ME/MF F241: Machine Design and

Drawing
DESIGN OF FASTENERS
I/C: Regalla Srinivasa Prakash
Which configurations the threaded fasteners need to be designed?

Shear Joint

Gasket
Seal Application-2

Application-1 Tension Joints

Scope:
• Introduction
• Thread Standards and Definitions
• Design of Power Screws
– The Mechanics of Power Screws
– Body stresses and failure prediction
• Design of Non-permanent fasteners
– Threaded Fasteners (Bolts and Bolted Joints)
• Joints – Fastener Stiffness
• Member Stiffness
• Bolt Strength
• Tension Joints – External Load
• Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension
• Gasketed Joints
• Tension Joints in Dynamic Loading
• Adequacy Assessment, Specification Set, Decision Set and Design
• Shear Joints
– Non-threaded fasteners
• Setscrews
• Pins and Keys

Omitted:
Section 8-9 and statistical treatment and formulae throughout the chapter 8
• DESIGN OF THREADED FASTENERS

– TENSION JOINTS

– SHEAR JOINTS
Tensile Stress Area

dt


dt  d r  d p  / 2 At  dt2
4
dt

Diameters and Areas of Coarse-
Pitch and Fine-Pitch Metric
Threads.

Question:

Between two screws having same

major diameter and subjected to
same load, which will have
greater tensile member strength,
coarse-pitch screw or fine-pitch
screw?
Answer:

The one with fine-pitched

threads. (Why?)

Because, from this table, you

can see that the tensile stress
area is more for fine-pitch
series threads.
THE TWO STAGES OF LOADING OF A BOLT IN A TENSION JOINT

• 1st: Initial Loading stage (nut tightening)

• 2nd: Actual external loading stage (for example,

introduction of gas into a pressure vessel)
HOW MUCH INITIAL LOAD?

Fp  At S p

0.75Fp for _ nonpermanent _ connection s, reused _ fasteners

Fi  
0.90 Fp for _ permanent _ connection s
SAE Specifications for Steel Bolts
ASTM
Specifications
for Steel Bolts
Metric
Mechanical-
Property
Classes for
Steel Bolts,
Screws, and
Studs
HOW DO WE DESIGN BOLTS IN
THIS SCENARIO?
THIS IS A TENSION JOINT OF
BOLTS.
The figure illustrates the
connection of a cylinder head to a
pressure vessel using 10 bolts
and a confined-gasket seal. The
effective sealing diameter is 150
mm. Other dimensions are:
A = 100, B = 200, C = 300, D = 20,
and E = 20, all in millimeters. The
cylinder is used to store gas at a
static pressure of 6 MPa. ISO
class 8.8 bolts with a diameter of
12 mm have been selected. This
provides an acceptable bolt
spacing. What load factor n
results from this selection?
Cylinder head is steel; cylinder is
grade 30 cast iron.

Gasket Seal
Threaded Non-permanent Fasteners: Bolts/Screws and Design of
bolted joints

• Bolt is the ubiquitous machine element; there is

virtually no machine without atleast one bolt/screw
• The purpose of a bolt is to clamp two or more
parts together
• The clamping load stretches or elongates the bolt
• The load is obtained by twisting the nut until the
bolt has elongated almost to the elastic limit; this
load acts as preload
• While tightening the nut the bolt head should be
held stationary, this protects the shank
Threaded Non-permanent Fasteners: Bolts/Screws and Design of
bolted joints
• Locations of stress concentration in a bolt
– At the fillet
– At the run-out (?)
– At the thread-root fillet in the plane of the nut
• The washer face and washers are meant to prevent
fatigue failure of bolt that may result when the
burs on the imperfectly drilled bolt holes cut into
the bolt head
Nomenclature of bolt and location of stress concentration
(See Tables A-29)

Or 0.4 mm

D or d,
Major
diameter

LT

 2D  6 L  125 D  48

LT   2 D  12 125  L  200
2 D  25 L  200

Hexagonal nut and its dimensions. See Table A-31 for dimensions.

Jam nuts: they are thinner

(a) end view, general; (b) washer-faced regular nut; (c) regular nut chamfered on
both sides; (d) jam nut with washer face; (e) jam nut chamfered on both sides.

