MATH 208 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Pre-req: M109
Units: 3
References: Elem. Differential Eqns by Rainville & Bedient (8th ed.)
Succeding w/ D.E. by Zill and Wright
MODULE:
1 DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGIES
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS
2 EQUATIONS OF ORDER ONE (First Order, First Degree)
I. Separation of Variables
II. Homogenous Equations
III. Exact Equations
IV. Linear Equation of Order One
V. Determination of Integrating Factor
VI. Bernoulli’s Equation
VII. Coefficients Linear in 2 Variables
VIII. Substitution Suggested by Equation
3 APPLICATIONS OF FIRST ORDER DIFF. EQUATIONS
4 Solutions of Homogenous L.D.E. w/ Constant Coeff.
5 Solutions of Non. Homogenous
6 Solutions of D.E. w/ Variable Coeff.
7 Applications of Higher Order D.E.

GRADING SYSTEM:
Raw Average = 50% Qave + 20% P.E. + 20% F.E. + 10% C.P.
where: C.P. = Class Participation (SW, HW…)
Passing Grade: R.A. ≥ 55; Transmuted Grade. ≥ 75
 I. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGIES
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION – an equation containing one or more terms involving derivatives
of one variable (dependent variable) with respect to another variable (independent variable)
either explicitly or implicitly.
Examples:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1. + 𝑚2 𝑦 = 0 LEIBNIZ’S notation:
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
LAGRANGE’S notation: 𝑓′
2. (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

3. 𝑦" + 𝑥𝑦′ + 𝑦 = 0 Prime notation: 𝑦"

4.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
+ 3𝑦 𝜕𝑧 = 2 𝐷𝑓 =
𝐷𝑓
; 𝐷𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) EULER’S notation
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝐷𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑2 𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝐼 Newton’s dot notation: 𝑦̇ , 𝑦̈
5. 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑅 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶 𝑖 = 𝐸𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
(to denote derivatives with respect to time)
where:𝐿, 𝑅, 𝐶, 𝐸, 𝜔 = Parameters
𝑖 = dependent variable
𝑡 = independent variable

RECALL:
Explicit Form Implicit Form
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
𝑦 can be expressed directly in terms of 𝑦 cannot be expressed directly in terms of
𝑥. 𝑥
Examples: Examples:
𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 sin(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑥𝑦 2 = 0
−6 sin 2𝑥 − 6𝑥 2 − 3𝑒 −𝑥 3𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦′

CLASSIFICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS:

1. TYPE
a. Ordinary differential equations (ODE) – a D.E. containing ordinary derivatives w/
only one independent variable.
Example:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
+ =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
b. Partial D.E. (PDE) – contains partial derivatives with two or more independent
variables.
Example:
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
+ =0
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 2. ORDER – order of the highest ordered derivative
𝑦′ 𝑦"
1st 2nd
Example:
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 2 + ( )4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3rd order, 1st degree
3. DEGREE – the highest power of the highest ordered derivative.
Example:
𝑦" − 𝑦′ + 2𝑥𝑦 = 0
2nd order, 1st degree
Can also be expressed in:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− + 2𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
4. LINEARITY – a differential equation is linear if:
a. It is first degree in the dependent variable and its derivatives.
b. It does not contain transcendental functions (trigonometric, logarithmic,
exponential) with the dependent variable and any of its derivatives.
c. It does not contain a product of the dependent variable and any of its derivatives
Example: (𝑦𝑦′).
Example:
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥

2nd order, 1st degree, linear, independent variable = 𝑥, dependent variable = 𝑦

𝑑4 𝑦
2. 𝑑𝑥 4
+ 𝑦3 = 0

4th order, 1st degree, independent variable = 𝑥, dependent variable = 𝑦

non-linear because of 𝑦 3
𝑑3 𝑦
3. 𝑑𝑥 3
+ cos 𝑥 = 0

3rd order, 1st degree, linear independent variable = 𝑥, dependent variable = 𝑦

4. (𝑦 2 − 1)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑑𝑥
(𝑦 2 − 1) +𝑥 =0
𝑑𝑦
Linear in 𝑥
dependent variable: 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(𝑦 2 − 1) + 𝑥 += 0
𝑑𝑦
Non-linear in 𝑦
dependent variable: 𝑦

