PAPER

The development of science and education increase the demand for paper which

has been growing every year. It is proved by the demand for paper in 2005 that reaches

almost 5.60 tons, and it increased to 6.45 tons in 2009. The paper is used for various

needs, for instances, to write, to read, or to wrap the food.(Indrawan et.al.,2015)

According to the record of the collaboration of Department of Industry (DTI),

Board of Investments, and Philippine paper Manufacturers Association, Inc. (PPMAI),

(n.d) the pulp and paper industry contributes about P30 billion per year in domestic

sales value to the economy, or saves the country $700 million per year in foreign

exchange from imported paper and board.

Indrawan D A, Efiyanti L, Tampubolon R M and Roliadi H. 2015 J. Pen. Has. Hut. 33 No.04:283-302
NATURAL FIBER

Accordingly, agricultural residues which have been studied as fibre sources include corn

husks, okra stems, wheat straws and banana stems to name a few6-11.

On a global scale, non-wood fibers are a minor part of raw material supply to paper and

paperboard manufacture.Natural fibers present important advantages such as low

density, appropriate stiffness and mechanical properties, and high disposability and

renewability. Moreover, they are recyclable and biodegradable. There has been a lot of

research on use of natural fibers in reinforcements (Lam et al. 2001; Nicemol et al.

2007). . Lam, H. Q., Y. Le Bigot, M. Delmas, and G. Avignon. 2001. Formic acid pulping of ricestraw. Industrial

Crops and Products 14: 65–71. Nicemol, J., K. N. Niladevi, G. S. Anisha, P. Prema. 2007. Pineapple & banana fibre.

Asian Textile Journal 1: 38–44.

Growing worldwide importance of the utilization of various non-wood plant fibers, as an

alternative to wood pulp, in the manufacture of pulp, paper, and paperboard is now well

established (Yu et al. 1995). Many nonwood fibers, such as bamboo, jute, straw, rice,

abaca, and bagasse, are currently used in small commercial pulping operations

(Darkwa 1988). . Darkwa, N. A. 1988. Plantain (Musa paradisiaca L) Pseudostem; A Fibre Source for Tropical

Countries. The Pulping Conference in Montreal Quebec, Book 2, 645–649.

Annual plants could also be a newsource of lignocellulosic fibers for paper making

and/or composite materials (Hornsby et al. 1997; Karolia and Malhan 2005). Hornsby, P. R.,

E. Hinrichsen, and K. Tarverdi. 1997. Karolia, A., and S. Malhan. 2005. Eco-friendly printing on minor fibre fabrics

(jute and banana). Asian Textile Journal 48(11): 83–86Preparation and properties of polypropylene composites

reinforced with wheat and flax straw fibres. Journal of Mater Science 32: 443–449
In an extensive review of the literature, Dinwoodie (1965) stressed the importance of the
three derived values on pulp strength, whereas researchers like Saikia et al. (1997) and
Ogbonnaya et al. (1997) have successfully used those derived values to assess the
suitability of various non-wood fiber raw materials for pulp and paper manufacture
(Gokarneshan et al. 2009). Dinwoodie, J. M. 1965. The relationship between fiber morphology and paper
properties: A review of literature. Tappi 48(8): 440–447.
Gokarneshan, N., K. Durairaj, N. Kumar, and I. Gupta. 2009. Innovation - The key to boost textile business. Textile
Magazine 50(10): 18–26.
Ogbonnaya, C. I., H. Roy-Macauley, M. C. Nwalozie, and D. J. M. Annerose. 1997. Physical and histochemical
properties of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) grown under water deficit on a sandy soil. Industrial Crops and
Products 7: 9–18. Saikia, D. C. 1997. Wild banana plants (Musa spp) as source of fiber for paper and cordage
industries. Journal of Science and Industrial Research 56(7): 408–413.

The physical and mechanical properties of natural fibers are mainly depends on their

physical composition such as structure of fibers, cellulose content, angle of fibrils and

cross section. Their biodegradability can contribute to a healthy ecosystem while their

low cost and high performance fulfills the economic interest of industry [1-7].

