Smartphone

Smartphones are a class of mobile phones and of

multi-purpose mobile computing devices. They are
distinguished from feature phones by their stronger
hardware capabilities and extensive mobile operating
systems, which facilitate wider software, internet
(including web browsing[1] over mobile broadband),
and multimedia functionality (including music,
video, cameras, and gaming), alongside core phone
functions such as voice calls and text messaging.
Smartphones typically contain a number of metal–
oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) Two smartphones: a Samsung Galaxy J5 (left) and
chips, include various sensors that can be leveraged an iPhone 6S (right)
by their software (such as a magnetometer, proximity
sensors, barometer, gyroscope, or accelerometer),
and support wireless communications protocols (such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or satellite navigation).

Early smartphones were marketed primarily towards the enterprise market, attempting to bridge the
functionality of standalone personal digital assistant (PDA) devices with support for cellular telephony,
but were limited by their bulky form, short battery life, slow analog cellular networks, and the immaturity
of wireless data services. These issues were eventually resolved with the exponential scaling and
miniaturization of MOS transistors down to sub-micron levels (Moore's law), the improved lithium-ion
battery, faster digital mobile data networks (Edholm's law), and more mature software platforms that
allowed mobile device ecosystems to develop independently of data providers.

In the 2000s, NTT DoCoMo's i-mode platform, BlackBerry, Nokia's Symbian platform, and Windows
Mobile began to gain market traction, with models often featuring QWERTY keyboards or resistive
touchscreen input, and emphasizing access to push email and wireless internet. Since the unveiling of the
iPhone in 2007, the majority of smartphones have featured thin, slate-like form factors, with large,
capacitive screens with support for multi-touch gestures rather than physical keyboards, and offer the
ability for users to download or purchase additional applications from a centralized store, and use cloud
storage and synchronization, virtual assistants, as well as mobile payment services.

Improved hardware and faster wireless communication (due to standards such as LTE) have bolstered the
growth of the smartphone industry. In the third quarter of 2012, one billion smartphones were in use
worldwide.[2] Global smartphone sales surpassed the sales figures for feature phones in early 2013.[3]

Contents
History
Forerunner
PDA/phone hybrids
 Japanese cell phones
Early smartphones
Form factor and operating system shifts
Camera advancements
Display advancements
Other developments in the 2010s
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
Hardware
Central processing unit
Display
Sound
Battery
Cameras
Accessories
Software
Mobile operating systems
Mobile app
Application stores
Sales
By manufacturer
By operating system
Use
Mobile banking and payment
Facsimile
Convergence with other devices
Criticism and issues
Social impacts
While driving
Legal
Medical
Security
Sleep
See also
References
External links
History
The development of the smartphone was enabled by several key technological advances. The exponential
scaling and miniaturization of MOSFETs (MOS transistors) down to sub-micron levels during the 1990s–
2000s (as predicted by Moore's law) made it possible to build portable smart devices such as
smartphones,[4][5][6] as well as enabling the transistion from analog to faster digital wireless mobile
networks (leading to Edholm's law).[7][8][9] Other important enabling factors include the lithium-ion
battery, an indispensable energy source enabling long battery life,[10] invented in the 1980s[11] and
commercialized in 1991,[12] and the development of more mature software platforms that allowed mobile
device ecosystems to develop independently of data providers.

Forerunner
In the early 1990s, IBM engineer Frank Canova realised that chip-and-
wireless technology was becoming small enough to use in handheld
devices.[14] The first commercially available device that could be
properly referred to as a "smartphone" began as a prototype called
"Angler" developed by Canova in 1992 while at IBM and demonstrated
in November of that year at the COMDEX computer industry trade
show.[15][16][17] A refined version was marketed to consumers in 1994 by
BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator. In addition to
placing and receiving cellular calls, the touchscreen-equipped Simon
could send and receive faxes and emails. It included an address book,
calendar, appointment scheduler, calculator, world time clock, and
notepad, as well as other visionary mobile applications such as maps,
stock reports and news.[18]

The IBM Simon was manufactured by Mitsubishi Electric, which

integrated features from its own wireless personal digital assistant (PDA)
IBM Simon and charging
and cellular radio technologies.[19] It featured a liquid-crystal display
base (1994)[13]
(LCD) and PC Card support.[20] The Simon was commercially
unsuccessful, particularly due to its bulky form factor and limited battery
life,[21] using NiCad batteries rather than the nickel–metal hydride batteries commonly used in mobile
phones in the 1990s, or lithium-ion batteries used in modern smartphones.[22]

The term "smart phone" or "smartphone" was not coined until a year after the introduction of the Simon,
appearing in print as early as 1995, describing AT&T's PhoneWriter Communicator.[23]

PDA/phone hybrids
Beginning in the mid-late 1990s, many people who had mobile phones carried a separate dedicated PDA
device, running early versions of operating systems such as Palm OS, Newton OS, Symbian or Windows
CE/Pocket PC. These operating systems would later evolve into early mobile operating systems. Most of
the "smartphones" in this era were hybrid devices that combined these existing familiar PDA OSes with
basic phone hardware. The results were devices that were bulkier than either dedicated mobile phones or
PDAs, but allowed a limited amount of cellular Internet access. PDA and mobile phone manufacturers
competed in reducing the size of devices. The bulk of these smartphones combined with their high cost
and expensive data plans, plus other drawbacks such as expansion limitations and decreased battery life
compared to separate standalone devices, generally limited their popularity to "early adopters" and
business users who needed portable connectivity.

In March 1996, Hewlett-Packard released the OmniGo 700LX, a modified HP 200LX palmtop PC with a
Nokia 2110 mobile phone piggybacked onto it and ROM-based software to support it. It had a 640×200
resolution CGA compatible four-shade gray-scale LCD screen and could be used to place and receive
calls, and to create and receive text messages, emails and faxes. It was also 100% DOS 5.0 compatible,
allowing it to run thousands of existing software titles, including early versions of Windows.

