Chemistry Unit 1 Study Guide

(Chapters 1-3)

Chapter Introduction to Chemistry

__scientific method____ - a systematic approach that scientists use

Use the words below to complete the concept map. Write your answers in the spaces below the concept map.

1. ____hypothesis____
2. __experiment_____
3. ____conclusion____
4. _____thoeory____
5. ___scientific law___

Matching
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Column A Column B
b___ 6. Refers to physical characteristics such as color, odor, or a. Observation
__ shape
__d_ 7. Refers to mass, volume, and temperature measurements b. Qualitative data
__
__f__ 8. Reading between data points c. Extrapolation
_
_e__ 9. A variable controlled by the experimenter d. Quantitative
__ data
_a__ 10. The act of gathering information e. Independent
__ variable
_c__ 11. Reading beyond data points f. Interpolation
__
 __g_ 12. Changes in value based on the value of the controlled g. Dependent
__ variable variable
Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement.
13. A constant is a factor that
a. changes during an experiment. c. is affected by the dependent variable.
b. changes from one lab group to another. d. is not allowed to change during an experiment.

14. A control is
a. variable that changes during an experiment. c. type of dependent variable.
b. standard for comparison. d. type of experiment.

15. A hypothesis is a(n)

a. set of controlled observations. c. tentative explanation of observations.
b. explanation supported by many experiments. d. law describing a relationship in nature.

16. A theory is a(n)

a. set of controlled observations. c. tentative explanation of observations.
b. explanation supported by many experiments. d. law describing a relationship in nature.

17. A model is a(n)

a. visual, verbal, and/or mathematical explanation of how things occur​.
b. explanation that is supported by many experiments.
c. description of a relationship pin nature.
d. tentative explanation about what has been observed.

Chapter Data Analysis

Complete the following table.

SI Base Units
Quantity Base unit Unit abbreviation
1. time second s
2. Mass kilogram kg
3. temperature kelvin k
4. Length meter m

5. List the symbols and factors that the following prefixes represent.
a. centi- __c 10^-2__________________
b. kilo- __k___10^3______________
c. milli- __m____10^-3______________
6. Which temperature scale will you use for your experiments in this class? Is this an SI unit?
_____celsius; no, kevin is an SI unit
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. How many grams are in a kilogram?
_____1000_________________________________________________________________________________
____
8. How many milliliters are in a liter?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
9. How many centimeters are in a meter?
_________100______________________________________________________________________________
___
10. What is the difference between a base unit and a derived unit?
__base - based on objects/events in the physical world. dervived- combination of base
units._____________________________________________________________________________________
__
11. What is the relationship between mL and cm​3​?
_____The change of 1 ml unit for a volume and capacity measure equals = into 1.00 cm3 - cc as per its
equivalent volume and capacity unit type measure often
used._____________________________________________________________________________________

12. Change the following data into scientific notation.

a. 5 000 000 km _____5 x 10^6_______________
b. 8 394 000 000 s __8.394 x 10^9__________________
c. 0.000 421 g ___4.21 x 10^-4_________________
d. 0.03 cm ___3 x 10^-2_________________
13. Solve the following problems. Express your answers in proper scientific notation.
a. (5.3 × 10​12​) + (3.0 × 10​11​) = ____________________
b. (3.7 × 10​6​) – (8.0 × 10​5​) = ____________________
c. (4.0 × 10​5​) × ( 3.0 × 10​3​) = ____________________
d. (6.1 × 10​-5​) ÷ (3.01 × 10​-2​) = ____________________
14. Use dimensional analysis to convert the following measurements.
a. 50 kilograms into grams
 50kg x 1000 g /1 =
kg= 50,000 g

b. 5 meters in centimeters
5 m x 100cm /1 m =
500cm

c. 25 milliliters into liters

=

15. Use the terms ​precise​ and ​accurate​ to describe the following figures. You may use both terms for some
figures. If a term does not apply to a
figure, leave the space blank.

a-not precise,not b-precise

-not accurate
accurate
c-precise
-accurate
16. Determine the number of significant figures in each measurement.
a. 0.000 301 5 m __4___
b. 1.056 mL _3____
c. 12.90 s __1___
d. 12 000 g __2___

17. Round the following to four significant figures.

a. 12.555 km _12.56______________
b. 1.0009 m _1.001______________
c. 23.242 999 g ____23.34___________
d. 10 467 mL __10.50_____________
18. Complete the following calculations. Round off the answers to the correct number of significant figures.
 a. 51.2 kg + 64.44 kg = __115.6kg_____________
b. 6.535 cm – 2.18 cm = _______________
c. 16 m × 2.82 m × 0.05 m = __2.256 = 2m^3_____________
d. 3.46 m ÷ 1.82 s = __1.9011_____________
19. A sample of aluminum is placed in a 25-mL graduated cylinder containing 10.0 mL of water. The level
of water rises to 18.0 mL. Aluminum has a density of 2.7 g/mL. Calculate the mass of the sample.
(Use appropriate significant figures.) 21.6 grams

20. You have a 230g sample of ethanol with a density of 0.7893 g/mL. What volume
of ethanol do you have?​ (Use appropriate significant figures.)

290 mL

21. An object with a mass of 7.5 g raises the level of water in a graduated cylinder from 25.1 mL to 30.1
mL. What is the density of the object? If the accepted density for this substance is 1.3 g/mL, what is the
percent error? ​ (Use appropriate significant figures.)

