Wa0009

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A REPORT ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME(SIWES)
TRAINING PROGRAMME
(MAY 2018 – DECEMBER 2018)
AT
NAHMAN CONSTRUCTION COMPANY L.T.D
BY
OMOTORIOGUN VICTOR FEMI
2014/1/49618EC
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA
BEING A REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR BARCHELOR OF

ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.
DECEMBER, 2018
Copyright © Omotoriogun Victor Femi, 2018. All rights reserved

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ABSTRACT
This report is done to fulfill a partial requirement for the award of B.Eng. in Civil Engineering at
Federal University of Tech. Minna. This report outlines my work experience as an intern with
Nahman Construction Company Ltd, a civil engineering construction firm in based in Lagos,
Nigeria, with branches in Abuja and all over the country. This report describes the activities of
the civil engineer in building construction and the progressive phases of the Building project at
Nahman Construction Company. The project phases, responsibilities, and tasks that were typical
of the project are detailed through the descriptions in this report.
Insights of my work experience and the role that my education at Federal University of Technology
Minna played is discussed in the conclusion part of this report.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The internship opportunity I had with Nahman Construction Company was a great chance of
learning and professional development. Therefore, I consider myself as very lucky individual as I
was provided with an opportunity to be part of it. I am also grateful for having the chance of
meeting so many wonderful people and professionals who led me through this internship period.
Bearing in mind previous I am using this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and special
thanks to the Area Manager, Mr. Elie Antonio’s who in spite of being extraordinarily busy with
his duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep me on correct path. I express my deepest thanks
to my Industrial Supervisor, Engr Humphrey, the Project engineer and Engr. P.B Umoh, the
principal structural engineer of the civic center building for their careful and precious guidance
which were extremely valuable for my study both theoretically and practically, I am forever
indebted to them.
I perceive this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development, I will strive to use the
gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will continue to work on their
improvement, in order to attain desired objectives.
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Table of Contents
TITLE PAGE ..................................................................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF FIGURES: .......................................................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES: ............................................................................................................................................. v
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Brief history of SIWES programme ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES. ...................................................................................................... 1
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER TWO: DISCRIPTION OF PLACE OF ATTACHMENT ....................................................................... 3
2.1 Brief history and description of establishment................................................................................... 3
2.2 Organizational structure: .................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Departments and Units: ...................................................................................................................... 5
2.4 Brief description of project: ................................................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER THREE: CONSTRUCTION PROCESS ............................................................................................... 7
3.1 Introduction. ....................................................................................................................................... 7
3.2. Setting Out and Excavation: ............................................................................................................... 7
3.3 Foundation Concreting: ...................................................................................................................... 8
3.4. Casting of oversite concrete: ............................................................................................................. 9
3.5 Shuttering and Casting of Columns................................................................................................... 10
3.6 Casting of beams and floor ............................................................................................................... 11
3.7 Laying of blockwork .......................................................................................................................... 16
3.9 Plastering .......................................................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER THREE: STRUCTURAL DESIGN .................................................................................................... 18
4.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 18
4.2 Exit Staircase ..................................................................................................................................... 18
4.3 Retaining Walls: ................................................................................................................................ 24
4.4 Staircase stringer beam: ................................................................................................................... 27
4.5 Roof Trusses: ..................................................................................................................................... 31
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .......................................................................... 38
5.1 Conclusion: ........................................................................................................................................ 38
5.2 Recommendation:............................................................................................................................. 39
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LIST OF FIGURES:
Figure 2.1 Project details

Figure 3.1 Concreting of Pad base
Figure 3.2 Casting of oversite concrete
Figure 3.3 Column Shuttering and Casting
Figure 3.4 Falsework Erection
Figure 3.5 Beam-Slab Formwork
Figure 3.6 Reinforcement for beam-slab
Figure 3.7 Concreting of beam-slab
Figure 3.8 Casting of concrete cubes
Figure 3.9 Laying of block wall
Figure 3.91 Plastering
Figure 4.10 Plan of Exit staircase
Figure 4.11 Details of stair exit
Figure 4.12 Placement of starter bars
Figure 4.20 Retaining Wall section
Figure 4.41 Stringer beam Details
Figure 4.42 Stringer beam
Figure 4.51 Roof truss details
Figure 4.52 Base plate details
Figure 4.53 Fabrication of truss assembly.
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LIST OF TABLES:
Table 3.1 Minimum period of striking down concrete.

Table 4.1 Roof Truss analysis results.
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Brief history of SIWES programme

The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was initiated in 1973 by the Industrial
Training Fund (ITF). It is a tripartite programme involving the students, the universities and
industries. It is funded by the Federal Government of Nigeria and jointly coordinated by the ITF
and the National Universities Commission (NUC). It is a skill training programme designed to
exposed and prepare students of tertiary institutions for the industrial work situation they are likely
to meet after graduation. The skill also affords the students the opportunity of familiarizing and
exposing themselves to the needed experience in handling equipment and machinery.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES.

The scheme is aimed at:
• Provide an avenue for students in the Nigerian Universities to acquire industrial skills and
experience in their course of study
• Prepare students for work situations they likely to meet after graduation.
• Expose students to work methods and techniques on handling equipment and machinery
that may not be available in the universities.
• Make the transition from the university to the world of workers easier and thus enhance
students’ contact for later job placement.
• Enlist and strengthen employers’ involvement in the entire educational process of
preparing university graduates for employment in industries.
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is the accepted skill training programme
which forms part of the approved minimum academic standard in various degree and diploma
programme of Nigeria Universities and Polytechnics, as part of the academic schemes of most
professional degree programme identified by the National Universities Commission (NUC) of
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Nigeria. The design of the programme is laid on the student’s area of study as applicable to the
society at large. Students will therefore use this opportunity to learn and apply the various
theoretical knowledge they acquire during their study in their institute within programme an
independent commission under the guidance of the industrial training fund is established by the
Nigerian government to look on the student’s training programme during their various attachment.
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CHAPTER TWO: DISCRIPTION OF PLACE OF ATTACHMENT
2.1 Brief history and description of establishment.