In August 1996, Nokia released the Nokia 9000 Communicator, a

digital cellular PDA based on the Nokia 2110 with an integrated
system based on the PEN/GEOS 3.0 operating system from
Geoworks. The two components were attached by a hinge in what
became known as a clamshell design, with the display above and
a physical QWERTY keyboard below. The PDA provided e-mail;
calendar, address book, calculator and notebook applications;
text-based Web browsing; and could send and receive faxes. The Nokia 9000 Communicator
(right) and the updated 9110 model
When closed, the device could be used as a digital cellular
(left)
telephone.

In June 1999 Qualcomm released the "pdQ Smartphone", a

CDMA digital PCS smartphone with an integrated Palm PDA and Internet connectivity.[24]

Subsequent landmark devices included:

The Ericsson R380 (December 2000)[25] by Ericsson Mobile Communications,[26] the first
phone running the operating system later named Symbian (it ran EPOC Release 5, which
was renamed Symbian OS at Release 6). It had PDA functionality and limited Web
browsing on a resistive touchscreen utilizing a stylus.[27] While it was marketed as a
"smartphone",[28] users could not install their own software on the device.
The Kyocera 6035 (February 2001),[29] a dual-nature device with a separate Palm OS PDA
operating system and CDMA mobile phone firmware. It supported limited Web browsing
with the PDA software treating the phone hardware as an attached modem.[30][31]
The Nokia 9210 Communicator (June 2001),[32] the first phone running Symbian (Release
6) with Nokia's Series 80 platform (v1.0). This was the first Symbian phone platform
allowing the installation of additional applications. Like the Nokia 9000 Communicator it's a
large clamshell device with a full physical QWERTY keyboard inside.
Handspring's Treo 180 (2002), the first smartphone that fully integrated the Palm OS on a
GSM mobile phone having telephony, SMS messaging and Internet access built into the
OS. The 180 model had a thumb-type keyboard and the 180g version had a Graffiti
handwriting recognition area, instead.[33]

Japanese cell phones

In 1999, Japanese wireless provider NTT DoCoMo launched i-mode, a new mobile internet platform
which provided data transmission speeds up to 9.6 kilobits per second, and access web services available
through the platform such as online shopping. NTT DoCoMo's i-mode used cHTML, a language which
restricted some aspects of traditional HTML in favor of increasing data speed for the devices. Limited
functionality, small screens and limited bandwidth allowed for phones to use the slower data speeds
available. The rise of i-mode helped NTT DoCoMo accumulate an estimated 40 million subscribers by
the end of 2001, and ranked first in market capitalization in Japan and second globally.[34] Japanese cell
phones increasingly diverged from global standards and trends to offer other forms of advanced services
and smartphone-like functionality that were specifically tailored to the Japanese market, such as mobile
payments and shopping, near-field communication (NFC) allowing mobile wallet functionality to replace
smart cards for transit fares, loyalty cards, identity cards, event tickets, coupons, money transfer, etc.,
downloadable content like musical ringtones, games, and comics, and 1seg mobile television.[35][36]
Phones built by Japanese manufacturers used custom firmware, however, and didn't yet feature
standardized mobile operating systems designed to cater to third-party application development, so their
software and ecosystems were akin to very advanced feature phones. As with other feature phones,
additional software and services required partnerships and deals with providers.

The degree of integration between phones and carriers, unique phone features, non-standardized
platforms, and tailoring to Japanese culture made it difficult for Japanese manufacturers to export their
phones, especially when demand was so high in Japan that the companies didn't feel the need to look
elsewhere for additional profits.[37][38][39]

The rise of 3G technology in other markets and non-Japanese phones with powerful standardized
smartphone operating systems, app stores, and advanced wireless network capabilities allowed non-
Japanese phone manufacturers to finally break in to the Japanese market, gradually adopting Japanese
phone features like emojis, mobile payments, NFC, etc. and spreading them to the rest of the world.

Early smartphones
Phones that made effective use of any significant data
connectivity were still rare outside Japan until the introduction of
the Danger Hiptop in 2002, which saw moderate success among
U.S. consumers as the T-Mobile Sidekick. Later, in the mid-
2000s, business users in the U.S. started to adopt devices based
on Microsoft's Windows Mobile, and then BlackBerry
smartphones from Research In Motion. American users
popularized the term "CrackBerry" in 2006 due to the
BlackBerry's addictive nature.[40] In the U.S., the high cost of Several BlackBerry smartphones,
data plans and relative rarity of devices with Wi-Fi capabilities which were highly popular in the mid-
that could avoid cellular data network usage kept adoption of late 2000s
smartphones mainly to business professionals and "early
adopters."

Outside the U.S. and Japan, Nokia was seeing success with its smartphones based on Symbian, originally
developed by Psion for their personal organisers, and it was the most popular smartphone OS in Europe
during the middle to late 2000s. Initially, Nokia's Symbian smartphones were focused on business with
the Eseries,[41] similar to Windows Mobile and BlackBerry devices at the time. From 2006 onwards,
Nokia started producing consumer-focused smartphones, popularized by the entertainment-focused
Nseries. Until 2010, Symbian was the world's most widely used smartphone operating system.[42]

Form factor and operating system shifts

The touchscreen PDA-derived nature of adapted operating systems like
Palm OS, the "Pocket PC" versions of what was later Windows Mobile,
and the UIQ interface that was originally designed for pen-based PDAs
on Symbian OS devices resulted in some early smartphones having
stylus-based interfaces. These allowed for virtual keyboards and/or
handwriting input, thus also allowing easy entry of Asian characters.[44]