Natural fibers may play an important role in developing biodegradable composites to

resolve the current ecological and environmental problems. There are various types of

natural fibers today, and the variety continues to increase. Some examples in use

include ramie, hemp, kenaf, jute, sisal, bamboo, banana, and oil palm fibers. Various

natural fibers such as flax, ramie [8-10], jute [11], bamboo [12], pineapple [13,14], kenaf

[15], henequen [16] and hemp [17-20] have been investigated as reinforcements in

biopolymers by various researchers

and bio degradability than synthetic fibers such as glass fiber and carbon fiber. Some of

the annual natural fibers are banana, jute, coir, bamboo, hemp, etc.. ,among these fiber

banana fibers have high strength and plenty in availability.(Jagadeesh et al., 2015)

Cellulose is a natural bio polymer and can be obtained from a large variety of plant life.

The resulting fiber is renewable and biodegradable [5]. Eco friendly, biodegradable and

recyclable products are gaining importance in the market which has brought natural

fibre in to focus [5,6]. The earth is abundantly populated with several varieties of plants

that might possibly have a potential to yield valuable fibers, but they are yet to be

explored [7]. Long leafy plants seemingly have higher degree of fiber yielding capacity

[5]. Generally, natural fibers are easily, easy to extract, easy to handle, light, easy to

fabricate, and easily biodegradable [8,9]. There are many fibre yielding plants in

Ethiopia, which has wide potential for use in diversified fields, but they remain

unexplored so far. The less explored natural fibres

5. Hariharashayee D, Akram Abu HM, Aravind S, Mohamed Yasar S, Abdul Azeez M (2018) Investigation
of mechanical properties of KMnO4 treated Sansevieria cylindrical fiber reinforced polymer composite.
6. Vignesh V, Balaji AN, Karthikeyan MKV (2016) Extraction and characterization of new cellulosic fibers
from Indian mallow stem: an exploratory investigation. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and
Characterization 21(6): 504-512.7. Kanimozhi M (2011) Investigating the physical characteristics of
sansevieria trifasciata fibre. International Journal of Science and Research Publication 1(1): 1-4.8.
Mayandi K, Rajini N, Pitchipoo P, Winowlin Jappes JT, Varada Rajulu A (2016) Extraction and
characterization of new natural lignocellulosic fiber cyperu spangorei. International Journal of Polymer
Analysis and Characterization 21(2): 175-183.9. Abral H, Kenedy E (2015) Thermal degradation and
tensile strength of sansevieria trifasciata polypropylene composites. IOP Conference Series: Materials
Science and Engineering 87: 012011.
BANANA

Effect of chemical treatments on physicochemical properties of fibres from banana fruit

and bunch stems

Fibres have been extracted from fruit and bunch stems of banana plant by water retting

and evaluated in terms of their performance characteristics. Banana bunch stem fibres

have been found to be superior in terms of fineness, initial modulus and breaking

strength, whereas elongation ratio shows an inverse trend. Thus, they have been further

treated by bleaching and alkalization. Among the treated fibres, the bleached fibres
show the highest initial modulus, breaking tenacity, and the lowest elongation.

Alkalization results in increased breaking elongation and decreased initial modulus,

whiteness and water absorption. The bunch stem fibres present higher water absorptive

capacity and lower whiteness compared to that of fruit stem fibres. The characteristics

of these unconventional fibres have been found to be comparable to natural fibres

traditionally used in textiles. The ranges for properties of the studied banana fruit and

bunch stem fibres in general can be given as: linear density 12.71-20.38 tex, initial

moduli 168 -326 cN/tex, breaking tenacity 9.89-13.3 cN/tex, breaking elongation 4.42-

16.4%, and moisture content 11.6-15.8%.(Yılmaz et al., 2017)

Handmade paper from waste banana fibre.