Since its inception Nahman Construction has distinguished itself in the industry and has
consistently been recognized for providing quality construction and building management
services.
Founded in 1969 by Joseph Nahman, the company initially operated as a building and civil
engineering contractor concentrating on private residential construction projects and pioneering
developments in financing. With projects growing progressively larger and more complex the
company assembled a group of expert construction professionals-both Nigerian and expatriate-
with diverse construction experience. As the company expanded internally, it expanded externally
too-undertaking projects not only in Lagos but across Nigeria. Nahman Construction company
maintains its company headquarters in Lagos and supports full service offices in Abuja, Ogun
State, and Kaduna.
Today led by Nabil Nahman and Nagib António’s, the company operates as a diversified
construction organization offering services in general contracting construction management,
project development, and project management. Nahman construction is involved in a wide variety
of commercial building types ranging from corporate office, facilities and healthcare projects, to
industrial developments, and mechanical and electrical projects. They also specialize in a variety
of civil engineering works, from roads and dredging, to waste water drainage and culverts.
Nahman construction company is committed to delivering exceptional projects performance to

ensure the success of their clients, who vary from individuals to institutions and establishments,
oil companies, Federal and State Govt and International Donor Organizations, including. The
world bank and African Development Bank.
Nahman Construction continues to perpetuate and reinforce the principle and philosophy of its
founder and is committed to superior workmanship and performance. While also looking forward
to the challenges and accomplishments to come as it strives to become and remain the best in the
industry.
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2.2 Organizational structure:
Managing
director
Area
Manager
Project
Manager
Quantity Project
surveyors Engineers Accountants
Site
Engineers
Store
Supervisors Foremen Headmen
Keepers
Figure 2.1 Organization structure

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2.3 Departments and Units:

In the council document setting Nahman construction company is made up of four departments
each function with peculiar responsibilities of ensuring that company’s policies turn into actions.
The departments and it functions are listed below.
1) Management:
i) To make enquiry about the essential certificates and reports and justify them correctly
ii) Make rough estimate report for the projects
iii) Handle all legal aspects of the projects.
iv) Preparing schedule of work for the projects.
2) Accounts:
i) Controls the flow of money and prepares rough estimate.
ii) Receives budget from managing department and sends for approval.
iii) Pay bills of sub-contractors according to the terms and conditions of the company.
3) Quantity Surveying:
i) Preparing tenders and bill of quantities
ii) Carry-out cost valuation on projects
iii) Submits sub-contractor’s bills to account for payments.
4) Project Engineers:
i) Manages and oversee activities on site
ii) Prepare estimates on quantities of materials required
iii) Schedule preparation
iv) Recourse management.
2.4 Brief description of project:

The project is a church civic center, a four storied building with a basement on one segment of the
building, consisting of offices on the basement, halls and offices on the ground floor, classroom
on the 1-2nd floor and residential apartments on the final floor.
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The building is a reinforced concrete framed structure with columns and beams spaced at intervals
there’s a lift core wall towards the entrance, and ramps from the ground floor to the third floor,
there are retaining walls around the basement. The building is founded on pad bases.
Figure 2.1 Project details

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CHAPTER THREE: CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

3.1 Introduction.
The first step in the construction of a new building is to carry-out a building survey, this includes
establishing TBM, determination of building property line, soil tests etc. After which approval
must be gotten from a building consultant or the Project architect. The underlisted steps are
followed in the construction of a building and at every stage of work must be approved by a
consultant prior to starting of the next stage of work.
3.2. Setting Out and Excavation:

3.2.1 Setting Out.
A building is set out in order to clearly define the outline of the excavation and the center line of
the walls so that all construction works can be carried out according to the plan. There are basically
two method of setting out, Line-Line and Centerline. The centerline method is generally preferred
and was adopted for this project.
The position and orientation of the structure is generally described in the architect's drawing,
dimensions and references on plan will determine the positioning of the building and in particular
its foundation. These include overall length and width, distances to road center-lines and to other
structures, internal structural measurements, approaches and rights of way and so on.
The controlling points of the structure can then be marked so that the construction team is able to
easily identify them. This usually consists of marking the buildings corners, horizontal and vertical
positions, using stakes(pegs) profile boards with lines, drill holes cut and fill notations or other
method.
(a) Temporary Bench Mark (TBM): The TBM is a fixed point on the site to which all levels are
related. On site it should relate to any permanent fixture such as manhole cover or firmly driven
post.
(b) Baseline: Typically, the first layout task is establishing a baseline to which all the setting out
can be related. The baseline is a straight reference line in respect to which the buildings corners
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are located on the ground. It often coincides with the building line, which is the boundary of the
area or the outer boundary of a road or curb.
(c) Horizontal Controls: These are the points that have known co-ordinates with respect to a
specific point, to which other points such as layout corners can be located.
(d) Vertical Control: These enables design points to be positioned at their correct levels, the
vertical control points are referenced to the TBM
Framed buildings are usually related to grid, often set out from a baseline. The intersection of the
grid’s lines marks the Centre points for isolated or pad foundations.
The layout of the grid is established using a theodolite and the grid intersections marked using
pegs. Once the grid has been set out, offset pegs or profile boards can be fixed clear of any
subsequent excavation.
3.2.2 Excavation.
After successfully setting out the building the next step is to excavate the soil, for small building
excavations are carried out by means of spades, diggers, shovels etc. In case of large buildings and
deep excavation mechanical earth cutting equipment such as excavators are used. For this very
project subsurface investigation showed the topsoil to be very poor, as a result the foundation depth
was about 2.5m below natural ground level and as much as 4.5m on the basement segment. due to
the nature of the soil been loosed, planking and strutting was used to support the sides from falling.
3.3 Foundation Concreting:

