Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 94 views

    Physics 2 Lec.06 Direct-Current Circuits PDF

    Uploaded by

    Yim Jay
    The document summarizes key concepts about direct current (DC) circuits including: 1) It discusses Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism and the Lorentz force. It also covers resistors in series and parallel and Kirchhoff's rules. 2) It explains how to apply Kirchhoff's junction and loop rules to solve circuit problems and find current, resistance, and voltage values. 3) It describes charging and discharging processes in RC circuits, defining the time constant τ as equal to RC, and showing the exponential relationships that govern current and charge over time in an RC circuit.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Physics 2 Lec.06 Direct-Current Circuits PDF

    Uploaded by

    Yim Jay
    94 views20 pages
    The document summarizes key concepts about direct current (DC) circuits including: 1) It discusses Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism and the Lorentz force. It also covers resistors in series and parallel and Kirchhoff's rules. 2) It explains how to apply Kirchhoff's junction and loop rules to solve circuit problems and find current, resistance, and voltage values. 3) It describes charging and discharging processes in RC circuits, defining the time constant τ as equal to RC, and showing the exponential relationships that govern current and charge over time in an RC circuit.

    Original Title

    Physics 2 Lec.06 Direct-Current Circuits.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document summarizes key concepts about direct current (DC) circuits including: 1) It discusses Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism and the Lorentz force. It also covers resistors in series and parallel and Kirchhoff's rules. 2) It explains how to apply Kirchhoff's junction and loop rules to solve circuit problems and find current, resistance, and voltage values. 3) It describes charging and discharging processes in RC circuits, defining the time constant τ as equal to RC, and showing the exponential relationships that govern current and charge over time in an RC circuit.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    94 views20 pages

    Physics 2 Lec.06 Direct-Current Circuits PDF

    Uploaded by

    Yim Jay
    The document summarizes key concepts about direct current (DC) circuits including: 1) It discusses Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism and the Lorentz force. It also covers resistors in series and parallel and Kirchhoff's rules. 2) It explains how to apply Kirchhoff's junction and loop rules to solve circuit problems and find current, resistance, and voltage values. 3) It describes charging and discharging processes in RC circuits, defining the time constant τ as equal to RC, and showing the exponential relationships that govern current and charge over time in an RC circuit.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 20

    2019 Fall

    Direct-Current (DC) Circuits

    Sung-Hoon Lee
    Theory of Electromagnetism

    ⚫ Lorentz Force

    ⚫ Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism


    Resistors in Series
    Resistors in Parallel
    Kirchhoff’s Rules

    ⚫ Kirchhoff’s junction rule : conservation of electric charge


    The algebraic sum of currents into any junction is zero.

    ⚫ Kirchhoff’s loop rule : electrostatic force is conservative (path-independent)


    The algebraic sum of the potential difference in any loop must equal zero.
    Application of Kirchhoff’s Rules

    Junction rule at 𝑎: + 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 − 𝐼3 = 0
    Application of Kirchhoff’s Rules

    Find 𝐼, 𝑟, and ℰ.

    Junction a: −𝐼 + 1 A + 2 A = 0 → 𝐼 = 3 A

    Loop (1): 12 𝑉 − 3 A 𝑟 − 1 A 1 Ω = 0 → 𝑟 = 2 Ω

    Loop (2): −ℰ − −1 A 1 Ω − 2 A 3 Ω = 0 → ℰ = −5 𝑉

    The current direction is opposite to the loop direction.


