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http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.14.00124
Transition from one-way to two-way shear Paper 1400124
in slabs under concentrated loads Received 28/04/2014; revised 30/10/2014; accepted 03/02/2015
Lantsoght, Van Der Veen, Walraven and De Boer
ICE Publishing: All rights reserved

Transition from one-way to

two-way shear in slabs under
concentrated loads
Eva O. L. Lantsoght Joost C. Walraven
Assistant Professor, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador; Emeritus Professor, Concrete Structures, Delft University of Technology,
Researcher, Concrete Structures, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Delft, the Netherlands
Netherlands Ane de Boer
Cor van der Veen Senior Advisor, Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, Utrecht,
Associate Professor, Concrete Structures, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands
Delft, the Netherlands

The long-standing problem of shear in structural concrete elements is typically studied as one-way shear in beams, or as
two-way shear in slab–column connections. The problem of one-way shear in slabs, as encountered by bridge engineers
when considering the concentrated live loads on slab bridges, is not described by codes. This paper reviews the literature
regarding one-way slabs and wide beams failing in shear. The mechanisms of shear transfer and the existing models and
code methods for one-way and two-way shear are reviewed. Subsequently, the similarities, differences and the
transition zone between one-way and two-way shear, and the models representing these failure modes, are studied.
This overview of the literature highlights that knowledge of one-way shear is limited to the comparison with small,
heavily reinforced slender beams and of two-way shear to the comparison with slab–column connections. The transition
zone between these two failure modes, which often occurs in structural concrete elements used in practice, is typically
not studied. Possible solutions for the transition zone between the two failure modes are listed.

Notation Ec Young’s modulus of concrete

a shear span, centre-to-centre distance between load Es Young’s modulus of steel
and support f c9 specified concrete compressive strength
ag aggregate size fc,cube concrete cube compressive strength
av clear shear span, face-to-face distance between load fck characteristic cylinder compressive strength
and support fc,m average cylinder compressive strength of the concrete
b member width fctm stress corresponding to maximum tensile strain in
bo punching perimeter at d/2 from load concrete
beff effective shear width fy yield stress of steel
beff,1 effective width resulting from Dutch load spreading fyk characteristic yield stress of steel
method GF fracture energy
beff,2 effective width resulting from French load spreading k size effect factor
method lload length of load
bload width of load lstrip strip length
bstrip width of strip lw loaded length
bw web width Mhog hogging moment
C compression force from concrete compression zone Ms total moment
CRd constant Msag sagging moment
CRd,c constant (characteristic value) Msag,x sagging moment in x-direction
C1 constant Msag,y sagging moment in y-direction
C2 constant Mu factored sectional moment
c compression zone depth Mu,fl bending moment capacity
D dowel force Muv moment associated with shear capacity
d effective depth m moment acting on concrete tooth
dl effective depth to longitudinal reinforcement mŁŁ tangential moment
dt effective depth to transverse reinforcement mrr radial moment

1
Magazine of Concrete Research Transition from one-way to two-way
shear in slabs under concentrated loads
Lantsoght, Van Der Veen, Walraven and De
Boer

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P point load º accounts for concrete density (1 .0 for normal-density