In the case of masonry wall, the footing is generally of cement concrete mix of ratio 1:3:6 (cement:
sand: coarse aggregate). The size of coarse aggregate is generally limited to 40mm.
For important works mixing should be done in a mixer, concrete should be laid (not thrown) in
layers not exceeding 15cm and well compacted.
For Reinforced concrete Pad footing, a levelling course of lean concrete of 75mm is laid in order
to have an even soil free surface for placing the footing reinforcement and the column starter
bars. After which the masonry work over the bed can be started after 3 days of laying the
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concrete curing along with that of the masonry shall be continued
Figure 3.1 Concreting of column pad base.
3.4. Casting of oversite concrete:

The oversite concrete serves as the barrier between the ground floor and the inhabitants of the
floor, it should therefore prevent the uprising moisture or other form of chemicals in the soil
beneath. The hardcore filling serves as the firm base to receive the concrete slab and keep it in
position thus preventing any settlement.
After the masonry wall have been erected to the plinth level, the portions to be floored are
compacted with the laterite to a required level, after which solid hardcore base are placed on the
compacted lateritic soil and then tamped to consolidate into a firm surface well even up. A cement-
sand mortar is applied on the surface to stop the oversite concrete from percolating into the voids.
A damp-proof membrane is applied over the hardcore surface followed by a light reinforcement
connected to the plinth beams. Engineering services drawings are consulted in case of any
specification for installation of pipes or conduits. The final step is to restrict the corners with
formwork and set the gauge for casting. The oversite concrete is mostly constructed with M15
concrete of mix ratio 1:3:6.
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Figure 3.2 Casting of oversite concrete.
3.5 Shuttering and Casting of Columns

The first step is to establish the external grid lines by referencing the baseline using a theodolite,
from which all column axis can then be measured by checking with the measurements on the
column application drawings. After marking out the column axis correctly, a 75mm thick column
kickers are laid. The reinforcement is then overlapped by cranking main bars and tying links into
correct position, column formwork requires a concrete cover of 30mm round, this is subtracted
from the actual column dimensions to get the dimensions for the link, lap length is generally taken
as 50 times the bar diameter, while link spacing is taken to be 12times the largest bar diameter.
After tying reinforcement in place, the column formwork is done by marine plywood sheets and it
internal surface covered with form oil, the formwork is fixed to the kickers and then jacks and
props are used to brace against twisting, verticality of the column is also checked using a plumb
bulb prior to casting, after shuttering concrete is poured into the formwork and a Poker vibrator is
used to compact very well to avoid the risk of honeycombing.
Formwork is left four 24 hours before striking down and consequently, curing is done within a
period of 7 days by wrapping with moist polythene bags.
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Figure 3.3 Casting of concrete column.
3.6 Casting of beams and floor

Haven casted all columns, a dumpy level is used in marking out 1000mm level on all columns,
this is done by setting up the levelling instrument on the floor and referencing the TBM. The
1000mm level is important for erection of falsework and as reference during blockwork and
casting of lintels.
3.6.1 Falsework Erection
Falsework is any temporary structure used to support a permanent structure while it is not self-
supporting either in new construction or refurbishment. It could be made-of Steel (Scaffolds) or
timber.
The falsework consists of props, horizontal and vertical bracing and caps, the installation is done
along insertion axis of beams by taking measurement from the 1000m level to the level of the
bottom of the beam, this is the difference between the top level of the slab and the depth of the
beam. After the formwork for the sides of the beams might have been completed, props are then
inserted to carry the slabs.
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All falsework should be designed for the loads it is required to support, adequate bracing should
be provided, consequently a competent designated observer should be appointed to continuously
monitor the falsework assembly during loading and be provided with an appropriate
communication system to alert others in case of an emergency.
Figure 3.4 Falsework Erection.
3.6.2 Formwork Placement.
Formwork is temporary or permanent moulds into which concrete or similar materials are poured.
In the context of concrete construction, the falsework supports the shuttering moulds. Formwork
can generally be made out of steel, timber or plastics.
After all the falsework might have been erected to required level (particularly for the beams), the
beam formwork consist of the bottom board and the side boards, the bottom board is nailed to the
stake first, then the internal side boards followed by the formwork for the slab, the external
sideboards are placed only after the reinforcement must have been completed.
It is common to check insertion point of beams using a plumb bulb in-order to minimize errors
from non-wholly vertical columns, lines and plumb are also used in ensuring correct alignments.
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All formwork should be strong, and closely spaced in order to increase the safety in withstanding
the imposed loads.
Figure 3.5 Beam-Slab Formwork.
3.6.3 Reinforcement Placement.
Bar bending schedules are prepared from the structural drawings and then submitted to the Iron
bender, The reinforcement for the beam is tied first, after checking various bar positions sufficient
lapping lengths, the beams are lowered into the formwork and the bottom bars for the slab are
placed first , after placing the bottom bars (main and distribution), Chairs or spacers are tied in
positions in order to create sufficient gab between the top and bottom bars, the top bars are then
placed.
Prior to reinforcement placement concrete biscuit should be attached in order to maintain adequate
cover for the structural elements. All starter bars are also tied in place prior to casting.
Before casting a thorough check should be carried out on the structural elements rebars, such as
lapping length, development length, spacing of stirrups and adequate concrete cover
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Figure 3.6 Reinforcement for beam and slab
3.6.4 Concreting.
Prior to casting, the top level of the slab is determined and marked using a dumpy level and a staff,
this ensures that there’s sufficient cover and also keeps the slab within the specified thickness, also
electrical and plumbing pipes must have been installed, conduits and ducts for floor drains. Self-
loader concrete mixer was used in transporting concrete, wheel barrows used in collecting and
subsequently poured into the formwork, a poker vibrator is used in compacting the concrete, the
concrete grade for the floor is 25N/mm2, and a mix ratio of 1:1.5:3 was used to achieve this.
Slump test and preparation of concrete cubes for the compressive strength is performed at regular
intervals to keep the concrete within specification. Cubes are cured by method of immersion and
are taken for tests on 7th day and 28th day after casting.
The concrete is been cured through a period of 7 days, curing is done by water ponding and
covering the surface with moist polythene bags.
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Figure 3.7 Concreting of beam-slab.
Figure 3.8 Casting of concrete cubes

