The viscosity of fluid is a measure of its resistance to

flow. Viscosity can be conceptualized as quantifying

the friction force that arises between adjacent layers of
fluid that are in relative motion. For instance, when a fluid
is forced through a tube, it flows more quickly near the
tube's axis than near its walls. In such a case,that
some stress (such as a pressure difference between the
two ends of the tube) is needed to sustain the flow
through the tube. This is because a force is required to
overcome the friction between the layers of the fluid which
are in relative motion: the strength of this force is
proportional to the viscosity.
A fluid that has no resistance to shear stress is known as
an ideal or inviscid fluid. Zero viscosity is observed only
at very low temperature.
the second law of thermodynamics requires all fluids to
have positive viscosity such fluids are technically said to
be viscous or viscid. A fluid with a high viscosity, such
as pitch may appear to be a solid.
In many fluids, the flow velocity is
observed to vary linearly from zero at the bottom
to at the top. Moreover, the magnitude of the force
acting on the top plate is found to be proportional to
the speed and the area of each plate and inversely
proportional to their separation
In fluid dynamics, it is common to work in terms of
the kinematic viscosity (also called "momentum
diffusivity"), defined as the ratio of the viscosity μ to the
density of the fluid ρ.
Consistent with this nomenclature, the viscosity is
frequently called the dynamic viscosity or absolute
viscosity, and has units force × time/area.

MEASUREMENT-
A rheometer is used for those fluids that cannot be
defined by a single value of viscosity and therefore
require more parameters to be set and measured than is
the case for a viscometer. Close temperature control of
the fluid is essential to acquire accurate measurements,
particularly in materials like lubricants, whose viscosity
can double with a change of only 5 °C.
For some fluids, the viscosity is constant over a wide
range of shear rates. The fluids without a constant
viscosity cannot be described by a single number. Non-
Newtonian fluids exhibit a variety of different correlations
between shear stress and shear rate.
One of the most common instruments for measuring
kinematic viscosity is the glass capillary viscometer.
In coating industries, viscosity may be measured with a
cup in which the efflux is measured. There are several
sorts of cup – such as the zahn cup and the ford viscosity
cup – with the usage of each type varying mainly
according to the industry. The efflux time can also be
converted to kinematic viscosities (centistokes, cSt)
through the conversion equations.
Also used in coatings, a Stormer viscometer uses load-
based rotation in order to determine viscosity. The
viscosity is reported in Krebs units (KU), which are unique
to Stormer viscometers.
Vibrating viscometers can also be used to measure
viscosity. Resonant, or vibrational viscometers work by
creating shear waves within the liquid. In this method, the
sensor is submerged in the fluid and is made to resonate
at a specific frequency. As the surface of the sensor
shears through the liquid, energy is lost due to its
viscosity. This dissipated energy is then measured and
converted into a viscosity reading. A higher viscosity
causes a greater loss of energy
Extensional viscosity can be measured with various
rheometers that apply extensional stress.
Volumetric stress can be measured with an acoustic
stress.
Apparent viscosity is a calculation derived from tests
performed on drilling fluid used in oil or gas well
development. These calculations and tests help
engineers develop and maintain the properties of the
drilling fluid to the specifications required.
Units
The SI unit of dynamic viscosity is the pascal -second
(Pa·s), or equivalently kilogram per meter per second
(kg·m−1·s−1). The CGS unit (g·cm−1·s−1 = 0.1 Pa·s) is
called the poise (P) named after jean leonard marie
poiseuille. It is commonly expressed, particularly in ASTM
standards, as centipoise (cP) since the latter is equal to
the SI multiple millipascal seconds (mPa·s). The SI unit
of kinematic viscosity is square meter per second (m2/s),
whereas the CGS unit for kinematic viscosity is
the stokes (St). The reciprocal of viscosity is fluidity,
usually symbolized by or depending on the convention
used, measured in reciprocal poise (P−1). At one time the
petroleum industry relied on measuring kinematic
viscosity by means of the saybolt viscometer, and
expressing kinematic viscosity in units of saybolt
universal seconds (SUS). Other abbreviations such as
SSU (Saybolt seconds universal) or SUV (Saybolt
universal viscosity) are sometimes used. Kinematic
viscosity in centistokes can be converted from SUS
according to the arithmetic.

SAYBOLT VISCOMETER
A device used to measure the viscosity of a fluid. The
saybolt viscometer controls the heat of the fluid and the
viscosity is the time is takes the fluid to fill a 60cc
container.
The device used for measurement of viscosity is known
as viscometer .
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to
gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress.
The units of viscosity is poise and centipoise .
specific viscosity is the ratio of the viscosity of fluid to the
viscosity of water at 20 degree Celsius. Since the water
has a viscosity of 1 cp at 20 degree Celsius.
Kinematic viscosity is defined as ratio of dynamic
viscosity to the density of the fluid.
Efflux cup viscometers are most commonly used for
fieldwork to measure the viscosity of oils, syrups, varnish,
paints and Bitumen emulsions. The testing procedure is
quite similar to the capillary-tube viscometers where
efflux time of a specified volume of fluid is measured
through fixed orifice at the bottom of a cup to represent
the viscosity of the fluid. Since the viscosity of Newtonian
liquid are independent of dimensions of viscometer used,
it is possible to convert the efflux times to kinematic
viscosities by conversion charts or by formulas suggested
by the equipment manufacturers.To obtain
high accuracy the liquid holding vessel and orifice are
temperature controlled by immersing them in a
thermostatically controlled bath. The saybolt viscometer,
one of the efflux cup viscometers is the standard
instrument for testing petroleum products. There are
three types of orifices available-Universal, Furol,
Asphalt.The furol and asphalt orifices, respectively, have
an efflux time of approximately, one-tenth and one-
hundredth that of the universal orifice. The cup orifice
combination should be selected to provide an effllux time
within the range of 20 to 100 seconds. Of these types, the
universal orifice(saybolt universal viscometer) is most
commonly used and its efflux time is designated as
saybolt universal seconds(SUS).The universal
viscometer measures the time required for 60 cc of
sample fluid to flow out through an orifice having
dimensions of 0.176 cm in diameter and 1.225 cm in
length. Saybolt universal seconds (t) can be converted to
kinematic viscosity (v) by the following equations:
When t < 100 secs, v = 0.226t – 195/t Centistokes
When t >100 secs, v = 0.220t – 135/t Centistokes
The viscosity determinations should be conducted in a
room free from drafts and rapid changes in temperature
the highest degree of accuracy.
 A Seminar Report

On

VISCOSITY AND SAYBOLT VISCOMETER

Submitted by
YOGESH GARG

(ROLL NO:185940)

M.Sc. (TECH)

ENGINEERING PHYSICS II SEMESTER

Under the guidance of

Dr.D. PAUL JOSEPH

Department of Physics

National Institute of Technology

Warangal-506004
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take the opportunity to express my cordial gratitude and deep sense of indebtedness to our
guide Dr.D. PAUL JOSEPH, Department of Physics, NIT Warangal for his valuable
guidance and inspiration throughout the seminar. I feel thankful to him for his innovative
ideas and support, which lead to successful completion of this report work. He has always
welcomed my problems and helped me to clear my doubts. I would like to put across my
thanks to all those who helped me directly or indirectly in the successful completion of this
seminar work.