PAS,1 capacity of a single strip concrete)
q distributed load r reinforcement ratio
Rsup reaction force at support rl longitudinal reinforcement ratio
r radial polar coordinate rt transverse reinforcement ratio
rc radius of circular column  normal stress
rq radius of load introduction at perimeter  shear stress
rs radius of circular isolated slab element ł rotation
s distance between centre of gravity of reinforcement ł(s) rotations on perimeter
and root of concrete tooth
sx crack spacing near mid-depth of member Introduction
sxe crack spacing One-way shear in reinforced concrete slabs is a topic of interest
T tension force in the reinforcement for bridge engineers who study the shear capacity of slab bridges
ui punching perimeter subjected to concentrated live loads. Over the past few years,
Va shear capacity from aggregate interlock better estimates of the shear capacity for this case have become
Vax shear capacity from aggregate interlock in x-direction necessary, especially for the assessment of existing bridges.
Vay shear capacity from aggregate interlock in y-direction Another case where the shear stress of members without trans-
Vc nominal (punching) shear strength (ACI 318–11) verse reinforcement should be considered, is for hollow core slabs
VCSCT shear capacity according to the critical shear crack (Elliott, 2014).
theory
Vct shear capacity from residual tension over crack When a reinforced concrete slab subjected to a concentrated load
Vcz shear capacity from concrete compression zone is checked for shear, two shear-related failure mechanisms need
Vd shear capacity provided by dowel action to be considered
VEd shear force
Vflex flexural capacity j one-way shear (beam shear): a shear crack develops between
Vmean mean shear capacity the load and the support
VRd,c shear capacity according to BS EN 1992-1-1:2005 j two-way shear (punching shear): first, both tangential and
Vu factored shear force at a section radial cracks occur, then punching through of a concrete cone
vc ultimate design shear stress occurs.
vEd shear stress on perimeter
vMCFT shear capacity according to the modified compression Both failure modes are reviewed in this paper.
field theory
vmin lower bound of the shear capacity The current codes (such as ACI 318-11 (ACI Committee 318,
vRd,c punching shear capacity 2011) and BS EN 1992-1-1:2005 (BSI, 2005) use semi-empirical
w load delivered on strip from quadrant expressions for the capacity of reinforced concrete elements
wACI one-way shear capacity from ACI 318-11 without shear reinforcement. The one-way shear provisions are
wcrack crack width based on the results of a large number of experiments on beams
x longitudinal direction failing in shear. The typical shear test beams are small (in
z internal lever arm dimensions), heavily reinforced, simply supported and tested in
ÆAS angle of inclination of shear strut four-point bending (Reineck et al., 2013). These experiments
Æs 408 for interior columns, 308 for edge columns, might not be very suitable to predict the shear capacity of wide
208 for corner columns beams and slabs subjected to concentrated loads, as not the full
˜ shear displacement member width is activated and around the concentrated load the
˜Ti bond forces shear stress trajectories are not all parallel to the span direction.
˜x distance between two flexural cracks Similarly, the two-way shear provisions are based on experiments
 aggregate interlock parameter on slab–column connections (ASCE–ACI Task Committee 426,
ACI ratio of long to short side of loaded area 1974), which again might not be entirely suitable to predict the
pun approximately 1 .15 for internal column, 1 .4 for edge shear capacity of wide beams and slabs subjected to concentrated
and 1 .5 for corner columns loads. Slab–column connections are specimens cut off at the point
red reduction factor for loads close to supports of contraflexure, and the boundary conditions which determine
 strain in a control depth the shear capacity of wide beams and slabs subjected to
ct maximum tensile strain in concrete concentrated loads are not studied. Moreover, towards the support,
ctu tensile strain the principal shear stress trajectories of a wide beam or slab under
x longitudinal strain at mid-depth a concentrated load become parallel to the support, as in the case
Ł tangential polar coordinate of one-way shear. The intermediate case of one-way slabs or wide

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Magazine of Concrete Research Transition from one-way to two-way
shear in slabs under concentrated loads
Lantsoght, Van Der Veen, Walraven and De
Boer

Offprint provided courtesy of www.icevirtuallibrary.com

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C
beams under concentrated loads is thus not fully described based Vax
on the knowledge of one-way and two-way shear. In Figure 1, Vay Vcz
typical cracking patterns are shown for one-way (Figures 1(a)– Vct
Va
1(c)) and two-way shear failure (Figures 1(d) and 1(e)).

T
Mechanisms of shear transfer
Capacity of the concrete in the compression zone Vd
An overview of the mechanism of shear transfer is given in
Rsup
Figure 2. The first models for shear attributed the shear carrying
Figure 2. Internal forces acting at an inclined crack

capacity of the concrete entirely to the capacity of the concrete

compression zone (Baker et al., 1969, Kani et al., 1979). The
parameters determining this capacity are the depth and width of
the compression zone and the concrete compressive strength
(Taylor, 1974). The shear-carrying capacity of the concrete com-
pression zone can be determined by integrating the shear stresses
over the depth of the compression zone (Reineck, 1991). The
(a) contribution of the capacity of the concrete compression zone to
Centre of load the total shear-carrying capacity is estimated to range between
20% (Fenwick and Paulay, 1968) and 40% (Kani et al., 1979).

West Residual tension at crack

As a crack in concrete is not a ‘clean break’ and small pieces of
Centre of span concrete are bridging the crack, the residual tension over the
Centre of support
(b) crack contributes to the shear capacity. In fracture mechanics
approaches to the shear capacity, these residual tensile stresses
Centre of load
are seen as the primary shear transfer mechanism (ASCE–ACI
Committee 445, 1998). The residual tension is studied in the zone
in which the tensile strain, ctu, exceeds the strain at maximum
East
tension, ct, (associated stress fctm); this region is called the
tension-softening zone (Pruijssers, 1986) and consists of concrete
Centre of span
Centre of support intersected by micro-cracks.
(c)
Centre of load Aggregate interlock
The shear capacity from aggregate interlock results from the
friction in a crack caused by the rough surface. The aggregate
particles, extending from the crack faces, ‘interlock’ with the
(d)
opposite face and resist shear displacements (Walraven, 1981).
Walraven (1980, 1981) developed a model for aggregate interlock
that relates the shear stress  and normal stress  to the crack
width wcrack and the shear displacement ˜. For reinforced con-
crete, the restraint from the reinforcement, resulting in a stress of
rfy needs to be taken into account (units N and mm) (Walraven,
1980)