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3.6.5 Striking down formwork.
The striking down of formwork depends on the type of cement, grade of cement, dimension of the
section and temperature of the concrete. Minimum striking time for side formwork of beams, soffit
formwork to slabs for concrete made with Portland cement or sulphate-resisting Portland cement.
Type of formwork. Minimum period of striking
Vertical formwork to columns, walls and large beams 12hrs
Soffit formwork to slabs 4days
Soffit formwork to beams and props to slab 10days
Props and beams 14days
Table 3.1 – Minimum period before striking formwork
3.7 Laying of blockwork

Blockworks used for the project are of sizes 225mm and 150mm, 1:5 cement mortar was used in
bonding the blocks together. Verticality of block-walls are checked using plumbs and range.
Squares are used in checking joints while lines are used in aligning the walls. For walls exceeding
10 courses, tie beams were inserted.
Figure 3.9 Laying of block-wall

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3.9 Plastering
Cement to sand 1:4 mixture is used for plastering work. Water appropriately used for proper
mixture and usability. Plumb bob and spirit level and feather edges are used in ensuring a smooth
finishing. After few more days the wall preparation (cleaning) and maintenance was done.
Figure 3.91 Plastering

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CHAPTER THREE: STRUCTURAL DESIGN

4.1 Overview
This chapter contains the structural design of an emergency exit staircase, a retaining wall, a
staircase central-stringer beam and roof trusses, During the course of construction of the building
alterations and revision were made on the architectural and specialist drawings leading to some
slight structural changes.
During my course of training I had the opportunity to meet the principal structural engineer of the
project who took his time to lecture me on structural design, and gave me the rear opportunity of
carrying out calculations on the project external works which are contained in this chapter.
4.2 Exit Staircase

This was introduced in the revised architectural drawing, to serve as an emergency exit from the
halls on the ground floor to the basement floor. The plan of the exit is as shown below.
Figure 1.1 Plan of exit
The exit staircase is been supported by a beam on columns shooting out from a cantilevered
retaining wall as shown in the figure above. The staircase was designed for an imposed loading of
3.5KN/m2. With grade 25-410 concrete.
Staircases are designed as one-way spanning slabs; the dead load is increased slightly to account
for the incline waste of the slab.
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SHEET PROJECT: H.F.C.C CIVIC CENTRE BUILDING PROJECT, Calcs by:

NO. LIFECAMP1- ABUJA. Victor O.
1 of 4 Checked:
PART OF STRUCTURE: EXIT STAIRCASE Engr. Umoh
Ref Calculations Output
Loading:
Stair waste = 0.175 x 24 = 4.2KN/m2

Finishes =1.5KN/m2
0.15
Steps = x2 =1.8KN/m2
2
√3002 +1502
Slope factor = = 1.12
300
Dead load Gk = (4.2 + 1.5) x 1.12 + 1.8 = 8.62KN/m2

Impose Load Qk = = 3.5KN/m2
17.72KN/m2
2
Design Load = (1.4Gk + 1.6Qk) = (1.4 x 8.62 + 1.6 x 3.5) = 17.72KN/m
First
Flight.
Effective span = 1.5/2 + 1.2 = 2.7m
𝑊𝐿2 17.72×1.952 8.42KN/m2
Moment, 𝑀 = = = 8.42KN/m2
8 8
effective depth, d = 175-25 -12/2 = 144mm
6
𝑀 8.42×10
𝐾= 2
= 2 = 0.016
𝐹𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 25×1000×144
𝑘
La = 0 ⋅ 5 + √0.25 − 0⋅9 ≤ 0.95 ; La= 0.95
20

2 of 4 Checked:
𝑀 8.42×106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 158.02mm2 158.02mm2
0⋅95𝐹𝑦 𝐿𝑎 𝑑 0.95×410×(0.95×144)
As minimum = 0.13%bh = 227.5mm2
Provide Y12 - 250mm c/c (452mm2/m) – main bars Y12-200 -