By the mid-2000s, the majority of smartphones had a physical QWERTY

keyboard. Most used a "keyboard bar" form factor, like the BlackBerry
line, Windows Mobile smartphones, Palm Treos, and some of the Nokia
Eseries. A few hid their full physical QWERTY keyboard in a sliding
form factor, like the Danger Hiptop line. Some even had only a numeric
keypad using T9 text input, like the Nokia Nseries and other models in
the Nokia Eseries. Resistive touchscreens with stylus-based interfaces
could still be found on a few smartphones, like the Palm Treos, which
had dropped their handwriting input after a few early models that were
available in versions with Graffiti instead of a keyboard. The original Apple iPhone;
following its introduction the
The late 2000s and early 2010s saw a shift in smartphone interfaces away common smartphone form
from devices with physical keyboards and keypads to ones with large factor shifted to large
finger-operated capacitive touchscreens.[43] touchscreen software
interfaces without physical
The first phone of any kind with a large capacitive touchscreen was the keypads[43]
LG Prada, announced by LG in December 2006.[45] This was a
fashionable feature phone created in collaboration with Italian luxury
designer Prada with a 3" 240x400 pixel screen.[46]

In January 2007, Apple Computer introduced the iPhone.[47][48][49] It had a 3.5" capacitive touchscreen
with twice the common resolution of most smartphone screens at the time,[50] and introduced multi-touch
to phones, which allowed gestures such as "pinching" to zoom in or out on photos, maps, and web pages.
The iPhone was notable as being the first device of its kind targeted at the mass market to abandon the
use of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical of contemporary smartphones, instead using a large
touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of interaction.[44]

The iPhone's operating system was also a shift away from previous ones that were adapted from PDAs
and feature phones, to one powerful enough to avoid using a limited, stripped down web browser
requiring pages specially formatted using technologies such as WML, cHTML, or XHTML that previous
phones supported and instead run a version of Apple's Safari browser that could easily render full
websites[51][52][53] not specifically designed for phones.[54]

Later Apple shipped a software update that gave the iPhone a built-in on-device App Store allowing
direct wireless downloads of third-party software.[55][56] This kind of centralized App Store and free
developer tools[57][58] quickly became the new main paradigm for all smartphone platforms for software
development, distribution, discovery, installation, and payment, in place of expensive developer tools that
required official approval to use and a dependence on third-party sources providing applications for
multiple platforms.[43]
The advantages of a design with software powerful enough to support advanced applications and a large
capacitive touchscreen affected the development of another smartphone OS platform, Android, with a
more BlackBerry-like prototype device scrapped in favor of a touchscreen device with a slide-out
physical keyboard, as Google's engineers thought at the time that a touchscreen could not completely
replace a physical keyboard and buttons.[59][60][61] Android is based around a modified Linux kernel,
again providing more power than mobile operating systems adapted from PDAs and feature phones. The
first Android device, the HTC Dream, was released in September 2008,[62] with both a 3.2" capacitive
touchscreen and a hardware keyboard that was revealed when the user slid the screen open. By 2010 the
majority of Android phones were touchscreen-only.

The iPhone and later touchscreen-only Android devices together popularized the smartphone form factor
based on a large capacitive touchscreen as the sole means of interaction, and led to the decline of earlier,
keyboard- and keypad-focused platforms.[43] Other smartphone manufacturers soon started projects to
replace their existing operating systems with new ones that could support touch interfaces on larger
screens and web browsers that could render full web pages. Microsoft, for instance, discontinued
Windows Mobile and started a new touchscreen-oriented OS from scratch, called Windows Phone. Nokia
abandoned Symbian and partnered with Microsoft to use Windows Phone on its smartphones. Palm
replaced their Palm OS with webOS. BlackBerry Limited, formerly known as Research In Motion and
known for phones with a full qwerty keyboard below the screen, made a new platform for touchscreen
phones based on QNX, BlackBerry 10.

By the mid-2010s, almost all smartphones were touchscreen-only and had discarded legacy mobile
operating systems for more recently developed ones that were more capable.

Camera advancements
The first commercial camera phone was the Kyocera Visual
Phone VP-210, released in Japan in May 1999.[63] It was called a
"mobile videophone" at the time,[64] and had a 110,000-pixel
front-facing camera.[63] It could send up to two images per
second over Japan's Personal Handy-phone System (PHS)
cellular network, and store up to 20 JPEG digital images, which
could be sent over e-mail.[63] The first mass-market camera
phone was the J-SH04, a Sharp J-Phone model sold in Japan in
November 2000.[65][66] It could instantly transmit pictures via The Samsung Galaxy Note 10
cell phone telecommunication.[67] features three rear-facing camera
lenses and a ToF camera (only 10+
By the mid-2000s, higher-end cell phones commonly had version).
integrated digital cameras. In 2003 camera phones outsold stand-
alone digital cameras, and in 2006 they outsold film and digital
stand-alone cameras. Five billion camera phones were sold in five years, and by 2007 more than half of
the installed base of all mobile phones were camera phones. Sales of separate cameras peaked in
2008.[68]

Many early smartphones didn't have cameras at all, and earlier models that had them had low
performance and insufficient image and video quality that could not compete with budget pocket cameras
and fullfill user's needs.[69] By the beginning of the 2010s almost all smartphones had an integrated
digital camera. The decline in sales of stand-alone cameras accelerated due to the increasing use of
smartphones with rapidly improving camera technology for casual photography, easier image
manipulation, and abilities to directly share photos through the use of apps and web-based
services.[70][71][72][73] By 2011, cell phones with integrated cameras were selling hundreds of millions
per year. In 2015, digital camera sales were 35.395 million units or only less than a third of digital
camera sales numbers at their peak and also slightly less than film camera sold number at their
peak.[74][75]

Contributing to the rise in popularity of smartphones being used over dedicated cameras for photography,
smaller pocket cameras have difficulty producing bokeh in images, but nowadays, some smartphones
have dual-lens cameras that reproduce the bokeh effect easily, and can even rearrange the level of bokeh
after shooting. This works by capturing multiple images with different focus settings, then combining the
background of the main image with a macro focus shot.