SOLUTIONS TO DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

 1. General Solution (GS) – a solution of D.E. that has at least one arbitrary constant. The
number of arbitrary constants is equal to the order of the differential equation
Example:
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑥 2 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑥
where: 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 are arbitrary constants
2. Particular Solution (PS) – obtained from the G.S for w/c the arbitrary constants have
fixed values.
Example:

𝑑𝑦
Given: 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦(0) = 3
Find GS and PS
SOLUTION:
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 General Solution
Families of Solutions: one parameter w/c is the arbitrary constant, C
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 3 in GS:
We now find 1 member of that family that satisfies the additional condition.
3 = 0 + 4𝑒 0 + 𝐶
𝐶 = −1
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 4𝑒 𝑥 − 1 This is now the solution of the initial value
problem.

Given: 𝑦” = 6𝑥 3 ,
𝑦(0) = 2, 𝑦(0) = 1
Find GS and PS
SOLUTION:
∫ 𝑦" = ∫ 6𝑥 3
3
∫ 𝑦′ = ∫ 𝑥 4 + ∫ 𝐶1
2
𝑦 ′ = 2, 𝑥 = 0 3𝑥 5
3 𝑦= +𝐶 𝑥 + 𝐶2
2 = (0)4 + 𝐶1 2(5) 1
2
𝐶1 = 2 3𝑥 5
𝑦= +𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
10
𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 = 0
1 = 0 + 2(0) + 𝐶2
𝐶2 = 1
3𝑥 5 Particular Solution
∴𝑦= + 2𝑥 + 1
10

Hence, order of DE = number of arbitrary constants in G.S.

Solve for the initial value problem:
 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
= 4 sin 2𝑥 , 𝑦 = 2, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2
SOLUTION:

∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 4 ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑦 = 4 (− ) cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2
𝜋
2 = −2 cos (2 ∙ ) + 𝐶
2
2 = −2(−1) + 𝐶
𝐶=0
∴ 𝑦 = −2 cos 2𝑥
Solve the initial value problem:
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 2 + 3 + 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0
SOLUTION:
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶1
−1 = 2 + 𝐶1
𝐶1 = −3

∴ 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 2𝑥 − 3
ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY CONSTANTS
GIVEN: GS
FIND: D.E.
SOLUTION:
1. Differentiate G.S. as many times as there are constants.
2. Eliminate arbitrary constants using algebraic elimination or substitution
Example 1:

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
Find: Differential Equation
SOLUTION:

𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ○
1

𝑦′ = 2𝑥 + 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ○
2

𝑦" = 2 + 4𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ○

3

○
2 = 𝑦′ = 2𝑥 + 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

○
1 × (-2) = −2𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 − 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 − 2𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥

𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 − 2𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ○
4

○
3 𝑦" = 2 + 4𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
○
1 × (-4) −4𝑦 = −4𝑥 2 − 4𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 − 4𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦" − 4𝑦 = 2 − 4𝑥 2 + 5𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ○
5

○
4 × (-5) −5𝑦 ′ + 10𝑦 = −10𝑥 + 10𝑥 2 − 5𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
○
5 𝑦" − 4𝑦 = 2 − 4𝑥 2 + 5𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
ANS 𝒚" − 𝟓𝒚′ + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟐
Example 2:

𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 ○
1

Find: Differential Equation

SOLUTION:
𝑦 ′ = 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 − 3𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 2𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥

𝑦 ′ = 2(𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥) − 3(𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 − 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥)

𝑦 ′ = 2𝑦 − 3(𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 − 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥)○

2

𝑦" = 2𝑦′ − 3(2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 3𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 − 2𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥)

𝑦" = (4𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 4𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 − 6𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 6𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 − 6𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥
− 9𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 6𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 − 9𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥)