Provide Y10 - 250mm c/c (314mm2/m) – distribution main bars
Y10-300
Deflection is not critical for this flight since it span is essentially small, distribution
hence would not be checked. bars
Second
Flight
Effective span = 1.5 + 3.6/2 = 3.3m
𝑊𝐿2 17.72×3.32
Moment, 𝑀 = = = 24.12KN/m2 24.12KN/m2
8 8
effective depth, d = 175-25 -12/2 = 144mm

6
M 24.12×10
K= = 2 = 0.0465
Fcu bd2 25×1000×144
k
La = 0 ⋅ 5 + √0.25 − 0⋅9 ≤ 0.95 ; La= 0.93
𝑀 24.12×106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 455.02mm2 455.02mm2
0⋅95𝐹𝑦 𝐿𝑎 𝑑 0.95×410×(0.93×144)
Provide Y12-200mm c/c – (565mm2/m) – main bar

Y12-200 -
Provide Y10-250mm c/c – (314mm2/m) – distribution bars
main bars
Y10-250
distribution
bars
21

3 of 4 Checked:
219N/mm2
2 𝐴𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 2 455.02
𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑦 = 3 × 410 × = 219N/mm2
3 𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 565
(477−𝐹𝑠 )
M.F = 0⋅ 55 + 𝑀
≤ 2.0 = 1.55
120(0.9+ )
𝐹𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2 1.55
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 3300
dmin = = = 106.55 < 144 𝑜. 𝑘
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 𝑀.𝐹 20×1.55
𝐁𝐞𝐚𝐦 106.55 <

144 O.K
Beam: (200 x 450): Span= 3.6m
Load transferred to beam:

17.22×2.7
W= + 17.22 × 1.5 = 49.08𝐾𝑁/𝑚
2
Self-weight of beam = 0.2 × 0.275 × 24 × 1.4 = 1.85KN/m2
Total Load = 51.9KN/m 51.9KN/m

𝑊𝐿2 51.9.×3.62
Moment, 𝑀 = = = 66.5KN.m
8 8 66.5KN.m
effective depth, d = 450-25 16/2-10 = 407mm
6
M 24.12×10
K= 2
= 2 = 0.0465
Fcu bd 25×1000×144
k
La = 0 ⋅ 5 + √0.25 − 0⋅9 ≤ 0.95 ; La= 0.93
22

4 of 4 Checked:
𝑀 66.5.12×106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 448.02mm2
0⋅95𝐹𝑦 𝐿𝑎 𝑑 0.95×410×(0.93×407)
Provide 3Y16mm bars at bottom (As = 603mm2) 3Y16mm(B)

Provide 3Y12mm bars at Top for anchorage (As = 339mm2)
3Y12mm(T)
𝑤𝐿 51.90×3.6
SHEAR: 𝑉𝑀𝑎𝑥 = = = 90KN
2 2
𝑤𝐿 90×103
v. = 2 = = 1.12N/mm2 1.12N/mm2
200×407
100𝐴𝑠 100×603
= = 0.74
𝑏𝑑 200×407
Vc = 0.40N/mm2 =0.40N/mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑣 (𝑣−𝑣𝑐 )𝑏 = (1.12−0.4)200
= = 0.354N/mm2
𝑠𝑣 0⋅95𝑓 0.95×410
Provide Y10 – 300mm c/c (0.50) Y10-200 c/c
DEFLECTION:
𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑦 = 3 × 410 × = 206.34N/mm2
3 𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 602
(477−𝐹𝑠 )
M.F = 0⋅ 55 + 𝑀
≤ 2.0 = 1.65 dmin = 1.65
120(0.9+ )
𝐹𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
= = 109.09 < 407 𝑜. 𝑘
Deflection is satisfied.
COLUMN Column reinforcement is nominal, hence provide 4Y16mm and 4Y16mm

(200x200)
Y8-150mm c/c links
23
Figure 4.11 Details of Stair Exit.
Figure 4.12 Placement of stair starter bars.

24
4.3 Retaining Walls:

A retaining wall is any constructed wall that holds back soil, a liquid or other material where there
is an abrupt change in elevation. Retaining walls are of different types, the cantilevered retaining
wall was designed for this project. It is required to retain a height of 2.2m and to carry a surcharge
of 5KN/m2 from light vans and vehicles. The retaining wall is designed with concrete 25-410.
Figure 4.20 Retaining wall detail drawing.

25
SHEET PROJECT: H.F.C.C CIVIC CENTRE BUILDING PROJECT, LIFECAMP1- Calcs by:
NO. ABUJA. Victor O.
1 of 3 Checked:
PART OF STRUCTURE: Cantilevered Retaining Wall Engr. Umoh
Retaining Height = 2.2m Surcharge = 5KN/m2

Concrete grade = 25 - 410
Proportioning of section
Width of base = 2/3 x 2.2 = 1.5m Select a width of 1.5m

Toe = 475mm Stem = 225mm Heel = 800mm depth of base =300mm
1−sin ∅ 1−sin 30
𝑘𝑎 = = = 0.3333
1+sin ∅ 1+sin 30
Active Pressure: Surcharge:

14.85KN/m2
pa = 0.33 x 18 x 2.22 = 13.07KN/m2 0.33 x 5 = 1.65KN/m2
1.65KN/m2
Pa = 0.5 x 13.07 x 2.2 = 14.37KN Ps = 1.65 x 2.2 = 3.63KN
Overturning Moment:
14.37×2.2 3.63×2.2
O.M = + = 14.53KN 14.53KN
3 2
Vertical Loads:
1
Stem: 2 (0.225 + 0.2) × 24 = 9.70KN
Base: 1.5 x 0.3 x 24 = 10.80KN
Earth: 0.8 x 2.2 x 18 = 31.68KN
Total = 52.18KN
52.18KN
Restraining Moment: 9.70x0.56 + 10.80x0.75 + 31.68x1.1 = 48. 38KN. 48.38KN.m
F.O.S against overturning = 48.38/14.53 = 3.33>2 3.33 >2