In 2007 the Nokia N95 was notable as a smartphone that had a 5.0 Megapixel (MP) camera, when most
others had cameras with around 3 MP or less than 2 MP. Some specialized feature phones like the LG
Viewty, Samsung SGH-G800, and Sony Ericsson K850i, all released later that year, also had 5.0 MP
cameras. By 2010 5.0 MP cameras were common; a few smartphones had 8.0 MP cameras and the Nokia
N8, Sony Ericsson Satio,[76] and Samsung M8910 Pixon12[77] feature phone had 12 MP. In 2009 the
Samsung Omnia HD was the first phone with 720p video recording. A 14-megapixel smartphone with 3x
optical zoom was announced in late 2010.[78] In 2012 Nokia announced the Nokia 808 PureView,
featuring a 41-megapixel 1/1.2-inch sensor and a high-resolution f/2.4 Zeiss all-aspherical one-group
lens. 1080p video recording on a smartphone was achieved in 2011, and 2160p (4K) video recording in
2013. In 2016 Apple introduced the iPhone 7 Plus, one of the phones to popularize a dual camera setup.
The iPhone 7 Plus included a main 12 MP camera along with a 12 MP telephoto camera which allowed
for 2x optical zoom and Portrait Mode (simulated Bokeh).[79] In early 2018 Huawei released a new
flagship phone, the Huawei P20 Pro, with one of the first triple camera lens setups.[80] In late 2018,
Samsung released a new mid-range smartphone, the Galaxy A9 (2018) with the world's first quad camera
setup. The Nokia 9 PureView was released in 2019 featuring a penta-lens camera system.[81] In 2019,
Oppo demonstrated an under-display selfie camera, made possible by the use of an OLED display that
had a cutout underneath it, allowing the display to be transparent where the camera is located. This
technique is already used for placing proximity and optical fingerprint sensors under the display. The
smartphone on which it was demonstrated had no physical buttons, (using capacitive buttons instead), no
SIM slot (using eSIM as a replacement), no microSD card slot, no headphone jack, no USB-C, and no
speaker or earpiece grilles, relying exclusively on internal storage, wireless charging, 5G, WiFi, and
Bluetooth. [82][83][84][85][86]

Display advancements
In the early 2010s, larger smartphones with screen sizes of at least 5.5 inches diagonal, dubbed
"phablets", began to achieve popularity, with the 2011 Samsung Galaxy Note series gaining notably wide
adoption.[87][88] In 2013, Huawei launched the Huawei Mate series, sporting a 6.1-inch HD (1280x720)
IPS+ LCD display, which was considered to be quite large at the time.[89]

Some companies began to release smartphones in 2013 incorporating flexible displays to create curved
form factors, such as the Samsung Galaxy Round and LG G Flex.[90][91][92]
By 2014, 1440p displays began to appear on high-end smartphones.[93]
In 2015, Sony released the Xperia Z5 Premium, featuring a 4K resolution
display, although only images and videos could actually be rendered at
that resolution (all other software was shown at 1080p).[94]

New trends for smartphone displays began to emerge in 2017, with both
LG and Samsung releasing flagship smartphones (LG G6 and Galaxy
S8), utilizing displays with taller aspect ratios than the common 16:9
ratio, and a high screen-to-body ratio, also known as "bezel-less design".
These designs allow the display to have a larger diagonal measurement,
but with a slimmer width than 16:9 displays with an equivalent screen
size.[95][96][97]

Another trend popularized in 2017 was having a display that contained a

tab-like cut-out at the top-centre—colloquially known as a "notch"—to
contain the front-facing camera, and sometimes other sensors typically
located along the top bezel of a device. This was introduced for the first
time in 2016, by the LG V10. [98][99] These designs allow for "edge-to- The iPhone X
edge" displays that take up nearly the entire height of the device, with
little to no bezel along the top, and sometimes a minimal bottom bezel as
well. This design characteristic appeared almost simultaneously on the Sharp Aquos S2 and the Essential
Phone,[100] which featured circular tabs for their cameras, followed just a month later by the iPhone X,
which used a wider tab to contain a camera and facial scanning system.[101]

Smartphones with foldable displays were theorized as possible

once manufacturing costs and production processes were
feasible.[102] In November 2018, the startup company Royole
unveiled the first commercially available foldable smartphone,
the Royole FlexPai. Also that month, Samsung presented a
prototype phone featuring an "Infinity Flex Display" at its
developers conference, with a smaller, outer display on its
"cover", and a larger, tablet-sized display when opened. Samsung
stated that it also had to develop a new polymer material to coat
the display as opposed to glass.[103][104][105] Early examples of
foldable phones from other manufacturers became the subject of An example of a flexible display
rumors in early 2019;[106][107] Samsung officially announced the
Galaxy Fold, based on the previously-demonstrated prototype, in
February 2019 for an originally-scheduled release in late-April.[108]

In 2019, 4.7-inches to 5.5 inches became the industry standard size, with most companies abandoning
smaller, under 4.7-inch displays.[109]

Other developments in the 2010s

2011
The first smartphone with a fingerprint reader was the Motorola Atrix 4G in 2011.[110] In September
2013, the iPhone 5S was unveiled as the first smartphone on a major U.S. carrier since the Atrix to
feature this technology.[111] Once again, the iPhone popularized this concept.

2012
In 2012, Samsung introduced the Galaxy S3 (GT-i9300) with retrofittable wireless charging, pop-up
video playback, 4G-LTE variant (GT-i9305) quad-core processor.