1.5g/ml

22. Determine the volume indicated in Figure 1. ____64.0______ mL

23. Determine the length indicated by Letter H in Figure 2. ____12.94______ cm
24. Determine the temperature indicated in Figure 3. ____34.7______ °C

Figure 1 Figure 3
Figure 2

Chapter Matter: Properties and Changes

Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
chemical mass physical
density properties substance
 Matter is anything with ​(1)​ ____mass________________ and volume. A ​(2)
____substance________________ is a form of matter with a uniform and unchanging composition. Substances
have specific, unchanging
(3)​ _______properties_____________ that can be observed. Substances have both physical and chemical
properties.
(4)​ ___physical_________________ properties can be observed without changing a substance’s chemical
composition. Color, hardness, and ​(5)​ ____density________________ are examples. Other properties cannot
be observed without changing the composition of a substance. These are called ​(6)
__chemical__________________ properties. An example is the tendency of iron to form rust when exposed to
air.

Label each property as either physical intensive, physical extensive, or chemical.

____PI________________7. bitter taste ___PE_________________13. length
_____C_______________8. density _____C_______________14.flammability
_________PE___________9.conducts heat _____PI_______________15. yellow color
___________C_________10.corrosion _______PI_____________16. malleability
___________PI_________11. magnetic ______PE______________17. insoluble in
water
___________PE_________12. volume ______C______________18.reacts with an acid to
form a gas
For each statement below, write true or false.
____T______19. A solid has definite shape and volume.

_____F_____20. A liquid has a definite shape and takes on the volume of its container.

_____T_____21. A gas has both the shape and the volume of its container.

_____T_____22. Liquids tend to contract when heated.

____F______23. The particles in a solid are spaced far apart.

_____T_____24. The viscosity of a liquid increases with temperature because the increased average kinetic
energy of the particles makes it easier for the particles to flow.
_____T_____25. Particles in a colloid exhibit a positive Tyndall effect.

_____F_____26. Most solids are less dense than liquids because the particles in a solid are more closely
packed than those in a liquid.
_____F_____27. Rubber is a crystalline solid because its particles are not arranged in a regular, repeating
pattern.
Label each drawing as either solid, liquid, or gas.

28. ____GAS___________ 29. ____SOLID___________ 30. _____LIQUID__________

Complete the table by writing the initial and final phases for each phase change and making a check () in the
correct energy column.
Phase Change Phase Energy
Initial Final Required Released
34. Condensation gas liquid x
35. Deposition gas solid x
36. Solidification liquid solid x x
37. Fusion solid liquid x
38. Sublimation solid gas x
39. Vaporization liquid gas x

Use the heating curve below to answer the following questions.

40. What ​letter​ on the graph represents ​vaporization​? _______d____

41. At what ​temperature​ does ​vaporization​ occur? ______100_________
42. How long​ does it take for ​vaporization​ to occur? ____13min
43. ___________
44. What ​letter​ on the graph represents ​fusion​? _______c________
45. At what ​temperature​ does ​fusion​ occur? ______60_________
46. How long​ does it take for ​fusion​ to occur? ______12_________
47. What do the ​plateaus​ on the graph represent? _____d__________
b

48. What letter(s) represent ​kinetic energy​? _____b__________

49. What letter(s) represent ​potential energy​? _____c__________
50. What letter represents the ​solid phase​? ____a___________
 51. What letter represents the ​liquid phase​? _____c__________
52. What letter represents the ​gaseous phase​? ___d__________

Identify the following as physical or chemical changes.

__c___52. log burning __p___60. crushing
__c___53. iron rusts in air __c___61. fermentation of apple juice
___p__54. digesting food __p___62. formation of a cloud
___c__55. milk sours ___p__63. making kool-aid
___c__56. silver tarnishes ___p__64. water evaporating
____c_57. wood rotting __c___65. distillation of an alcohol-water mixture
__p___58. water boiling __c___66. dissolving NaCl in H​2​O
_c____59. frying an egg __p___67. slicing bread
All matter can be classified as either a substance (element or compound) or a mixture (heterogeneous or
homogeneous).

Classify each of the following as either a substance or a mixture. If it is a substance, write element or
compound in the substance column. If it is a mixture, write heterogeneous or homogenous in the mixture
column.

Type of Matter Substance Mixture

68. Chlorine element
69. Water compound
70. Soil heterogeneous
71. Sugar water homogeneous
72. Oxygen element
73. Carbon dioxide compound
74. Rocky road ice cream hetergeneous
75. Rubbing alcohol compound
76. Pure air homogeneous
Short Answer
77. What are the two components of a solution? Distinguish between them.
________A solution has two parts: a solute and a solvent. The solute is the substance that dissolves, and the
solvent is the majority of the solution. In a solution, the solute and solvent are uniformly mixed in such a
way that they are not easily distinguished from one
another._____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
78. Compare/Contrast solutions and colloids.
___________One similarity is that nether of their particles settle__& ____The main difference between colloid
and solution is the size of their
particles.____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
79. Compare/Contrast colloids and suspensions.
______Suspensions and colloids are heterogeneous mixtures. A suspension is identifiable because its particles
are large and settle out of the dispersing medium due to the effects of gravity. The dispersed particles of
a colloid are intermediate in size between those of a solution and a
suspension.__________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____

Multiple Choice
Circle the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

80. A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical or chemical means is a(n)
a. compound. b. mixture. c. element. d. period.

81. A chemical combination of two or more different elements is a(n)

a. solution. b. compound. c. element. d. period.

82. Which of the following is an example of an element?

a. water. b. air. c. sugar. d. oxygen.

83. Which of the following is an example of a compound?

a. gold. b. silver. c. aspirin​. d. copper.