O.K.
Sliding: governing equation; 𝜇(1.0𝐺𝑘 + 1.0𝑄𝑘 ) = 𝛾𝑓 𝐻𝑘
Sliding Force = 1.4x14.37 + 1.6x3.63 = 26KN

52.18 2.0 > 1.5
Resisting Force = 52.18KN 𝜇= = 2.0 > 1.5
26
O.K.
26
2 of 3 Checked:
Bearing Pressure at ultimate limit state

𝑀 −𝑀 14.82−14.52
𝑋̅ = 𝑟 0 = = 0.649
𝑊 52.18
eccentricity = 1.5/2 - 0.649 = 0.10
𝑊 6𝑊ⅇ 52.18 6×52.18×0.1
Soil Pressure P = ± = ± =
𝐷 𝐷2 1.5 1.52
48.7KN/m2 ; 20.9KN/m2 < 150KN/m2.
Bending Reinforcement:
(a) Wall:
Horizontal force = 1.4x14.37 + 1.6x3.63 = 25.93KN
Moment; M= 14.37 x 2.2/3 + 5.808 x 2.2/2 = 16.60KN.m

16.60KN.m
effective depth, d = 200-25 12/2 = 169mm
6
M 16.60×10
K= = 2 = 0.0465
Fcu bd2 25×1000×169
k
La = 0 ⋅ 5 + √0.25 − 0⋅9 ≤ 0.95 ; La= 0.95
𝑀 16.60×106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 265.45mm2/m 265.45mm2
0⋅95𝐹𝑦 𝐿𝑎 𝑑 0.95×410×(0.93×169)
Asmin = 0.13%bh = 260mm2/m

Provide Y12-200mm c/c (563mm2/m) at Back-face of wall Y12-200-
Provide Y12-250mm as distribution bar(452mm2/m) main
Y12-250-
(b) Base:
distribution.
Heel: Taking moment about centerline of base
1.5
10.80 × ( 2 -0.1) + 31.68(1.9) − 20.90 × (0.8 × 0.85) − (48.70 − 20.90)4.0 18.27KN.m
27

3 of 3 Checked:
effective depth, d = 300-40 12/2 = 256mm

6
M 18.27×10
K= 2
= 2 = 0.0465
Fcu bd 25×1000×256
k
La = 0 ⋅ 5 + √0.25 − 0⋅9 ≤ 0.95 ; La= 0.95
𝑀 18.27×106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 192.87mm2/m
192.87mm2/m
0⋅95𝐹𝑦 𝐿𝑎 𝑑 0.95×410×(0.93×244)
Asmin =0.13%bh = 390mm2/m
Provide Y12-200 c/c – (565mm2/m) (T) Y12-200(T)

Provide Y12-250 c/c – (452/mm2/m)(N.T) main
Y12-250(NT)
0.475×0.3
Toe: M =10.80 × − 12.45 = 9.81𝐾𝑁. 𝑚 distribution
1.5
bar
Since moment is nominal provide same reinforcing as in heel.
Provide nominal reinforcement in the Near face of the wall to avoid cracking.
4.4 Staircase stringer beam:

Stringer beams are beams that support a floor or deck along the longitudinal direction, they are
mostly inclined secondary beam stemming from primary beams. Stringer beams are also used to
support staircases when the span of a flight is considerably large, they can be designed with two
edge beams (in this case simply supported) or with a central beam (double cantilever).
28
1 of 2 Checked:
PART OF STRUCTURE: Stringer Beam Engr. Umoh
Width of Staircase = 1.25m
Clear Span = 7.5m
Risers = 150mm Thread = 300mm Waste = 150mm
Loading:
Stair waste = 0.5 x 24 = 3.6KN/m2

Finishes =1.5KN/m2 Steps
0.15
= x2 =1.8KN/m2
2
√3002 +1502
Slope factor = = 1.12
300 14.51KN/m2
Dead load Gk = (3.6 + 1.5) x 1.12 + 1.8 = 8.62KN/m2 Impose
Load Qk = = 3.5KN/m2
Design Load = (1.4Gk + 1.6Qk) = (1.4 x 8.62 + 1.6 x 3.5) = 14.51KN/m2
STRINGER BEAM: (225 x 425)
Load transferred to beam = 14.51 x 1.250 = 18.1375KN/m2

self-weight of beam = 0.225 x 0.275 x 24 x 1.4 =2.08KN/m2
Total =20.22KN/m2
𝑊𝐿2 20.22.×7.52
Moment, 𝑀 = = = 142.17KN.m
8 8
effective depth, d = 425-25 20/2-10 = 380mm
6
M 142.17×10
K= 2
= 2 = 0.0394
Fcu bd 25×1000×380
29
2 of 2 Checked:
PART OF STRUCTURE: Stringer beam Engr. Umoh
k
La = 0 ⋅ 5 + √0.25 − 0⋅9 ≤ 0.95 ; La= 0.95
𝑀 142.17×106
𝐴𝑠 = = = 944.03mm2 944.03mm2
0⋅95𝐹𝑦 𝐿𝑎 𝑑 0.95×410×(0.93×407)
Provide 3Y16mm + 3Y20mm bars at bottom and Top (As = 15452)
𝑤𝐿 20.22×7.5
SHEAR: 𝑉𝑀𝑎𝑥 = = = 75.83KN
2 2
𝑤𝐿 75.83×103
v. = 2 = = 0.88N/mm2
225×380
100𝐴𝑠 100×1545
= = 1.80
𝑏𝑑 225×407
Vc = 0.70N/mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑣 (0.4)𝑏 = (0.4)225