2013
In 2013, Fairphone launched its first "socially ethical" smartphone at the London Design Festival to
address concerns regarding the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing[112] followed by Shiftphone in
2015.[113] In late 2013, QSAlpha commenced production of a smartphone designed entirely around
security, encryption and identity protection.[114]

In October 2013, Motorola Mobility announced Project Ara, a concept for a modular smartphone
platform that would allow users to customize and upgrade their phones with add-on modules that
attached magnetically to a frame.[115][116] Ara was retained by Google following its sale of Motorola
Mobility to Lenovo,[117] but was shelved in 2016.[118] That year, LG and Motorola both unveiled
smartphones featuring a limited form of modularity for accessories; the LG G5 allowed accessories to be
installed via the removal of its battery compartment,[119] while the Moto Z utilizes accessories attached
magnetically to the rear of the device.[120]

2014
Microsoft, expanding upon the concept of Motorola's short-lived "Webtop", unveiled functionality for its
Windows 10 operating system for phones that allows supported devices to be docked for use with a PC-
styled desktop environment.[121][122]

2015
Samsung and LG used to be the “last standing” manufacturers to offer flagship devices with user-
replaceable batteries. But in 2015, Samsung succumbed to the minimalism trend set by Apple,
introducing the Galaxy S6 without a user-replaceable battery. In addition, Samsung was criticised for
pruning long-standing features such as MHL, MicroUSB 3.0, water resistance and MicroSD card
support, of which the latter two came back in 2016 with the Galaxy S7 and S7 Edge.

As of 2015, the global median for smartphone ownership was 43%.[123] Statista forecast that 2.87 billion
people would own smartphones in 2020.[124]

2016
Major technologies that began to trend in 2016 included a focus on virtual reality and augmented reality
experiences catered towards smartphones, the newly introduced USB-C connector, and improving LTE
technologies.[125]

2018
In 2018, the first smartphones featuring fingerprint readers embedded within OLED displays were
announced, followed in 2019 by an implementation using an ultrasonic sensor on the Samsung Galaxy
S10.[126][127]

2019
In 2019, the majority of smartphones released have more than one camera, are waterproof with IP67 and
IP68 ratings, and unlock using facial recognition or fingerprint scanners.[128]

Hardware
A typical smartphone contains a number of metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC)
chips,[129] which in turn contain billions of tiny MOS field-effect transistors (MOSFETs).[5] A typical
smartphone contains the following MOS IC chips.[129]

Application processor (CMOS system-on-a-chip)

Flash memory (floating-gate MOS memory)
Cellular modem (baseband RF CMOS)
RF transceiver (RF CMOS)
Phone camera image sensor (CMOS image sensor)
Power management integrated circuit (power MOSFETs)
Display driver (LCD or LED driver)
Wireless communication chips (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS receiver)
Sound chip (audio codec and power amplifier)
Gyroscope
Capacitive touchscreen controller (ASIC and DSP)[129][130][131]
RF power amplifier (LDMOS)[7][8][132]
A hardware notification LED on some phones

Central processing unit

Smartphones have central processing units (CPUs), similar to those in computers, but optimised to
operate in low power environments. In smartphones, the CPU is typically integrated in a CMOS
(complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) system-on-a-chip (SoC) application processor.[129]

The performance of mobile CPU depends not only on the clock rate (generally given in multiples of
hertz)[133] but also on the memory hierarchy. Because of these challenges, the performance of mobile
phone CPUs is often more appropriately given by scores derived from various standardized tests to
measure the real effective performance in commonly used applications.

Display
One of the main characteristics of smartphones is the screen. Depending on the device's design, the
screen fills most or nearly all of the space on a device's front surface. Many smartphone displays have an
aspect ratio of 16:9, but taller aspect ratios became more common in 2017.
Screen sizes are measured in diagonal inches. Phones with
screens larger than 5.2 inches are often called "phablets".
Smartphones with screens over 4.5 inches in size are commonly
difficult to use with only a single hand, since most thumbs cannot
reach the entire screen surface; they may need to be shifted
around in the hand, held in one hand and manipulated by the
other, or used in place with both hands. Due to design advances,
some modern smartphones with large screen sizes and "edge-to-
A smartphone touchscreen
edge" designs have compact builds that improve their
ergonomics, while the shift to taller aspect ratios have resulted in
phones that have larger screen sizes whilst maintaining the ergonomics associated with smaller 16:9
displays.[134][135][136]

Liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays are the most common.
Some displays are integrated with pressure-sensitive digitizers, such as those developed by Wacom and
Samsung,[137] and Apple's Force Touch system.

Sound
Some audio quality enhancing features, such as Voice over LTE and HD Voice have appeared and are
often available on newer smartphones. Sound quality can remain a problem due to the design of the
phone, the quality of the cellular network and compression algorithms used in long distance
calls.[138][139] Audio quality can be improved using a VoIP application over WiFi.[140] Cellphones have
small speakers so that the user can use a speakerphone feature and talk to a person on the phone without
holding it to their ear. The small speakers can also be used to listen to digital audio files of music or
speech or watch videos with an audio component, without holding the phone close to the ear.

Battery
A smartphone typically uses a lithium-ion battery.[10][11][12] By
the end of 2017, smartphone battery life has become generally
adequate;[141] however, earlier smartphone battery life was poor
due to the weak batteries that could not handle the significant
power requirements of the smartphones' computer systems and
color screens.[142][143][144]

Smartphone users purchase additional chargers for use outside

the home, at work, and in cars and by buying portable external A high-capacity portable battery
"battery packs". External battery packs include generic models charger.
which are connected to the smartphone with a cable, and custom-
made models that "piggyback" onto a smartphone's case. In 2016,
Samsung had to recall millions of the Galaxy Note 7 smartphones due to an explosive battery issue.[145]
For consumer convenience, wireless charging stations have been introduced in some hotels, bars, and
other public spaces.[146]

Cameras
Cameras have become standard features of smartphones. As of 2019 phone cameras are now a highly
competitive area of differentiation between models, with advertising campaigns commonly based on a
focus on the quality or capabilities of a device's main cameras.

