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01 Introduction To HTML

HTML is the skeleton of all web pages. It provides structure to content like text, images, and videos. HTML elements like <p> for paragraphs and <div> for sections are used to structure content. Attributes like "id" can identify elements. Common elements for displaying text include <p> for paragraphs and <span> for inline text.

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Vincent Glenis Chandra Vincent
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397 views

01 Introduction To HTML

HTML is the skeleton of all web pages. It provides structure to content like text, images, and videos. HTML elements like <p> for paragraphs and <div> for sections are used to structure content. Attributes like "id" can identify elements. Common elements for displaying text include <p> for paragraphs and <span> for inline text.

Uploaded by

Vincent Glenis Chandra Vincent
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to HTML

What is HTML?
HTML is the skeleton of all web pages. It's often the first language learned by
marketers and designers and is core to front-end development work.

HTML provides structure to the content appearing on a website, such as images,


text, or videos.

HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language:

x A markup language is a computer language that defines the structure


and presentation of raw text.
x In HTML, the computer can interpret raw text that is wrapped in HTML
elements.
x HyperText is text displayed on a computer or device that provides access
to other text through links, also known as hyperlinks.

HTML Anatomy
HTML is composed of elements. These elements structure the webpage and
define its content.


The diagram above displays an HTML paragraph element. The paragraph
element is made up of one opening tag (<p>), the content (“Hello World!” text),
and a closing tag (</p>). A tag and the content between it is called an HTML
element. There are many tags that we can use to organize and display text and
other types of content, like images.

Let's quickly review each part of the element pictured:

x HTML element (or simply, element) — a unit of content in an HTML


document formed by HTML tags and the text or media it contains.
x HTML Tag — the element name, surrounded by an opening (<) and
closing (>) angle bracket.
x Opening Tag — the first HTML tag used to start an HTML element. The tag
type is surrounded by opening and closing angle brackets.
x Content — The information (text or other elements) contained between
the opening and closing tags of an HTML element.
x Closing tag — the second HTML tag used to end an HTML element.
Closing tags have a forward slash (/) inside of them, directly after the left
angle bracket.

The Body
One of the key HTML elements we use to build a webpage is the body element.
Only content inside the opening and closing body tags can be displayed to the
screen. Here's what opening and closing body tags look like:

<body>

</body>

Once the file has a body, many different types of content – including text,
images, and buttons – can be added to the body.

<body>
<p>What's up, Alfonso?</p>
</body>


Exercise

1.

Create a .html document.

Add a body to your web page using the <body> element.

2.

Add the following code between your opening and closing body tags:

<p>"Human thinks too high of their race."</p>

HTML Structure
HTML is organized as a collection of family tree relationships. In the exercise
above, we placed <p> tags within <body> tags. When an element is contained
inside another element, it is considered the child of that element. The child
element is said to be nested inside of the parent element.

<body>
<p>This paragraph is a child of the body</p>
</body>

In the example above, the <p> element is nested inside the <body> element. The
<p> element is considered a child of the <body> element, and the <body>
element is considered the parent. Two spaces of indentation (using the space
bar or TAB) is added for better readability.

Since there can be multiple levels of nesting, this analogy can be extended to
grandchildren, great-grandchildren, and beyond. The relationship between
elements and their ancestor and descendent elements is known as hierarchy.

Let's consider another example that uses some new tags:

<body>
<div>
<h1>Sibling to p, but also grandchild of body</h1>
<p>Sibling to h1, but also grandchild of body</p>
</div>
</body>


In this example, the <body> element is the parent of the <div> element. Both the
<h1> and <p> elements are children of the <div> element. Because the <h1> and
<p> elements are at the same level, they are considered siblings and are both
grandchildren of the <body> element.

Understanding HTML hierarchy is important because child elements can inherit


behavior and styling from their parent element. You'll learn more about
webpage hierarchy in when you start digging into CSS.