= = 0.234N/mm2
𝑠𝑣 0⋅95𝑓 0.95×410
Provide Y10 – 300mm c/c (0.50) Y10-

300mm c/c
DEFLECTION:
𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹𝑦 = × 410 × = 167.02N/mm2
3 𝐴𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 3 1545
(477−𝐹𝑠 )
M.F = 0⋅ 55 + 𝑀
≤ 2.0 = 1.87
120(0.9+ )
𝐹𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑2
dmin = = = 109.09 < 380 𝑜. 𝑘
109.09<380
Deflection is satisfied.
30
Figure 4.41 Details of Stringer beam.
Figure 4.42 Stringer Beam.

31
4.5 Roof Trusses:

A truss is essentially a triangulated system of (usually straight interconnected structural elements
it is sometimes referred to as an open girder. The individual elements are connected at the nodes.
The connections are often assumed to be normally pinned. The external forces applied to the
system and the reactions at the supports are applied at the nodes. When all the members and applied
forces are in a same plane the system is a plane or 2D truss. The principal force in each member is
either axial tension or compression, but when the connections at the nodes are stiff, secondary
bending is introduced, this effect must then be accounted for. The truss assembly for the roof in
this project is a double Pratt, with purlins running across at each node.
Figure 4.51 Roof Truss Details

32
1 of 4 Checked:
PART OF STRUCTURE: ROOF TRUSSES Engr. Umoh
Span = 11250mm
Spacing of Truss assembly = 3750mm
Height = 4500mm Fy = 275N/mm2
Spacing of purlins = 1200mm (along slope)
Loading: Dead load
(a) Roofing cladding, insulation and purlins = 1.0KN/m2

(b) Self-weight of trusses = 0.3KN/m2
(c) Services = 0.2KN/m2
Total = 1.5KN/m2
Imposed Load = 0.75KN/m2

Wind pressure = 0.68KN/m2
Cpe = +0.7 Cpi =0.2

P = -(0.7-0.2) x 0.68 = 0.61KN/m
Wind load on purlins P = 0.61 x 1.2 x 3.750 = 2.75KN(suction)
Wind load is negligible hence it will be ignored
Load on Purlins = (1.5 + 0.75) x 1.2 x 3.75 = 10.125KN
𝑤𝐿 10.125×3.7502 10.125KN
𝑧𝑝 = = = 21.09cm3
1800 1800
𝐿 3750
𝐷= = = 83.33cm
45 45
𝐿 3750
𝐵= = = 31.25cm
120 120
Choose a 150 x 50 x 2.5mm Z section (Zxx = 32.40cm3 > 21.09cm3)

Moment Capacity = PyZ = 275 x 32.40 = 8 91KN.m
Check on deflection: 12.75<18.75

5𝑤𝐿4
O.K.
Actual deflection 𝛿𝑎 = 384∈𝐼 = 12.02mm permissible = span/200 = 18.75mm
33
Analyzing the roof truss for the following combinations shown gives the result shown in the truss below
Combination 1 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk

Combination 2 1.4Gk + 1.4Wk
Members 1.4Gk + 1.6Qk 1.4Gk + 1.4Wk Length (mm)

1 Top-chord 105.62 KN (C) 25.15 KN (C) 1200
2 Top-chord 113.42 KN (T) 23.68 KN (C) 1200
3 Top-chord 117.56 KN (T) 20.45 KN (C) 1200
4 Top-chord 120.32 KN (T) 18.26 KN (C) 1200
5 Top-chord 123.43 KN (T) 15.23 KN (C) 1200
6 Top-chord 126.15 KN (T) 8.15 KN (C) 1200
7 Internal 12.24 KN (C) 8.06 KN (T) -
8 Internal 15.45 KN (T) 10.21 KN (T) -
9 Internal 21.08 KN (C) 12.12 KN (T) -
10 Internal 12.32 KN (T) 16.34 KN (C) -
11 Internal 27.28 KN (C) 14.36 KN (T) 2880
12 Internal 16.56 KN (T) 1.26 KN (C) -
13 Internal 8.08 KN (C) 2.26 KN (C) -
14 Internal 13.24 KN (T) 1.24 KN (C) -
15 Internal 6.45 KN (C) 2.01 KN (C) -
16 Internal 33.15 KN (T) 5.63 KN (C) 1538
17 Internal 52.15 KN (C) 11.125 KN (C) 1538
18 Internal 76.48 KN (T) 16.15 KN (C) 1538
19 B. Chord 126.82 KN (T) 18.27 KN (C) 1538
20 B. Chord 115.53 KN (T) 21.46 KN (C) 1538
21 Internal 110.66 KN (T) 25.63 KN (C) 1538
Table 4.2 Truss analysis results.