(e) 1:  ¼ C 1 (rf y )C2

Figure 1. One-way shear, cracks after failure of BS2T1 (Lantsoght
et al., 2014b): (a) bottom face; (b) west side face; (c) east side
face. Two-way shear, cracks after failure of S9T1 (Lantsoght et al.,
.
2013): (d) front face; (e) bottom face 2: C 1 ¼ ( f c,cube )0 36

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Magazine of Concrete Research Transition from one-way to two-way
shear in slabs under concentrated loads
Lantsoght, Van Der Veen, Walraven and De
Boer

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. P
3: C 2 ¼ 0.09( f c,cube )0 46
q
C
The factors influencing the aggregate interlock capacity are: the Arch
concrete microstructure, the fracture energy of the concrete
(Ghazavy-Khorasgany and Gopalaratnam, 1993), the aggregate
size (Sherwood et al., 2007) and the type of aggregate (Regan et z
al., 2005), with limestone and clay aggregates resulting in low
aggregate interlock capacities. The contribution of aggregate Tie
interlock to the shear capacity in beams is estimated between
T
33% (Taylor, 1974) and 70% (Sherwood et al., 2007).

Dowel action x
Dowel action is the resistance of a reinforcing bar, crossing a
Rsup
crack, to shear displacement (Walraven, 1980). The maximum
shear stress carried by dowel action is limited by the tensile
Figure 4. Inclined compression chord or arching action carrying
strength of the concrete cover supporting the dowel (Lubell,
the compressive force, C
2006). Bond characteristics and concrete stiffness around the bars
play an important role. The failure modes resulting from the
dowel forces are shown in Figure 3. Taylor (1974) related the
dowel splitting force to the side cover of the bars, the distance can be written as the sum of ‘beam action’ and ‘arching action’
between the bars, the concrete splitting tensile strength and the (Bažant and Kim, 1984)
bar diameter. Dowel action in slabs could be less significant than
in beams because the shear crack will not open over the entire d(Tz) d(T ) d(z)
4:
V¼ ¼ zþ T
member width and because of the continuity provided by bars in dx dx dx
two directions, so that the dowel will not be activated as much as
in a narrow beam failing in shear (Cope, 1985). The contribution
of dowel action to the shear-carrying capacity of concrete Rebar strain measurements in wide beam shear tests showed that
members is estimated between 15% (Taylor, 1974) and 30% (for it is conceptually incorrect to assign all load to beam action
punching in slabs (Long, 1975)). (Olonisakin and Alexander, 1999). The parameters influencing
arching action are: the layout of the reinforcement, with layering
Arching action resulting in a smaller depth for arching action, the anchorage of
The formation of a compression arch (or strut, when it has a the tie (Ghazavy-Khorasgany and Gopalaratnam, 1993; Rafla,
straight shape) (Figure 4), occurs for loads close to the support 1971), the crack shape that defines the remaining uncracked
(Kani, 1964) and results in an increased shear capacity beyond compression zone (Reineck, 1997) and the type of reinforcement
the inclined cracking load (Kim et al., 1999). The shear force V – with plain bars facilitating arching action more than ribbed bars

Failure mode 2
D D D D

Failure mode 1

b
(a) (b) (c)

Figure 3. Dowel action: (a) failure modes of the mechanism due

to the dowel force D; (b) stress distribution over the width b
within a section; (c) stress distribution along a dowel (schematic
representation) (based on Vintzileou, 1997)

4
Magazine of Concrete Research Transition from one-way to two-way
shear in slabs under concentrated loads
Lantsoght, Van Der Veen, Walraven and De
Boer