𝑦" = −5𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 − 12𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 − 5𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 + 12𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥

𝑦" = −5𝑦 − 12(𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 − 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥)○

3

○
2 × (-4) −4𝑦 ′ = −8𝑦 + 12(𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 − 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥)
○
3 𝑦" = −5𝑦 − 12(𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 sin 3𝑥 − 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥)
𝑦" − 4𝑦′ = −13𝑦
ANS 𝒚" − 𝟒𝒚′ − 𝟏𝟑𝒚 = 𝟎
Example 3:

𝑦𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 sin 𝑥 ○

1

1
𝑦 ∙ 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑙𝑛𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −𝐶1 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = −𝐶1 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶2 cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 ′ 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = −𝐶1 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶2 cos 𝑥 ○
2

1
𝑦" + y" 𝑙𝑛𝑦 + 𝑦′ ∙ 𝑦 𝑦′ = −𝐶1 cos 𝑥 − 𝐶2 sin 𝑥 ○
3

𝒚′
′
○
1 +○
3 = 𝒚𝒍𝒏𝒚 + 𝒚 + y"𝒍𝒏𝒚 + 𝒚 𝒚 =𝟎

Example 4:

𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
Find: Differential Equation
SOLUTION:

𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 ○
1

𝑦 ′ = 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 ○
2

𝑦" = 4𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥

𝑦" = 4𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑒 2𝑥 ○

3

○
1 × 2 2𝑦 = 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
○
2 𝑦 ′ = 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥
2𝑦 − 𝑦 ′ = −𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 ○
4

○
2 × 2 2𝑦 ′ = 4𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥
○
3 𝑦" = 4𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑒 2𝑥
2𝑦 ′ − 𝑦" = −2𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦"−2𝑦′
= 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 ○
5
2

○
5 -○
4 𝑦" − 2𝑦′
= 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥
2
𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥
 0 = 𝑦" − 4𝑦′ + 4𝑦
𝒚" − 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎

Example 5:
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 3𝑥

○
2 𝑦 ′ = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 3
(-)○
3 𝑦" = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑦 ′ − 𝑦" = −2𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 3
𝒚" − 𝒚′ + 𝟐𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝟎

Example 6:

○
1 𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + sin 𝑥
○
2 𝑦 ′ = 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 − 3𝐶2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + cos 𝑥
○
3 𝑦" = 4𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 −3𝑥 − sin 𝑥

○
1 × (2) 2𝑦 = 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝐶2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 2sin 𝑥
○
2 𝑦 ′ = 2𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 − 3𝐶2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + cos 𝑥
2𝑦 − 𝑦 ′ = 5𝐶2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 2 sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 ○
4

○
1 × (4) 4𝑦 = 4𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝐶2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 4sin 𝑥
3 𝑦" = 4𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 −3𝑥 − sin 𝑥
4𝑦 − 𝑦" = −5𝐶2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 5 sin 𝑥 ○
5

○ 5 = 6𝑦 − 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦" = 7 sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥

4 +○

OR
𝑦" − 𝑦′ − 6𝑦 + 7 sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 0

MODULE 2: EQUATIONS OF ORDER ONE (First order, First Degree)

I. SEPARATION OF VARIABLES
Given: M (x,y) dx + N (x,y) dy = 0
Then put in the form: A (x) dx + B (y) dy = 0
Solution: ∫ 𝐴 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝐵 (𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0
F (x, y) = C -------- > G.S
Ex. 1 Obtain the general solution of dx + xydy = y2dx + ydy

Solution: dx + xydy - y2dx – ydy = 0

1
[ ( 1- y2) dx + y (x-1) dy = 0 ] ( 1− y2 ) (x−1)

𝑑𝑥 𝑦𝑑𝑦 1 1
∫ 𝑥−1 + ∫ 1− y2 = ∫ 0 From: - ∫
2 1− y2
. ydy ( - 2 )