34
1 of 4 Checked:
Bottom Chord:
Max. Tensile force P = 126.82KN

Max. Compressive Force P = 25.63KN
Try 75 x 75 x 6mm angle Iron
Properties:
𝛾𝑥𝑥 = 2.89𝑚𝑚 𝛾𝑦𝑦 = 2.89𝑚𝑚 A = 8.73cm2
Tension capacity:
Pt = Aepy = 8.73 x 100 x 275 = 240.05KN > 126.82KN 240.05KN
>126.82KN
Compression resistance: O.K
1538
𝜆𝑚 = = 53.21
11.7
From strut table:
Pc = 63N/mm2
Compressive resistance Pc =63 x 5.82 = 55KN > 25.63KN O.K. 55KN >
Hence section is adequate. 25.63KN
O.K.
Top Chord:

Properties:
𝛾𝑥𝑥 = 2.89𝑚𝑚 𝛾𝑦𝑦 = 2.89𝑚𝑚 A = 8.73cm2 240.05KN
Tension capacity: >126.82KN
Pt = Aepy = 8.73 x 100 x 275 = 240.05KN > 126.82KN O.K
35
1 of 4 Checked:
Compression resistance:
1200
𝜆𝑚 = = 102.56N/mm2
11.7
From strut table:
Pc = 163N/mm2
Compressive resistance Pc =162 x 5.82 = 139.81KN > 105.63KN O.K.
139.81KN
Hence section is adequate. >105.63KN
O.K
Internal Members:

Properties:
𝛾𝑥𝑥 = 23.0𝑚𝑚 𝛾𝑦𝑦 = 11. 𝑚𝑚 A = 5.82cm2
Tension capacity: 160.05KN
Pt = Aepy = 5.82 x 100 x 275 = 160.05KN > 76.48KN >76.48KN
O.K
Compression resistance:
1200
𝜆𝑚 = = 102.56N/mm2
11.7
From strut table Pc = 53N/mm2

30.85KN
Compressive resistance Pc =53 x 5.82 = 30.85KN > 16.34KN O.K. >16.34KN
O.K
Hence section is adequate.
36
1 of 4 Checked:
Base Plate:
P = 60KN
60 ×103
Area of plate = = 202.55mm2
275
Hence provide nominal base plate 350 x 110 x 8mm
Bolts capacity = 𝑃𝑏𝑏 = 𝑑𝑡𝑝 = 2 x 20 x 8 x 0.45

108KN
= 108KN > 60KN >60KN
Hence provide 2-20mm diameter bolts, nuts and washers 2-20mm

bolts
Figure 4.52 Baseplate detail.

37
Figure 4.53 Fabrication or truss assembly on site.

38
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion:
During my training period of 29 weeks I was able to gather a good experience in building
construction and it helped me to gain more practical, technical knowledge beyond theoretical
knowledge acquired in school. I also had experience regarding the function and operation of a
working site and how to overcome the difficulties and also got supervision and communication
skills used within the site. The industrial training (SIWES) programme is indeed an important and
valuable experience for apprentices in the civil engineering.
The educational experience I got for Dept of Civil engineering Federal University of Tech. Minna
served as a template for my professional growth, which also helped me to be able to contribute to
the success of the project. Overall the (SIWES) program provided me with a solid foundation in
the construction industry. I express my optimism that the future undergraduates coming for the
internship programme will find it even more interesting and beneficial to their future careers.
39
5.2 Recommendation:
1. Period of attachment should be increased in order to enhance the experience and training
of students.
2. Students should be advised on deciding a place of attachment related to field of study.
3. Number of visits conducted by the institution supervisors and ITF officials should be
increased.

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i

A REPORT ON STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME(SIWES)

(MAY 2018 – DECEMBER 2018)

NAHMAN CONSTRUCTION COMPANY L.T.D

OMOTORIOGUN VICTOR FEMI

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA

BEING A REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR BARCHELOR OF

Copyright © Omotoriogun Victor Femi, 2018. All rights reserved

Figure 2.1 Project details

Table 3.1 Minimum period of striking down concrete.

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Brief history of SIWES programme

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF SIWES.

1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER TWO: DISCRIPTION OF PLACE OF ATTACHMENT

2.1 Brief history and description of establishment.

Nahman construction company is committed to delivering exceptional projects performance to

2.2 Organizational structure:

Figure 2.1 Organization structure

2.3 Departments and Units:

2.4 Brief description of project:

Figure 2.1 Project details

CHAPTER THREE: CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

3.2. Setting Out and Excavation:

3.3 Foundation Concreting:

concrete curing along with that of the masonry shall be continued

Figure 3.1 Concreting of column pad base.

3.4. Casting of oversite concrete:

Figure 3.2 Casting of oversite concrete.

3.5 Shuttering and Casting of Columns

Figure 3.3 Casting of concrete column.

3.6 Casting of beams and floor

3.6.1 Falsework Erection

Figure 3.4 Falsework Erection.

3.6.2 Formwork Placement.

Figure 3.5 Beam-Slab Formwork.

3.6.3 Reinforcement Placement.

Figure 3.6 Reinforcement for beam and slab

Figure 3.7 Concreting of beam-slab.

Figure 3.8 Casting of concrete cubes

3.6.5 Striking down formwork.

Type of formwork. Minimum period of striking

Vertical formwork to columns, walls and large beams 12hrs

Soffit formwork to slabs 4days

Soffit formwork to beams and props to slab 10days

Props and beams 14days

Table 3.1 – Minimum period before striking formwork

3.7 Laying of blockwork

Figure 3.9 Laying of block-wall

Figure 3.91 Plastering

CHAPTER THREE: STRUCTURAL DESIGN

4.2 Exit Staircase

Figure 1.1 Plan of exit

SHEET PROJECT: H.F.C.C CIVIC CENTRE BUILDING PROJECT, Calcs by:

Ref Calculations Output

Stair waste = 0.175 x 24 = 4.2KN/m2

Dead load Gk = (4.2 + 1.5) x 1.12 + 1.8 = 8.62KN/m2