Headings
Headings in HTML are similar to headings in other types of media. For example, in
newspapers, large headings are typically used to capture a reader's attention.
Other times, headings are used to describe content, like the title of a movie or
an educational article.

HTML follows a similar pattern. In HTML, there are six different headings, or
heading elements. Headings can be used for a variety of purposes, like titling
sections, articles, or other forms of content.

The following is the list of heading elements available in HTML. They are ordered
from largest to smallest in size.

1. <h1> — used for main headings. All other smaller headings are used for
subheadings.
2. <h2>
3. <h3>
4. <h4>
5. <h5>
6. <h6>

The following example code uses a headline intended to capture a reader's


attention. It uses the largest heading available, the main heading element:

<h1>BREAKING NEWS</h1>


Exercise

1.

Now that you know how to structure HTML elements, Let’s build an informational
website using some of the most common HTML elements. Use these elements to
get you started, but you'll write the rest of the page on your own.

<body>
<h1>The Brown Bear</h1>
<h2>About Brown Bears</h2>
<h3>Species</h3>
<h3>Features</h3>
<h2>Habitat</h2>
<h3>Countries with Large Brown Bear Populations</h3>
<h3>Countries with Small Brown Bear Populations</h3>
<h2>Media</h2>
</body>

Below the <h3> heading that says Features, add an <h2> heading that says Habitat.

2.

Below the Habitat heading, add an <h3> heading that says Countries with Large
Brown Bear Populations.

3.

On the next line, add one more <h3> heading that says Countries with Small Brown
Bear Populations.

4.

Finally, on the next line add an <h2> heading that says Media.


Divs
One of the most popular elements in HTML is the <div> element. <div> is short for
"division" or a container that divides the page into sections. These sections are
very useful for grouping elements in your HTML together.

<body>
<div>
<h1>Why use divs?</h1>
<p>Great for grouping elements!</p>
</div>
</body>

<div>s can contain any text or other HTML elements, such as links, images, or
videos. Remember to always add two spaces of indentation when you nest
elements inside of <div>s for better readability.

Exercise

1.

Continuing from the last exercise,

Below the <h1> heading that says The Brown Bear, add an opening <div> tag.

Place the closing </div> tag after the <h3> element that says Features.

Remember to use your space bar or TAB to add two spaces of indentation when
you nest elements.

2.

Above the <h2> element that says Habitat, add an opening <div> tag.

Close the </div> tag after the <h3> element that says Countries with Small Brown Bear
Populations.

3.

Above the <h2> element that says Media, add an opening <div> tag.

Place the closing </div> tag right above the closing </body> tag.


Attributes
If we want to expand an element's tag, we can do so using an attribute.
Attributes are content added to the opening tag of an element and can be
used in several different ways, from providing information to changing styling.
Attributes are made up of the following two parts:

x The name of the attribute


x The value of the attribute

One commonly used attribute is the id. We can use the id attribute to specify
different content (such as <div>s) and is really helpful when you use an element
more than once. ids have several different purposes in HTML, but for now, we'll
focus on how they can help us identify content on our page.

When we add an id to a <div>, we place it in the opening tag:

<div id="intro">
<h1>Introduction</h1>
</div>

Exercise

1.

Add an id attribute with the value "introduction" to the <div> tag that's below the
The Brown Bear <h1> heading.

2.

Add an id attribute with the value "habitat" to the opening <div> tag that has the
Habitat <h2> heading as a child.

3.

Add an id attribute with the value "media" to the opening <div> tag that has the
Media <h2> heading as a child.


Displaying Text
If you want to display text in HTML, you can use a paragraph or span:

x Paragraphs (<p>) contain a block of plain text.


x <span> contains short pieces of text or other HTML. They are used to separate
small pieces of content that are on the same line as other content.

Take a look at each of these elements in action below:

<div>
<h1>Technology</h1>
</div>
<div>
<p><span>Self-driving cars</span> are anticipated to replace up to 2 million jobs over the next two
decades.</p>
</div>

In the example above, there are two different <div>. The second <div> contains a
<p> with <span>Self-driving cars</span>. This <span> element separates "Self-driving
cars" from the rest of the text in the paragraph.