1 1
ln (x – 1) - 2 ln ( 1 − y 2 ) = c ∫ u 𝑑𝑢 = lnu + c

ln (x – 1) - ln ( 1 − y 2 ) 1/2 = c
(𝑥−1)
ln ( 1− y2 ) 1/2
=c

𝑥−1
𝑒𝑐 = ( 1− y2 ) 1/2

𝑥−1
G.S: =c
( 1− y2) 1/2

Ex – 2 Given: sinx siny dx + cos x cos y dy = 0

Find: G.S

Solution:
1
[ sinx siny dx + cos x cos y dy = 0 ] sin 𝑦 cos 𝑥

∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cot 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0
ln |sec 𝑥| + ln |sin 𝑦| = c ln |sec 𝑥 − sin 𝑦 | = C

ln |sec 𝑥| - ln |csc 𝑦| = c 𝑒 𝑐 = x sec x * sin

1/ cos 𝑥 sec 𝑥
= 𝑒𝑐
1/ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦 csc 𝑦

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
cos 𝑥
sec x = c csc y

Ex – 3 y l nx lny dx + dy = 0 , FIND G.S

Solution:
1
[y lnx lny dx + dy = 0 ] 𝑦 𝑙𝑛𝑦

𝑑𝑦
∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = ∫ 0
IBP
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦
∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 l ∫ 𝑦 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = ∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑦
. 𝑦
= ln(lny)

𝑑𝑢
Let u = lnx dv = dx l let u = lny Form: ∫ 𝑢
= ln u + c
1 1
du = dx <---- v = x l du = dy
𝑥 𝑦

1
= xlnx - ∫ 𝑥 ∗ 𝑥
dx l

= xlnx – x l

𝑑𝑦
∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑦 𝑙𝑛𝑦 = ∫ 0

 x lnx – x + ln (ln y) = c
lnxx + ln (ln y) – x = c
final answer: ln |𝑥 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑦 | = c + x

2
Ex – 4 Obtain the P.S ( particular solution ) satisfying the initial condition given: y’ = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦−𝑥 , when x = 0,
y = 0.

Solution:
2 2
dy = 𝑥𝑒 𝑦−𝑥 -------> dy = x * 𝑒 𝑦 * 𝑒 −𝑥 dx
2
∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2 1 2
−𝑒 −𝑦 = - 2 𝑒 −𝑥 + c BEC: Form: 𝑒 𝑢 du  - 2 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 ∗ −2𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑒𝑢 du
1 −𝑥 2
𝑒 −𝑦 = 2
𝑒 +c  doesn’t matter if (+) or (-), still a constant, c when x = 0, y = 0
1
𝑒 −0 = 2 𝑒 −0 + c
1 1
1=2+c C=2

1 2 1 1 2 1
∴ 𝑃. 𝑆 ∶ 𝑒 −𝑦 = 2
𝑒 −𝑥 + 2 or 𝑒 −𝑦 - 2
𝑒 −𝑥 = 2
1 2 1
OR: ln 𝑒 −𝑦 = ln ( 𝑒 −𝑥 + c ) I when x = 0, y = 0; I C =
2 2
1 2 1 1 2 1
-y ln𝑒 −1 = ln (2 𝑒 −𝑥 + c ) I 0 = -ln (2 + 𝑐) I ∴ 𝑦 = −ln(2 𝑒 −𝑥 + 2
)
 1
1 2
Y = -ln (2 𝑒 −𝑥 + c ) I 𝑒 0 = 𝑒 −ln (2+𝑐) I
1 1 1
1 = (2 + 𝑐)−1  1 = 1 2+c=1
+𝑐
2

5. 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ = 𝑒 𝑦 Obtain the G.S.