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(Reineck, 1991). As arching action is governed by the geometry 35sx

sxe ¼ > 0.85sx
of the loading configuration and results in a shear capacity 8: 15 þ ag
beyond the inclined cracking load, no percentage range of the
contribution of arching action to the shear-carrying capacity can
be given. In Equation 8, the value of sx can be taken as 0 .9d. The MCFT is
at the basis for the shear provisions in the fib Model Code 2010
(fib, 2012) and the Aashto code (Aashto, 2012).
Models for one-way shear
Theoretical models A second approach is the critical shear crack theory (CSCT)
Shear failure in beams has been a research topic for more than (Muttoni, 2003), which assumes that the one-way shear strength
110 years. Since the first truss model for beams with stirrups of members without transverse reinforcement is governed by the
(Mörsch, 1908; Ritter, 1899) and the seminal beam shear width and roughness of a shear crack. The width of the critical
experiments by Talbot (1904, 1905, 1906, 1908, 1909) and shear crack is proportional to the strain (Muttoni and Ruiz, 2008)
Mörsch (1908), researchers worldwide have studied the topic and is influenced by the aggregate size and the spacing between
from many different points of view. The complex internal force the layers of reinforcement. The one-way shear capacity is (fc,m in
system in a cracked concrete member is one of the main causes MPa and d and ag in mm)
for the ongoing debate (Balažs, 2010; Joint Committee on
Concrete and Reinforced Concrete, 1916), resulting in a large V CSCT 1=3
¼
number of proposed methods. 1=2
bd( f c,m ) d
1 þ 120
9: 16 mm þ ag
The first approach is the compression field theory (Collins, 1978)
(originally for elements with shear reinforcement), using stress–
strain relationships for cracked concrete. After cracking, the con- The strain  in the control depth is taken as
crete is assumed not to carry tension, resulting in a diagonal
compression field. Average stresses and strains are used, which is a M 0.6d  c
¼
simplification, as in reality cracked concrete transmits stresses in a 10: drEs [d  (c=3)] d  c
complex manner of opening and closing of existing cracks, forming
new cracks (Collins and Mitchell, 1980), aggregate interlocking
forces and variations of the bond stresses. Another main assumption " 1=2 #
of the method is that the directions of the largest compressive stress Es 2Ec
and strain coincide, while in reality the principal stress lags behind
c ¼ dr 1þ 1
11: Ec rEs
the principal strain (Sun and Kuchma, 2007; Vecchio, 2000).
Considering the residual concrete tensile stresses, the modified
compression field theory (MCFT) was developed (Vecchio and A third approach is based on plasticity theory. In an upper bound
Collins, 1986). Using concrete tension ties resulting from aggregate plasticity approach a yield line (for shear, a critical crack) is
interlock action perpendicular to the compression struts led to a studied (Nielsen, 1984; Nielsen and Hoang, 2011). In a lower
model for members without stirrups (Adebar and Collins, 1996), bound approach, strut-and-tie models (Schlaich et al., 1987) are
with a failure shear stress of ( f c9 in MPa) used; mechanical models representing the forces by compressive
struts and tension ties. The failure criteria are yielding of the
5: vMCFT ¼ ( f c9 )1=2 < 0.25 f c9 with ( f c9 )1=2 < 8 MPa reinforcement or obtaining the effective concrete compressive
strength. This strength is lower than the uniaxial compressive
strength as the capacity is influenced by the multiaxial stress-state
The aggregate interlock parameter  consists of a strain term and and the disturbances from cracks and reinforcement, and requires
a crack spacing term the use of an effectiveness factor.

0 .4 1300 A fourth approach is the use of mechanical models, for example

¼ 3 the tooth model (Figure 5), in which the zone between two
6: 1 þ 1500x 1000 þ sxe
flexural cracks is a ‘tooth’, a concrete cantilever fixed in the
compression zone and loaded by horizontal forces resulting from
and bond (Kani, 1964; Kotsovos and Kotsovos, 2013). An extension
of the tooth model studies the influence of all shear-carrying
Mu mechanisms on a concrete tooth (Reineck, 1991, 1997).
1þ
V uz
x ¼ vMCFT Fracture mechanics-based approaches provide, in addition to the
7: 2Es r
stress–strain relations, tensile stress–crack opening relations

5
Magazine of Concrete Research Transition from one-way to two-way
shear in slabs under concentrated loads
Lantsoght, Van Der Veen, Walraven and De
Boer

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P
vmin depend on the national annex. The recommended values,
also used in the Dutch annex, are
m
C
14: C Rd,c ¼ 0.18=ªc with ªc ¼ 1:5
ΔTi z s
ΔTi

T⫽ Σi ΔTi Δx
15:
1=2
vmin ¼ 0.035k 3=2 f ck
Rsup
(a) (b)

Figure 5. Kani’s tooth model: (a) beam under a point load P and
bond forces ˜Ti; (b) simplified model of a typical concrete tooth,
In the French national annex (Chauvel et al., 2007) a different
showing acting moment, m, and distance, s, between the centre
approach is used for vmin
of gravity of the reinforcement and the root of the concrete tooth
1=2
vmin ¼ 0.34 f ck