Banana fibre is a natural fibre with high strength, which can be blended easily with

cotton fibre or synthetic fibre to produce composite material. In the fiber extraction

process, a substantial amount of lignocellulosic wastes are generated, disposal of which

creates problem in the adjacent area. In this paper, extracted banana fiber (EBF) and

waste banana fiber (WBF) were characterized in terms of chemical and morphological

properties to produce handmade paper. WBF was characterized with lower α–cellulose,

lignin content and longer fiber length. Pulping of EBF and WBF was carried out with

varying active alkali and cooking time at boiling temperature. Pulp yield of WBF was

35.9% after 120 min of cooking with 8% alkali charge. In the unbeaten state the

degrees of drainage resistance i.e. SR values were 65 and 71 for EBF and WBF,

respectively. The tensile, burst and tear indices of WBF were 23.7 N.m/g, 2.2 kPa.m2/g

and 5.0 mN.m2/g, respectively; these were much lower as compared to EBF. These

values however, meet the requirement for handmade paper.(Arafat et al., 2018)
The physical, morphological and chemicals characteristics of different Musa species

were studied by Omotoso and Ogunsile (2010) and found that Musa species were rich

in cellulose and low in lignin content compared to hardwood Omotoso, M.A., Ogunsile, B.O. 2010.

Fibre and chemical properties of some Nigerian grown Musa species for pulp production. Asian J. Mat. Sci., 2: 160-

67.

. Many studies have been reported on the pulping of banana fibre (Heikal, 1976; Heikal

and Fadl, 1977; Rahman et al., 2014). Pulping of retted and unretted banana plant fibre

were carried out by (Heikal, 1976; Heikal and Fadl, 1977) and it was observed that

pulping of retted samples produced pulps with improved chemical and physical

properties than that from of unretted samples The tensile index of EBF was 83.8, which

is higher than other grass type pulp (Jahan et al., 2006; 2007a).

WBF contains very low amount of α–cellulose and high amount of ash. WBF is

constituted by fibers, broken fibers and nonfibrous cells. At 120 min of cooking with 8%

alkali charge, WBF is defibrated with pulp yield of 35.9%. Initial SR value of EBF pulp is

very high (65) and consequently increases to a very high tensile strength. Tear index of

EBF is also very high due to the longer fiber length. The papermaking properties of

WBF are quite acceptable for handmade paper. But these properties are much lower as

compared to EBF pulp. The waste generated in banana fibre extraction plant can be

used in handmade paper which will mitigate the pollution problem along with creating

employment opportunity in rural area. (Arafat et al., 2018)

Paper Making from Banana Pseudo-Stem: Characterization and Comparison

Banana is one of the important fruit and vegetable crop plants and belongs to the genus
Musa. Other wellknown species are abaca (Musa textilis) and other wild banana plants
used as a source of fibers for the paper and cordage industries (Saikia 1997). . Saikia, D. C.
1997. Wild banana plants (Musa spp) as source of fiber for paper and cordage industries. Journal of Science and
Industrial Research 56(7): 408–413.

Variation of chemical and morphological properties of different parts of banana plant

(Musa paradisica) and their effects on pulping

Chemical and morphological characterization of different parts of banana plant (Musa

paradisica) (peduncle, leaf stalk and pseudo stem) were carried out in order to assess

their potentiality for chemical pulp. Each portion was tested for extractives, sodium

hydroxide solubility, ash, lignin, cellulose and pentosan contents as well as their fiber

length and width. These segmented parts were characterized as low amount of lignin

(12.8–16.1%) and moderate amount of αcellulose (31.6–43.3%) and relatively high

amount of ash (7.6–19.1%), alkali solubility (32.4-51.4%) and water solubility. The

morphological properties of the banana plant, in terms of fiber length and width were

found to be a medium fiber with high slenderness ratio. Kraft process was applied for

the three portions of banana plant to evaluate pulp properties. At the optimal pulping

(Active alkali 22% for peduncle, 16% for leaf stalk and pseudo stem at 150 oC for 1

hour) pulp yields about 30.5–40.5% on oven dried (OD) raw material with kappa number

from 16.9 to 26.1 were obtained when cooking was carried out for 1 hour. Mechanical

properties of the unbleached pulp showed a high tensile, tear and burst index for

pseudo stem. (Rahman et al., 2014)

different morphological parts of banana plant was carried out by Oliveira et al. (2007).