SOL’N:
𝑑𝑦
𝑥2𝑦 = 𝑒𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 LIPET

𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0 IBP: ∫ 𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 −1
−𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 − −1
= 𝐶 𝑢=𝑦 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−𝑦 1 1
− + =𝐶 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦 𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑦
𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑦 𝑥
∫ 𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 + ∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= −𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝐶

# 26/p.23 Obtain G.S of tan2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

SOL’N: ∫ tan2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ sin−3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 0

∫(sec 2 𝑦 − 1) 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ sin 𝑥 (sin2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
 Tan 𝑦 − 𝑦 − ∫ sin 𝑥 (1 − cos 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
tan 𝑦 − 𝑦 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
cos3 𝑥
tan 𝑦 − 𝑦 + cos 𝑥 − =𝐶 𝑢 = cos 𝑥
3
𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 dx
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑥

# 37/p.23 (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦

SOL’N: 𝑥(𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = [𝑥 2 (𝑦 2 + 1) + (𝑦 2 + 1)]𝑑𝑦
𝑥(𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑦 2 + 1) (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 2 +1
∫ 𝑥 2 +1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦+1
𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 0 IMPROPER
1 2
ln(𝑥 2 + 1) − ∫ ( 𝑦 − 1 + ) 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶 𝑦−1
2 𝑦+1
1 𝑦2
2
ln|𝑥 2 + 1| − 2
+ 𝑦 − 2 ln|𝑦 + 1| = 𝐶 𝑦 + 1 𝑦2 + 1
1
(𝑥 2 +1) ⁄2 𝑦2
ln | (𝑦+1)2 | − +𝑦 =𝐶 𝑦2 + 𝑦
2
−𝑦 + 1
+ −𝑦−1
2

HOMOGENEOUS SOLUTION
Polynomials in which all terms are of the same degree, such as
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ; 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 are called homogeneous polynomials.
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is of second degree, 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) is of 4th

DEFINITION OF HOMOGENEITY
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆𝑘 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), where k is degree of homogeneity (lambda)
STANDARD FORM:
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
If 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 and 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 are homogeneous & of the same degree, the equation can be
reduced to VARIABLE SEPARABLE using the following substitution:
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 Or 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣

DETERMINANCE WHETHER THE FF. FUNCTIONS ARE HOMOGENEOUS IF SO, WHAT IS

THEIR DEGREE?
Example 1:
 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2

Solution: 𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 2(𝜆𝑥)2 + 4𝜆2 𝑥𝑦 + (𝜆𝑦)2

𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 2𝜆2 𝑥 2 + 4(𝜆𝑥)(𝜆𝑦) + 𝜆2 𝑦 2

𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆2 (2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )

= 𝜆2 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

∴ Homogeneity, 2nd Degree, K = 2

Example 2:
𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 + 9
Solution:
𝑔(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = (𝜆𝑥)2 (𝜆𝑦)2 + (𝜆𝑥)3 (𝜆𝑦) + 9
NOT HOMOGENEOUS

Example 3:
𝑥3 2𝑥
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑒 3𝑦
𝑦3
2(𝜆𝑥)
(𝜆𝑥)3
Solution: 𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜆𝑦)3 + 𝑒 3(𝜆𝑦)
2(𝜆𝑥)
(𝜆𝑥)3
𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜆𝑦)3 + 𝑒 3(𝜆𝑦)
2𝑥
𝑥3
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦3 + 𝑒 3𝑦 = 𝜆0

= 𝜆0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

∴ Homogeneity, K = 0

Example 4:
𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
Solution: 𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆𝑥 − 𝜆𝑦 tan(𝜆𝑥)
= 𝜆(𝑥 − 𝑦 tan(𝜆𝑥))
 NOT HOMOGENEOUS

Example 5:
𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑙𝑛𝑦
Solution: 𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝜆𝑥𝑙𝑛(𝜆𝑥) − 𝜆𝑦 ln(𝜆𝑦)
= 𝜆(𝑥𝑙𝑛(𝜆𝑥) − 𝑦 ln(𝜆𝑦))
NOT HOMOGENEOUS

Example 6:
2𝑥
( 𝑥+𝑦)2 𝑒 𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑦

∴ Homogeneity, 2nd Degree, K = 2

Example 7:
𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑙𝑛𝑦
Solution: = 𝜆𝑥𝑙𝑛(𝜆𝑥) − 𝜆𝑥 ln(𝜆𝑦)
𝜆𝑥
= 𝜆𝑥𝑙𝑛( )
𝜆𝑦
= 𝜆𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

