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Statistics

Statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. Descriptive statistics describes populations through numerical calculations, graphs, or tables, while inferential statistics makes inferences about populations from samples. Variables can be continuous, discrete, nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio at different levels of measurement. Charts and diagrams are used to visually represent quantitative and qualitative data.

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Maryrose Sumulong
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26 views2 pages

Statistics

Statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. Descriptive statistics describes populations through numerical calculations, graphs, or tables, while inferential statistics makes inferences about populations from samples. Variables can be continuous, discrete, nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio at different levels of measurement. Charts and diagrams are used to visually represent quantitative and qualitative data.

Uploaded by

Maryrose Sumulong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Statistics – it is the science pf collecting, analyzing, presenting, and interpreting data.

Descriptive Statistics – it is the data to provide descriptions of the population, either through
numerical calculations or graphs or tables

Inferential Statistics – it makes inferences and predictions about a population based on a sample
of data taken from the population in question.

Population – broader group of people to whom you intend to generalize the results to your
study; group of phenomena that has something in common

Sample – smaller group of members of a population selected to represent the population.

Parameter – it is a characteristic of a population

Primary Data – data that is collected by a researcher from first-hand sources, using methods
like survey, interviews, or experiments.

Secondary Data- data gathered from studies, surveys, or experiments that have been run by
other people or other research.

Constant – symbol having a fixed numerical value

Variable - a characteristics or a quantity of interest that can take on different values

Discrete Variable – are countable in a finite amount of time = finite

Continuos Variable – would (literally) take forever to count = infinite

LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

 Nominal – numbers in the variable are used only to classify data


 Ordinal – depicts some ordered relationship among the variable’s observations
 Interval – not only classifies & orders but also specifies disctance between each interval
on the ; scale; low interval to high interval
 Ratio – division between the points on the scale have an equivalent distance between
them.
Analytics – involves studying past historical data to research potential trends, to analyze effects
of certain decisions or events, or to evaluate the performance of a given tool or scenario.

Quantitative data - to quantify a problem or address the “what” or “how many” aspects of a
research question. It is a data that can either be counted or compared on a numeric scale

Qualitative data – describes qualities or characteristics. It is collected using questionnaires,


interviews, or observation.
Charts – graphical representation of data, in which “the data is presented by symbols, such as
bars in bar chart, lines in line chart; Also known as graphs, are visual methods for displaying data

Crosstabulation - useful for describing data or two variables since it provides a tabular
summary of data

Frequency - The frequency of a bin summarizes the number of times the value has occurred.

Data Dashboard - Data-visualization tool that illustrates multiple metrics and automatically
updates these metrics as new data become available.

Historgram - a plot that shows the underlying frequency distribution or shape of continuous
data. This allows the inspection of the data for its underlying distribution, outliers, skewness, etc.

Scatter Diagram - A scatter chart is a useful graph for analyzing the relationship between two
variables.

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