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Chapter 8 Vocab AP Psych

This document defines key terms related to learning theories in psychology including classical and operant conditioning. It describes concepts such as acquisition, associative learning, aversion therapy, conditioned and unconditioned stimuli and responses, extinction, generalization, habituation, imitation, inhibition, latent learning, negative and positive punishment and reinforcement, observational learning, partial reinforcement effect, reflexes, sensitization, spontaneous recovery, and schedules of reinforcement like fixed interval, fixed ratio, variable interval and variable ratio. The terms defined are central concepts for understanding different types of learning processes.

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64 views2 pages

Chapter 8 Vocab AP Psych

This document defines key terms related to learning theories in psychology including classical and operant conditioning. It describes concepts such as acquisition, associative learning, aversion therapy, conditioned and unconditioned stimuli and responses, extinction, generalization, habituation, imitation, inhibition, latent learning, negative and positive punishment and reinforcement, observational learning, partial reinforcement effect, reflexes, sensitization, spontaneous recovery, and schedules of reinforcement like fixed interval, fixed ratio, variable interval and variable ratio. The terms defined are central concepts for understanding different types of learning processes.

Uploaded by

Tyler
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Acquisition- The development of a learned response

Associative Learning- The formation of associations or connections among stimuli


and behaviors
Aversion Therapy- An application of counterconditioning in which a conditioned
stimulus formerly paired with a pleasurable unconditioned stimulus is paired with an
unpleasant unconditioned stimulus
Classical Conditioning- A type of learning in which associations are formed between
two stimuli that occur sequentially in time
Conditioned Reinforcer- A reinforcer that gains value from being associated with
other things that are valued; also known as a secondary reinforcer
Conditioned Response- A response learned through classical conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus- An environmental event whose significance is learned through
classical conditioning
Discrimination- A learned ability to distinguish between stimuli
Extinction- The reduction of a learned response
Fixed Interval Schedule- A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response
following a specified interval is reinforced
Fixed Ratio Schedule- A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement
occurs following a set number of behaviors
Generalization- The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original
conditioned stimulus
Habituation- A simple form of learning in which reactions to repeated stimuli that
are unchanging and harmless decrease
Higher Order Conditioning- Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned
stimulus also elicit conditioned responses
Imitation- Copying behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously
Inhibition-A feature of classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus predicts
the nonoccurrence of an unconditioned stimulus
Latent Inhibition- The slower learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS)
is already familiar compared to when the CS is unfamiliar
Latent Learning- Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement
Method of Successive Approximations- A method for increasing the frequency of
behaviors that never or rarely occur
Negative Punishment- A method for reducing behavior by removing something
desirable whenever the target behavior occurs
Negative Reinforcement- A method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism
to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence
Observational Learning- Learning that occurs when one organism watches the
actions of another organism
Operant Conditioning- A type of learning in which associations are formed between
behaviors and their outcomes
Partial Reinforcement Effect in Extinction- The more rapid extinction observed
following continuous reinforcement compared to that following partial
reinforcement
Partial Reinforcement- The reinforcement of a desired behavior on some
occasions but not others
Reflex- An inevitable, involuntary response to stimuli
Sensitization- An increased reaction to many stimuli following exposure to one
strong stimulus
Spontaneous Recovery- During extinction training, the reappearance of conditioned
responses after periods of rest
Token Economy- An application of operant conditioning in which tokens that can be
exchanged for other reinforcers are used to increase the frequency of
desirable behaviors
Unconditioned Response- A response to an unconditioned stimulus that requires no
previous experience
Unconditioned Stimulus- A stimulus that elicits a response without prior experience
Variable Interval Schedule- A schedule of reinforcement in which the first
response following a varying period is reinforced
Variable Ratio Schedule- A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement
occurs following some variable number of behaviors

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