    Power in a battery-charging circuit

    This battery is being charged by the 12V battery


    A Network Circuit

    𝐼1 = 6 A
    𝐼2 = 5 A
    𝐼3 = −1 A

    𝑉 13 V 13
    𝑅𝑒𝑞 = = = Ω
    𝐼 6 A + 5 A 11

    𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑎 = −𝐼3 1 Ω = − −1 𝐴 1 Ω = 1 𝑉 → 𝑉𝑏 > 𝑉𝑎
    R-C Circuit: Charging a Capacitor

    Capacitor initially uncharged Charging the capacitor

    𝑞
    𝑉𝑏𝑎 = 0 𝑉𝑐𝑏 = 0 𝑉𝑏𝑎 = −𝑖𝑅 𝑉𝑐𝑏 = −
    𝐶

    𝑞
    ℰ − 𝑖𝑅 − = 0
    𝐶
    R-C Circuit: Charging a Capacitor

    ℰ ℰ 𝑄𝑓
    𝑖 𝑡=0 = = 𝐼0 𝑖 𝑡=∞ = − =0
    𝑅 𝑅 𝑅𝐶
    R-C Circuit: Charging a Capacitor

    𝑄𝑓 = 𝐶ℰ

    𝑑𝑞
    slope = = 𝑖(𝑡)
    𝑑𝑡

    ℰ ℰ 𝑄𝑓
    𝑖 𝑡=0 = = 𝐼0 𝑖 𝑡=∞ = − =0
    𝑅 𝑅 𝑅𝐶
    R-C Circuit: Charging a Capacitor

    Time constant
    (relaxation time)
    for RC circuit
    𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶
    R-C Circuit: Charging a Capacitor

    𝑑𝑖 𝑖
    =−
    𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶

    ℰ −𝑡/𝑅𝐶
    𝑖= 𝑒
    𝑅

    𝑑𝑞 ℰ −𝑡/𝑅𝐶
    = 𝑒
    𝑑𝑡 𝑅

    𝑞 = 𝐶ℰ(1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶 )

    Time constant
    (relaxation time)
    for RC circuit
    𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶
    R-C Circuit: Discharging a Capacitor

    Capacitor initially charged Discharging the capacitor


    R-C Circuit: Charging a Capacitor
    Charging Energy

    𝑞
    ℰ = 𝑖𝑅 +
    𝐶

    Of the power ℰ𝑖 supplied by the batter, part


    (𝑖2𝑅) is dissipated in the resistor and part
    (𝑖𝑞/𝐶) is stored in the capacitor.

    The total energy supplied by the battery during the charging equals the battery
    emf ℰ multiplied by the total charge flowed, or ℰ𝑄𝑓 .

    The total energy stored in the capacitor is 𝑄𝑓 ℰ/2.

    Of the energy supplied by the battery, exactly half is stored in the capacitor,
    and the other half is dissipated in the resistor.
    어떤 문제에 부딪쳤을 때 그 문제의 근원으로 돌아가서

    그 속에 숨어있는 단순하고 근본적인 개념이 무엇인가를

    파악하는 것이 힐베르트가 제일 먼저 하는 일이었다.

    < 현대수학의 아버지 힐베르트 >


    R-C Circuit: Charging a Capacitor

    Time constant
    (relaxation time)
    for RC circuit
    𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶
    R-C Circuit: Charging a Capacitor

    𝑑𝑖 𝑖
    =−
    𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶
    1 1
    𝑑𝑖 = − 𝑑𝑡
    𝑖 𝑅𝐶
    𝑖
    1 1 𝑡
    න 𝑑𝑖 = − න 𝑑𝑡
    𝐼0 𝑖 𝑅𝐶 0

    𝑖 1
    ln = − 𝑡
    𝐼0 𝑅𝐶
    𝑖
    = 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶
    𝐼0
    𝑖 = 𝐼0 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶
    𝑑𝑞
    Time constant = 𝐼0 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶 𝑞 𝑡=0 =0
    𝑑𝑡
    (relaxation time)
    for RC circuit 𝑞 = −𝐼0 𝑅𝐶𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶 + 𝐴 𝐴 = 𝐼0 𝑅𝐶
    𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶 = 𝐶ℰ = 𝑄𝑓
    𝑞 = 𝑄𝑓 1 − 𝑒 −𝑡/𝑅𝐶

    You might also like