The highest percentage of cellulose (37.3%) was found in leaf sheaths, starch (26.3%)

in floral stalk, lignin (24.3%) in leaf blades and lipophilic extractives (5.8%) in leaf

blades. . Oliveira, L., Cordeiro, N., Evtuguin, D.V., Torres, I.C., Silvestre, A.J.D. 2007. Chemical composition of

different morphological parts from ‘Dwarf Cavendish’banana plant and their potential as a non-wood renewable

source of natural products. Ind. Crop. Prod., 26: 163-172.

The chemical composition and the pulping potentialities of banana pseudostems

growing in Madeira Island (Portugal) were studied by Cordeiro et al. (2004) and found

that the lignin content was quite low but carbohydrate content was suitable for pulping.

Similar results were also found by Li et al. (2010). Cordeiro, N., Oliveira, L., Belgacem, M.N., Faria,

H., Moura, J.V.C.P. 2006. Surface modification of banana-based lignocellulose fibres In: Mittal, K.L. (Ed.), Contact

Angle, Wettability and Adhesion, Vol. 4. VSP, The Nertherlands, pp. 1–19. Li, K., Fu, S., Zhan, H., Zhan, Y., & Lucia,

L.A. 2010. Analysis of the chemical composition and morphological structure of banana pseudo-stem.

BioResources., 5: 578-585

. A good quality grease proof paper was produced from banana (M. paradisica) pulp

(Goswami, 2008). Goswami, T., Kalita, D. Rao, P.G. 2008. Greaseproof paper from banana (Musa paradisica

L.) pulp fiber. Indian J. Chem. Technol., 15: 457-461.

A Review on Composition and Properties of Banana Fibers

plant. Banana fiber is a bast fiber with relatively good mechanical properties. Banana

fiber has good specific strength properties comparable to those of conventional

material, like glass fiber. This material has a lower density then glass fibers. The

pseudo-stem is a cylindrical, clustered aggregation of leaf stalk bases. Banana fiber at

is a waste product of banana cultivation and either not properly utilized or partially done

so. Useful applications of such fibers would regularize the demand which would be

reflected in a fall of the prices. Banana fibers have highly strength, light weight, smaller

elongation, fire resistance quality, strong moisture absorption quality, great potentialities

and biodegradability. Banana fiber has recognized for apparels and home furnishings

Banana fiber has great potentialities for paper making special demand of handmade

paper. Banana fiber is making products like filter paper, paper bags, greeting cards,

lamp stands, pen stands, decorative papers, rope, mats and composite material etc.

Banana fiber is used in currency notes in Germany and trial run in India also.

Polypropylene reinforced with banana fiber is used by automobile companies for making

under floor protection panels in luxurious cars like Mercedes. Banana fiber mostly used

in making handicrafts and home decorative. Composite material of banana fiber used in

buildings boards and fire resistance boards. During the research it was found that

paper made out of this fiber has long life of over 100 years as it is strongest of the long

fibers over found other natural fibers, which can be folded 3,000 times. It can be used

currency and value- able documents like manuscript document preserver.(Bhatnagar et

al., 2015)
Properties of banana fibers are superior as compare to other natural fibers If we talk

about the future of banana fibers, are very bright because they are cheaper, lighter and

environmentally superior to glass fiber or other synthetic fibers composites in general.

(Bhatnagar et al., 2015)

Natural wrapping paper from banana (Musa paradisiaca Linn) peel waste with additive

essential oils

The result shows that the natural paper from banana peel waste with additive essential

oil meets the standard of ISO 6519:2016 about Basic Paper for Laminated Plastic

Wrapping Paper within the parameter of pH and water content. The paper produced

also meet the standard of ISO 8218:2015 about Food Paper and Cardboard within the

grammage parameter (high-grade grammage), except the paper with 2% lemon oil.