Typically smartphones have at least one main rear-facing camera and a lower-resolution front-facing
camera for "selfies" and video chat. Owing to the limited depth available in smartphones for image
sensors and optics, rear-facing cameras are often housed in a "bump" that's thicker than the rest of the
phone. Since increasingly thin mobile phones have more abundant horizontal space than the depth that is
necessary and used in dedicated cameras for better lenses, there's additionally a trend for phone
manufacturers to include multiple cameras, with each optimized for a different purpose (telephoto, wide
angle, etc.).

Images are usually saved in the JPEG file format; some high-end phones also have RAW image
capability.

Modern advanced smartphones have cameras with optical image stabilisation (OIS), larger sensors,
bright lenses, and even optical zoom plus RAW images. HDR, "Bokeh mode" with multi lenses and
multi-shot night modes are now also familiar.[147] Many new smartphone camera features are being
enabled via computational photography image processing and multiple specialized lenses rather than
larger sensors and lenses, due to the constrained space available inside phones that are being made as
slim as possible.

Accessories
A wide range of accessories are sold for smartphones, including cases, screen protectors, power charging
cables, wireless power stations, USB On-The-Go adapters (for connecting USB drives and or, in some
cases, a HDMI cable to an external monitor), add-on batteries, headphones, combined headphone-
microphones (which, for example, allow a person to privately conduct calls on the device without
holding it to the ear), and Bluetooth-enabled powered speakers that enable users to listen to media from
their smartphones wirelessly.

Cases range from relatively inexpensive rubber or soft plastic cases which provide moderate protection
from bumps and good protection from scratches to more expensive, heavy-duty cases that combine a
rubber padding with a hard outer shell. Some cases have a "book"-like form, with a cover that the user
opens to use the device; when the cover is closed, it protects the screen. Some "book"-like cases have
additional pockets for credit cards, thus enabling people to use them as wallets.

Accessories include products sold by the manufacturer of the smartphone and compatible products made
by other manufacturers.

Software

Mobile operating systems

A mobile operating system (or mobile OS) is an operating system for phones, tablets, smartwatches, or
other mobile devices.
Mobile operating systems combine features of a personal computer operating system with other features
useful for mobile or handheld use; usually including, and most of the following considered essential in
modern mobile systems; a touchscreen, cellular, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi Protected Access, Wi-Fi, Global
Positioning System (GPS) mobile navigation, video- and single-frame picture cameras, speech
recognition, voice recorder, music player, near field communication, and infrared blaster. By Q1 2018,
over 383 million smartphones were sold with 85.9 percent running Android, 14.1 percent running iOS
and a negligible number of smartphones running other OSes.[148] Android alone is more popular than the
popular desktop operating system Windows, and in general smartphone use (even without tablets)
exceeds desktop use.

Mobile devices with mobile communications abilities (e.g., smartphones) contain two mobile operating
systems – the main user-facing software platform is supplemented by a second low-level proprietary real-
time operating system which operates the radio and other hardware. Research has shown that these low-
level systems may contain a range of security vulnerabilities permitting malicious base stations to gain
high levels of control over the mobile device.[149]

Mobile app
A mobile app is a computer program designed to run on a mobile device, such as a smartphone. The term
"app" is a short-form of the term "software application".[150]

Application stores
The introduction of Apple's App Store for the iPhone and iPod Touch in July 2008 popularized
manufacturer-hosted online distribution for third-party applications (software and computer programs)
focused on a single platform. There are a huge variety of apps, including video games, music products
and business tools. Up until that point, smartphone application distribution depended on third-party
sources providing applications for multiple platforms, such as GetJar, Handango, Handmark, and
PocketGear. Following the success of the App Store, other smartphone manufacturers launched
application stores, such as Google's Android Market (later renamed to the Google Play Store) and RIM's
BlackBerry App World and Android-related app stores like F-Droid. In February 2014, 93% of mobile
developers were targeting smartphones first for mobile app development.[151]

Sales
Since 1996, smartphone shipments have had positive growth. In November 2011, 27% of all photographs
created were taken with camera-equipped smartphones.[152] In September 2012, a study concluded that 4
out of 5 smartphone owners use the device to shop online.[153] Global smartphone sales surpassed the
sales figures for feature phones in early 2013.[3] Worldwide shipments of smartphones topped 1 billion
units in 2013, up 38% from 2012's 725 million, while comprising a 55% share of the mobile phone
market in 2013, up from 42% in 2012. In 2013, smartphone sales began to decline for the first
time.[154][155] In Q1 2016 for the first time the shipments dropped by 3 percent year on year. The
situation was caused by the maturing China market.[156] A report by NPD shows that fewer than 10% of
US citizens have bought $1,000+ smartphones, as they are too expensive for most people, without
introducing particularly innovative features, and amid Huawei, Oppo and Xiaomi introducing products
with similar feature sets for lower prices.[157][158][159] In 2019, smartphone sales declined by 3.2%, the
largest in smartphone history, while China and India were credited with driving most smartphone sales
worldwide.[160] It is predicted that widespread adoption of 5G will help drive new smartphone
sales.[161][162]

By manufacturer
Worldwide smartphones producers market share
Apple
Source Date Samsung Huawei Xiaomi Oppo Others Reference
Inc.
Q2 [163]
Gartner 19.3% 13.3% 11.9% 8.8% 7.6% 39.0%
2018
Q2 [164]
IDC 21.0% 15.9% 12.1% 9.5% 8.6% 32.9%
2018
Counterpoint Q3 [165]
21% 18% 12% 8% 9% 21%
Research 2019

In 2011, Samsung had the highest shipment market share worldwide, followed by Apple. In 2013,
Samsung had 31.3% market share, a slight increase from 30.3% in 2012, while Apple was at 15.3%, a
decrease from 18.7% in 2012. Huawei, LG and Lenovo were at about 5% each, significantly better than
2012 figures, while others had about 40%, the same as the previous years figure. Only Apple lost market
share, although their shipment volume still increased by 12.9%; the rest had significant increases in
shipment volumes of 36–92%.[166] In Q1 2014, Samsung had a 31% share and Apple had 16%.[167] In
Q4 2014, Apple had a 20.4% share and Samsung had 19.9%.[168] In Q2 2016, Samsung had a 22.3%
share and Apple had 12.9%.[163] In Q1 2017, IDC reported that Samsung was first placed, with 80
million units, followed by Apple with 50.8 million, Huawei with 34.6 million, Oppo with 25.5 million
and Vivo with 22.7 million.[169]