It's best to use a <span> element when you want to target a specific piece of
content that is inline, or on the same line as other text. If you want to divide your
content into blocks, it's better to use a <div>

Exercise

1.

Below the <h2> element that says About Brown Bears, add <p> opening and closing
tags, and inside of the tags put the following text:

"The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is native to parts of northern Eurasia and North
America. Its conservation status is currently Least Concern. There are many
subspecies within the brown bear species, including the Atlas bear and the
Himalayan brown bear."

Remember to always add two spaces of indentation when you nest elements
inside of <div>s for better readability.


2.

Below the <h3> element that says Features, add a paragraph with the following
text:

"Brown bears are not always completely brown. Some can be reddish or
yellowish. They have very large, curved claws and huge paws. Male brown
bears are often 30% larger than female brown bears. They can range from 5
feet to 9 feet from head to toe. "

3.

Under the <h3> element that says:

Countries with Small Brown Bear Populations

Add a paragraph with the following text:

"Some countries with smaller brown bear populations include Armenia, Belarus,
Bulgaria, China, Finland, France, Greece, India, Japan, Nepal, Poland,
Romania, Slovenia, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan."

Styling Text
You can also style text using HTML tags. The <em> tag emphasizes text, while the
<strong> tag highlights important text.

Later, when you begin to style websites, you will decide how you want browsers
to display content within <em> and <strong> tags. Browsers, however, have built-in
style sheets that will generally style these tags in the following ways:

x The <em> tag will generally render as italic emphasis.


x The <strong> will generally render as bold emphasis.

Take a look at each style in action:

<p><strong>The Nile River</strong> is the <em>longest</em> river in the world, measuring over 6,850
kilometers long (approximately 4,260 miles).</p>


In this example, the <strong> and <em> tags are used to emphasize the text to
produce the following:

The Nile River is the longest river in the world, measuring over 6,850 kilometers
long (approximately 4,260 miles).

As we can see, "The Nile River" is bolded and "longest" is in italics

Exercise

1.

In the first paragraph that starts "The brown bear...", emphasize Ursus arctos using
the <em> tag.

2.

In the paragraph under About Brown Bears, make the words Least Concern strong
using the <strong> tag.

Line Breaks
The spacing between code in an HTML file doesn't affect the positioning of
elements in the browser. If you are interested in modifying the spacing in the
browser, you can use HTML's line break element: <br>.

The line break element is unique because it is only composed of a starting tag.
You can use it anywhere within your HTML code and a line break will be shown
in the browser.

<p>The Nile River is the longest river <br> in the world, measuring over 6,850 <br> kilometers long
(approximately 4,260 <br> miles).</p>

The code in the example above will result in an output that looks like the
following:

The Nile River is the longest river


in the world, measuring over 6,850
kilometers long (approximately 4,260
miles).


Unordered Lists
In addition to organizing text in paragraph form, you can also display content in
an easy-to-read list.

In HTML, you can use an unordered list tag (<ul>) to create a list of items in no
particular order. An unordered list outlines individual list items with a bullet point.

The <ul> element should not hold raw text and won't automatically format raw
text into an unordered list of items. Individual list items must be added to the
unordered list using the <li> tag. The <li> or list item tag is used to describe an item
in a list.

<ul>
<li>Limes</li>
<li>Tortillas</li>
<li>Chicken</li>
</ul>

In the example above, the list was created using the <ul> tag and all individual
list items were added using <li> tags.

The output will look like this:

x Limes
x Tortillas
x Chicken

Exercise

1.

Under the heading that says Species, create an unordered list.

2.

Add the following list items to the unordered list:

x Arctos
x Collarus
x Horribilis
x Nelsoni (extinct)


Ordered Lists
Ordered lists (<ol>) are like unordered lists, except that each list item is
numbered. They are useful when you need to list different steps in a process or
rank items for first to last.