The paper which is closest to the characteristic of commercial wrapping paper is the

paper with the additive of 2% cinnamon oil, with pH of 6.95, the water content of 7.14%,

grammage of 347.6 gram/m2 and the brightness level of 24.68%.(Agustina & Susanti,

2018)

The data from Institute for Research and Development of Cellulose Industries shows

that the banana peel waste contains more fine fibers than those that are made of wood

with high cellulose (6065%), hemicellulose (6-8%) and lignin (5-10%). Meanwhile, the

amost commonly used softwood to make the conventional raw material of the paper

only contains cellulose (41%), hemicellulose (24%) and lignin (27.8%) [4]. It indicates

that the cellulose in the banana peel is far higher than that in softwood. Moreover,

banana peel only contains lignin (5-10%) that makes the cellulose separation process
easier to do. Thus, the banana peel is potentially used to be the raw material of

papermaking to reduce the dependence of wood as the raw material of wrapping paper.

The use of banana peel waste also increases the optimization of the waste itself by

increasing the economic value.

SNAKE PLANT

Worldwide there are more than 12 Sansevieria species in different continents. The

common species are S. cylindrical and S. zeylanica.(…) s. zeylanica fibers shows that

fiber has good strength, fineness with low elongation.(Kanimozhi, M., 2011). Ververis et

al. reported that softwoods or the non-timber like snake plant with longer fibers have

high paper strength. Sankar reported that snake plant was composed of long fibers, and

that is the reason why this combination has higher tensile index compared to raw

materials alone. Kanimozhi indicated that the natural cellulose of snake plant fibers has

real strength in which it cannot be easily damaged.(Fiscal, R., and Dandan, K. B.,

2016). Snake plant paper is made from fibers extracted from snake plant. The long

sinuous fibers are formed into a paper that is highly distinctive. This type of paper refers

to as "eco paper" because the paper uses fibers that go into the water system and also

this paper extremely textured and makes an interesting addition to stamping and scrap

booking projects as of now.(Figueroa, R., 2013)

natural cellulose Sanseveria trifasciata leaf fibers were investigated for their suitability

for textile applications. The Sanseveria trifasciata leaf fibers were extracted from its leaf

by retting techniques and the properties of the fibers were characterized. The result
showed that the fiber was comparable to other natural fiber such as cotton and flax for

most parameters required for clothing such as fineness, moisture, high tenacity and

elongation at break. In addition to this, since the Sanseveria trifascita leaf plants were

relatively easy to multiply and cultivate in any surrounding areas, they could be

considered as an essential alternative source for natural cellulose fibres, and the fiber

can be used to make products like apparel and packaging materials.(Wolela, 2019)
[PAPER REF

NATURAL FIBER REF

BANANA REF

Agustina, E., & Susanti, V. H. E. (2018). Natural wrapping paper from banana (Musa paradisiaca Linn)

peel waste with additive essential oils. https://doi.org/10.13074/jent.2015.06.152154

Arafat, K., Nayeem, J., Quadery, A. H., Quaiyyum, M. A., & Jahan, M. S. (2018). Handmade paper from

waste banana fibre. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v53i2.36668

Bhatnagar, R. K., Gupta, G. K., & Yadav, S. (2015). A Review on Composition and Properties of Banana

Fibers.

Jagadeesh, D., Venkatachalam, R., & Nallakumarasamy, G. (2015). Characterisation of Banana Fiber-A

Review. https://doi.org/10.13074/jent.2015.06.152154

Rahman, M. M., Islam, T., Nayeem, J., & Jahan, M. S. (2014). Variation of chemical and morphological

properties of different parts of banana plant (Musa paradisica) and their effects on pulping.

https://doi.org/10.22069/ijlp.2014.2065

Wolela, A. D. (2019). Extraction and Characterization of Natural CelluloseFibers from Sanseveria

Trifasciata Plant. https://doi.org/10.13074/jent.2015.06.152154

Yılmaz, N. D., Sulak, M., Yılmaz, K., & Khan, G. M. A. (2017). Effect of chemical treatments on physico-

chemical properties of fibres from banana fruit and bunch stems. IJFTR Vol.42(1) [March 2017].

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