Samsung's mobile business is half the size of Apple's, by revenue. Apple business increased very rapidly
in the years 2013 to 2017.[170] Realme, a brand owned by Oppo, is the fastest-growing phone brand
worldwide since Q2 2019. In China, Huawei and Honor, a brand owned by Huawei, have 46% of market
share combined and posted 66% annual growth as of 2019, amid growing Chinese nationalism.[171][172]
In 2019, Samsung had a 74% market share in 5G smartphones while 5G smartphones had 1% of market
share in China.[173][174]

Research has shown that iPhones are commonly associated with wealth, and that the average iPhone user
has 40% more annual income than the average Android user.[175][176] Women are more likely than men
to own an iPhone.[177] TrendForce predicts that foldable phones will start to become popular in
2021.[178]

By operating system

Use

Mobile banking and payment

In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide mobile
banking services, which may include the ability to transfer cash
payments by secure SMS text message. Kenya's M-PESA mobile
banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile
phone operator Safaricom to hold cash balances which are
recorded on their SIM cards. Cash can be deposited or withdrawn
from M-PESA accounts at Safaricom retail outlets located
throughout the country and can be transferred electronically from Mobile payment system.
person to person and used to pay bills to companies.

Branchless banking has been successful in South Africa and the Philippines. A pilot project in Bali was
launched in 2011 by the International Finance Corporation and an Indonesian bank, Bank Mandiri.[179]

Another application of mobile banking technology is Zidisha, a US-based nonprofit micro-lending

platform that allows residents of developing countries to raise small business loans from Web users
worldwide. Zidisha uses mobile banking for loan disbursements and repayments, transferring funds from
lenders in the United States to borrowers in rural Africa who have mobile phones and can use the
Internet.[180]

Mobile payments were first trialled in Finland in 1998 when two Coca-Cola vending machines in Espoo
were enabled to work with SMS payments. Eventually, the idea spread and in 1999, the Philippines
launched the country's first commercial mobile payments systems with mobile operators Globe and
Smart.

Some mobile phones can make mobile payments via direct mobile billing schemes, or through
contactless payments if the phone and the point of sale support near field communication (NFC).[181]
Enabling contactless payments through NFC-equipped mobile phones requires the co-operation of
manufacturers, network operators, and retail merchants.[182][183]

Facsimile
Some apps allows for sending and receiving facsimile (Fax), over a smartphone, including facsimile data
(composed of raster bi-level graphics) generated directly and digitally from document and image file
formats.

Convergence with other devices

The rise in popularity of touchscreen smartphones and mobile apps distributed via app stores along with
rapidly advancing network, mobile processor, and storage technologies led to a convergence where
separate mobile phones, organizers, and portable media players were replaced by a smartphone as the
single device most people carried.[184][185][186][187][188][189] Advances in digital camera sensors and on-
device image processing software more gradually led to smartphones replacing simpler cameras for
photographs and video recording.[70] The built-in GPS capabilities and mapping apps on smartphones
largely replaced stand-alone satellite navigation devices, and paper maps became less common.[68]
Mobile gaming on smartphones greatly grew in popularity,[190] allowing many people to use them in
place of handheld game consoles, and some companies tried creating game console/phone hybrids based
on phone hardware and software.[191][192] People frequently have chosen not to get fixed-line telephone
service in favor of smartphones.[193][194] Music streaming apps and services have grown rapidly in
popularity, serving the same use as listening to music stations on a terrestrial or satellite radio. Streaming
video services are easily accessed via smartphone apps and can be used in place of watching television.
People have often stopped wearing wristwatches in favor of checking the time on their smartphones, and
many use the clock features on their phones in place of alarm clocks.[195]

Additionally, in many lesser technologically developed regions smartphones are people's first and only
means of Internet access due to their portability,[196] with personal computers being relatively uncommon
outside of business use. The cameras on smartphones can be used to photograph documents and send
them via email or messaging in place of using fax (facsimile) machines. Payment apps and services on
smartphones allow people to make less use of wallets, purses, credit and debit cards, and cash. Mobile
banking apps can allow people to deposit checks simply by photographing them, eliminating the need to
take the physical check to an ATM or teller. Guide book apps can take the place of paper travel and
restaurant/business guides, museum brochures, and dedicated audio guide equipment.

Criticism and issues

Social impacts
In 2012, University of Southern California study found that unprotected adolescent sexual activity was
more common among owners of smartphones.[197] A study conducted by the Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute's (RPI) Lighting Research Center (LRC) concluded that smartphones, or any backlit devices, can
seriously affect sleep cycles.[198] Some persons might become psychologically attached to smartphones
resulting in anxiety when separated from the devices.[199] A "smombie" (a combination of "smartphone"
and "zombie") is a walking person using a smartphone and not paying attention as they walk, possibly
risking an accident in the process, an increasing social phenomenon.[200] The issue of slow-moving
smartphone users led to the temporary creation of a "mobile lane" for walking in Chongqing, China.[201]
The issue of distracted smartphone users led the city of Augsburg, Germany to embed pedestrian traffic
lights in the pavement.[202]