Caution: F has been called as W in the Table A-31.

Notice that the dimension H includes the washer face thickness which is
normally 0.4 mm.
N = narrow;
R = regular;
W = wide.
*Same as screw or
bolt size.
External Tensile Loading of Bolted Joint
 External Tensile Loading of Bolted Joint

= Stiffness Constant of the Joint

Thus only when Fm  0,

kb P
Fb  Pb  Fi   Fi  CP  Fi
kb  k m
km P
Fm  Pm  Fi   Fi  (1  C ) P  Fi But how do we
kb  k m estimate kb and km?
Estimation of kb

A bolt may be used in two different cases of applications:

(1) with nut, and (2) without nut
IMPORTANT: The grip length needs to be differently estimated in the two
cases.

ld
May only be partially
driven in or coming out
but no nut is used
lt
Case 2
Case 1
Design methodologies for the two cases described in the last slide.
Given fastener diameter d or D, and pitch p or number of threads.

LG  t1  t2  tw  tw
'
Grip length= LG  h  min  t2 , d 
Grip length=
 2 2
Fastener Length= L  LG  H -Roundup Fastener Length= L  h  1.5d

Length of useful unthreaded portion= Length of useful unthreaded portion=

ld  L  LT ld  L  LT
Length of the useful threaded portion: Length of the useful threaded portion:
lt  LG  ld lt  L'G  ld
Bolt Stiffness in Tension Joint

Scenario of 1 1 1 k1 k 2 k d kt
springs in     k  kb 
series k k1 k 2 k1  k 2 k d  kt

At E Ad E Ad At E
kT   kd   kb 
lt ld Ad lt  At ld
At = Tensile stress area from Table 8-1 for metric threads

d 2
Ad  = Cross-sectional area of the shank (unthreaded) portion
4
Member Stiffness: The Theory of the Frustum of
a Hollow Cone


Scenario of dw
springs in
series

1 1 1 1 1 1
     .... 
k m k1 k 2 k 3 k 4 ki

dw
dw

dw
 P.dx
d 
EA
  D    
2
d
2

A   (ro  ri )    x tan       
2 2

 2   2  
 D  d  Dd 
   x tan    x tan   
 2  2 
Integrating:
t
P dx
 .E 0 x tan  D  d  2x tan  D  d  2



P
ln
2t tan  D  d D  d 
 .Ed tan 2t tan  D  d D  d 
P  .Ed tan 
k 
 ln 2t tan   D  d D  d 
2t tan   D  d D  d 
If for ith member,
 .Ei d tan 
ki 
 2ti tan   Di  d Di  d 
ln  
 2ti tan   Di  d Di  d 
i=1, 2, …n
1 1 1 1 1 1
     .... 
km k1 k2 k3 k4 kn
When all members are made of same
material then we will use only two identical
frusta arranged back to back, and hence

1 1 1 1 1 2
    
k m k1 k 2 k k k
k
 km 
2
Engineering Approximation When All Members of Same Materials:
P  .Ed tan 
k 
 ln 2t tan   D  d D  d 
2t tan   D  d D  d 
1 1 1 1 1 2 k
      km 
km k1 k2 k k k 2
• Normally α is taken as 30o.
• Normally the D is taken as the washer
face diameter dw, which is roughly 1.5d.
0.577 .Ed
km 
 0.577l  0.5d 
2 ln  5 
 0.577l  2.5d 
km
 A exp( Bd / l ) A, B are constants; l is the grip length;
Ed d is the major diameter of bolt.
 Pressure on the gasket is given by
Gasketed Joints:
Fm
p gasket  
Ag / N 
N = Number of bolts in the joint; Ag = Total Gasket Annular Area
In full gasketed joints uniformity of pressure on the gasket is important.
To maintain adequate uniformity of pressure adjacent bolts should not be placed
more than six nominal diameters apart on the bolt circle.
Spacing between bolts < 6*d, where d = major diameter of the bolt
The contradictory requirement is that to maintain wrench clearance bolt should be
placed at least three diameters apart.
To bring these two contradictory requirements together to a balanced status, the
following rule is normally followed.
Db
3d   6d
N
Db
3 6
Nd
Db  diameter of bolt circle
N  No. of bolts
Exercise:
Exercise:

Cylinder head is steel; cylinder is grade 30 cast iron.