(Niwa, 1997), such as the relation based on the fictitious crack for slabs benefitting from a transverse redistribution effect under
model (Gustafsson and Hillerborg, 1988). The approaches use the the load case considered
fracture energy, GF , as a function of the concrete compressive
strength and the maximum aggregate size (Walraven, 2007). A 1=2
vmin ¼ 0.053k 3=2 f ck
fracture mechanics model for beam shear can be based on the
assumption that the release of the main reinforcement by splitting
controls the opening and the extension of the diagonal crack for beams and for slabs other than those above. The French
(Gastebled and May, 2001). Once splitting has begun, the steel approach thus leads to higher shear capacities for one-way slabs
bar is released from its concrete encasement. The drastically under concentrated loads.
reduced stiffness in tension allows for the diagonal crack to open
and extend, while a rotation about the tip of the diagonal crack The value for CRd,c is based on a comparison with experimental
occurs. The fundamental relation of fracture mechanics is then results by Regan (1987), who found that for comparison to test
used as a criterion for splitting failure. While this approach results CRd ¼ 0 .15 could be used and for design values
initially assumes the bond fracture to be a mode I fracture CRd,c ¼ 0 .12. A reliability analysis of 176 tests by König and
(normal stresses), a correction for mode II fracture (shear) has Fischer (1995) showed that using CRd ¼ 0 .15 resulted in a mean
been developed (Xu and Reinhardt, 2005). shear capacity to predicted capacity of 0 .92. The calibration
factor for average values should then be 0 .15/0 .92 ¼ 0 .163.
As the mechanics of the shear problem are still not fully However, Yang (2012) found a calibration factor of CRd ¼ 0 .144
understood, many empirical expressions have been developed. for a shear test on continuous beams. Therefore, the originally
These one-way shear models are developed based on statistical proposed CRd ¼ 0 .15 can be maintained. To distinguish between
evaluations of laboratory tests on beams (Rafla, 1971; Regan, different loading combinations for which different safety levels
1987; Zsutty, 1971) and form the basis of some code expressions. apply, CRd,c is taken as 0 .18/ªc (Walraven, 2002a).

Eurocode model The expression for vmin is based on the idea that, for low
According to BS EN 1992-1-1:2005 §6.2.2 (BSI, 2005), the shear reinforcement ratios, the capacity can never be lower than the
capacity of a reinforced concrete cross-section without stirrups flexural capacity (Walraven, 2013)
and without axial loading is ( fck in MPa)
16: V mean ¼ 0.15k(100rl f c,m )1=3 bd l
1=3
12: V Rd,c ¼ [C Rd,c k(100rl f ck ) ]bw d > vmin bw d l

At a/d ¼ 2 .5 the flexural moment is

With rl limited to 0 .02 and the size effect factor (dl in mm)
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 17: M uv ¼ V mean 3 2.5d ¼ 0.375k(100rl f c,m )1=3 bd 2l
200
k ¼1þ < 2 .0
13: dl
The maximal moment resistance is approximated as

Equation 12 is an empirical relation, first proposed by Regan 18: M u,fl ¼ 0.9d l (rl bd l ) f yk
(1987) based on experimental results. The values of CRd,c and

6
Magazine of Concrete Research Transition from one-way to two-way
shear in slabs under concentrated loads
Lantsoght, Van Der Veen, Walraven and De
Boer

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pffiffiffiffiffiffi
Equating Equation 17 and Equation 18, and taking fyk ¼ 500 MPa (1957) showed 2 f c9 to be the lower bound for diagonal tension
results in rl at which shear capacity and moment capacity are failure of their test data. While Equation 20 depends fully on the
equal concrete compressive strength, Angelakos et al. (2001) concluded
from experiments with compressive strengths between 21 MPa
19: rl ¼ 0.00024k 3=2 f 1=2
c,m
and 99 MPa that the concrete cylinder strength has almost no
effect on the load at which shear failure occurred.