∴ Homogeneity, 1st Degree, K = 1

Homo:
𝑥 𝑥
Ex. 8 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = sin 𝑦 + cos 𝑦

λy λ𝑥
𝑓(λx , λy) = sin λx + cos λ𝑦

𝑦 𝑥
λ0 (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑦)

λ0 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
∴ ℎ𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝑜𝑓𝑑𝑒𝑔 0
Find the G.S. of the ff. homogeneous D.E:

Example 1: (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution: HOMO, 2nd DEGREE, K = 2

Let y = vx, dy = vdx + xdv because choose with lesser variable
(𝑥 2 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑣 2 𝑥 2 (vdx + xdv) = 0

(𝑥 2 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 3 dv = 0
(𝑥 2 (1 + 2𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 3 dv = 0
1
[(1 + 2𝑣 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑥 3 dv = 0] , 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑥(1 + 2𝑣 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑑𝑣
∫ + ∫ = ∫0
𝑥 1 + 2𝑣 2
1
ln 𝑥 + ln(1 + 2𝑣 2 ) = 𝐶
4
4ln 𝑥 + ln(1 + 2𝑣 2 ) = 𝐶

ln⌈𝑥 4 (1 + 2𝑣 2 )⌉ = 𝐶

𝑒 𝑐 = 𝑥 4 (1 + 2𝑣 2 ) , 𝑒 𝑐 = 𝐶
2𝑦 2
𝑥 4 (1 + )=𝐶
𝑥2

𝑥 2 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 ) = 𝐶
(𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 ) = 𝐶 , 𝐺. 𝑆.

Example 2: Solve the eqn: (𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution: HOMOGENOUS, 2nd DEGREE, K = 2 IN X AND Y
Let y = vx; dy = vdx + xdv
1
[(𝑥2 − 𝑥2 𝑣 + 𝑥2 𝑣2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑣(𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣) = 0]
𝑥2
(1 − 𝑣 + 𝑣2 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 0
(1 − 𝑣)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 0 , 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑑𝑣 1
𝑥
+ 1−𝑣 = 0 [(1−𝑣)𝑥]
 𝑑𝑥 𝑣𝑑𝑣
+ =0
𝑥 𝑣−1
𝑑𝑥 1
+ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑥 𝑣−1
ln|𝑥| + 𝑣 + ln|𝑣 − 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝐶|
ln|𝑥| + ln 𝑒 𝑣 + ln|𝑣 − 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝐶|
ln|𝑥 𝑒 𝑣 (𝑣 − 1)| = 𝑙𝑛|𝐶|
𝑦 𝑦
𝑥( − 1)𝑒 𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑥
𝑦
(𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑒 𝑥 = 𝐶

𝑦 𝑦
Example 3: [( 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution: HOMOGENOUS, 1ST DEGREE, K = 1

Let y = vx, dy = vdx + xdv
𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥
[( 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑥 ) (vdx + xdv) = 0

[( 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑣) + 𝑥𝑣 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑣)]𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑣)dv = 0

1
[𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑣)dv = 0]
𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥
+ ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 0

ln 𝑥 + ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝐶

Integration by Part or IBP: ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑣 𝑑𝑣

𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑢 = 1+𝑣 2 𝑣=𝑣

𝑣
ln 𝑥 + 𝑣𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑣 − ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝐶
1 + 𝑣2
1
ln 𝑥 + 𝑣𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑣 − 𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑣 2 | = 𝐶
2
2ln 𝑥 + 2𝑣𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑣 − 𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑣 2 | = 𝐶
𝑥2 𝑦
𝑙𝑛 | 2
| = 𝐶 − 2𝑣𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑣 , 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑣 =
1+𝑣 𝑥
 𝑥2 2𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑙𝑛 | 2 |=𝐶− 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 , 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑣 =
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
1+ 2
𝑥
𝑥4 2𝑦 −1
𝑦
𝑙𝑛 | 2 | = 𝐶 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑥