPROD

11.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm calculates a PV (PVCALC) that is either the sum of two 2-term products
(Equation A) or the sum of two 3-term products (Equation B). The individual inputs and
the whole calculation can be scaled, bias values can be added to the inputs, and a bias can
be added to the whole calculation. See Figure 11-1.

P1
P2
P3 (Data Point
P4 SUMPROD PVCALC
Parameter)
P5
P6
P7
s

Equation B, Simplified:

PVCALC = (P1*P2*P3 + P4*P5*P6) + P7

Figure 11-1 — Functional Diagram, Sum of Products PV Algorithm 1315

11.3 USE

Heat-balance or mass-balance calculations can be made by using process-connected

inputs received through the Hiway Gateway. Also, the inputs can be parameters from
data points in the same AM or from other modules on the Local Control Network. A
simple CL block could be inserted before PV-Input Processing (refer to Figure 2-1 in
Section 2 of this manual) to do calculations that result in a substitute for the raw PV
value. This could allow this algorithm to be used for more sophisticated calculations,
such as in thermodynamic equations.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 11-1 6/2007

 11.4

11.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

11.4.1 Ensuring Adequate PV Range

Because the input values can be either positive or negative, as can the scale factors
and bias values, the results in PVCALC can have a very broad range of values. You
should evaluate the worst-case values you expect to be in use, to establish the PV
range. When you configure the data point, be sure to specify a PV range adequate
to cover all expected values.

11.4.2 Error Handling

If there are no inputs with a bad status and the status of at least one input is uncertain, the
PVAUTO-value status is uncertain.

If the status of at least one input is bad, the PVAUTO-value status becomes bad and
PVCALC contains NaN.

11.4.3 Restart or Point Activation

On any type of restart or when this data point is activated, PVCALC is normally calculated.

11.5 EQUATIONS
You can select one of two equations when you configure a data point that uses the Sum
of Products PV algorithm:
Equation A:

PVCALC = C*[(C1*P1 + D1)*(C2*P2 + D2) + (C3*P3 + D3)*(C4*P4 + D4)] + D

Equation B:

PVCALC = C*[(C1*P1 + D1)*(C2*P2 + D2)*(C3*P3 + D3) + (C4*P4 + D4)

*(C5*P5 + D5)*(C6*P6 + D6)] + (C7*P7 + D7) + D

Where:

PVCALC = The output of this algorithm. It is selected as the PV for this data point
when the PV source is AUTOmatic.

C = The overall scale factor. Default value = 1.0.

C1 through C7 = The scale factors for P1 through Pn. Default value = 1.0.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 11-2 6/2007

 11.6

P1 through P7 = The PV input values. Default values are

P1 = NaN.
P2 and P3 = 1.0.
P4 through P7 = 0.

D = The overall bias. Default value = 0.

D1 through D7 = The bias for P1 through P7. Default value = 0.

Other parameters associated with the SUMPROD algorithm are as follows: Refer to the
Application Module Parameter Reference Dictionary manual.

PnSTS PVEQN

11.6 MIGRATION

There are no similar algorithms in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL Systems, or in PMX Systems.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 11-3 6/2007

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 11-4 6/2007
 12

VARIABLE DEAD TIME WITH LEAD-LAG COMPENSATION (PV)

Section 12

12.1 TYPE AND NAME

PV Algorithm: VDTLL

12.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm provides a calculated PV (PVCALC) in which value changes may be

delayed from the time that the corresponding change occurred in the P1 input. Dynamic
lead-lag compensation to the PV can also be provided. Lag compensation is available in
combination with the delay or with no delay. The delay time can be fixed or can be
varied as the value of an input varies. See Figure 12-1.

Process Input P1

VDTLL (Data Point

PVCALC
Parameter)

Variable Dead
P2
Time Input

Equation A: One Lead and Two Lag Compensations

Equation B: Fixed Dead Time

Equation C: Variable Dead Time

Equation D: Variable Dead Time with Two Lag Compensations

Figure 12-1 — Functional Diagram, Variable Dead Time with Lead Lag PV Algo 1316

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 12-1 6/2007

 12.3
12.3 USE
This algorithm is used for feedforward control and in process simulations. For additional
use information, see Equations C and D, refer to Section 12.4.1 in this manual.
This algorithm can be used as the PV algorithm in a data point that uses the PID
Feedforward control algorithm. See Figure 20-2 in Section 20.2.
In a typical feedforward application, the PV provided by this algorithm serves as the
feedforward PV. An operator can "cut out" this feedforward component by switching the
PVSOURCE to MAN.

12.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

12.4.1 Four Combinations of Delay and Lead-Lag Compensation

You select the combinations of delay, lead compensation, and lag compensation by
selecting Equation A, Equation B, Equation C, or Equation D when configuring the data
point. The equations function as follows:
• Equation A, Lead-Lag—A change in the input value (P1) is subjected to one lead
compensation and two lag compensations. If you specify a time constant of zero in TLD,
TLG1, or TLG2, the corresponding lead or lag compensation is suppressed. If you don't
suppress the lead compensation, you must use at least one lag compensation.
• Equation B, Fixed Dead Time—A change in the input value (P1) is delayed by a
user-specified time. This data point must be made inactive in order to change the
dead-time value (TD).
• Equation C, Variable Dead Time—A change in the input value (P1) is delayed by a
time period whose duration varies as the inverse of P2-input value variations. The
variable time period is determined by P2, the C1 and C2 scale factors, and bias values D1
and D2. The delay (or dead time) typically represents a delay in the process that depends
on some variable in the process, such as flow, feed rate, or a conveyer-belt speed.
Equations C and D have a cutoff feature that can simulate situations like a conveyer
belt stopping. If the flow or speed value, represented by the P2 input, drops below a
limit that you configure in the CUTOFFLM parameter, the value of the delayed P1
signal (DP1) goes to zero. When P2 again exceeds the CUTOFFLM value, DP1
resumes as a normal, delayed output. If you don't want this feature, configure
CUTOFFLM as NaN. Note that DP1 is subject to scale factor C and bias value D.
Refer to Section 12.5.
Equation C can be used to produce a fixed delay time that can be changed while the
data point is active; however, the resolution of the adjustments in delay time may be
much less than is possible when using a true fixed delay, through Equation B.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 12-2 6/2007

 12.4.2

• Equation D, Variable Dead Time with Two Lags—A change in the input value
(P1) is delayed as with Equation C and then receives lag compensation as specified
by one or two time constants (TLG1, TLG2). This equation is useful for simulating a
portion of a process that can be represented by a dead time and one or two lags. The
cutoff feature applies as for Equation C.

Updated each time the

point is processed.

From the process or New table input at each

another data point P1 o o
NRATE * TS interval
o
Delay Table Updated at each
NRATE TS interval.
*

Interpolator DP1

Maximum of 31 locations

Delayed P1 Output

New interpolated value

each time the data point
is processed (at each
TS interval)

Figure 12-2 — Variable Delay Time Functional Diagram 1317

12.4.2 Dead-Time (Delay-Time) Calculation

The delay of the input values is accomplished by a process that has the effect of shifting
the values through a table in the module's memory. Values are shifted from one location
in the table to the next, at intervals calculated to provide the desired delay. This is
illustrated in Figure 12-2.

For an example of the delay-table operation, suppose that the P1-input value has been
constant at 5.0 units for an hour. Assume that the specified delay time, TD, is 15 minutes
and that the data point is processed every half-minute (TS = 0.5 min.). At this time, the
output of the interpolator is 5.0 units, all of the locations in the table contain a value of
5.0 units, and P1 contains a value of 5.0 units.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 12-3 6/2007

 12.4.2

Now suppose that the input to P1 suddenly changes to 6.0 units. The interval at which
new values are shifted through the table and the number of table locations in use have
been set up so that it takes 15 minutes for the new value of 6.0 units to appear at the
output of the interpolator.

Three sample calculations are provided below. The first shows how a fixed delay time is
determined (Equation B), the second shows how a variable delay time is determined, and
the third shows how a change in the P2 input changes the variable delay time.
Fixed Delay Time Example

1. The value in TS is 0.5 minutes and TD has been specified as 15 minutes.

2. NRATE, the table shift-rate factor, is calculated as follows:

NRATE = TD/(TS*30) = 15/(0.5*30) = 1

3. NLOC, the number of table locations to be used, is

NLOC = TD/(TS*NRATE) = 15/(0.5*1) = 30 locations.

4. The actual delay time is then recomputed as

TD = NLOC*NRATE*TS = 30*1*0.5 = 15 minutes.

If the calculated values of NRATE and NLOC had resulted in fractions, the results would
have been rounded up to the nearest larger integer and the actual delay time would have
been slightly more than specified.

Where the TD is less than 30*TS, NRATE always has a value of 1. In such cases, the
delayed output is a true, but delayed, representation of the corresponding input value.
Where the NRATE value is greater than 1, the output signal is interpolated to
approximate the earlier change in the input, by using the last output value and the value
in the last location in the table. This is an excellent approximation for typically smooth
changes in process values.

Variable Delay-Time Example

1. The value in TS is 0.25 minutes.

2. Each time the data point is processed, a new variable delay time is calculated as
TDNEW = C1/(C2*P2 + D2) + D1.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 12-4 6/2007

 12.4.3

Assume the P2 input is 20.0 units and its scale factor is 0.05.
Scale factor C1 is 30.0. The biases, D1 and D2 both equal 0.
TDNEW = 30.0/(0.05*20.0 + 0) + 0 = 30 minutes.

3. NRATE = TDNEW/(TS*30) = 30/(0.25*30) = 4

4. Actual delay time is calculated as:

TD = 30*NRATE*TS = 30*4*0.25 = 30 minutes.

Now suppose the P2 input changes to 23.4 units.

Second Variable Delay-Time Example

1. The value in TS is 0.25 minutes.

2. TDNEW = C1/(C2*P2 + D2) + D1 = 30.0/(0.05*23.4 + 0) + 0 = 25.641 minutes.

3. NRATE = TDNEW/(TS*30) = 25.641/0.25*30 = 3.419

This is rounded to the nearest integer (not necessarily the next larger integer, as for
a fixed delay time), so
NRATE = 3.

4. Actual delay time then is

TD = 30*NRATE*TS = 30*3*0.25 = 22.5 minutes.

In the Second Delay Time Example, the exact delay specified by the input was
25.641 minutes. If the actual delay is not accurate enough, the TS value can be set lower
(by specifying a lower value for PERIOD) to achieve greater accuracy (resolution).

To eliminate excessive changes and jitter in the TD value that are caused by noise on the
P2 input, a dead band of 10% of the minimum step in TD values is provided. If P2
doesn't change more than this value, the previous TD value is retained.

12.4.3 Changing Dead-Time (Delay-Time) Parameters

Variable delay-time parameters C1, C2, D1, and D2 in Equations C and D can be
changed at a Universal Station while the data point is active. Note that the D1 value
allows a supervisor or engineer to add a fixed delay time to the total variable delay time.
The C1 and C2 parameters are used to specify the time scale of the P2 value. D1 can be
used to offset that scale. Note that the P2 value is inversely proportional to the variable
time delay. Where P2 represents a flow rate or speed, when the flow or speed decreases,
the time delay increases to simulate the effect of the reduced flow or speed.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 12-5 6/2007

 12.4.7

12.4.4 Restrictions on Delay Time

The minimum fixed delay time (Equation B) is equal to TS, the processing interval in
minutes. Delay values greater than 32,000*TS are rejected.
For Equations C and D the minimum step-change in the TD value is equal to 30*TS.
This is also the value of the smallest dead time (delay time). If the TDNEW value
is less than zero, it is clamped to zero. Also, if TDNEW exceeds 32,000*TS,
it is clamped to 32,000*TS.

12.4.5 Time-Constant Recommendations

We recommend that the processing rate of a data point that uses this algorithm and
Equation A or D must be a least ten times greater than the lead or lag break-point
frequencies, so,
TLG1 should be equal to or greater than 2*TS
TLG2 should be equal to or greater than 2*TS
|TLD| should be equal to or greater than 10*TS
Both positive and negative lead times can be specified, so it is the absolute value of TLD
that must be equal to or greater than 10*TS.
We recommend that the rate amplitude (lag break-point frequency divided by lead break-
point frequency) be less than or equal to 10, so,
|TLD| should be equal to or less than 10*TLG1.

12.4.6 Using Equation C or D for a Fixed Delay Time

You can use these variable delay-time equations to attain a fixed delay time by setting the
value of C1 to 0 and adjusting the value of D1 to get the desired delay value. This
permits changes of delay time from a Universal Station while the data point is active, but
the resolution may be much less than using a fixed delay time (Equation B), where the
delay can be changed only by making the point inactive and then active again.

12.4.7 Restart or Point Activation

On a cold start, a warm start, and when the data point is activated, the lead-lag dynamics
are set to the steady state, and all values in the delay table are set to the current value of
the P1 input. PVCALC is calculated as follows:
PVCALC = C*P1 +D

On a hot start, all calculations are resumed as if nothing had happened.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 12-6 6/2007

 12.5
12.4.8 Error Handling

For Equation C and D, if neither input has a bad-value status, but one or both has an
uncertain-value status, the PVAUTO-value status is uncertain. Equations A and B don't
use the P2 input, so for them, the PVAUTO-value status is uncertain only if the P1-value
status is uncertain.

For Equations C and D, if either input has a bad-value status, PVCALC becomes NaN
and the PVAUTO-value status is bad. For Equations A and B, only a bad P1-value status
causes PVCALC to contain NaN and the PVAUTO-value status to be bad.

When the input-value status is again normal or uncertain, the data point is initialized as
for a cold start (refer to Section 12.4.7) and the PVAUTO-value status becomes normal,
or uncertain, as appropriate.

12.5 EQUATIONS

You can select one of four equations when you configure a data point that uses the
Variable Dead Time with Lead-Lag Compensation PV algorithm:
Equation A—Lead Compensation with Two Lag Compensations

1 + TLD*s
PVCALC(s) = [C*————————————————————————— * P1(s)] + D
(1 + TLG1*s) * (1 + TLG2*s)

Equation B—Fixed Delay Time

DP1 = P1
t t-TD

PVCALC(s) = C*DP1 + D

Equation C—Variable Delay Time

If CUTOFFLM does not contain NaN and if P2 is less than CUTOFFLM, DP1 = 0.
Otherwise, calculate DP1 as follows:
DP1 = P1
t t-TD

C1
TD = —————————— + D1
C2*P2 + D2

PVCALC(s) = C*DP1 + D

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 12-7 6/2007

 12.5

Equation D—Variable Delay Time with Two Lag Compensations

C1
TD = —————————— + D1
C2*P2 + D2

DP1 = P1
t t-TD

1
PVCALC(s) = [C* ——————————————————————————— * DP1(s)] + D
(1 + TLG1*s) * (1 + TLG2*s)

Where:

PVCALC = The output of this algorithm. It is selected as the PV for this data point
when the PV source is AUTOmatic.

C = The overall scale factor. Default value = 1.0.

C1 = Scale factor, TDNEW denominator. Default value = 1.0.
C2 = Scale factor for P2. Default value = 1.0.
CUTOFFLM = Cutoff (zero-flow or zero-belt speed) limit. Default = NaN.

D = Overall bias. Default value = 0.

DP1 = The delayed P1 value. Not accessible to Universal Stations nor to user-written
programs.

D1 = Bias value for the variable delay time. Default value = 0.

D2 = Bias for P2. Default value = 0.

P1 = The input value to which the delay and lead-lag compensation are applied.

P2 = The input value that changes the variable delay when Equation C or Equation D
is used.

s= The Laplace operator (notation only, not a parameter)

t= The present time (notation only, not a parameter)

t-TD = The present time minus the actual dead (delay) time
(notation only, not a parameter).

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 12-8 6/2007

 12.6

TD = The fixed time delay in minutes for Equation B. The actual variable delay time
in minutes for Equations C and D. Default = 0.

TDNEW = The calculated new (ideal) delay time in minutes for Equations C and D.

TLD = Lead-compensation time constant in minutes. 0 = no lead. Default = 0.

TLG1 = Lag-compensation time constant 1 in minutes. 0 = no lag. Default = 0.

TLG2 = Lag-compensation time constant 2 in minutes. 0 = no lag. Default = 0.

Another parameter associated with the VDTLL algorithm is as follows: Refer to the
Application Module Parameter Reference Dictionary manual.

PVEQN

12.6 MIGRATION

The only similar PV algorithms in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL Systems and PMX systems

are delay algorithms 36 and 37. Equations B, C, and D can provide similar fixed delays.
The resolution of the calculated delay is significantly better here, because the delay table
in the SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Systems has a maximum of only 16 locations.

Control algorithm 20 in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Systems provides lead-lag

compensation similar to that of Equation A of this algorithm, except that algorithm 20
has only one lag-time constant.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 12-9 6/2007

 13

CALCULATOR (PV)
Section 13
13.1 OVERVIEW

CALCULTR is a PV algorithm in the AM regulatory point. This algorithm was a Release

530 enhancement. This algorithm is very similar in function to the APM regulatory point
PV algorithm called “CALCULTR,” with two exceptions.

– The length of the new AM PV calculator algorithm expression is now expanded to

68 characters from the previous 40 of the APM expression.

– Also, an optional scaling factor is provided (D1-D6) for each of the six PV inputs
(P1-P6) to the AM calculator expression.

13.2 TYPE AND NAME

PV Algorithm: CALCULTR

13.3 FUNCTION

The calculator algorithm allows the user to write an equation to compute the PV and up to
four intermediate results can be calculated. The result from evaluating the expression is
stored into PVCALC, which is then processed like any other calculated PV value (see
Figure 13-1).

D1 P1
D2 P2
D3 P3 (Data Point
CALCEXP PVCALC
D4 P4 Parameters)
D5 P5
D6 P6

Accepts up to six inputs (POINT.PARAMETER)

Equation may be up to 68 characters long
Up to 4 intermediate results
FORTRAN-like syntax rules
High Select; Low Select; Average Select and Middle of 3 Select support
16715

Figure 13-1 — Functional Diagram, PV Algorithm CALCULTR

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 13-1 6/2007

 13.3

The equation is specified at the time of point building and is loaded from the DEB without
additional steps such as compilation or linking.

Up to six inputs sources (PISRC(n)) can be configured and stored into the destination
parameters P1 . . . P6.

Up to six scaling factor parameters (D1-D6) are also provided, one for each of the input
destination parameters, P1 . . . P6.

The following general guidelines apply:

• The equation can be up to 68 characters long.

• FORTRAN-like syntax rules apply.

• Up to 5 levels of nesting of expressions.

• Free format reals and mixed real and integer calculations permitted.

• Up to four intermediate results.

• The result of any expression that has no "equate" associated with it is

stored into PVCALC.

• On point activation or warm restart PVCALC is initialized to the P1 input.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 13-2 6/2007

 13.3.1

13.3 .1 Calculation and Arithmetic Functions Supported

The following operators are supported:

Operator Associated Symbol

Divide /
Multiply *
Subtract -
Add +

The following arithmetic functions are supported:

Function Associated Symbol

Absolute ABS
Square SQR
Square Root SQRT
Natural Logarithm LN
Base_10 Logarithm LOG
Exponent EXP
Sine SIN
Cosine COS
Tangent TAN
Arc-tangent ATAN

In addition, the following special selector functions are supported:

Function Associated Symbol

High Select MAX

Low Select MIN
Average Select AVG
Middle of 3 MID3

Other statements:

Function Associated Symbol

Equate =
Separator ;

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 13-3 6/2007

 13.4

13.4 USE

The calculator algorithm can be used to perform any calculation or arithmetic function on
up to six inputs, using up to four intermediate results.

13.5 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

• The user can configure up to six inputs, using the "Tagname.Parameter" format for
PISCRC(n). The destination inputs can be assigned, using PIDSTN(n) for P1 . . . P6.

• Up to four intermediate results can be calculated, for example:

C1=<expr_1>; C2=<expr_2>; C3 =<expr_3>; C4=<expr_4>;<expr_5>

The result of expr_5 is stored in PVCALC (because it has no equate associated with
it). There is no restriction on the order in which the sub equations and the expression
for PVCALC are specified.

• If C1-C4 are expressions, they are recalculated every time the algorithm is processed.

• If C1-C4 are not expressions, then they can be used as configurable constants into the
equation. C1-C4 can then be entered or modified by an operator through the detail
displays or user programs.

• Parameters D1-D6 are scaling factors for each of the six PV Inputs, P1-P6. The
default value for D1-D6 is 1.0.

13.5.1 Calculator Expression Errors

The calculator expression is compiled during the Data Owner Store into the algorithm
expression string parameter, CALCEXP. In case of any syntax error(s) or if a parameter
referenced in the expression is misspelled, the store is rejected and the error
“CALCULATOR SYNTX” is given to the user.

13.5.2 Error Handling of Bad-Inputs and Uncertain Values

If the calculated value of PVCALC is "BAD," PVAUTOST is marked bad. If the final
value of PVCALC is a normal number, PVAUTOST is marked “UNCERTN” if any input
that is used in the calculation is uncertain or bad; otherwise it is set equal to NORMAL.

If the HI, LO, and AVG functions have bad inputs, they are ignored in the computation; if
all inputs are bad, the result is marked bad. On MID3 function, if only one input is bad,
the result is set equal to the average of the other two.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 13-4 6/2007

 13.6

13.6 EQUATIONS

The calculator equation can be up to 68 characters long. It is entered into the Parameter
Entry Display (PED) in the port for the parameter CALCEXP. You can also change the
equation from a schematic or User CL program, but the AM Regulatory point must be
INACTIVE. You can configure up to four intermediate expressions. The result of an
expression not having an "equate" associated with it is stored in PVCALC.

Examples of use of this algorithm's equation:

(180.0/(.15*P1)) + (P2+P3*LOG(P4))

C1=P1*P2;C2=P4*MAX(0,C1,100);SQRT(C2*10)

MAX (MID3(P1,P2,P3), MID3(P4,P5,P6)

(P1 * P2)/C1

Parameters D1 through.D6 are automatically applied and cannot be used in the equation.
The only parameters used in the equation are P1 through P6 and C1 through C4.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 13-5 6/2007

 13.6

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 13-6 6/2007

 14

USER-WRITTEN CL BLOCK (PV)

Section 14

14.1 TYPE AND NAME

PV Algorithm: CL

14.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm is a user-written CL block that is like any other CL block except that it is
inserted at the PV-algorithm insertion point in the processing sequence (see Figure 2-1)
and is executed instead of one of the standard PV algorithms.

The CL block must calculate and store a value in PVCALC. Inputs to the CL block are
usually acquired by direct references in CL, but they can also be acquired through
general inputs to a Custom Data Segment (CDS) that is included in the data point. The
value placed in PVCALC by the CL block is processed just as PVCALC is processed for
any other data point that uses a PV algorithm.

PV Algorithm Processing

Inputs CL
from this Block (Data Point
PVCALC
and other Parameter)
data points

Figure 14-1 — Functional Diagram, CL PV Algorithm 1318

14.3 USE

A CL block is used when normal point processing is appropriate but none of the standard
PV algorithms will accomplish the desired function. The CL block can be bound to a
single data point if only one point needs its functions or it can be written as a generic CL
block and bound to several data points.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 14-1 6/2007

 14.4

Here are two examples of the tasks that should be accomplished by the CL block:

• A Simple Operation—No Storage of Intermediate Values, No Dynamic Calculations

1. Compute the algorithm output value and store it in PVCALC. This sets
PVAUTOST to Normal or Bad, based on the value stored.

2. If propagation of uncertain status is needed, check the status of the inputs used for
the calculation to determine the status of the value in PVCALC (Normal,
Uncertain, or Bad) and store that status in PVAUTOST.

• An Operation that Includes Storage of Intermediate Values, or Dynamic Calculations,

or Both

1. Compute the value and store it in PVCALC as follows:

If the status of the required input is Bad,

Set PVCALC to NaN (PVAUTO goes Bad automatically)

Else if (PVINIT = On) {*initialization is requested*}

OR (PVAUTO is NaN) {*this is a recovery from a bad PV*}

Compute PVCALC, using the CL block's initialization equation

(PVAUTOST is automatically set to Normal).

Else

Compute PVCALC, using the CL block's normal equation.

2. If propagation of uncertain status is needed, check the status of the inputs to be

used for the calculation to determine the status of the value to be placed in
PVCALC (Normal, Uncertain, or Bad) and store that status in PVAUTOST.

14.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

14.4.1 Initialization

No standard initialization is provided. The CL block can monitor the PVINIT parameter
to determine whether to initialize or not.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 14-2 6/2007

 14.4

14.4.2 Restart

The CL block can check the data point's RESTART parameter to determine what type of
restart, if any, the point is going through, and then take appropriate action.

14.4.3 Processing Schedule and Execution Time

The CL block should not be used to perform long, complex operations because there may
not be enough time in normal point processing to complete such operations. Points that
use a CL PV algorithm should be scheduled at the longest reasonable interval, and should
be assigned to the Slow Processor, if possible. If execution of the CL block takes too
much time, it is aborted and an alarm is generated.
Lengthy, complex operations and calculations should be accomplished in Fortran or
Pascal programs in a CM60.

14.4.4 Parameters Used for Comparisons

The value status of any parameters used for comparisons should be checked before the
CL block does the comparison. A comparison done with a parameter that has a bad value
causes the CL block to abort.

14.4.5 Error Handling

If a Bad value is used to determine the value to be stored in PVCALC, the PVCALC
status, which is indicated by PVAUTOST, must be set to Bad. CLs Allow Bad Value
function must be used to store a bad value in PVCALC.

14.5 EQUATIONS
The equation(s) used for a CL PV algorithm, if any, is a function of the CL block.
Another parameter associated with the CL PV algorithm is as follows: Refer to the
Application Module Parameter Reference Dictionary manual.
PVINIT

14.6 MIGRATION
PV algorithm 77 in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX systems has functions that are
similar to the CL PV algorithm. The following table lists those functions.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 14-3 6/2007

 14.6

Table 14-1 — Comparison of SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Algorithms with CL PV

Function S/T PMX CL PV

Input access Destination words Explicit only General inputs to

or explicit Custom Data
Segments or
explicit references.

Accessible Defined list Defined list Same as for all user

parameters programs

Enumerations No NoYes

Data type No NoYes. User defines

checking? data types.

Initialization Yes Yes Yes

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 14-4 6/2007

 15

AUTO MANUAL STATION (CONTROL)

Section 15
15.1 TYPE AND NAME
Control algorithm: AUTOMAN

15.2 FUNCTION
In CAScade mode, this algorithm calculates a control output that is equal to the input
value plus a bias value. The bias value is normally provided by a Universal Station
operator. In MANual mode, the output is controlled by a Universal Station operator or a
user-written program. See Figure 15-1.
The algorithm is designed to provide "bumpless" returns to cascade operation, if it is
configured for external initialization, even though its primary data point may not accept
the initialization value from the AUTOMAN data point. When it is configured for
internal initialization, during initialization, the bias value is back-calculated to provide an
unchanged output when the data point returns to cascade operation.

Sequence
Program

or

CAS
o o
MAN
From Primary o
Data Point
Output
CAS Processing
o
o X1
o To
AUTOMAN CV OP
MAN Secondary

To
INITVAL
Primary

Equation: CV = X1 + B

Figure 15-1 — Functional Diagram, Auto Manual Control Algorithm 1319

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 15-1 6/2007

 15.3
15.3 USE

The AUTOMAN control algorithm typically serves as the ultimate secondary data point
in a cascade-control strategy. As such it directly drives the control element (valve)
through a PM slot or a Data Hiway-based slot. See Figure 15-2.

This algorithm is very useful for a secondary data point that is one of two or more
secondaries of the same primary data point (a "fan-out" configuration). In such a
configuration, AUTOMAN can provide a "bumpless" output even if its primary doesn't
accept AUTOMAN's initialization request, but accepts one from one of its other
secondaries. This might happen because the AUTOMAN point is temporarily out of the
cascade because it is inactive or because it is in MAN mode.

PRIMARY Output
DATA POINT Processing

o CAS
o AUTOMAN CV OP
o
Man
Note

To Additional
Secondary
Data Points

NOTE: In a PM, this is an Analog Output point (slot) with PNTFORM = Component.
On a Data Hiway this is a CB, MC, or EC point (slot) using a CM, CMA,
or DDC algorithm.

Figure 15-2 — AUTOMAN Serving as Ultimate Secondary in a Fan-Out Configuration1320

15.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

15.4.1 "Bumpless" Returns to Cascade Operation

To support the use of this algorithm as one of the secondaries in a fan-out configuration,
special handling of the bias value is provided. When the data point is configured for
external initialization, the bias value, B, consists of two components.
B = B0 + B1

Internal adjustment-value storage. Usually B1 = 0.

Internal storage for operator-entered or program-entered bias value.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 15-2 6/2007

 15.4.1

When the user or a program enters a bias value in B while in cascade operation,
that value goes to B0 and B1 is forced to zero. B1 is an internal parameter that
cannot be accessed by a user.

When the cascade connection is broken (in MAN mode, initialization-manual input, etc.)
a value is calculated for the primary to initialize to, as follows:
INITVAL = CV - B0

When cascade operation resumes, the value in B1 is calculated as follows:

B1 = INITVAL - OPprim

The actual output value from the primary data point.

If the primary data point did accept AUTOMAN's initialization value, B1 turns out
to contain zero. If the primary did not accept INITVAL, B1 contains a value that
causes CV to contain the value it had just before the cascade closed. In either case,
CV does not "bump."
If B1 has a value other than zero, that value ramps to zero at a rate specified by the
user in the RATE1 parameter. RATE1 is specified in engineering units-per-second.
Therefore, while the output doesn't "bump" it does ramp to the new value called for by
the input from the primary.
For example, assume that the AUTOMAN data point, configured for external
initialization, is operating in CAS mode
X1 = 6

B = 5; B1 = 0, B0 = 5

CV = X1 + B = 11

RATE1 = 2 units per minute

The mode is changed to MANual

INITVAL = CV - B0 = 12 - 5 = 7

The operator changed the output value.

B = 5; B0 = 5, B1 = 5

The primary does initialize

OPprim = 7

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 15-3 6/2007

 15.4.1
Go back to CAScade mode
X1 = 7

B1 = 7 - 7 = 0
B = B0 + B1 = 5 + 0 = 5
CV = 7 = 5 = 12

Same value as when in MAN mode

Go to MAN mode again

X1 = 9

B1 = INITVAL - OPprim = 7 - 9 = -2

B = 5 - 2 = 3

CV = 9 + 3 = 12

Same as in MAN mode

This time, the primary doesn't accept INITVAL, and the output of the primary
went to nine units
OPprim = 9

Go back to CAScade
X1 = 9

B1 = INITVAL - OPprim = 7 - 9 = -2

B = 5 - 2 = 3

CV = 9 + 3 = 12

Same as in MAN mode

Now, because B1 ramps from -2 units to zero, CV changes as follows:

14 Units

12 Units

1 minute (2 units per minute)

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 15-4 6/2007

 15.4.2

15.4.2 Operating Modes

This algorithm operates only in MANual or CAScade modes.

15.4.3 Input Value Range

You must configure the X1 input range in XEULO and XEUHI.

15.4.4 Restart or Point Activation

On a cold or warm restart or when the data point is activated, initialization takes
place. Refer to15.6 in this manual. On a hot restart, initialization does not occur.

15.4.5 Error Handling

If the X1 input has a bad-value status, the CV value is bad, but the data point remains in
the same mode. When the bad input returns to normal, CV is recalculated and, if
configured for external initialization, an initialization request is sent to the primary.

15.5 EQUATIONS
This algorithm uses only one equation for normal operation:
CV = X1 + B

Where:
CV = Control-algorithm output in engineering units.
B = Bias value. Default = 0.
X1 = The initializable input.
15.6 INITIALIZATION
You can configure this algorithm for
• No initialization
• Internal initialization
• External initialization
If you choose no initialization, initialization requests are not sent to the primary
data point and any initialization request from a secondary data point is ignored.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 15-5 6/2007

 15.7

If you choose internal initialization, when the data point is initialized, the bias value is
back calculated as follows:
B = CV - X1

If you choose external initialization, initialization takes place.

Refer to 15.4.1 in this manual.

15.7 OVERRIDE FEEDBACK PROCESSING

When the data point's secondary uses an Override Selector algorithm (see Figure 15-2),
the following functions take place:

• If this point is configured for external initialization and is in CAS mode, Override
Status PTORST is returned to this point through special processing. If that status is
"not selected," an override-feedback value is calculated as follows, and it is passed on
to the AUTOMAN data point's primary:
ORFB = ORFBSEC - B

Feedback value from the secondary

For more detail on override control refer to Section 24 of this manual, and the
AM Control Functions manual.

15.8 AUTOMAN PARAMETERS

In addition to the parameters already mentioned, parameter X1STS is

associated with the AUTOMAN algorithm.
Refer to the Application Module Parameter Reference Dictionary manual.

15.9 MIGRATION

The AUTOMAN algorithm is similar to control algorithm 25 in

SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Systems. The equations compare as follows:

AM Terms S/T-PMX Terms

CV = X1 + B CN = X + B

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 15-6 6/2007

 15.9

In SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Systems, algorithm 25 operates in AUTO

and MAN modes, while the Auto Manual algorithm in Application Modules
operates in CAS and MAN modes.

From Initializing Output (OP)

Primary Processing

CAS
o
o X1 CV X1
o X2 Override
AUTOMAN CV
MAN X3 SELECTOR
X4

PTORST-(Selected)
To INITVAL
PTORST ORFBSEC
Primary
ORFBSEC

Figure 15-3 — Override Feedback Processing 1321

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 15-7 6/2007

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 15-8 6/2007
 16

INCREMENTAL SUMMER (CONTROL)

Section 16

16.1 TYPE AND NAME

Control Algorithm: INCRSUM

16.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm calculates the sum of the incremental changes in up-to-four input values.
The output is obtained by adding the sum of the changes in all inputs, after each input is
multiplied by a scale factor. See Figure 16-1.

X1
X2 To
INCRSUM CV OP Secondary
X3
X4

Output
Processing

PID
X1
PID
X2
INCRSUM CV OP SP Secondary
PID X3
Data Point
X4 PV
PID

Figure 16-1 — Functional Diagram, Incremental Summer Control Algorithm 1322

16.3 USE

This algorithm is typically used where more than one primary data point is used to
manipulate the set point of the same secondary data point. The primaries usually use PID
algorithms, and are connected to an INCRSUM data point, whose output is connected to
the secondary, as shown here. This is sometimes referred to as a "fan-in connection."

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 16-1 6/2007

 16.4

16.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

16.4.1 Handling of Full Value, Floating PID Outputs

Special handling of the outputs of PID data points is necessary in the Incremental
Summer, because it is the dynamic operation of the PID that is significant—the full-value
output is not significant. As the process variables change, PID outputs have no direct
relation to the input, therefore, they are said to be "floating." The incremental summer
responds only to changes in the PID outputs, and calculates a full-value output to be
applied to the control device (valve) in the process or to the secondary data point.

While the PID algorithms handle SPs, PVs, and outputs as percentages of the configured
range, the Incremental Summer performs its calculations in engineering units.

To prevent a primary PID point in AUTO or CAS mode from winding-up beyond its own
output limits, every time the Incremental Summer point is processed it changes the PID's
output value to its own CV value after converting to percent. This does not affect the
dynamic changes in the PID outputs.

If a primary PID is in MAN mode, the PID's CV is not changed by the Incremental
Summer.

The following restrictions apply to the PID points that are the Incremental Summer
point's primaries.

• Each must have only one control-output connection.

• Each must reside in the same process unit and the same AM.

• Each must be a normal PID (Section 19) or a PID Feedforward that uses additive
feedforward (Section 20).

16.4.2 Input Value Range

You must configure the X1 input range in XEULO and XEUHI.

16.4.3 Changes to Incremental Summer Output by User-Written Programs

User-written CL programs or user-written programs in a Computing Module can directly

store new values in the CV parameter of the Incremental Summer's data point while the
Incremental Summer point is in CAS mode and normally operating. This causes a shift
in the CV value but the dynamic changes continue, because the Incremental Summer
dynamically increments or decrements CV each time the points are processed.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 16-2 6/2007

 16.4.4

16.4.4 Override Control Strategy and Past-Value Updating

If the Incremental Summer's secondary is an Override Selector data point, the Incremental
Summer's full-value output (CV) must be limited to a user-specified range beyond the
feedback value received from the Selector point when the Incremental Summer is not
selected. The feedback value is received in parameter ORFBSEC and you specify the
overrange (or bias) in ORBIAS.

Because the Incremental Summer operates only on changes in value, each time it is
processed it must store past values. These past values [Xn(n-1)] are used to calculate the
changes in values the next time the Incremental Summer point is processed.

The flow chart of Figure 16-2 shows how the override strategy and past-value updating
operate. Refer to 16.7 in this manual.

16.4.5 Operating Modes

This algorithm operates only in MANual and CAScade modes. Because the output of
each PID primary tracks the OP output value of the INCRSUM data point, switching this
point from MAN to CAS does not "bump" the process.

Note: The dynamic correction calculated by a PID primary appears as a change in that
data point's output after it is processed again, and the Incremental Summer actually uses
this change as its input. The full-value outputs of PIDs connected to the Incremental
Summer have no meaning.

16.4.6 Restart or Point Activation

On a cold restart, a warm restart, or point activation, if the Incremental Summer is

configured for initialization, it takes place as described under 16.6. On a hot restart, the
inputs and past values become the present values and no initialization requests are sent to
the primary data points.

16.4.7 Error Handing

If the status for an input value is bad, the input value is not used in the CV calculation
and the point remains in the same mode. When a bad input returns to normal, that input
is again used in the CV calculation without "bumping" the value.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 16-3 6/2007

 16.4.7

START

Calculate See 15.5

CV

Is secondary Y Is this data

an override E point N
selector? S selected? O

NO YES

CV (n - 1) CV < CV <
N (ORFBSEC N (ORFBSEC
= CV
O - ORBIAS)? O + ORBIAS)?
A YES YES
Finished
calculating Clamp CV Clamp CV
Y past values @ ORFBSEC @ ORFBSEC
E for all inputs - ORBIAS + ORBIAS
S in use?
END
NO

Primary for
this input a N Xn (n - 1)
PID? O A
= Xn
YES
Xn: This input value.
Y Xn (n - 1): Past input value.
Primary in
E ORFBSEC: Feedback value from
MAN mode?
S Override Selector.
ORBIAS: User-entered Override
Xn (n - 1) NO, AUTO or CAS
Bias value.
= Xn CV (Primary):CV of the primary that
Xn (n - 1) = CV (%) provides this input.
(CV is output of
A Incr. Summer)

CV (Primary) = OP NOTE: This doesn't necessarily

(OP is output of A show algorithm sequencing.
Incr. Summer) It only shows the relationship
of each operation to the next.

Figure 16-2 — Operation Diagram, Incremental Summer Control Algorithm 1323

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 16-4 6/2007

 16.5

16.5 EQUATIONS

CV is calculated as follows:

CV(n) = CV(n-1) + K1*[X1(n) - X1(n-1)]

+ K2*[X2(n) - X2(n-1)]
.
.
.
+ Km*[Xm(n) - Xm(n-1)]

Where:

CV(n) = Current full value of the output of this algorithm in engineering units.

CV(n-1) = Past full value from the data point (value from the last time the data point
was processed).

m = The number of inputs actually used (m = 1 through 4).

K1 through Km = User-specified scale factors (gains). K1 default = 1.0. K2 through

K4 defaults to 0.

X1(n) through Xm(n) = Current values of each X input in use.

X1(n-1) through Xm(n-1) = Past value of each X input (value from the last time the
data point was processed).

16.6 INITIALIZATION

You can configure this algorithm for

• Internal initialization.

• External initialization.

If you choose internal initialization, initialization requests are not sent to any of the
primaries. In MAN mode, when the output is indisposable or when recovering from a
bad CV value (NaN), initialization is as follows:

CV is back-calculated from OP

if the output is disposable, or

CV = the initialization value returned from the secondary data point, if the output is
indisposable.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 16-5 6/2007

 16.7

The past values are replaced as follows:

CV(n-1) = CV

X1(n-1) = X1
.

Xm(n-1) = Xm

If you choose external initialization, initialization occurs in MAN mode, when the output
is indisposable, or when recovering from a bad CV value (NaN), as follows:

• An initialization request is sent to all primary data points (up to four).

• The Incremental Summer's CV value and past values are initialized as shown above
for internal initialization.

• The initialization value sent to the primary or primaries is equal to the value in the
Incremental Summer's CV parameter.

16.7 OVERRIDE FEEDBACK PROCESSING

When this data point's secondary uses an Override Selector algorithm, the Incremental
Summer doesn't send override-selection status or values to its primaries. It does,
however, receive selected or not-selected status from the secondary, and its CV value is
limited. Refer to Section 15.4.4, and Figure 15-2 in this manual.

16.8 INCRSUM PARAMETERS

In addition to the parameters already mentioned, the following parameters are associated
with the INCRSUM algorithm (refer to the Application Module Parameter Reference
Dictionary):

INITTYPE X3STS
X1STS X4STS
X2STS

16.9 MIGRATION

There are no similar algorithms in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Systems.

Algorithm 32, Incremental, in the Extended Controller is similar to the Incremental
Summer control algorithm.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 16-6 6/2007

 17

LEAD-LAG (CONTROL)
Section 17
17.1 TYPE AND NAME

Control Algorithm: LEADLAG

17.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm provides dynamic lead and lag compensation to a feed forward signal. A
scale factor can be applied to the input and a bias value can be added.

From Initializing
Primary
CAS
To
SP LEADLAG CV OP Secondary
AUTO
Operator or Output
User-Written Processing
Program

To INITVAL
Primary

Equation:

1 + T2 * s 1
CV (s) = [K* * * SP (s) ] + B
1 + T1 * s 1 + T3 * s

Figure 17-1 — Functional Diagram, Lead-Lag Control Algorithm 1324

17.3 USE

This algorithm is used to provide dynamic lead and lag compensation to a feed forward
variable from a process-connected input or from another data point. The algorithm's output is
often connected to the feed forward input of a PID-with-Feed forward control algorithm. It
can also be connected to an input of other types of data points such as an incremental Summer,
a Multiplier/Divider control algorithm, a Summer control algorithm, or an Auto Manual
Station algorithm. The algorithm can also be used to smooth out changes in the setpoint of
another data point by an operator at a Universal Station.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 17-1 6/2007

 17.4

17.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

17.4.1 Operating Modes

This algorithm operates in the following modes:

• AUTO

• MAN

• CAS

17.4.2 Eliminating a Lead or Lag Term

Setting the lead-time constant (T2) to 0, eliminates the contribution of its term from the
compensation. Likewise, a value of 0 for either of the lag-time constants (T1 and T3)
eliminates their terms from the compensation.

17.4.3 Time-Constant Recommendations

We recommend that the processing rate of a data point that uses this algorithm be at least
ten times greater that the lead or lag break-point frequencies.

|T2| should be equal to or greater than 10*TS.

T1 should be equal to or greater than 2*TS.
T3 should be equal to or greater than 2*TS.

Because negative values for lead-time are possible, its restrictions are specified in terms
of its absolute value (|T2|).

TS is the data-point processing-interval in minutes.

We recommend that the rate amplitude be less than or equal to ten, so

|T2| should be less than or equal to 10*T1.

17.4.4 Restart or Point Activation

On a cold restart, warm restart, or when the point is activated, initialization is performed,
as configured. No initialization occurs on a hot restart.

17.4.5 SP Value Range

You must configure the range of the SP value in SPEULO and SPEUHI.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 17-2 6/2007

 17.5
17.5 EQUATIONS

Only one equation is available. It is as follows:

Equation A;
1 + T2*s 1
CV(s) = [K*————————*————————*SP(s)] + B
1 + T1*s 1 + T3*s

Where:
CV = Normal control output in engineering units.
B= Bias value. Default value = 0.
K= Scale factor (gain). Default value = 1.0.
SP = Input value (initializable).
s= The Laplace operator.
T2 = Lead-time constant in minutes. Default = 0.
T1= 1st lag-time constant in minutes. Default = 0.
T3 = 2nd lag-time constant in minutes. Default = 0.

17.6 INITIALIZATION

You can configure this algorithm for

• No initialization
• Internal initialization
• External initialization
If no initialization is chosen, normal processing continues if a condition should occur that
would otherwise cause initialization.
If internal initialization is chosen, an initializing condition causes the bias value (B) to be
calculated so that on a return to CAS or AUTO mode the output does not move. The
initialization equation is
B = CV - K*SP
If external initialization is chosen, an initializing condition causes an initialization
request to be sent to the primary, and the value of SP needed to maintain CV at the
present value is calculated and passed to the primary in INITVAL. The initialization
equation is
CV - B
SP = ———————
K

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 17-3 6/2007

 17.7

17.7 OVERRIDE FEEDBACK PROCESSING

This algorithm doesn't participate in override-feedback processing. It should not be used
in an override-control strategy.

17.8 LEADLAG PARAMETERS

In addition to the parameters already mentioned, the following parameters are associated
with the LEADLAG algorithm (refer to the Application Module Parameter Reference
Dictionary):

INITTYPE SPEUHI
SPEULO SPSTS

17.9 MIGRATION

Control algorithm 20 in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Systems is similar to this

algorithm, except that algorithm 20 has only one lag term. LEADLAG has normal
initialization options, while algorithm 20 does prevent bumps when the input and output
don't match, but the output decays toward the steady-state value.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 17-4 6/2007

 18

MULTIPLIER/DIVIDER (CONTROL)
Section 18
18.1 TYPE AND NAME

Control Algorithm: MULDIV

18.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm calculates a control output by multiplying two input variables and
dividing the resulting product by a third input variable. Scale factors and bias can be
applied to the input variables, and an overall scale factor and bias can be specified.

Three equations are provided. One provides only multiplication, and the other two
provide multiplication and division.

One of the input variables, SP, is initializable. This variable appears in the numerator of
one of the fractions and in the denominator of the other.

This algorithm is similar to PV algorithm MULDIV.

From Initializing
Primary
CAS

MULDIV To
SP CV OP Secondary
X2
AUTO X3
Operator or X4 Output
User-Written Processing
Program

To INITVAL
Primary

Simplified Equations:
A: CV = SP * X2

SP * X3
B: CV = + X4
X2

X2 * X3
C: CV = + X4
SP

Figure 18-1 — Functional Diagram, Multiply/Divide Control Algorithm 1325

Input SP is initializable in all the equations. The only difference between equations B
and C is that SP is in the numerator in B and it is in the denominator in equation C.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 18-1 6/2007

 18.3

18.3 USE

This algorithm is normally part of a cascade-control strategy. Typically, its primary is a

data point that is using a PID algorithm, and its secondary is another data point that is
also using a PID algorithm. The Multiply/Divide algorithm can also provide an input to
an Override Selector algorithm.

18.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

18.4.1 Operating Modes

This algorithm can operate in the following modes:

• MAN

• AUTO

• CAS

18.4.2 SP Value Range

You must configure the SP-value range in SPEULO and SPEUHI.

18.4.3 Restart or Point Activation

On a cold restart, a warm restart, and then the point is activated, initialization occurs, as
configured. On a hot restart, no initialization occurs.

18.4.4 Error Handling

When any Xn input is bad, the CV value becomes bad (NaN) and this point continues in
the same mode. When the bad input is again normal, CV is initialized, and if this point is
configured for external initialization, an initialization request is sent to its primary.

18.5 EQUATIONS

You can select from one of three equations when you build a data point that uses this
algorithm. The full equations are as follows:

Equation A

CV = [K*(K1*SP+B1)*(K2*X2+B2)] + B
Equation B

(K1*SP+B1) * (K3*X3+B3)
CV = K*———————————————————————— + (K4*X4+B4) + B
(K2*X2+B2)

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 18-2 6/2007

 18.3
Equation C

(K2*X2+B2) * (K3*X3+B3)
CV = K*———————————————————————— + (K4*X4+B4) + B
(K1*SP+B1)
Where:

CV = Normal control-algorithm output in engineering units

K= Overall gain (scale factor). Default = 1.0.

K1, K2, K3, K4 = Gain (scale factor) constants. K1, K2, and K3 default to 1.0. K4
default = 0.

B = Overall bias. Default = 0.

B1, B2, B3, B4 = Bias constants. Default = 0.

SP = The initializable input value.

X2, X3, X4 = Control input values. Typically received through control input
connections. X2 and X3 default to 1.0. X4 default = 0.

18.6 INITIALIZATION

You can configure the data point that is using the Multiply/Divide control algorithm for

• No initialization

• Internal initialization

• External initialization

If you select no initialization, initialization requests from secondaries are ignored and CV
is as calculated by the normal equation (see 18.5 Equations in this section).

If you select internal initialization, initialization requests are not sent to the primary data-
point when an initializing condition occurs, but bias-value B is back-calculated as
follows:
Equation A B = CV - [K*(K1*SP+B1)*(K2*X2+B2)]

(K1*SP+B1)*(K3*X3+B3)
Equation B B = CV - [K* —————————————————————— + (K4*X4+B4)]
(K2*X2+B2)

(K2*X2+B2)*(K3*X3+B3)
Equation C B = CV - [K* —————————————————————— + (K4*X4+B4)]
(K1*SP+B1)

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 18-3 6/2007

 18.7

If you select external initialization, an initializing condition causes INITVAL to be

calculated as follows, and that value and an initialization request are sent to the primary
data point:
(CV - B) 1
Equation A INITVAL = [————————————— - B1]* ———
K*(K2*X2+B2) K1

(CV - (K4*X4+B4)-B)*(K2*X2+B2) 1
Equation B INITVAL = [—————————————————————————————— - B1]* ———
K*(K3*X3+B3) K1

K*(K2*X2+B2)-B)*(K3*X3+B3) 1
Equation C NITVAL = [——————————————————————————— - B1]* ———
CV - (K4+X4+B4) - B K1

18.7 OVERRIDE FEEDBACK PROCESSING

If this data point's secondary is an Override Selector point (see Figure 18-2) and if this
point is configured for initialization and is in CAS mode, when override-feedback
processing takes place, override status and an override value are passed to this point's
primary. The status is in parameter PTORST.
The feedback value is calculated as follows:

Equation A

ORFBSEC - B 1
ORFB = [———————————————— - B1]* ———
K*(K2*X2 + B2) K1

Equation B

(ORFBSEC - (K4*X4 + B4) - B)*(K2*X2 + B2) 1

ORFB = [————————————————————————————————————————— - B1]* ———
K*(K3*X3 + B3) K1

Equation C

K*(K2*X2 + B2)*(K3*X3 + B3) 1

ORFB = [———————————————————————————— - B1]* ———
{ORFBSEC - (K4*X4 + B4) - B} K1

18.8 MULDIV PARAMETERS

In addition to the parameters already mentioned, the following parameters are associated
with the MULDIV algorithm. Refer to the Application Module Parameter Reference
Dictionary manual.

CTLEQN SPEUHI
INITTYPE SPSTS
SPEULO XnSTS

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 18-4 6/2007

 18.9

18.9 MIGRATION

Table 18-1 compares the AM Multiply/Divide control algorithm with similar algorithms
in the former systems.

From Initializing
Primary
CAS

SP MULDIV
X2 CV OP X1
AUTO CV
X3 X2 Override
Operator or X4 SELECTOR
X3
User-Written X4
Program

To INITVAL
Primary PTORST PTORST
ORFBSEC ORFBSEC

Figure 18-2 — Override Feedback Processing 1326

Table 18-1 — Comparison of SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Algorithms with MULDIV

Nearest S-T/PMX S-T/PMX S-T/PMX Equation

AM Algorithm Equation in as shown in S-
Equation Number AM Terms T/PMX Pubs.

A 31 CV = K*X2*SP + B CN = KA*X*V + K2

B 32 CV = K*SP/X2 + B CN = KA*V/X + K2

CV = X2*SP + B
A 52 CN = PV*P + KA

X2
CV = -------- + B PV
C 53 SP CN = ------ + KA
P

CV = SP*X2 + B
A 54 CN = R*PVN + KA

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 18-5 6/2007

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 18-6 6/2007
 PID (CONTROL)
Section 19
19.1 TYPE AND NAME

Control Algorithm: PID

19.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm operates as a 3-mode (proportional, integral, and derivative) controller. You
can choose one of two forms of this algorithm: the interactive (or real) form and the
noninteractive (or ideal) form.

The output of this algorithm is normally "floating," because of the dynamics of the integral
and derivative terms. Internally, the output is calculated as increments of output change, but
the increments are accumulated to provide a full-value output, thus simplifying the
techniques used to achieve "bumpless" outputs when modes or tuning constants are changed.

The algorithm operates to reduce error in the control loop to zero. Error is represented by
the difference between the process variable in percent (PVP) and the setpoint in percent
(SPP). The control-algorithm output value (CV) is also calculated as a percentage of the
configured engineering-units range for the data point that uses this algorithm.

From Initializing Setpoint

Primary Processing

CAS
To
SPP PID CV OP
Secondary
AUTO
Operator or PVP Output
User-Written Processing
Program
From PV
Processing

PID Forms: Interactive (Real)

Noninteractive (Ideal)

Equations: A; Full PID

B; PI on error, D on PV change only
C; I on error, PD on PV change only
D; Integral control only

Figure 19-1 — Functional Diagram, PID Control Algorithm 1327

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 19-1 6/2007

 19.3

19.3 USE

The PID algorithm is used as a controller that either directly moves a control device (valve)
in the process, or provides an input to another data point. See the following figure.

Output Processing

SP
PID CV OP
PV
Or Data
Point

In an LCN-based module,
in a UPC, or in a box on
a Data Hiway.
Direct
Note Output
Slot

Note:

For direct output through a PM, the data point (slot) in the PM is an Analog Output slot whose
PNTFORM parameter contains Full and whose RCASOPT parameter = DDC.

For direct output through a CB or MC on a Data Hiway, the data point (slot) in the controller uses one of
these algorithms in Cas mode (the HG enables the COMP function):

PID CMA (algorithm 05)

PID CM (algorithm 06)

For direct output through an EC on a Data Hiway, the data point (slot) in the controller uses one of
these algorithms in Cas mode (the HG enables the COMP function):

PID DDC (algorithm 05)

PID DDC with Preset SP (algorithm 05)
Lead/Lag/Summer/DDC (algorithm 06)
Selector/Override/DDC (algorithm 21)
Lead-Lag/Multiplier/DDC (algorithm 30)

Figure 19-2 — Output Destinations for PID Control Algorithm 3669

When the AM PID point is a primary for another data point in the same AM, another LCN
module, in a PM, or in a box on a Data Hiway, its output is connected to the SP or the
secondary point. If the AM point is directly controlling a valve, its output is connected to
the output value (OP) of a slot in a PM, or to OP in one of the Data-Hiway-based points
listed in Figure 19-2. The OP value determines the magnitude of the analog current supplied
to the valve by the output slot's holding amplifier.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 19-2 6/2007

 19.4

19.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

19.4.1 Interactive and Noninteractive PID Forms

During configuration, select one of these two forms. They differ as follows:

• Interactive (Real) Form—This form emulates traditional pneumatic-PID controllers.

The P, I, and D terms are calculated as the sum of P and I, multiplied by D. D interacts
in the time domain with the P and I terms. An advantage of this form is that the poles
(lags) and zeros (leads) can be easily placed (See the equations under 19.5). The poles
and zeros must be real.

• Noninteractive (Ideal) Form—In this form, P, D, and I are added in the time domain. D is a
pure derivative. This form is often called the digital-computer version of the PID controller.

19.4.2 Four Combinations of Control Terms

You select the combinations of proportional, integral, and derivative control terms by
choosing Equation A, B, C, or D. The equations function as follows:
(see 19.5 in this section)

• Equation A—all three terms (P, I, and D) act on the error (PV - SP).

• Equation B—The proportional and integral terms act on error (PV - SP) and the
derivative acts on PV changes. This equation is used to eliminate derivative spikes in
control action that occur with quick changes in the setpoint.

• Equation C—The integral term acts on error (PV - SP) and the proportion and
derivative terms act on PV changes. This equation provides the smoothest and slowest
response to setpoint changes.

• Equation D—This equation provides only integral control.

19.4.3 Control by a Single Term

When you use equation A, B, or C, the integral or derivative terms can be eliminated by
setting their time constants to 0 (see 19.5 in this section). Setting both T1 and T2 to 0
results in only proportional control.

Use Equation D to achieve only integral control.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 19-3 6/2007

 19.4.4

19.4.4 Direct and Reverse Control Action

When configuring a data point that uses the PID algorithm, you can select direct-control
action or reverse-control action. You can also change the control action through the detailed
display if you have an engineer's key, or a user-written program can change the control
action. The control action can be changed at the Universal Station or by a program, only
while the data point is in MAN mode. The attribute must be appropriate (OPER or PROG)
for the change to be accepted.

Changing the control action effectively changes the sign of the gain. With direct action, an
increase in PV increases output; with reverse action, an increase in PV decreases output.

As an example, with direct-control action, assume

SPP = 50%

PVP = 51%

Deviation = PVP - SPP = 1%

If PVP increases, the deviation (error) increases, so the output, CV, increases (see
Equation A. (See 19.5 in this section).

The opposite occurs with reverse-control action: If the deviation increases, CV decreases.

19.4.5 PV Tracking

You can select PV tracking when configuring a data point that uses this algorithm. If you
do, SP becomes equal to PV under any of the following conditions:

• The data point that uses this algorithm is in MAN mode.

• The output is indisposable.

• The first time the data point is processed after becoming active.

• On a cold or warm restart, if the data point is configured for external initialization.

• If parameter CTRLINIT contains On and this point is configured for external initialization.

PV tracking is typically chosen when the data point is a secondary in a cascade control
strategy, because it allows the PID to resume control with no error, after the point has been
in MAN mode or is initialized.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 19-4 6/2007

 19.4.5

PV tracking can also be used when the data point is the ultimate primary point. In such a
case, a startup procedure could be used where the point is started in MAN mode and the
valve manually adjusted to bring the PV close to the desired value, and the data point would
then be switched to AUTO.

19.4.6 Gain Options

When configuring a data point that uses the PID algorithm, and equations A, B, or C, you
can choose any of the following four gain options:

• Linear Gain—This is the most commonly used gain option. The gain, K, used in the
chosen equation (see 19.5 in this section) is set by the user. The default value for K is 1.

• Gap Gain Modification—This option is used to reduce the sensitivity of the control
action when the PV is in a narrow band (gap) around the setpoint. The size of this band
is specified by the user. K, as used in the chosen equation is derived as follows:
K = KLIN*KGAP, if (SP - GAPLO) < PV < (SP + GAPHI)

or,
K = KLIN, if PV is outside the gap.

Where:

KLIN = A linear-gain parameter, in percent-per-percent. The value of KLIN is tuned at

a Universal Station.
Default = 1.0.

KGAP = Gain-modification factor, specified by the user.

Default = 1.0.

GAPLO = The bottom limit of the gap in the same engineering units as the PV.
Default = 0.

GAPHI = The upper limit of the gap in the same engineering units as the PV.
Default = 0.

• Nonlinear Gain Modification—This option provides control action proportional to the

square of the error, rather than the error itself. The gain, K, used by the chosen equation,
is derived as follows:
K = KLIN*KNL

KNL = NLFM + (NLGAIN*|PVP - SPP|/100.0)

If the resulting value in K exceeds 120.0, it is clamped at 120.0.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 19-5 6/2007

 19.4.7

Where:

KLIN = Same as for gap gain

KNL = Nonlinear-gain modifier

NLFM = Nonlinear-gain form. 0 or 1, as specified by the user. Default = 1.

For the ideal form of the PID, nonlinear gain does not act on the derivative component.

NLGAIN = Nonlinear gain, specified by the user. Value ranges from 0 to 10. Default= 0.

PVP = PV in percent

SPP = SP in percent

• External Gain Modification—The gain, K, used by the chosen equation, is modified by

an input value that can be from the process, from a PV calculated from a process input
by a PV algorithm, or from a user-written program.

The main use of this option is to compensate for nonlinear-process gain. The user can
tune the PID gain independently of the operating point of the process. For example, in
controlling the level in a tank whose cross section is not constant, the gain could be
modified to compensate for the nonlinear rate of level change that is caused by the
changing shape of the tank. The General Linearization PV algorithm (see Section 5 in
this manual) could be used to compute the inverse of the level-change characteristic, and
the resulting PV could be used to modify the level-control gain.

K is derived as follows:
K = KLIN*KEXT

If the resulting value in K exceeds 120.0, it is clamped at 120.0.

Where:
KLIN = Same as for linear gain

KEXT = The external gain-modification factor. It can be entered by a user-written

program, or it can be a general input from another data point. KEXT must be
a positive number.

It is possible to use this option for multiplicative-feed forward control, but the PID with
Feed forward-control algorithm (Section 19) is a better choice because it provides a
better operator interface and better recovery from a "bad" feed forward input.

NOTE:
If GAINOPT = GAP, then the parameters KLIN, GAPHI, GAPLO, and KGAP are
available. If GAINOPT = EXT, then the parameter KEXT is available.

19.4.7

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 19-6 6/2007

19.4.7 Windup Handling

When the output of this algorithm reaches the user-specified integral or output limits, or
reaches the setpoint limits of the data point's secondary, or when a woundup-status
indication is received from the secondary, the PID algorithm stops calculating the integral
term but the calculation of the proportional and derivative terms continues.

This is the same way that windup conditions are handled in Basic Controllers, Multifunction
Controllers, and Extended Controllers.

19.4.8 Suppression of Output "Kicks" When Switching to CAS Mode

Without this suppression feature, the first setpoint change after switching from MAN or AUTO
to CAS mode could cause a sudden move (kick) in the output because of the proportional or
derivative terms. This "kick" occurs when, for some reason, the primary data point's output is
not initialized, and an abrupt change in the setpoint occurs when CAS mode resumes.

To suppress this "kick," the proportional and derivative terms are not calculated the first
time the PID data point is processed after changing to CAS mode.

This feature is especially useful when the PID point is one of two or more secondaries of its
primary data point. When this data point is changed to CAS mode, even if the primary is
not initialized, the output of this data point does not bump the first time it is processed.

19.4.9 Initializing PID Output without Affecting Dynamics

A user-written program in an Application Module (CL) or a Computing Module (Fortran or

Pascal) can store a value in the CV parameter of the PID data point, even while the
algorithm is doing its normal, incremental PID calculation. This may change the full-value
output of the data point, but it has no effect on the continuing incrementation or
decrementation of the output. It is possible, therefore, for a user-written program to
initialize a PID output without affecting the dynamics of the PID calculations, and without
initializing the output of the primary data point.

As an example of the usefulness of this feature, consider a single PID that is controlling
temperature by controlling the flow of either gas or oil. This PID's output is connected to
both flow controllers, but only one connection is active at any time. When a change from
one fuel to the other is made, the user-written program initializes the output of the
temperature-controller PID by storing a new, full-value output in CV. The active
connection is switched from one to the other, and the dynamic compensation of the flow of
the new fuel proceeds. The value stored in CV is the setpoint of the new secondary in
percent (SPP). Through this technique, the full-value output of the primary has been
initialized without initializing its dynamic calculations, so the fuel switchover is quick and
smooth.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 19-7 6/2007

 19.4.10

19.4.10 Restrictions on Some Values

The following are restrictions on some of the values used with this algorithm:

• The engineering units range that you specify for the PV also applies to the SP.

• For best performance, we recommend that the integral- and derivative-time constants be
within the following ranges:
20.0*TS < T1 < 20,000*TS

T2 > 100.0*TS for the interactive form of the PID, and

T2 > 10.0*TS for the noninteractive (ideal) form of the PID

Where TS = the interval at which the data point is processed, in minutes.

If the values of T1 or T2 are not within the ranges suggested above, you should adjust
them or TS to bring them within those ranges.

For the interactive form of the PID, if

T1 < 2.0*TS, and T1 is clamped at 2.0*TS

T2 < 10.0*TS

the respective time constant is treated as 0.

19.4.11 Ratio Control

Ratio control can be achieved by modifying the setpoint input to the PID algorithm by
a ratio of some other process value, for example, a fuel-to-air ratio in furnace control,
it can also be accomplished with the Ratio Control algorithm. (See section 22 in this
manual). When configuring a PID data point, you can select one of the following option
is for modifying the setpoint:

• No setpoint ratio or bias

• Fixed ratio and bias

• Auto ratio (fixed bias)

• Auto bias (fixed ratio)

If you select one of the ratio and bias options, configured or operator-entered ratio and bias
values are used to modify the setpoint, by multiplying it by the ratio and adding the bias
value, only while the data point is in CAS mode. In AUTO mode, the modification does not
occur because this option is intended to receive the process value to be modified by the
ratio, only from another data point.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 19-8 6/2007

 19.4.12

The "Auto" options adjust the ratio or bias while the data point is in AUTO or MAN
modes, or is undergoing initialization, so that when it returns to CAS mode, the new SP
won't "bump" the process. The adjustment is as follows:

• For Auto ratio, the operator can change only bias, and ratio is calculated to maintain
the same setpoint when the mode is changed to CAS. The operator can change
the ratio in CAS mode.

• For Auto bias, the operator can change only ratio, and bias is calculated to maintain
the same setpoint when the mode is changed to CAS. The operator can change the
bias in CAS mode.

Modification of the setpoint by a ratio and a bias is actually handled by setpoint processing
rather than by the PID algorithm. It is applied to only PID setpoints.

These options allow this one algorithm to do essentially the same functions as the PID Ratio,
PID Auto Ratio, and PID Auto Bias algorithms in Basic Controllers, Multifunction
Controllers, and Extended Controllers.

The parameters used for these options are RBOPTION, RATIO, BIAS, RTHILM,
RTLOLM, BSHILM, and BSLOLM.

19.4.12 Operating Modes

The PID algorithm operates in the following modes:

• MAN
• AUTO
• CAS

19.4.13 Restart or Point Activation

On a cold restart, a warm restart, or when the data point is activated, initialization takes place as
described under 19.6. On a hot restart, the PID dynamics are returned to a steady state.

19.4.14 Error Handling

If the status of the PV value goes bad, the CV value is changed to bad (NaN) and the data
point remains in the current mode. When the PV-value status returns to normal, the CV
value is initialized and the PID dynamics are returned to a steady state. If so configured, an
initialization request and initialization value are sent to the primary data point.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 19-9 6/2007

 19.5

19.5 EQUATIONS

You can select one of four equations when you configure a data point that uses the PID
control algorithm. Equations A through D differ in the interactive and noninteractive
forms of the algorithm.

For the Interactive form:

Equation A—P, I, and D act on the error

1 + T1*s 1 + T2*s
CV(s) = K*[————————*——————————*(PVP(s) - SPP(s))]
T1*s 1 + a*T2*s

Equation B—P and I act on error, D acts on PV

1 + T1*s 1 + T2*s 1 + T1*s

CV(s) = K*[—————————*———————————*PVP(s) - —————————*SPP(s)]
T1*s 1 + a*T2*s T1*s

Equation C—I acts on error, P and D act on PV

1 + T1*s 1 + T2*s 1
CV(s) = K*[—————————*———————————*PVP(s) - —————*SPP(s)]
T1*s 1 + a*T2*s T1*s

Equation D—Integral control, only

1
CV(s) = [—————*(PVP(s) - SPP(s))]
T1*s

For the Noninteractive form:

Equation A—P, I, and D act on the error

1 + T1*s
CV(s) = K*[(————————— + T2*s)*(PVP(s) - SPP(s))]
T1*s

Equation B—P and I act on error, D acts on PV

1 + T1*s 1 + T1*s
CV(s) = K*[(————————— + T2*s)*PVP(s) - —————————*SPP(s)]
T1*s T1*s

Equation C—I acts on error, P and D act on PV

1 + T1*s 1
CV(s) = K*[(————————— + T2*s)*PVP(s) - —————*SPP(s)]
T1*s T1*s

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 19-10 6/2007

 19.6

Equation D—Integral control, only

1
CV(s) = ——————*(PVP(s) - SPP(s))
T1*s
Where:

CV = Output of the PID algorithm, full value in percent

a= A constant equal to 0.1. 1/a is the high-frequency gain or rate amplitude.

K= Gain. (see 19.4.6. in this section)

PVP = The process variable in percent

s= The Laplace operator

SPP = The setpoint in percent

T1 = The integral time constant in minutes. (see 19.4.10. in this section)

T2 = The derivative time constant in minutes. (see 19.4.10. in this section)

19.6 INITIALIZATION

You can configure this algorithm for

• Internal initialization
• External initialization
Initialization occurs when the data point is in MAN mode or has just recovered from a bad
CV, or when the output is indisposable.
If you choose internal initialization, no initialization request or value is sent to the primary
data point. On initialization, if the output is disposable

CV = OP

The output after output processing.

If the output is indisposable, CV is initialized by request from the secondary.

In either case, the PID dynamics are returned to a steady state.

If external initialization is configured and the mode is MAN, the output is indisposable,
or this point has just recovered from a bad CV value,

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 19-11 6/2007

 19.7

CV = OP, if the output is disposable

CV is initialized by request from the secondary if the output is indisposable.

If the mode is MAN or AUTO, the output is indisposable, or this point has just recovered
from a bad CV value, an initialization request is sent to the primary. The initialization
value sent to the primary is equal to this data point's setpoint, unless one of the ratio
control options is chosen. In that case:
INITVAL = (SP - BIAS)/RATIO.

19.7 OVERRIDE FEEDBACK PROCESSING

When a PID point's secondary uses an Override Selector algorithm (see Figure 19-3), the
following functions take place:

• When override feedback is propagated, override status is returned in PTORST to the PID
point. The status will be one of these.

Not Connected

Selected

Not Selected

• When the PID point is processed, it does the following.

If the status returned is Not Connected, there is no action.

If the status returned is Not Selected and if the PID point’s mode is AUTO or CAS, the
PID point’s CV is initialized in one of two ways. If the direct-control option is chosen,
CV is initialized as follows:

CV = (ORFBSEC - CVEULO)/(CVEUHI - CVEULO)*100 + K*(PVP - SPP)

If the reverse-control option is chosen, CV is initialized as follows:

CV = (ORFBSEC - CVEULO)/(CVEUHI - CVEULO)*100 - K*(PVP - SPP)

In both examples above, the term K*(PV - SPP) is the offset value, and ORFBSEC is the
override-feedback value (in %) sent to the PID from the secondary. If equation D is
selected for the control algorithm (see 19.5), a value of K = 1.0 is used in the
initialization calculations above (equation D does not use K).

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 19-12 6/2007

 19.8

Whether the PID point is selected or not, if it is in CAS mode and configured for
external initialization, an override-feedback value is calculated as follows and sent to the
primary:
ORFB = (PV - BIAS)/RATIO

The not connected/not selected/selected status received from the PID's secondary, is also
sent on to the primary.

NOTE
For release 410 or later, if the offset value is in such a direction that it causes the nonselected
PID to become selected, the offset value will be set to 0.0. The offset value is the term K*(PV -
SPP) in the CV initialization examples above.

See Section 24 in this manual, and refer to Application Module Control Functions manual
for more information on override control.

19.8 PID PARAMETERS

In addition to the parameters already mentioned, the following parameters are associated
with the PID algorithm (refer to the Application Module Parameter Reference Dictionary):

CTLEQN INITTYPE PVTRACK DEV

19.9 MIGRATION

The PID algorithm virtually duplicates the functions of 9 of the 12 PID algorithms in
SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Systems. Only the interactive (real) form of the
algorithms is available in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Systems.

Most of the SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX PID algorithms are actually implemented in
Basic Controllers. Four of them can be implemented in the computer system or a Basic
Controller. The following table shows how they compare with the PID in Application
Modules.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 19-13 6/2007

 19.9

Table 19-1 — Comparison of SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Algorithms with PID

S/T-PMX Where Nearest AM

Algorithm Implemented? Equivalent

1 PID CB or Computer PID

2 PID Ratio CB PID*
3 PID Auto Ratio CB PID*
4 PID Auto Bias CB PID*
5 PID CMA CB PID
6 PID CM CB PID
7 PID SPC CB PID
10 PID Error Sq. on Gain CB or Computer PID
11 PID Error Sq. on Intg. CB or Computer PID (See Note)
12 PID Gap CB or Computer PID (w/Gap Gain)

* Using Ratio/Bias options in Setpoint Handling.

Note: Error-squared-on-integral gain modification is not available in Application Modules.

Nonlinear-gain modification can provide a similar function (see 19.4.6 in this section).

From
Primary
CAS
SPP PID
CV OP X1 CV
AUTO X2 Override
X3 SELECTOR
X4

INITVAL
To PTORST PTORST
ORFBSEC ORFBSEC

ORFBSEC is not an external parameter

Figure 19-3 — Override Feedback Processing 1329

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 19-14 6/2007

 20

PID FEEDFORWARD (CONTROL)

Section 20

20.1 TYPE AND NAME

Control Algorithm: PIDFF

20.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm operates as a 3-mode (proportional, integral, and derivative) controller. It

is identical to the PID algorithm (refer to Section 19 in this manual), except that it
accepts a feedforward signal to be added to, or multiplied by, the algorithm's incremental
output, before the full-value output is accumulated. This algorithm lets you combine a
feedforward signal with the PID output without using another data point or algorithm to
do it.

From Initializing Setpoint

Processing Feedforward
Primary Signal
CAS
To
SPP PIDFF CV OP Secondary
AUTO

Operator or PVP Output

User-Written Processing
Program
From PV
Processing

PID Forms: Interactive (Real)

Noninteractive (Ideal)

Equations: A; Full PID

B; PI on error, D on PV change only
C; I on error, PD on PV change only
D; Integral control only

Feedforward Action: Additive; Scale and Add

Multiplicative; Scale and Multiply

Figure 20-1 — Functional Diagram, PID Feedforward Control Algorithm 1330

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 20-1 6/2007

 20.3

20.3 USE

The use of the PID Feedforward Control algorithm is the same as the PID algorithm,
except that this algorithm can accept a dynamic feedforward signal from the process, or a
value that is representative of some condition in the process, to be combined with the
PID's incremental output before the full-value output is accumulated.

The feedforward signal can be obtained from an analog-input point, and it is often
subjected to dead-time compensation, or lead-lag compensation before being connected
to the FF input of this algorithm. That compensation can be provided by algorithms such
as the Variable Dead-Time with Lead-Lag Compensation PV algorithm (Section 12 in
this manual) or the Lead-Lag Control algorithm (refer to Section 17 in this manual).
Similar algorithms are available in Basic Controllers, Multifunction Controllers, and
Extended Controllers. Figure 20-2 shows an example of such a strategy.

Inlet Feed

Dynamic Feed-Forward
PV Algorithm:
Signal
F Variable Dead-Time
with Lead-Lag

PIDFF % Fuel Flow

Auto Controller
SPP Output
PID +, * OP
Cas Accumulation
PVP

T Fuel

Outlet Feed

Figure 20-2 — Example, PIDFF Control Algorithm in Head Heater Control 1331

If additive-feedforward action is chosen, the feedforward signal is multiplied by a user-

specified scale factor (KF) and added to the incremental output of the PID computation.
This scale factor might be used to convert an engineering-units input to a percentage.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 20-2 6/2007

 20.4

If multiplicative feedforward action is chosen, the feedforward signal is multiplied by the

scale factor (KF) and then multiplied by the incremental output of the PID computation.
This action is typically used to compensate for variations in process gain that are caused
by changes in throughput. For example, in a heating application, if the feed rate is
doubled, twice the amount of fuel might be required, which is the equivalent of a
reduction of one-half in the process gain.

20.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

All of the following PID Control-algorithm options and special features apply to the PID
Feedforward Algorithm:

• 19.4.1 Interactive and Noninteractive PID Forms

• 19.4.2 Four Combinations of Control Terms

• 19.4.3 Control By a Single Term

• 19.4.4 Direct and Reverse Control Action

• 19.4.5 PV Tracking

• 19.4.6 Gain Options

• 19.4.7 Windup Handling

• 19.4.8 Suppression of Output "Kicks" when Switching to CAS Mode

• 19.4.9 Initializing PID Output Without Affecting Dynamics, except where

multiplication of the feedforward signal is configured

• 19.4.10 Restrictions on Some Values

• 19.4.11 Ratio Control

• 19.4.12 Operating Modes; MAN, AUTO, and CAS

• 19.4.13 Restart or Point Activation

• 19.4.14 Error Handling

In addition, the following apply to the feedforward action.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 20-3 6/2007

 20.4.1

20.4.1 Add or Multiply Action

Parameter FFOPT is configured to specify whether the feedforward signal is to be added

to the incremental PID output or multiplied by it.

20.4.2 Bypassing Feedforward Control Action

An operator at a Universal Station or a user-written program can bypass the feedforward

action by one of the following:

• If the feedforward input is received through a control-input connection, change the

status of that connection to Inactive. To resume feedforward action, switch the
connection status back to Active.

• If the feedforward signal comes from a PV algorithm, switch the PV source for the
data point that is using the PV algorithm to MANUAL (if you do this and the PV is
changed while the PV source is in manual, the feedforward signal is affected). To
resume feedforward action, switch the PV source back to AUTO.

• If the feedforward signal comes from a control algorithm, switch the mode of the data
point that is using the control algorithm to MANual (if you do this and the output (OP) is
changed while the source point is in manual, the feedforward signal is affected). To
resume feedforward action, switch back to Normal mode (AUTO or CAS).

20.4.3 Feedforward Signal Value Status

If the value status for the feedforward signal goes bad, the feedforward component of the
output value is frozen at the last good value, and normal PID processing continues.

When the value status of the feedforward signal returns to normal, normal feedforward
action resumes. This does not cause a bump in the output because any change from the
last good value is internally absorbed and the PID dynamics are not affected. The
floating, full-value output continues as if there were no feedforward change, but the
contribution of the feedforward action continues from that time.

20.5 EQUATIONS

You can select PID equations, just as described for the interactive form and the
noninteractive form. (See Section 19.5 in this manual)..

In addition, the feedforward signal is applied to the incremental output of the PID
computation, as follows:

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 20-4 6/2007

 20.5

• If additive action is configured

CVn = CVn+1 + CVPID + KFF*(FFn - FFn-1)

If the status of FFn or FFn-1 is Bad, CV = CVPID.

• If multiplicative action is configured

CVn = (CVn-1 + CVPID)*(KFF*FFn + BFF)

When multiplicative action is configured, CV is a read-only parameter for CL

programs.

If the status of FFn is Bad, CV = CVPID*(KFF*FF lgv + BFF),

where FF lgv = last good value of FF.
If FFn is OK but the status of FFn-1 is bad, CVPID = CV/(KFF*FFn + BFF).

Note that the back calculation of CVPID keeps CV unchanged, and therefore,
prevents a bump.

If the result of (KFF*FFn + BFF) is less than 0.1, it is clamped at 0.1.

Where:

CV = Full-value output in percent, PID combined with feedforward action.

CVPID = The incremental output of the PID computation. This is an internal

parameter and is not available to displays or to user-written programs.

BFF = Bias value for multiplicative action. Default = 0.

FF = The feedforward input signal, from a control-input connection. Normally

from a parameter with a percentage value.

FF lgv = Last good value for the FF input (notation only, not a user-visible parameter).

KFF = Scale factor. Can be used to convert FF to percent as follows:

KFF = 100/(EUHI - EULO)

Where EUHI and EULO are the high and low limits of the engineering-
units range. Default = 1.0.

n and n-1 = Notation to indicate the value this pass (n) and the preceding pass (n-1).

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 20-5 6/2007

 20.6

20.6 INITIALIZATION

Initialization is as described under 19.6

20.7 OVERRIDE FEEDBACK PROCESSING

Override-feedback processing is the same as described under 19.7, except that, if

multiplicative action is configured, a feedforward term is added to the output calculation,
as follows:

If the status returned is not selected and if the PID point's mode is AUTO or CAS, the
PID point's CV is initialized as follows:

CV = (ORFBSEC - CVEULO)/(CVEUHI - CVEULO)*100 + K*(KFF*FF +

BFF)*(PVP - SPP)

if the direct-control option is chosen, or

CV = (ORFBSEC - CVEULO)/(CVEUHI - CVEULO)*100 - K*(KFF*FF +

BFF)*(PVP - SPP)

if the reverse-control option is chosen.

ORFBSEC is the override-feedback value from the secondary.

20.8 PIDFF PARAMETERS

In addition to the parameters already mentioned, parameter FFSTS is associated with the
PIDFF algorithm. Refer to the Application Module Parameter Reference Dictionary manual.

20.9 MIGRATION

No PID algorithms that combine a feedforward signal with the PID output are available
in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL or PMX Systems. See Section 19.9 in this manual.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 20-6 6/2007

 21

PID WITH EXTERNAL RESET-FEEDBACK (CONTROL)

Section 21
21.1 TYPE AND NAME

Control Algorithm: PIDERFB

21.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm operates as a 3-mode (proportional, integral, and derivative) controller. It

is identical to the PID algorithm (refer to Section 19 in this manual), except that it
accepts a reset feedback signal to be combined with this algorithm's incremental output,
before the
full-value output is accumulated. It also accepts a tracking-value signal.

The intent of this algorithm is to prevent windup when it has a secondary data point,
typically a PID point that may or may not be responding to the output of this data point.
Setpoint Output
From Initializing
Primary Processing Processing
CAS
To
SPP PIDERFB CV OP
Secondary
AUTO
Operator or PVP
User-Written
Program
From PV S1 Tracking Switch Control
Processing TRFB Tracking Value*
RFB Reset Feedback Value**

* Typically PV or SP of
Secondary PID
PID Forms: Interactive (Real)
Noninteractive (Ideal)
** Typically PV of
Secondary PID
Equations: A; Full PID
B; PI on error, D on PV change only
C; I on error, PD on PV change only
D; Integral control only

Reset Feedforward Action: Scaled, integrated CV - RFB deviation is added

to incremental PID output before full-value
output accumulation.

Figure 21-1 — Function Diagram, PID with External Feedback Control Algorithm 1332

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 21-1 6/2007

 21.3

21.3 USE

The use of the PID with External Reset-Feedback algorithm is the same as the PID
algorithm, except that this algorithm can accept a reset-feedback signal (RFB) from
another data point, typically the PV of the secondary PID data point that is receiving its
setpoint from this data point.

This algorithm also accepts a tracking value (TRFB) and a tracking switch-control signal
(S1) from another data point, typically PV or SP of the secondary PID data point that is
receiving its setpoint from this data point. If the switch control is on, the CV value from
this data point is replaced by the tracking value.

The RFB and TRFB values are usually received as control-input connections. S1 can be
received from a general-input connection or from a CL block.

In a simple application, both the reset-feedback signal and the tracking value may come
from the PV of the secondary data point. See the following figure.

If, for some reason, the secondary is not using the output of this data point, S1 is set to
On, which causes this point's CV to track the secondary PV. When the secondary begins
to accept OP from this point for control, S1 is set to Off, and CV is then at the same value
as the controlled variable (PV), so there is no bump and normal control can resume.

If, for some reason, there is a sudden difference between the controlled variable and this
point's CV value, the integration on the RFB signal smoothes the output change.

PIDERFB
SPP OFF
+/- Output
PID
PVP Accum CV OP SP PID
S1
PV
On

Scaling and TRFB

Integration RFB

Figure 21-2 — Example of Application for PIDERFB 1333

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 21-2 6/2007

 21.4
21.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

All of the following PID Control-algorithm options and special features apply to the PID
with External Reset Feedback algorithm:

• 19.4.1 Interactive and Noninteractive PID Forms

• 19.4.2 Four Combinations of Control Terms

• 19.4.3 Control By a Single Term

• 19.4.4 Direct and Reverse Control Action

• 19.4.5 PV Tracking

• 19.4.6 Gain Options

• 19.4.7 Windup Handling

• 19.4.8 Suppression of Output "Kicks" when Switching to CAS Mode

• 19.4.9 Initializing PID Output Without Affecting Dynamics

• 19.4.10 Restrictions on Some Values

• 19.4.11 Ratio Control

• 19.4.12 Operating Modes; MAN, AUTO, and CAS

• 19.4.13 Restart or Point Activation

• 19.4.14 Error Handling

In addition, the following applies to the PID with External Reset Feedback.

21.4.1 Error Handling, RFB and TRFB Inputs

If S1 is Off, and the reset-feedback input has a bad value, the data-point mode doesn't
change and the CV value goes bad (NaN). When the RFB input is again good, the CV
value is initialized (see Section 19.6 in this manual) and the dynamic terms are returned
to a steady state. If configured for external initialization, an initialization request is sent
to the primary data point.

If S1 is On, and the tracking-value input has a bad value, the data-point mode doesn't change
and the CV value goes bad (NaN). When the TRFB input is again good, the CV value is
initialized (see Section 19.6 in this manual) and the dynamic terms are returned to a steady
state. If so configured, an initialization request is sent to the primary data point.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 21-3 6/2007

 21.4.2
21.4.2 Control Output Connections

Control output connections cannot be configured for this algorithm.

21.5 EQUATIONS

If the value in the S1 parameter is On,

TFRB - CVEULO
CV = ————————————————*100.0
CVEUHI - CVEULO

For equations A, B, and C, if the S1 value is Off,

K1
CVRFB(s) =K* —————*[rfb%(s) - CV(s)]
T1*s

For equation D, if the S1 value is Off,

1
CVRFB(s) = —————*[rfb%(s) - CV(s)]
T1*s

CV = CVPID + CVRFB

Where:

CV = Full-value output in percent, PID combined with CVRFB.

CVPID = The incremental output of the PID computation. This is an internal

parameter and is not available to displays or to user-written programs.

CVRFB = The scaled, integrated deviation of RFB from CV. This is an internal
parameter and is not available to displays or to user-written programs.

K= Gain

K1 = External, reset-feedback gain

RFB = The external, reset-feedback signal in engineering units. Default = NaN.

RFB - CVEULO
rfb% = ———————————————*100
CVEUHI - CVEULO

s= The Laplace operator.

S1 = The switch-control flag. Default = Off.

TFRB = The tracking value in percent. Default = NaN.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 21-4 6/2007

 21.6

21.6 INITIALIZATION

Initialization is as described in Section 19.6 in this manual.

21.7 OVERRIDE FEEDBACK PROCESSING

Override-feedback processing; (refer to Section 19.7 in this manual) however, use of

PIDERFB in override strategies is not recommended.

21.8 PIDERFB PARAMETERS

In addition to the parameters already mentioned, the following parameters are associated
with the PIDERFB algorithm. Refer to the Application Module Parameter Reference
Dictionary manual.

RFBSTS TRFBSTS

21.9 MIGRATION

There is no similar algorithm in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL Systems or in PMX Systems.

There is a similar algorithm, no. 13, in Extended Controllers.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 21-5 6/2007

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 21-6 6/2007
 22

RATIO (CONTROL)
Section 22

22.1 TYPE AND NAME

Control Algorithm: RATIOCTL

22.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm calculates a setpoint, for a PID algorithm, that is the desired ratio of
a controlled variable to an uncontrolled variable. The value of the controlled
variable is maintained at a specified ratio of the value of the uncontrolled variable.
The data point that uses this algorithm usually uses Equation B of the
Multiplier/Divider PV algorithm (see Section 9 in this manual) to calculate the
measured value of the ratio for displays and reports.

Ratio control can also be accomplished with the ratio-control options of the PID or
PID Feedforward control algorithms (see 19.4.11 in this manual). This Ratio-control
algorithm has several advantages, including the display of the actual ratio attained, as
calculated
by the Multiplier/Divider PV algorithm, and direct control of the ratio through the
SP of the Ratio algorithm.

Actual Ratio from

PV Calculator Algo
Value Necessary to
Maintain the Ratio
From Initializing
Primary PV
CAS

SP RATIOCTL CV OP To Secondary
(Typically, SP
AUTO for a PID)
Operator or
X2
User-Written
Output
Program
Processing
Uncontrolled
Variable

Figure 22-1 — Functional Diagram, Ratio Control Algorithm 1334

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 22-1 6/2007

 22.3

22.3 USE

This algorithm is typically used in the control of the flow of a gas or fluid, as a
ratio of an uncontrolled or "wild" flow. For example, in a furnace, the air supply
might be controlled as a ratio of the fuel supply. If more heat is required to
maintain combustion efficiency, the fuel flow is increased and the airflow can be
increased as a ratio of the fuel-flow increase.

The following figure shows an example of such an application. In this example, the data
point that uses the Ratio-control algorithm also uses the Multiplier/Divider PV algorithm
to calculate the actual ratio achieved, for display or printing.

PVCALC = C1 * P1/P2 = 0.7* 7.143/6.00 = 2.00

"Wild"
P2 Multiplier/ PVAUTO
Flow
Divider
= 6.00 P1 2.00
PV Algorithm
GPM
PV
PVMAN,
PVSUB Available for displays and reports
CV = SP * X2/K1 = 2 * 6/0.7 = 17.143
X2
RATIOCTL CV OP
SP SP

Desired Ratio = 2.00 PID

PV

17.143 GPM
Controlled Flow

Figure 22-2 — Ratio Control Example 1335

To evaluate this example, see the equations; (see 22.5 in this section) and you will note
that the same scale factor, 0.7, is used in for both P1 in the PV algorithm and X1 in the
Ratio-control algorithm. The resulting scaled ratio between the "wild" flow and the
controlled flow is 2.00/0.7 = 2.857, so if the "wild" flow is 6.00 gallons per minute, the
controlled flow must be 6.00*2.8557 = 17.143 gallons per minute.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 22-2 6/2007

 22.4

The 0.7 scale factor is used for C1 and K1 in the example to illustrate that the same scale
factors and bias values must be used with the PV algorithm and the Ratio-control
algorithm (C1 = K1, D1 = B1, K2 = C2, and B2 = D2), so that the actual ratio calculated
by the PV algorithm will be the same as the desired ratio (2.00) when the loop is stable.
If the scale factor in C1 and K1 were 1.0, the controlled flow would stabilize at the
"wild" flow, multiplied by the ratio. In the Figure 22-2 example of, the controlled flow
would be 6.00*2.00 = 12.00 gallons each minute.

Note that the "wild" flow might not be wild at all, but may actually be a flow controlled
by another controller. In any case, the controlled flow stabilizes at a value equal to the
"wild" flow, multiplied by the desired ratio, as modified by any scale factors other than
1.0 or any bias values other than 0.

22.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

22.4.1 Role of the Multiplier/Divider PV Algorithm

Any data point that uses RATIOCTL should use the Multiplier/Divider PV algorithm
(Section 9). Equation B of the Multiplier/Divider algorithm can be used. The
uncontrolled ("wild") variable is connected to P2 and the variable controlled by the PID
algorithm (see Figure 22-2) is connected to P1. The scale factors and bias values in the
PV algorithm must have the same values as their counterparts in the Ratio control
algorithm:

RATIOCTL MULDIV

K1 = C1
K2 = C2
B1 = D1
B2 = D2

Thus, MULDIV can calculate the actual (measured) ratio attained, and when the PV
source is AUTO, that value is available in the PV parameter of the data point for use on
displays and reports.

22.4.2 Operating Mode

The RATIOCTL algorithm operates in the following modes:

• MAN

• AUTO

• CAS

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 22-3 6/2007

 22.4.3

22.4.3 Restart or Point Activation

On a cold or warm restart or when the RATIOCTL data point is activated, initialization
takes place. (See 22.6 in this section). On a hot restart, normal operation resumes
with no initialization.

22.4.4 Error Handling

If the value status of the X2 input is bad, the CV value is changed to bad (NaN). The
data point remains in the same mode. When the X2 input again has normal status,
initialization takes place. (See 22.6 in this section).

22.4.5 SP Value Range

You must configure the SP value range in SPEULO and SPEUHI.

22.5 EQUATIONS

The equations are as follows:

• Multiplier/Divider PV Algorithm
Equation B
(C1*P1 + D1)
PVCALC = ————————————
(C2*P2 + D2)

(Other terms in Eq. B under 9.5 are not used.)

Where (see Figure 22-2)
PVCALC = The calculated, actual ratio achieved.
C1 = The P1 scale factor. Must equal K1 of the RATIOCTL algorithm.
Default value = 1.0.
C2 = The P2 scale factor. Must equal K2 of the RATIOCTL algorithm.
Default value = 1.0.
D1 = The bias value for C1*P1. Must equal B1 of the RATIOCTL
algorithm. Default value = 0.
D2 = The bias value for C2*P2. Must equal B2 of the RATIOCTL
algorithm. Default value = 0.
P1 = The controlled process variable. Source should be the same as the PV
of the PID controller that is RATIOCTL's secondary.
P2 = The uncontrolled process variable. Source should be the same as the
X2 input to RATIOCTL. If there is a PID-controller controlling this
"wild" flow, the PV of that PID could be the source for P2 and X2.
22.5

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 22-4 6/2007

 • Ratio Control Algorithm
SP*(K2*X2 + B2) - B1
CV = —————————————————————
K1

Where (see Figure 22-2)

CV = The calculated output in engineering units

SP = The desired ratio input

X2 = The uncontrolled process variable. Source should be the same as P2

for MULDIV. If there is a PID-controller controlling this "wild" flow,
the PV of that PID could be the source for X2 and P2.
Default value = 0.

B1 = Bias constant. Should be the same value as D1 in the MULDIV PV

algorithm. Default = 0.

B2 = Bias constant for the X2 input. Should be the same value as D2 in the
MULDIV PV algorithm. Default = 0.

K1 = The ratio scale factor. Must equal C1 of the Multiplier/Divider PV algorithm.

K2 = The scale factor for X2. Must equal C2 of the MULTDIV algorithm.

22.6 INITIALIZATION

You can configure this algorithm for

• No initialization

• External initialization

If no initialization is configured, initialization requests from a secondary data point are

ignored, no initialization requests are sent to a primary data point, and in CAS mode, CV
is normally calculated.

If external initialization is configured, when the data point is initialized, an initialization

request is sent to the primary, and the initialization value to be applied by the primary to
the SP input is calculated and sent to the primary as follows:
K1*CV + B1
INITVAL = ———————————
K2*X2 + B2

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 22-5 6/2007

 22.7

22.7 OVERRIDE FEEDBACK PROCESSING

When the data point's secondary uses an Override Selector algorithm (see Figure 22-3),
the following functions take place if the RATIOCTL algorithm is configured for external
initialization and if it is in CASs mode:

• The override status is sent to the primary data point in PTORST.

• If the status in PTORST is not selected, a feedback value, calculated as follows, is

sent to RATIOCTL's primary data point.
K1*ORFBSEC + B1
ORFB = ———————————————
K2*X2 + B2

Where ORFBSEC is the override-feedback value received from the

secondary data point.

For more detail on override control, refer to Section 24 in this manual, and the
Application Module Control Functions Reference manual.

From Initializing
Primary
CAS

SP RATIOCTL

AUTO CV OP X1 CV
X2 Override
X3 SELECTOR
X4

To I NITVAL PTORST
Primary PTORST ORFBSEC
ORFBSEC
ORFBSEC is not an external parameter.

Figure 22-3 — Override Feedback Processing 1336

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 22-6 6/2007

 22.8
22.8 RATIOCTL PARAMETERS

In addition to the parameters already mentioned, the following parameters are associated
with the RATIOCTL algorithm. Refer to the Application Module Parameter Reference
Dictionar manual.

INITTYPE SPEUHI SPEULO

22.9 MIGRATION

Very similar algorithms are available in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Systems.

They are

Control Algorithm No. 100, Ratio; Control Algorithm No. 54, Ratio
CN = FIN*RATIO/K

PV Algorithm No. 116, Divide; PV Algorithm No. 101 Divide

PV = FOUT/FIN*K

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 22-7 6/2007

 22.9

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 22-8 6/2007

 23

RAMP AND SOAK (CONTROL)

Section 23

23.1 TYPE AND NAME

Control Algorithm: RAMPSOAK

23.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm produces an output that consists of up-to-six alternate ramps and soak
periods—a total of 12 segments. The output is usually used as the setpoint for a
secondary data point that uses a PID algorithm to control a process variable, according to
the ramps and soak periods. The PV of a data point that uses RAMPSOAK is normally
the PV of the PID point.

PV RAMPSOAK CV OP SP PID
CV OP
PV
PV Output
Algorithm Processing

SOAKT3
SOAKV3
SOAKT2
RATE3 SOAKT4
CV SOAKV2 RATE4
SOAKT1
RATE2 SOAKV4
SOAKV1
RATE1

Time

Figure 23-1 — Functional Diagram, Ramp and Soak Control Algorithm 1337

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 23-1 6/2007

 23.3

Once started the whole sequence of six ramps and six soak periods repeats itself, if it is
not stopped by an operator or by a user-written program. A Universal Station operator
can put the point in MANual mode to freeze the sequence, and then return it to AUTO
to continue the sequence.

23.3 USE

RAMPSOAK is principally used for automatic temperature cycling in furnaces

and ovens. It can also be used for automatic startup of units, and for simple
batch-sequence control where the batch sequence is part of a process that is
otherwise a continuous process.

23.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

23.4.1 Operational Features

The operating modes establish the operating state of the RAMPSOAK

algorithm as follows:

• MAN—The sequence is stopped and the timers are not running.

• AUTO—The sequence is running.

• CAS—The sequence and timers are reset.

Further functions in each mode are the following:

• MAN mode

– The timers are stopped and hold the last value.

– The value in CV is replaced by the OP value (after converting to EUs).

– SP = CV (SP doesn't affect the output but can be seen at Universal Stations and
user-written programs).

• AUTO Mode

– If the current segment is a ramp, and if the guaranteed ramp conditions are OK.
(see 23.4.4 in this section),

CV changes at the ramp rate.

If CV should overshoot the next soak value, it is clamped at that value, and
the remaining soak-time (REMSOAKT), the current-segment (CURSEGID),
and the mark timers and flags are updated. (see 23.4.5 in this section)

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 23-2 6/2007

 23.4.2

– If the guaranteed ramp conditions are not OK, the mark timers are stopped.
(see 23.4.5 in this section).

– If the current segment is a soak, and if the point just changed from MAN to
AUTO, or just started the soak segment, and the guaranteed soak time conditions
are not OK. (see 23.4.3 in this section)
The soak timer doesn't start.
CV remains at its last value.
The mark timers are stopped. (see 23.4.5 in this section)

– If the guaranteed soak-time conditions are OK,

The soak timer begins to run or continues to run.
CV holds at its last value and the mark timers and flags are updated.
(see 23.4.5 in this section
The remaining soak time (REMSOAKT) is adjusted.
If the soak timer times out, the current segment (CURSEGID) becomes the
next ramp segment.

– In any case, in AUTO mode SP is equal to CV. SP doesn't affect the output but
can be seen at Universal Stations and by user-written programs.

• CAS Mode

– CV is equal to SP, the current segment (CURSEGID) is Ramp1, the remaining

soak time (REMSOAKT) is zero, and all timers are reset.

23.4.2 Changing Remaining Soak Time and Current Segment

When the RAMPSOAK point is in MAN mode, an operator at a Universal Station can
change the remaining soak time (REMSOAKT) if the current segment is a soak.

Also, when the point is in MAN mode, an operator can change the current
segment (CURSEGID).

When the mode is returned to AUTO the sequence continues, as modified by these
changes. If the segment was changed, the sequence resumes with the new segment,
which can be a ramp or a soak.

Because changes to these parameters don't change the mark functions (see 23.4.5 in
this section), except if CURSEGID is a lower segment than the mark segment
(SnSEGID), operators should not be allowed to change REMSOAKT or CURSEGID
when the mark functions are configured.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 23-3 6/2007

 23.4.3

23.4.3 Guaranteed Soak Time

This feature guarantees that the PV is at the proper soak value before the soak-time
measurement begins.

If, when a soak segment begins or is resumed by switching from MAN to AUTO, the
PV is not within a user-specified deviation (MXSOKDEV) from the SP value (SP
always equals CV), the soak timer doesn't start. When the deviation is within the
MXSOKDEV value, the timer is started and continues, even if the deviation again
exceeds MXSOKDEV.

Because the PV could be above or below SP, it is the absolute value of the deviation that
is checked against MXSOKDEV.

To bypass this check you can change MXSOKDEV to NaN. This check is also bypassed
if you don't configure a PV algorithm (select the NULL PV algorithm).

The soak timer can also be kept from starting when HOLDCMD contains On. This
allows you to use a general-input connection to HOLDCMD or a write to HOLDCMD by
a CL block, to hold the soak timer until some other condition is met. Again, once the
timer starts it continues, regardless of the deviation or the value in hold.

HOLDCMD also affects the guaranteed ramp function. (See 23.4.4 in this section)
23.4.4 Guaranteed Ramp Rate
This feature guarantees that the PV keeps up with the desired value indicated by SP
(SP always tracks CV).
You can specify a maximum ramp-deviation value in MXRMPDEV. There are two
conditions that cause the ramp to stop to wait for the PV to catch up with SP.
They are the following:

• RATEn > 0

and

PV < (SP - MXRMPDEV)

• RATEn < 0

and
PV > (SP + MXRMPDEV)
These checks are bypassed if MXRMPDEV contains NaN or if this data point doesn't use
a PV algorithm (the NULL PV algorithm is configured).

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 23-4 6/2007

 23.4.5

Another condition that stops the ramp is HOLDCMD containing On. You can use a
general-input connection to HOLDCMD or a write to HOLDCMD by a CL block to stop
or hold the ramp until some condition that you specify is met.

The content of HOLDCMD also affects the guaranteed soak-time feature.

(see 23.4.3. in this section)

23.4.5 Mark Timer Functions

Two flags are provided with the RAMPSOAK algorithm to indicate to other data points
or to a CL block that a specified time has elapsed from the beginning of a specified ramp
segment or soak segment. These mark-timer flags are S1 and S2.

Each of these flags is associated with three parameters that specify the segment, the time
after the beginning of the segment, and the time from the beginning of the segment until
the end time. These parameters are as follows:

Flag Segment Beginning Time End Time

S1 S1SEGID S1BGNTIM S1ENDTIM

S2 S2SEGID S2BGNTIM S2ENDTIM

The S1 or S2 flag is turned on at the number of minutes after the specified segment
begins, as is specified in SnBGNTIM. The corresponding flag is turned Off at the
number of minutes after the specified segment begins, as specified in SnENDTIM.

The following functions also take place:

• At the end of the last segment in the sequence, the S1 and S2 flags are turned Off and
the timers are reset.

• When a ramp or a soak segment is held up by the guaranteed-ramp or the guaranteed-

soak functions, the mark timers are stopped.

• The mark timers stop when the data point is in MAN mode and the S1 and S2 flags
are unchanged.

• If the remaining soak time (REMSOAKT) is changed (in MAN mode), the mark
timers are not affected.

• If the current segment (CURSEGID) is changed (in MAN mode) to a segment that is
earlier than a segment specified by SnSEGID, the corresponding mark flag goes to
Off and its timers are reset. If a later segment is specified in CURSEGID, the flags
and timers are not affected.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 23-5 6/2007

 23.4.6

23.4.6 Achieving Longer Sequences by Interconnecting RAMPSOAK Points

A sequence of more than 12 ramp and soak segments can be attained by interconnecting
RAMPSOAK points as shown in Figure 23-2.

OP from point A is sent to point B by a control-output connection from point A. The CV

of point B is sent to SP of point A by a control-input connection in point A. The output
(OP) of point B is sent to its secondary (usually a PID point) through a control-output
connection. Control-output connections from point B to other secondaries can be made,
but none should go to point A—point A gets point B's CV by a control-input connection.

AUTO/CAS CAS/AUTO
RAMPSOAK RAMPSOAK OP To Secondary
SP OP SP (Normally a PID
POINT A POINT A CV
Point)

Figure 23-2 — Interconnecting RAMPSOAK Points for Longer Sequences 1338

Point B should be configured for external initialization and point A should be configured
for internal initialization.

Only one of the RAMPSOAK points should be in AUTO mode at any time. The other
should be in CAS mode. The point in AUTO mode goes through its sequence, and at the
end of the last segment, it is switched to CAS mode and its timers are reset. At the same
time, the other point is switched to AUTO and proceeds through its sequence.

The automatic mode switching can be achieved by configuring a mark flag (see 23.4.5)
in each point, to go on just before the end of its sequence. The RAMPSOAK points
exchange mark flags through general-input connections and the flags change the modes
through external mode-switching. Refer to the System Control Functions manual.

23.4.7 How to Get Just One Sequence

In normal operation, the sequence of ramp and soak segments repeats itself as long as the
RAMPSOAK point is left in AUTO mode. An operator at a Universal Station can
suspend a sequence by changing the mode to MAN, or he or she can reset the sequence
by changing the mode to CAS.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 23-6 6/2007

 23.4.9

A mark flag (see 23.4.5 in this section) can be used to switch the mode to MAN or to CAS at
any time in a sequence, including at the end of a single sequence. The flag is used to change
the mode through external mode-switching. Refer to the System Control Functions manual.

23.4.8 Changes of SP by Operators or User-Written Programs

Universal Station operators and user-written programs can change the SP value with no
error indication, but the next time the RAMPSOAK point is processed, SP again equals
CV. SP tracks CV so that SP can be used for the guaranteed ramp and guaranteed soak
functions. (see 23.4.3 and 23.4.4 in the section)

23.4.9 Notes on Ranges and Limits

In MAN and AUTO modes, SP limits are ignored. To avoid confusion, and to have
consistent operation in CAS mode, the SP limits should be configured as NaN.

If the RAMPSOAK data point uses a PV algorithm, the setpoint EU range is the same as
the PV EU range, and can't be differently configured. You should configure this point's
PV EU range to be the same as the SP EU range of the secondary point that is receiving
this point's output. If the RAMPSOAK point doesn't use a PV algorithm, you should
configure its SP EU range to be the same as that of the SP of the secondary point.

The deviation limits (MXRMPDEV and MXSOKDEV) apply to all segments in the
sequence. If you need different deviation limits in different segments, you can configure
MXRMPDEV and MXSOKDEV as NaN and use a CL block and the HOLD flag (see
23.4.3 and 23.4.4 in this section) to take over the functions of these deviation limits.

23.4.10 Restart or Point Activation

On a cold restart, a warm restart, or when the data point is activated, the mode goes to
MAN and the CV value is NaN. All timers are reset, and the current segment ID is made
equal to the first ramp segment.

No special action occurs on a hot restart and the operation continues from where it was.

23.5 EQUATIONS

There are no configurable equations for the RAMPSOAK algorithm. The ramp and soak
segments are specified in the following parameters (also see Figure 23-1):

• Number of ramp/soak segment-pairs in the sequence—NORSSEQ

Default = 2.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 23-7 6/2007

 23.7

• Ramp Rates, EUs per minute—RATE1 through RATE6

Default = NaN

• Soak values—SOAKV1 through SOAKV6

Default = NaN

• Soak times, in minutes—SOAKT1 through SOAKT6

Default = 0

23.6 INITIALIZATION

You can configure this algorithm for

• Internal Initialization

• External Initialization

If internal initialization is configured, when an initializing condition occurs, no

initialization request is sent to a primary data point and the RAMPSOAK point holds in
the present state and resumes normal processing when initialization is finished.

If external initialization is configured, an initializing condition has the same effect on the
RAMPSOAK point, except that it sends an initialization request to any primary point
connected to this point's SP. (see 23.4.6. in this section)

23.7 OVERRIDE FEEDBACK PROCESSING

This algorithm does not participate in override-feedback processing.

23.8 RAMPSOAK PARAMETERS

All of the significant parameters associated with the RAMPSOAK algorithm have been
described. For additional information refer to the Application Module Parameter
Reference Dictionary manual.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 23-8 6/2007

 23.9

23.9 MIGRATION

There are similar ramp and soak algorithms in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX
Systems and in Extended Controllers. They compare as shown in Table 23-1.

Table 23-1 — Comparison of SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Algorithms with RAMPSOAK

ITEM EXT. CONTROLLER S/T-PMX AM

Algorithm No. 34 Control No. 70 RAMPSOAK

Max. No. Segments 6 8 6

(ramps plus soaks)

Modes MAN Stop Stop Stop

CAS Ready N/A Reset
AUTO Sequence CN = OP Sequence
COMP N/A Sequence N/A

Start Value Init. or bump Starts @ SP Init. or bump

Guar. Ramp & Yes Yes Yes

Guar. Soak?

Override Strategy? Yes No No

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 23-9 6/2007

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 23-10 6/2007
 24

OVERRIDE SELECTOR (CONTROL)

Section 24

24.1 TYPE AND NAME

Control Algorithm: ORSEL

24.2 FUNCTION

The input with the highest value or the input with the lowest value is selected and passed
on to the output of this data point. There can be up-to-four inputs, all of which are
initializable. The algorithm can operate as a simple selector or an override option can be
configured that prevents PID points in an override-control strategy from winding up. If
the override option is configured an operator can put the ORSEL point in a bypass state,
where the first input is selected and all other inputs are initialized.

Output
Processing
CAS

X1 To
CV
X2 Secondary
MAN ORSEL
X3
ORFBSEC
X4

From Init.
Primaries Feedback Value
To Primaries
Sel,
Notsel,
Notcon

Selected, Not Selected, Not

CAS Connected Status to Primaries
(Parameter PTORST)

MAN
Equation A: HI Selector
Equation B: LO Selector

Figure 24-1 — Functional Diagram, HI/LO Selector Algorithm 1339

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 24-1

6/2007
 24.3
24.3 USE

This algorithm can be used without the override option, as a simple selector that selects
either the highest or the lowest of the connected and active inputs. With the override
option, it is used for override-control strategies where a process variable is measured and
normally controlled, but where another variable is selected to constrain the controlled
variable, under a specified condition. This is often referred to as "multivariable-
constraint control."

Figure 24-2 illustrates an override strategy. The X1 input to the ORSEL point is normally
selected and applied as the setpoint to the fuel-flow controller. If the value of the airflow
multiplied by some ratio exceeds the fuel-flow setpoint, the airflow constrains the fuel
flow.

SP Air
PV Cont.

Air

Setpoint X1 ORSEL Fuel

SP
Ratio X2 PV Cont.
F
Fuel
If X2 exceeds X1, air flow
constrains fuel flow>

Figure 24-2 — Example of an Override Control Strategy 1340

In a strategy like that of Figure 24-2, Equation A, the override option, and external
initialization are configured. PID data points connected to nonselected inputs are
prevented from "winding up" by forcing their outputs to track the override feedback
signal (ORFBSEC). For more detail on such strategies, refer to 3.1.11 in Application
Module Control Functions.

The simple selector (override option not configured) can be set up to initialize one input,
but not all inputs, by using control-input connections for the inputs that are not to be
initialized, and by using a control-output connection from the point that is connected to
the input to be initialized.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 24-2

6/2007
 24.4

NOTE
There are some important guidelines that must be observed when configuring an override-
control strategy. Refer to the Application Module Control Functions manual.

24.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

24.4.1 Override and Bypass Options

If the override option is configured, external initialization must also be configured. In

this configuration, PID points connected to non-selected inputs are prevented from
"winding up" by forcing their outputs to track the override-feedback signal (ORFBSEC).
If the override option is configured, an operator at a Universal Station can force the X1
input to be selected by storing On in the BYPASS parameter. When BYPASS is On, X2,
X3, and X4 are initialized to the value in X1. Also, when BYPASS is On, only the X1
input has to have a Normal-value status in order for normal override-feedback processing
to take place.
An operator can turn BYPASS on and off at any time. When BYPASS is changed from
Off to On, X2, X3, and X4 go into initialization. When it is changed from On to Off, X2,
X3, and X4 come out of initialization.

24.4.2 Restrictions

The engineering-units range for the X1 through X4 inputs must be configured in

parameters XEUHI and XEULO. These parameters contain the high and low values for
the range, which is the same for all four inputs.
External initialization must be configured if the override option is configured.

24.4.3 Operating Modes

Because a data point that uses ORSEL is always a secondary to at least one other data
point, this algorithm operates only in the following modes:

• CAS
• MAN

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 24-3

6/2007
 24.4.4
24.4.4 Restart or Point Activation
On a cold or a warm restart, or on activating the data point, ORSEL operates normally
unless it is configured for external initialization. If it is, CV is initialized to the value
returned from the secondary and an initialization request is sent to all of the primaries.
On a hot restart, ORSEL resumes normal operation.
24.4.5 Error Handling
In CAScade mode with BYPASS Off, if any input has a Bad-value status, CV's value is
bad (NaN) (the mode doesn't change when the CV value goes bad). If BYPASS is On,
only the X1 input needs to be Normal in order for CV to be calculated normally.
If a Bad input, which was causing CV to be Bad, returns to Normal, CV returns to normal
and one of the following occurs:
• If no initialization is configured, CV is normally determined and the
primaries are not initialized.
• If external initialization is configured, CV is made equal to OP and the
primaries are initialized.
24.5 EQUATIONS
There are two equation choices:
• Equation A—Select the higher of the connected, active inputs.

CV = highest of X1 through Xm

• Equation B—Select the lower of the connected, active inputs.

CV = lowest of X1 through Xm
Where
CV = The control-algorithm output in engineering units
X1 through X4 = The four available inputs
m = The number of inputs configured
For either equation
SELXINP = The selected input: SELECTX1 through SELECTX4. If more than
one input has the highest (EqA) or the lowest (EqB) value, the
lower-numbered input is selected, e.g., if X2 and X3 have exactly
the same highest value (EqA) SELXINP contains SELECTX2.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 24-4

6/2007
 24.7
24.6 INITIALIZATION
You can configure this algorithm for
• No initialization
• External initialization
If no initialization is configured, CV and SELXINP are normally calculated, and
initialization requests from secondary points are ignored.
If external initialization is configured, the mode is CAS, the output is disposable, the
override option is configured, and BYPASS is true; an initialization request from the
secondary is passed on to the primaries connected to X2, X3, and X4 with an
initialization value equal to CV.
SELECTX1 is placed in SELXINP.
If external initialization is configured and ORSEL is initialized because it is in MANual
mode, the output is indisposable, or it has just returned from bad control status; CV is
made equal to INITVAL from the secondary, an initialization request is passed on to all
primaries with an initialization value equal to CV, and SELXINP contains None.

24.7 OVERRIDE FEEDBACK PROCESSING

24.7.1 Override Feedback Initiation
See Figure 24-1. If the override option is configured for the ORSEL point, external
initialization must also be configured. Where both conditions are true, and when the
ORSEL point is in CAScade mode and not initializing, it propagates override feedback
information to its primary points and on "upstream."
When BYPASS is Off, the appropriate NotCon, Sel, NotSel status is given to ORSEL's
primaries in PTORST, and the override feedback value that is passed to the primaries is
calculated as follows:
ORFBSEC = CV

If, under the above conditions, BYPASS is On, the status sent to the primary connected
to X1 is SEL, NOTCON is sent to all other primaries and they are all initialized.
If there is more than one Override Feedback data point in a strategy, only the one nearest
the final control element (the "most downstream" point) initiates override feedback.
24.7.2 Override Feedback Propagation
Override feedback propagation is the passing of status and feedback values, from the
initiating Override Feedback Selector, "upstream" through one or more other data points.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 24-5

6/2007
 24.8

If a "downstream" Override Feedback Selector requests status and value propagation, an

"upstream" Override Feedback Selector" propagates the value and status "upstream,"
only if:
• it is configured as an Override Selector (override option and external initialization
configured), and
• it is in CAS mode, and
• its output is disposable.
If so:
ORFB = ORFBSEC
Where ORFBSEC is the feedback value from the secondary.
And, PTORST status sent to the selected primary is the same as that received from the
secondary. If BYPASS is false, the status to all other primaries is NOTSEL. If BYPASS
is true, non-selected inputs are initialized, so the status sent to them is NOTCON.

24.8 ORSEL PARAMETERS

In addition to the parameters already mentioned, the following parameters are associated with the
ORSEL algorithm. Refer to the Application Module Parameter Reference Dictionary manual.
CTLEQN INITTYPE OROPT XnSTS

24.9 MIGRATION
There are similar algorithms in PMX and SUPERVISORY/TOTAL systems; they are the
Override Selectors in Basic Controllers, Multifunction Controllers, and Extended
Controllers. The Override Selector algorithms in the controllers, and important
differences from the AM HI/LO Selector algorithm are as follows:
• Basic Controller and Multifunction Controller
Algorithm No. 21, Override High Selector—Selects the highest of up-to-eight inputs.
Operates in MAN, AUTO, and CAS modes. Operation is the same in AUTO and CAS.
Algorithm No. 22, Override Low Selector—Same as No. 21 but selects the lowest
of up-to-eight inputs.
• Extended Controller
Algorithm No. 21, Selector/Override/DDC—Equation A selects the highest of up-
to-six inputs and Equation B selects the lowest of up-to-six inputs. Initialization
values are propagated to unselected input data points (slots) every other processing
time. Operates in MAN, AUTO, and CAS modes. Also can accept output from the
Data Hiway when COMP function is enabled (DDC output). (In systems with an
LCN, operating modes are MAN, AUTO, CAS, and BCAS. In CAS mode, a
module on the LCN, such as an AM, supplies OP. BCAS is the back-up-cascade
mode that the algorithm can operate in if OP from the LCN is not available.)

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 24-6

6/2007
 25

SUMMER (CONTROL)
Section 25
25.1 TYPE AND NAME

Control Algorithm: SUMMER

25.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm calculates an output value that is the scaled sum of up to three input
variables. A bias value can be included in the sum.

Two equations are available. One adds a single scaled input to the bias value. The other
adds up to four scaled inputs, multiplies the result by an overall scale factor, and adds the
bias value.

This algorithm is similar to PV-algorithm SUMMER (see Section 10 of this manual).

From Initializing
Primary
CAS

SP
X2 SUMMER To
AUTO CV OP
X3 Secondary
Operator or X4
User-Written
Output
Program
Processing
To
INITVAL
Primary

Equations: A; CV = K* SP + B
B; CV = K* (K1* SP + K2* X2 + ... + K*m Xm) + B

Figure 25-1 — Functional Diagram, Summer Control Algorithm 1341

25.3 USE

This algorithm is normally part of a cascade-control strategy. It can be used to

calculate a sum of up to four control inputs. It can provide an input to an override-
selector algorithm.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 25-1 6/2007

 25.4

25.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

25.4.1 Single Input Sum and Four Input Sum

Equation A multiplies a single input by a scale factor and adds the result to the bias
value. Equation B multiplies up to four inputs by individual scale factors, adds these
products, multiplies the result by an overall scale factor and adds the bias value to the
result.

In both equations, the SP input is initializable.

25.4.2 Operating Modes

This algorithm operates in the following modes:

• MAN

• AUTO

• CAS

25.4.3 Restart or Point Activation

For a cold or a warm restart or when this data point is reactivated, initialization takes
place. (see 25.6.in this section) For a hot restart, normal operation resumes.

25.4.4 Error Handling

If any of the SP and X1 through Xm inputs has a bad-value status, the CV-value status
goes bad, and the point continues in the present mode. When the bad input returns to
normal, the CV status goes to normal, and if so configured, external initialization takes
place (see 25.6 in this section).

25.4.5 Setpoint Value Range

You must configure SPEULO and SPEUHI to specify the SP value range.

25.5 EQUATIONS

You can choose one of two equations:

Equation A
CV = K*SP + B

Equation B
CV = K*(K1*SP + . . . + Km*Xm) + B

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 25-2 6/2007

 25.6

Where

CV = The control output in engineering units

B = Bias value. Default = 0.

K = Overall scale factor. Default = 1.0.

K1 through Km = Scale factors for SP through the actual number of inputs used.
Default for each = 1.0.

M = No of inputs. Default = 2.

SP = The setpoint in engineering units. This input is initializable.

X2 through Xm = Control inputs X2 through the actual number of inputs used.

These are usually obtained through control-input connections.

25.6 INITIALIZATION

You can configure this algorithm for

• No initialization

• Internal initialization

• External initialization

25.6.1 Initialization Equations

When configured for no initialization, CV is normally calculated, initialization requests
from secondaries are ignored, and initialization requests are not sent to primaries.
When configured for internal initialization, the bias (B) is "back-calculated":

Equation A B = CV - K*SP

Equation B B = CV - K(K1*SP + . . . + Km*Xm)

When configured for external initialization, the value of SP needed to maintain

CV at the present value is calculated and passed as INITVAL to the primary with an
initialization request:
Equation A INITVAL = (CV - B)/K

1 (CV - B)
Equation B INITVAL = ————*[———————— - (K2*X2 + . . . + Km*Xm)]
K1 K

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 25-3 6/2007

 25.7

25.7 OVERRIDE FEEDBACK PROCESSING

If this data points secondary is an Override Selector point and if this point is configured
for initialization and is in CAS mode, when override-feedback processing takes place,
override status and an override value are passed to this point's primary. The status is in
parameter PTORST. The feedback value is calculated as follows:

Equation A

ORFBSEC - B
ORFB = ———————————
K

Equation B

1 ORFBSEC - B
ORFB = ——*[———————————— - K2*X2 - . . . - Km*Xm]
K1 K

25.8 SUMMER PARAMETERS

In addition to the parameters already mentioned, the following parameters are associated
with the SUMMER algorithm. Refer to the Application Module Parameter Reference
Dictionary manual.

INITTYPE SPSTS XnSTS

25.9 MIGRATION

Three control algorithms in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL Systems have similar functions.

Two of the three are also available in PMX Systems. Table 25-1 compares them.

Table 25-1 — Comparison of SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Algorithms

Nearest S-T/PMX S-T/PMX S-T/PMX Equation

AM Algorithm Equation in as shown in S/T-
Equation Number AM Terms PMX Pubs.

B 30† CV = K1*X1 + K2*X2 + B CN = K1*X + KA*Y + K2

B 50 CV = X1 + X2 + B CN = PV + P + KA

B 51 CV = X1 + X2 + B CN = PV + P + KA

†Not available in PMX systems. This algorithm can be implemented in a Basic Controller or in
the SUPERVISORY/TOTAL computer.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 25-4 6/2007

 26

SWITCH (CONTROL)
Section 26
26.1 TYPE AND NAME

Control Algorithm: SWITCH

26.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm operates as a single-pole, 4-position, rotary switch. An operator at a

Universal Station, a user-written program, or user-configured logic can change the
position of the switch, thereby selecting any one of the four inputs to be the control-
algorithm output value, CV.

Position Controlled by Operator,

User-Written Program, or
User-Configured Logic

X1
MAN
X2 CV OP
From up-to-4
other Data
Points CAS
X3
X4
Output
Processing

Figure 26-1 — Functional Diagram, Switch Control Algorithm 1342

26.3 USE

The Switch control algorithm is used to allow the operator at a Universal Station to alter
control strategies by selecting any of four inputs to be passed on to the output, if
Equation A is chosen. If Equation B is chosen, a CL program can change the switch
position, or you can configure logical parameters in another data point and use general-
input connections from those parameters to control the switch position.

You can use SWITCH to select inputs from differing sources and to pass them on to a single
destination or you can use more than one SWITCH data point to switch a single source to
differing destinations. Figure 26-2 shows an example of each of these situations.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 26-1 6/2007

 26.4

Either A, B, C, or D is connected to E:

A
B X1
X2
X3 CV OP SP E
C
D

F is connected to G or H, or to both G and H:

F X1 SWITCH CV OP SP G

X1 SWITCH CV OP SP H

Figure 26-2 — Switching Examples 1343

26.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

26.4.1 Operator Control of Switch Position--Equation A

If Equation A is chosen, an operator at a Universal Station can change the switch position
in one of two ways:

• By altering the value in SWITCH data-point parameter SELXINP—The value in

SELXINP specifies the Xn input selected. The corresponding Si-switch indicator
goes On and the other three switch indicators go Off.

• By changing the desired switch indicator from Off to On—When one of these
indicators is changed to On, all others go Off. SELXINP then indicates the position
selected.

The second method is very useful when operating with custom displays. The displays
can be built to allow the operator to see the positions and strategies selected.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 26-2 6/2007

 26.4.2
26.4.2 Program Control of Switch Position—Equation B
If Equation B is chosen, an operator cannot change the switch position, but a CL program
or general-input connections from logic parameters can. The SELXINP parameter
indicates the present switch position, but it cannot be directly changed by the program or
input connections.
The switch position is changed by storing On and Off in the Si parameters as follows:
S1 S2 S3 S4 Xn SELXINP

On - - - X1 SELECTX1
Off On - - X2 SELECTX2
Off Off On - X3 SELECTX3
Off Off Off On X4 SELECTX4

Where "-" means On or Off does not affect the switch position.
With Equation B, turning an Si indicator On does not turn the others off, as it does with
Equation A.
26.4.3 Tracking Option
You can configure the SWITCH algorithm for the tracking option, which causes non-
selected inputs to track the selected input value. This allows the switch position to be
changed without "bumping" the output. (Bumpless mode switching is accomplished by
the External Initialization option). (see 26.6. in this section)
Proper operation of the tracking option requires that External Initialization be configured
so that the primaries connected to non-selected inputs can be initialized. Should one of
them not accept the initialization value from the SWITCH data point, the output may
bump when that input is selected. (A primary might not accept an initialization value
because it has more than one secondary and accepts external initialization from one of its
other secondaries.)
When SWITCH is included in an override control strategy, the tracking option must be
configured.
26.4.4 Operational Modes
The Switch-control algorithm operates in the following modes:
• MANual
• CAScade

26.4.5 Restart or Point Activation

On a cold or warm restart, or when the SWITCH data point is activated, initialization
takes place, as configured. (see 26.6. in this section)
On a hot restart, normal operation resumes with no initialization.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 26-3 6/2007

 26.4.6
26.4.6 Error Handling
If a selected input has a bad-value status, the CV value goes bad (NaN), but the operating
mode does not change. When the status of the selected input is again good, CV is
recalculated, and if configured for external initialization, an initialization request is sent
to the primary data point.
26.4.7 Input Value Range
You must configure the X-input range in XEULO and XEUHI.
26.5 EQUATIONS
Equations A and B:

CV = Xn
n = 1, 2, 3, or 4
SELXINP = the selected input, which can range from SELECTX1 through
SELECTX4.
S1 through S4 indicate the switch selection, as described under 26.4.1 or 26.4.2.
Where:
CV = The control output value in engineering units.
SELXINP = The selected-input. Default = SELECTX1.
S1 through S4 = Switch indicators
M = The number of inputs configured. Default = 2.

26.6 INITIALIZATION

You can configure the SWITCH algorithm for

• No Initialization

• External Initialization

If you select no initialization, initialization requests from a secondary data point are
ignored and initialization requests are not sent to the primaries.

If you select external initialization, when an initializing condition occurs, an initialization

request is sent to the selected primary and the initialization value is the present CV value.

If the tracking option is configured (see 26.4.3 in this section), the non-selected primaries
are continually initialized.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 26-4 6/2007

 26.7
26.7 OVERRIDE FEEDBACK PROCESSING
If this data point's secondary is an Override Selector point and if this point is configured
for initialization and is in CAS mode, when override feedback processing takes place,
override status and an override value are passed to this point's primary. The status is in
parameter PTORST.
If PTORST indicates not selected, the value passed to the selected primary in ORFB is
equal to the value received from the secondary in ORFBSEC.
26.8 SWITCH PARAMETERS
In addition to the parameters already mentioned, parameter TRACKING is associated
with the SWITCH algorithm. Refer to the Application Module Parameter Reference
Dictionary manual.
26.9 MIGRATION
No Switch algorithm is available in PMX Systems. SUPERVISORY/TOTAL Systems
feature Switch control algorithm no. 26 and in Extended Controllers, algorithm no. 26 is
a Switch algorithm. Some of the features of the AM Switch control algorithm, and the
switch algorithms in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL Systems and the Extended Controller are
compared in the following table.
Table 26-1 — Comparison of SUPERVISORY/TOTAL Algorithms with SWITCH

APPL. MODULE SUPERVISORY/TOTAL EXT. CONT.

Algo. Name/Number SWITCH 26 26

No. of Inputs 4 2 3

Modes CAS, MAN AUTO, MAN AUTO, MAN

Selection Operator, By Mode Change Operator,

Program Computer

Override Processing? Yes No Yes

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 26-5 6/2007

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 26-6 6/2007
 27

CL CONTROL ALGORITHM (CONTROL)

Section 27

27.1 TYPE AND NAME

Control Algorithm: CL

27.2 FUNCTION

This algorithm is a user-written CL block that is like any other CL block except
that it is inserted at the control-algorithm insertion point in the processing sequence
(see Figure 2-1), and it is executed instead of a standard control algorithm.

The CL block must calculate and store a control-algorithm output value in CV. Inputs to
the CL block are usually acquired by direct references in CL, but can be acquired through
general inputs to a Custom Data Segment (CDS) that is included in the data point.
Control inputs cannot be configured in the Parameter Entry Display (PED) when the CL
Control Algorithm is specified. The value placed in CV by the CL block is processed
just as CV is processed for any other data point that uses a control algorithm.

The CL block must also compute and store an anti-windup direction in ARWDI.
Propagation of windup status to the primaries is automatic. Refer to the Application
Module Control Functions manual.

If this data point is part of an override strategy, the CL block must include appropriate
override functions. See Section 24 in this manual, and refer to the Application Module
Control Functions manual.

Control Algorithm
Output
Processing
Processing
SP
Inputs CL
from this CV OP
Block
and other
data points

Figure 27-1 — Functional Diagram, CL Control Algorithm 1344

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 27-1 6/2007

 27.3

27.3 USE

A CL block is used when normal point processing is appropriate but none of the standard
control algorithms will accomplish the desired function. The CL block can be bound to a
single data point, if only one needs its functions, or it can be written as a generic CL
block and bound to several data points.

27.4 OPTIONS AND SPECIAL FEATURES

27.4.1 Restart

Normally, the CL block doesn't need to check the type of restart because the value in the
PATHIND parameter (see 27.4.2 in this section) is affected by the type of restart.
However, if needed, the CL block can base some specific actions on the content of the
RESTART parameter.

27.4.2 Use of Key Control Subsystem Parameters

This data point provides the following standard control parameters, which should be used
appropriately by the CL block:

• CVTYPE—Configured when the point is built to indicate the type of value in CV. It
can be EngrUnit or Percent.

• ARWDI—Configured to define the directional relationship between the output and

the setpoint. It contains Direct (SP increase causes CV increase) or Reverse (SP
increase causes CV decrease). The CL block can change the value, if it needs to be
changed, based on one or more of the inputs. Default value = Direct.

• INITTYPE—Configured to indicate the type of initialization, None, Int, or Ext. If Int

is configured, the CL block should do its own internal initialization, such as adjusting
bias to eliminate a bump to the process. If Ext is configured, the CL block must
calculate the value in INITVAL that the primary is to provide to this point's SP.
Configure None if no initialization is necessary.

• PATHIND—Path indicator, which contains a value, derived by the control subsystem

that indicates how the CL block should function on this processing pass. The values
are as follows:

Fwd—Perform the normal forward calculation. SP is available as a standard input.

Other inputs must be obtained by the CL block either by directly referring to them
(as ABC100.PV) or by using general inputs to bring them into a custom data
segment included in this point. If the value of a required input is bad, a bad-control
alarm should be generated by storing Bad in CV (see 27.4.3), but the CL block
should not abort.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 27-2 6/2007

 27.4.3

Init—Initialize according to the type of initialization called for in INITTYPE. If

INITTYPE contains Ext, calculate the SP from the CV and from the other inputs.
CV has already been initialized.

OR—Participate in override-feedback propagation. Override feedback propagation

occurs only on points that are “upstream” from a point using an override control
algorithm. Also, it only occurs when the point’s mode is CAS and when
INITTYPE contains Ext. Set the primary's PTORST to the value in your own
PTORST and request a process special of the primary by placing OR in its PPSREQ
parameter. In addition, if PTORST indicates NotSel, compute the feedback value
for the primary, based on the value received in ORFBSEC and place that value in
the ORFBSEC of the primary point.

Hold—Hold because the point is in MANual mode or the output is indisposable.

CV should be computed as for a forward pass to continue proper handling of the
bad-control situation.

NOTE
The HOLD and OR values are reserved words in CL. To use them in a CL program, place an
apostrophe just before the word. For example

IF PATHIND = 'HOLD THEN EXIT

27.4.3 Error Handling

If an input used in calculating CV has a Bad-value status, the CL block should use the
appropriate CL statement to declare the CV to be bad. Output processing then initiates
"bad-control" handling.

27.4.4 Processing Schedule and Execution Time

The CL block should not be used to perform long, complex operations because there may
not be enough time in normal point processing to complete such operations. Points that
use a CL control algorithm should be scheduled at the longest reasonable interval, and if
possible, should be assigned to the Slow Processor. If execution of the CL block takes
too much time, it is aborted and an alarm is generated.

27.5 EQUATIONS

The equation(s) for a CL control algorithm, if any, is a function of the CL block.

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 27-3 6/2007

 27.6

27.6 INITIALIZATION

See 27.4.2 in this section.

27.7 OVERRIDE FEEDBACK PROCESSING

See 27.4.2 in this section.

27.8 CL ALGORITHM PARAMETERS

In addition to the parameters already mentioned, the following parameters are associated
with the CL Control Algorithm. Refer to the AM Parameter Reference Dictionary manual.

SPEULO SPEUHI

27.9 MIGRATION

Control algorithm 77 in SUPERVISORY/TOTAL Systems and control algorithm 64 in

PMX Systems have functions that are similar to the CL Control Algorithm. Table 27-1
compares functions.

Table 27-1 — Comparison of SUPERVISORY/TOTAL and PMX Algorithms with CL

S/T PMX CL Control

Input access Destination words Explicit only General inputs or

or explicit explicit references
(SP available)

Accessible Defined list Defined list Same as for all

parameters control algorithms

Enumerations No No Yes

Data type No No Yes. User defines

checking? data types

Initialization Yes Yes Yes

AM Algorithm Engineering Data 27-4 6/2007

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