Substituting this into Equation 16 ultimately leads to Equation 15. Reineck et al. (2003) showed by analysing a database with 690
test results that the ACI 318-11 equations become increasingly
For members with loads applied within a distance unsafe as the members become larger and more lightly rein-
0 .5dl < av < 2dl from the edge of a support, the contribution of forced.
this load to the shear force may be multiplied by red ¼ av =2d l :
Models for two-way shear
ACI model
In ACI 318-11 (ACI Committee 318, 2011), two formulas are Theoretical models
given to calculate the concrete shear strength for members subject Just like one-way shear failure, two-way shear or punching shear
to shear and flexure only (US customary units, f c9 in psi) has been a topic of research since the first experiments a century
ago (Talbot, 1913; Talbot and Slater, 1916). The behaviour of the
20: V c ¼ 2º( f c9 )1=2 bw d l failure region in punching (Figure 6) is complex, because of

j the combined flexural and diagonal tensile cracking

  j the three-dimensional nature of the problem (Park and
V udl Gamble, 1999)
V c ¼ 1.9º( f c9 )1=2 þ 2500rl
Mu j the variable depth of the compression zone
(Theodorakopoulos and Swamy, 2002).
21: 3 bw d l < 3.5º( f c9 )1=2 bw d l
Most models since Moe’s seminal work (Moe, 1961), which formed
the basis for the ACI 318-11 provisions, limit the shear stress on a
Equation 21 is a semi-empirical formula recommended by ACI– critical perimeter at a certain distance from the loaded area.
ASCE Committee 326 (1962a), originally developed by I. M.
Viest (Bresler and MacGregor, 1967) based on the test results of For the punching of edge columns a three-dimensional strut-and-
194 beams, and has not changed since (except for the addition of tie model was developed (Alexander and Simmonds, 1987), with
the factor º). The database contained test results of members two types of compression struts (in-plane or anchoring struts as
usually narrower than 350 mm, with a width-to-height aspect illustrated in Figure 7(a) and out-of-plane or shear struts as in
ratio well below 1 .0. The beams had an average depth of 340 mm
and an average width of 194 mm. The data set includes members
with a wide range of a/d ratios, including ratios below 2 .5 where
arching action plays a role. This expression determines the
diagonal cracking load, which is lower than or equal to the
ultimate shear force. Determining the exact conditions of crack-
ing is subject to the interpretation of each researcher and to the mrr
variability of testing procedures in each laboratory (Lubell, θ
2006).
r

In the discussion by Sozen and Hawkins (1962) it reads

However, if part of the short-time shear strength of the beam is due to mθθ
doweling of the reinforcement, this action is likely to decay with time
and cause tensile stresses in the web comparable to those
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
corresponding to a nominal shear stress of about 2 f c9 in a short-
time test.
P

Figure 6. Slab–column connection: tangential mŁŁ and radial mrr

Earlier work by Moody and Viest (1955) related the factors moments, shear cracks – in polar coordinates (r, Ł)
M u =(V u 3 d l ) and f c9 to the shear capacity. Morrow and Viest

7
Magazine of Concrete Research Transition from one-way to two-way
shear in slabs under concentrated loads
Lantsoght, Van Der Veen, Walraven and De
Boer

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Figure 7(b)). The anchoring struts are balanced by two mutually (Alexander and Simmonds, 1992), which combines arching action
perpendicular reinforcing bars. The shear struts are similar to the and the concept of a critical shear stress on a critical section.
direct compression struts for loads close to the support (for Tests showed that the out-of-plane compression struts from the
example, as in the strut-and-tie model used for corbel design), three-dimensional strut-and-tie model are actually curved and
but the point of load application does not coincide with the parallel to the reinforcement in plan. The shear is carried through
junction of the tensile and compressive force, and as a result the these arches from the load towards a position of zero shear.
angle of inclination of the shear strut, ÆAS, is not preset.
Likewise, the vertical component of the compression strut is no A plasticity-based model for punching shear was developed
longer equilibrated at the junction by the applied load. There (Kinnunen and Nylander, 1960). This model assumes that the
exists a force component out of the plane of the slab that must be slab portion outside the shear crack, bound by this crack, radial
balanced by some tension field in the concrete, resulting in a cracks and the circumference of the slab, can be regarded as a
three-dimensional truss. rigid body, which is rotated under load action around the root of
the shear crack. The model by Kinnunen and Nylander (1960)
A mechanical model for punching in slabs is the bond model was further developed to incorporate a failure criterion based on
non-linear fracture mechanics (Hallgren, 1996).

Strut A more recent mechanical model is the critical shear crack theory
(CSCT) for two-way shear, in which the width of the critical
Strut Flexural V shear crack is proportional to the slab rotation (Muttoni, 2003,
bars αAS 2008) ( fc,m in MPa, d and ag in mm)

Flexural bars
(a) (b)
V CSCT 3=4
¼
bo d( f c,m ) 1=2 łd
rs 1 þ 15
al ba 22: 16 mm þ ag
xur
Fle
Strut
The rotation for slab–column connections is

 
rs f y V 3=2
ł ¼ 1 .5
23: d Es V flex

(c)
The flexural strength Vflex equals
ars
al b rs
xur V flex ¼ 2mrr
Fle 24: rq  rc
Strut

and is a function of the radial moment

!
2
r3 fy
mrr ¼ r f y d 1
25: 2 f c,m

(d)
The CSCT is in the basis for the punching shear provisions in the
Figure 7. Types of struts used in the three-dimensional strut-and- Model Code 2010 (fib, 2012).
tie model: (a) in-plane or anchoring struts, top view of slab with
central column; (b) out-of-plane or shear strut, situation with For non-axisymmetric cases, the non-linear load–rotation relation-
edge column. Three-dimensional representation showing only the ship should be calculated by integrating the moment–
types of struts for purposes of clarity: (c) out-of-plane struts curvature relation of the slab (Sagaseta et al., 2011). The nominal
working on a vertical plane; (d) anchoring strut working on a punching strength is then non-uniform along the control peri-
horizontal plane (Alexander and Simmonds, 1987) meter b0. In this approach, the punching strength is determined
by integrating the nominal shear strength along the control

8
Magazine of Concrete Research Transition from one-way to two-way
shear in slabs under concentrated loads
Lantsoght, Van Der Veen, Walraven and De
Boer

Offprint provided courtesy of www.icevirtuallibrary.com

Author copy for personal use, not for distribution

perimeter. The necessity of a precise description of the rotations dence to the test results of Moe (1961). Equations 28, 29 and 30
ł(s) can also be seen as a disadvantage of this method, and as for are based on the work done by ACI–ASCE Committee 326
one-way slabs under concentrated loads, non-linear finite-element (1962b), ASCE–ACI Committee 426 on shear and diagonal
calculations are necessary (Falbr, 2011). tension (1973) and Moe (1961), who limited the shear stress so
that a slab fails in flexure. Widianto et al. (2009) showed that this
Another approach is the use of plate theory and finite-element leads to unsafe predictions for lightly reinforced slabs.
methods ranging from simple elastic plate models to sophisticated
non-linear models that account for cracking and plastic behaviour. Similarities, transition zone and distinction
Finite-element solutions can be time consuming and require a Measurements of the force increment in one-way and two-way
good understanding of the material behaviour and the software. slabs showed that the values are very similar, suggesting a
fundamental link between one- and two-way shear (Olonisakin
Eurocode model and Alexander, 1999).
According to BS EN 1992-1-1:2005 (BSI, 2005), the design
punching shear capacity for a member without axial loading A first difference lies in the link between the width and the
equals failure mode (Elstner and Hognestad, 1956). Punching cannot
occur in beams, and as such is a failure mode dependent on the
26: vRd,c ¼ C Rd,c k(100r f ck )1=3 > vmin specimen width. Likewise, wide beam shear failure and punching
shear failure differ (Hawkins and Mitchell, 1979) based on the
influence of flexure on the failure mode. Inclined cracking
develops at about the same shear stress for either a beam or
r ¼ (rl rt )1=2 < 0.02 punching shear failure. However, for punching, those cracks
cannot open until there is a marked decrease in the tangential
stiffness of the slab. Another difference (Criswell and Hawkins,
The shear stress vEd should not exceed vRd,c. 1974) lies in the inclined crack location. For punching, the
inclined crack is confined to a region immediately adjacent to the
V Ed perimeter of the loaded area. The crack is less free to develop at
vEd ¼ pun
27: ui d the weakest section than in a slender beam.

In intermediate cases between one- and two-way shear, shear

The critical section is taken at 2d from the loaded area. Rounded forces develop neither parallel nor radially (Vaz Rodrigues et al.,
corners are used around rectangular loaded areas. The punching 2008). From the concentrated load, shear stress trajectories run in
model in the Eurocode is a semi-empirical model, which tries to the span and transverse direction (typical for punching shear),
follow the same general expression as the model for one-way while towards the support the trajectories only run in the span
shear (Walraven, 2002b). direction (typical for beam shear). As such, the failure modes
cannot be treated independently (Lubell, 2006) (Figure 8). Many
ACI model practical cases, especially in bridge engineering, are in this
The nominal punching shear strength Vc shall be taken as the transition zone. Not much research (Doorgeest, 2012) has been
smallest of (ACI 318-08 §11.11.2.1, in US customary units, f c9 in geared towards a better understanding of the transition zone from
psi) one-way to two-way shear. An overview of the available experi-
mental results from the literature on one-way slabs and wide
 
4 beams and comparison to the Eurocode provisions for shear and
Vc ¼ 2þ º( f c9 )1=2 bo d
28: ACI punching are given in a companion paper (Lantsoght et al.,
2015).