You can create the ordered list with the <ol> tag and then add individual list
items to the list using <li> tags.

<ol>
<li>Preheat the oven to 350 degrees.</li>
<li>Mix whole wheat flour, baking soda, and salt.</li>
<li>Cream the butter, sugar in separate bowl.</li>
<li>Add eggs and vanilla extract to bowl.</li>
</ol>

The output will look like this:

1. Preheat the oven to 350 degrees.


2. Mix whole wheat flour, baking soda, and salt.
3. Cream the butter, sugar in separate bowl.
4. Add eggs and vanilla extract to bowl.

Exercise

1.

Under the heading that says Countries with Large Brown Bear Populations, add an
ordered list.

2.

Add the following list items to the ordered list:

x Russia
x United States
x Canada


Images
The <img> tag allows you to add an image to a web page. Most elements
require both opening and closing tags, but the <img> tag is a self-closing tag.
Note that the end of the <img> tag has a forward slash /. Self-closing tags may
include or omit the final slash — both will render properly.

<img src="image-location.jpg" />

The <img> tag has a required attribute called src. The src attribute must be set to
the image's source, or the location of the image. In this case, the value of src
must be the uniform resource locator (URL) of the image. A URL is the web
address or local address where a file is stored.

Image Alts
Part of being an exceptional web developer is making your site accessible to
users of all backgrounds. In order to make the Web more inclusive, we need to
consider what happens when assistive technologies such as screen readers
come across image tags.

The alt attribute, which means alternative text, brings meaning to the images on
our sites. The alt attribute can be added to the image tag just like the src
attribute. The value of alt should be a description of the image.

<img src="#" alt="A field of yellow sunflowers" />

The alt attribute also serves the following purposes:

x If an image fails to load on a web page, a user can mouse over the area
originally intended for the image and read a brief description of the image. This is
made possible by the description you provide in the alt attribute.
x Visually impaired users often browse the web with the aid of screen reading
software. When you include the alt attribute, the screen reading software can
read the image's description out loud to the visually impaired user.
x The alt attribute also plays a role in Search Engine Optimization (SEO), because
search engines cannot "see" the images on websites as they crawl the internet.
Having descriptive alt attributes can improve the ranking of your site.


If the image on the web page is not one that conveys any meaningful
information to a user (visually impaired or otherwise), the alt attribute should be
left empty.

Videos
In addition to images, HTML also supports displaying videos. Like the <img> tag,
the <video> tag requires a src attribute with a link to the video source. Unlike the
<img> tag however, the <video> element requires an opening and a closing tag.

<video src="myVideo.mp4" width="320" height="240" controls>


Video not supported
</video>

In this example, the video source (src) is myVideo.mp4 The source can be a video
file that is hosted alongside your webpage, or a URL that points to a video file
hosted on another webpage.

After the src attribute, the width and height attributes are used to set the size of the
video displayed in the browser. The controls attribute instructs the browser to
include basic video controls: pause, play and skip.

The text, "Video not supported", between the opening and closing video tags
will only be displayed if the browser is unable to load the video.


Review
What you've learned so far:

1. HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language and is used to create the structure
and content of a webpage.
2. Most HTML elements contain opening and closing tags with raw text or other
HTML tags between them.
3. HTML elements can be nested inside other elements. The enclosed element is the
child of the enclosing parent element.
4. Any visible content should be placed within the opening and closing <body>
tags .
5. Headings and sub-headings, <h1> to <h6> tags, are used to enlarge text.
6. <p>, <span> and <div> tags specify text or blocks.
7. The <em> and <strong> tags are used to emphasize text.
8. Line breaks are created with the <br> tag.
9. Ordered lists (<ol>) are numbered and unordered lists (<ul>) are bulleted.
10. Images (<img>) and videos (<video>) can be added by linking to an existing
source.

In the next lesson, we'll take the content that you've added to this website and
transform it into an HTML document that's ready to go on the web!

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