While driving
Mobile phone use while driving—including calling, text
messaging, playing media, web browsing, gaming, using
mapping apps or operating other phone features—is common but
controversial, since it is widely considered dangerous due to what
is known as distracted driving. Being distracted while operating a
motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accidents. In
September 2010, the US National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration (NHTSA) reported that 995 people were killed by
drivers distracted by phones. In March 2011 a US insurance
company, State Farm Insurance, announced the results of a study
A New York City driver holding two
which showed 19% of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a
phones
smartphone while driving.[203] Many jurisdictions prohibit the
use of mobile phones while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan,
Portugal and Singapore, both handheld and hands-free calling on a mobile phone (which uses a
speakerphone) is banned. In other countries including the UK and France and in many US states, only the
use of calling on handheld phones is banned, while hands-free use is permitted.
A 2011 study reported that over 90% of college students surveyed
text (initiate, reply or read) while driving.[204] The scientific
literature on the danger of driving while sending a text message
from a mobile phone, or texting while driving, is limited. A
simulation study at the University of Utah found a sixfold
increase in distraction-related accidents when texting.[205] Due to
the complexity of smartphones that began to grow more after, this
has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement
A user consulting a mapping app on
officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another
a phone
in drivers using their devices. This is more apparent in countries
which ban both handheld and hands-free usage, rather than those
which ban handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of the phone is being used
simply by looking at the driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally for
a call when, in fact, they were using the device legally, for example, when using the phone's incorporated
controls for car stereo, GPS or satnav.

A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of phone use while cycling

and its effects on behavior and safety.[206] In 2013 a national
survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported
using their phones to access the Internet while driving had risen
to nearly one of four.[207] A study conducted by the University of
Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and
problematic use of mobile phones, such as using phones while
driving.[208]

Accidents involving a driver being distracted by being in a call on

a phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to
speeding. In the United Kingdom, from 27 February 2007,
motorists who are caught using a handheld phone while driving
will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to
the fine of £60.[209] This increase was introduced to try to stem
the increase in drivers ignoring the law.[210] Japan prohibits all A sign along Bellaire Boulevard in
Southside Place, Texas (Greater
use of phones while driving, including use of hands-free devices.
Houston) states that using mobile
New Zealand has banned handheld phone use since 1 November
phones while driving is prohibited
2009. Many states in the United States have banned text from 7:30 am to 9:00 am and from
messaging on phones while driving. Illinois became the 17th 2:00 pm to 4:15 pm
American state to enforce this law.[211] As of July 2010, 30 states
had banned texting while driving, with Kentucky becoming the
most recent addition on July 15.[212]

Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the United States. This database
of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile devices
while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992, when first law was passed
through December 1, 2010. The dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous, continuous or
categorical variables including, for example, activities regulated (e.g., texting versus talking, hands-free
versus handheld calls, web browsing, gaming), targeted populations, and exemptions.[213]
Legal
A "patent war" between Samsung and Apple started when the latter claimed that the original Galaxy S
Android phone copied the interface—and possibly the hardware—of Apple's iOS for the iPhone 3GS.
There was also smartphone patents licensing and litigation involving Sony Mobile, Google, Apple Inc.,
Samsung, Microsoft, Nokia, Motorola, HTC, Huawei and ZTE, among others. The conflict is part of the
wider "patent wars" between multinational technology and software corporations. To secure and increase
market share, companies granted a patent can sue to prevent competitors from using the methods the
patent covers. Since the 2010s the number of lawsuits, counter-suits, and trade complaints based on
patents and designs in the market for smartphones, and devices based on smartphone OSes such as
Android and iOS, has increased significantly. Initial suits, countersuits, rulings, license agreements, and
other major events began in 2009 as the smartphone market stated to grow more rapidly by 2012.

Medical
With the rise in number of mobile medical apps in the market place, government regulatory agencies
raised concerns on the safety of the use of such applications. These concerns were transformed into
regulation initiatives worldwide with the aim of safeguarding users from untrusted medical advice.[214]

Security
Smartphone malware is easily distributed through an insecure app store.[215][216] Often, malware is
hidden in pirated versions of legitimate apps, which are then distributed through third-party app
stores.[217][218] Malware risk also comes from what is known as an "update attack", where a legitimate
application is later changed to include a malware component, which users then install when they are
notified that the app has been updated.[219] As well, one out of three robberies in 2012 in the United
States involved the theft of a mobile phone. An online petition has urged smartphone makers to install
kill switches in their devices.[220] In 2014, Apple's "Find my iPhone" and Google's "Android Device
Manager" can locate, disable, and wipe the data from phones that have been lost or stolen. With
BlackBerry Protect in OS version 10.3.2, devices can be rendered unrecoverable to even BlackBerry's
own Operating System recovery tools if incorrectly authenticated or dissociated from their account.[221]

Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from 2013–2016, detail the
capabilities of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to perform electronic surveillance
and cyber warfare, including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones
(including iOS and Android).[222][223]

Guidelines for mobile device security were issued by NIST[224] and many other organizations. For
conducting a private, in-person meeting, at least one site recommends that the user switch the smartphone
off and disconnect the battery.[225]

Sleep
Using smartphones late at night can disturb sleep, due to the blue light and brightly lit screen, which
affects melatonin levels and sleep cycles. In an effort to alleviate these issues, "Night Mode"
functionality to change the color temperature of a screen to a warmer hue based on the time of day to
reduce the amount of blue light generated became available through several apps for Android and the
f.lux software for jailbroken iPhones.[226] iOS 9.3 integrated a similar, system-level feature known as
"Night Shift." Several Android device manufacturers bypassed Google’s initial reluctance to make Night
Mode a standard feature in Android and included software for it on their hardware under varying names,
before Android Oreo added it to the OS for compatible devices.[227]

It has also been theorized that for some users, addiction to use of their phones, especially before they go
to bed, can result in "ego depletion." Many people also use their phones as alarm clocks, which can also
lead to loss of sleep.[228][229][230][231][232]

See also
Comparison of smartphones
E-reader
Lists of mobile computers
List of mobile software distribution platforms
Media Transfer Protocol
Mobile Internet device
Portable media player
Second screen
Smartphone kill switch
Smartphone zombie

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