  A number of possible solutions for the transition zone can be

Æs d highlighted. A first option is the use of the expression for one-
Vc ¼ þ 2 º( f c9 )1=2 bo d
29: bo way shear, but limited to a certain effective width in
shear (Lantsoght et al., 2014a) (Figure 9). The recommended
effective width for shear (Lantsoght et al., 2014a) is as shown in
Figure 9(b)
30: V c ¼ 4º( f c9 )1=2 bo d
31: beff ,2 ¼ 2(av þ bload ) þ lload

The critical section is taken at a distance of d/2 away from the

periphery of the loaded area, as this led to the best correspon- Another option, especially for the case of one-way slabs subjected

9
Magazine of Concrete Research Transition from one-way to two-way
shear in slabs under concentrated loads
Lantsoght, Van Der Veen, Walraven and De
Boer

Offprint provided courtesy of www.icevirtuallibrary.com

Author copy for personal use, not for distribution

32: PAS,1 ¼ 2(M s wACI )1=2

d/2 Section for two-way shear

The moment capacity equals

Support Load d/2 33: M s ¼ r f y zdbstrip

Slab and the shear capacity is (with f c9 in MPa)

34: wACI ¼ 0.166d( f c9 )1=2

Section for
one-way shear
To find the maximum load on a slab–column connection, the sum
of the capacities of all strips is taken. The geometry of the
Figure 8. Critical sections for shear: the shear stress on the critical
element in the transition zone can be taken into account for the
perimeter is compared to the punching shear capacity and the
calculation of PAS,1 (Figure 10(c)). The model combines the two-
shear stress parallel to the support line is compared to the beam
dimensional shear problem in quadrants of the slab with strips,
shear capacity
branching out from the load, carrying one-way shear through
arching action (Figure 10(a)). As such, it uses elements from one-
way and two-way shear and is suitable for studying the transition
to a concentrated load, is a plasticity-based model, based on the zone.
bond model, named the modified bond model (Lantsoght et al.,
2014b) (Figure 10). For the standard case, the capacity of a single An empirical model for slabs under concentrated loads close to
strip is the support, based on a punching perimeter, but taking into

Support Support

beff,1 beff,2

45°
45°

Load Load

(a) (b)

Support

dl ⭐ av /2
a av beff

60°
Load

(c)

Figure 9. Available load-spreading methods: (a) load spreading used in French practice (Chauvel et al., 2007); (c) load spreading
under 458 and the resulting effective width as used in Dutch for simple edge support (fib, 2012)
practice; (b) load spreading and the resulting effective width as

10
Magazine of Concrete Research Transition from one-way to two-way
shear in slabs under concentrated loads
Lantsoght, Van Der Veen, Walraven and De
Boer

Offprint provided courtesy of www.icevirtuallibrary.com

Author copy for personal use, not for distribution

Side of the column

or load
Remote end
lstrip
lw
‘Radial’ strips 2w

Column
Mhog Msag

PAS,1 Msag
Direction of 0 0
reinforcement lstrip

Mhog Ms

Remote end: zero shear

(a) (b)

lw

bstrip
Support

Support

Load Msag,y

lw 0

Msag,x
(c)

Figure 10. Bond model (Alexander and Simmonds, 1992):

(a) layout of strips for slab–column connection; (b) equilibrium of
strip; (c) application to one-way slab under concentrated load

account the different properties in the x- and y-direction is also model using elements from one-way and two-way shear, the
available (Regan, 1982). modified bond model.

Conclusion It can be concluded that the transition zone between the two
This paper provides an overview of the literature with regard to failure modes is an interesting topic that warrants further re-
one-way and two-way shear in members without shear reinforce- search.
ment. The mechanisms of shear transfer were studied, and an
overview of models for one-way and two-way shear was given. Acknowledgement
The differences between one-way and two-way shear are found in The authors wish to express their gratitude and sincere apprecia-
the influence of flexure, the effect of the width and the crack tion to the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment
location. Measurements of the force increments on reinforcement (Rijkswaterstaat) for financing this research work.
bars show the essential connection between the two shear failure
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Magazine of Concrete Research Transition from one-way to two-way
shear in slabs under concentrated loads
Lantsoght, Van Der Veen, Walraven and De
Boer

Offprint provided courtesy of www.icevirtuallibrary.com

Author copy for personal use, not for distribution

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