Bolted joints in tension – One Common Dynamic Loading
The statistics indicate that the bolts under dynamic loading failed 65% in the thread
at the nut face, 20% at the end of the thread (at the runout point) and 15% under the
head.
In the common bolted joints of pressure cylinders, the external load varies from a
lower extreme of P=0 to the upper extreme of P itself. The range and mean tensile
stresses in the bolt can be found out as
1  CP Fi Fi  CP
 a   max  min   
1
   
2 2  At At At  2 At

1  CP Fi Fi  CP Fi
 m   max  min   
1
    
2 2  At At At  2 At At
The equation of the load hence is

 a   m  i
Use the tables 8-14 for Kf directly and 8-15 for fully corrected endurance
strength values.
Goodman Gerber ASME _ elliptic
2
Sa  Sm 
2
 Sm 
2
Sa

Sm
1  Sa 
    1      1
Se Sut S e  S ut S 
  Se   p

Sm  Sa   i

Sa  Sm   i
 Pressure Vessel Design:
A Designer’s fatigue diagram
when, for example, the
designer is using the modified
criterion for pressure cylinder.

Point C indicated the failure

point whereas the point B is a
safe point.
The load-line is as per the
earlier derivation, which is
Sm  Sa   i or Sa  Sm   i
For example, for a preload of 100 kN on
an M20 bolt having a tensile stress area
of 245 mm2, if the total pressure
amounts to P=100 kN with a C=0.25
then, the initial stress (i) is 408.2 MPa
(=100kN/245mm2), which is also the i
min, and max is (Fi+CP)/At =
(100+0.25×100)/245 = 510.2 MPa,
hence m=(max+min)/2
=(510.2+408.2)/2= 459.2 MPa. Range stress is a=(max- min)/2 =(510.2-408.2)/2=51MPa .
Example 2: Data: M16, class 8.8
coarse can screws; 1.6 mm thick
hardened steel washer; C=0.28;
Fi=0.75Fp. P=22.25 kN/screw. Fully
corrected Se is 129 MPa.

Solution:Tensile stress area is 157

sq. mm.; initial load = 0.75*Sp*At =
0.75*600*157=70.65 kN. Initial stress
is hence 450 MPa; range stress is
19.85 MPa and mean stress is 470
MPa. From the table 8-15, the fully
endurance strength is 129 MPa.
From table 8-9 the Sut is 830 MPa.
Using modified Goodman criterion,
different factor of safety values can
be obtained for different design
considerations such as stress
concentration at various locations
and permitting plastic strain at the
fillet. From table 8-14, for the 8.8
class bolt, the Kf values can be read
out.
Pre-load torque Fi = Bolt Pre-load, How much? ->

T  KFi d

 d m  tan   f sec 
K      0.625 f c
 2d  1  f sec tan  
DESIGN OF SHEAR JOINTS
DESIGN OF SHEAR
JOINTS

A vertical channel 152 × 76 (see Table A–7) has a cantilever

beam bolted to it as shown. The channel is hot-rolled AISI
1006 steel. The bar is of hot-rolled AISI 1015 steel. The
shoulder bolts are M12 × 1.75 ISO 5.8. For a design factor of
2.8, find the safe force F that can be applied to the cantilever.
Centroid of pattern of bolts:
n

A1 x1  A2 x2  A3 x3  A4 x4  A5 x5 Ax i i
x  1

A1  A2  A3  A4  A5 n

A 1
i

A y  A2 y2  A3 y3  A4 y4  A5 y5 Ay i i
y 1 1  1
A1  A2  A3  A4  A5 n

A 1
i
Primary and secondary shear forces on each bolt:
Primary shear

V
F'
n
Same for all
bolts.
Secondary shear:

F r  F r  F r  ...  M
//
A A
//
B B
//
C C

F / rA  F / rB  F / rC
//
A B
//
C
//

Hence from the above two equations:

Next find the vectorial sum of
Mrn
Fn  2
// the primary and secondary shear

rA  rB  rC  ...
2 2 forces to know the total load.