Topic 3/13 Review Questions

[53 marks]

1a. Sodium oxide, Na2 O, is a white solid with a high melting point. [1 mark]

State the acid-base nature of sodium oxide.

Markscheme
basic;

Allow alkaline

1b. State the equation for the reaction of sodium oxide with water. [1 mark]

Markscheme
;
+ −
Na2 O + H2 O → 2NaOH/Na2 O + H2 O → 2Na + 2OH

Do not accept ⇌

2a. The graph of the first ionization energy plotted against atomic number for the first twenty elements shows periodicity. [2 marks]

Define the term first ionization energy and state what is meant by the term periodicity.
 Markscheme
+ −1
first ionization energy: M(g) → M (g) + e
−
/e / the (minimum) energy (in kJ mol ) to remove one electron from a gaseous atom /
the energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms;

periodicity: repeating pattern of (physical and chemical) properties;

2b. A graph of atomic radius plotted against atomic number shows that the atomic radius decreases across a period. Explain why [1 mark]

chlorine has a smaller atomic radius than sodium.

Markscheme
17 p in Cl nucleus attract the outer level more than 11 p in Na nucleus / greater nuclear charge attracts outer level more;

Allow converse for Na.

Do not accept larger nucleus.

2− −
2c. Explain why a sulfide ion, S , is larger than a chloride ion, Cl . [1 mark]

Markscheme
has one proton less/ smaller nuclear charge so outer level held less strongly / OWTTE;
2−
S

Allow converse for chloride.

Do not accept larger nucleus.

4− −
3. Transition elements form complexes such as [Fe(CN)6 ] and [FeCl4 ] . Deduce the oxidation number of iron in each of these [2 marks]

complex ions.

4−
[Fe(CN) ]
6

−
[FeCl4 ]

Markscheme
4−
[Fe(CN) ]
6
= +2 ;
−
[FeCl4 ] = +3 ;

Award [1 max] if 2+ and 3+, 2 and 3 or II and III stated.

4a. Define the term ligand. [1 mark]

 Markscheme
Lewis base / (species/ion/molecule) with lone pair and dative covalent/coordinate bond (to metal) / bonds with metal (ion)/complex
ion;

3+
4b. Explain why the complex [Fe(H2 O)6 ] is coloured. [3 marks]

Markscheme
has partially filled d subshell/sublevel/orbitals;

d orbitals are split (into two sets of different energies);

colour due to electron transition between (split) d orbitals;

frequencies of visible light absorbed by electrons moving from lower to higher d levels, colour due to remaining frequencies;

Allow wavelength as well as frequency.

5. The periodic table shows the relationship between electron arrangement and the properties of elements and is a valuable tool for [4 marks]

making predictions in chemistry.

(i)     Identify the property used to arrange the elements in the periodic table.

(ii)     Outline two reasons why electronegativity increases across period 3 in the periodic table and one reason why noble gases are not
assigned electronegativity values.

Markscheme
(i)     atomic number / Z;

Accept nuclear charge / number of protons.

(ii)     Across period 3:

increasing number of protons / atomic number / Z / nuclear charge;

(atomic) radius/size decreases / same shell/energy level / similar shielding/screening (from inner electrons);

No mark for shielding/screening or shielding/screening increases.

Noble gases:

do not form bonds (easily) / have a full/stable octet/shell/energy level / cannot attract more electrons;

Do not accept “inert” or “unreactive” without reference to limited ability/inability to form bonds or attract electrons.

Accept the following as alternative to M3.

no attraction for electrons/full outer shell / stable/inert/do not form bonds (readily/easily);

6. Explain why copper is considered a transition metal while scandium is not. [3 marks]
 Markscheme
Sc has no d electrons as an ion / Cu has d electrons;

Cu compounds are coloured / Sc compounds are colourless;

Cu has more than one oxidation state / Sc has only one oxidation state;

Cu compounds can act as catalysts / Sc cannot act as catalysts;

7a. The periodic table shows the relationship between electron configuration and the properties of elements and is a valuable tool for [4 marks]

making predictions in chemistry.

(i)     Outline two reasons why a sodium ion has a smaller radius than a sodium atom.

(ii)     Explain why the ionic radius of P is greater than the ionic radius of Si4+ .
3−

Markscheme
(i)     Na: 11 p, 11/ 2.8.1 e− and Na+ : 11 p, 10 / 2.8 e− / same number of protons, less electrons / Na+ has 2 shells/energy levels, Na
has 3 / OWTTE;

Na+: has greater net positive charge/same number of protons pulling smaller number of electrons;

(ii)     Si4+: 10 e− in 2 (filled) energy levels / electron arrangement 2.8 / OWTTE;

P3−: 18 e− in 3 (filled) energy levels / electron arrangement 2.8.8, thus larger / OWTTE;

OR

: has 2 energy levels where as P has 3/ P has one more (filled) energy
4+ 3− 3−
Si

level;

: 10 e− in 2 energy levels where as P  has 18 e− , thus larger;

4+ 3−
Si
7b. The graph below represents the successive ionization energies of sodium. The vertical axis plots log (ionization energy) instead of [4 marks]

ionization energy to allow the data to be represented without using an unreasonably long vertical axis.

State the full electron configuration of sodium and explain how the successive ionization energy data for sodium are related to its electron
configuration.

Markscheme
2 2
1s 2s 2p 3s
6 1
;

Do not accept [Ne] 3s1.

first electron easy/easiest to remove / 1 electron in outermost/n = 3 energy level;

large increase between 1st and 2nd IE

as electron now removed from n = 2 / next 8 electrons more difficult to remove / show
(relatively) small increase as these electrons are in the same energy level/second energy level/n = 2;

large increase between 9th and 10th IE as electron now removed from n = 1 / 2

electrons very hard/most difficult to remove / innermost/lowest/closest to the nucleus/energy level/n = 1 / OWTTE;

electron 11 also comes from 1s, so shows a small increase;

7c. (i)     Explain why the first ionization energy of aluminium is lower than the first ionization energy of magnesium. [4 marks]

(ii)     Explain why the first ionization energy of sulfur is lower than the first ionization energy of phosphorus.
 Markscheme
(i)     outer electron in Al is in 3p/p orbital/sub-shell/sub-level;

higher orbital/sub-shell / e– further from nucleus / shielded by 3s electrons;

(ii)     in S, electron paired in 3p/p orbital/sub-shell/sub-level;

Accept extra stability associated with half filled p sub-shell (in P).

repulsion between paired electrons (and therefore easier to remove);

7d. The ten elements in the first-row d-block have characteristic properties and many uses. [2 marks]

3+
State and explain the type of reaction that takes place between Fe3+ and H2 O to form [Fe(H2 O)6 ] in terms of acid-base theories.

Markscheme
Lewis acid-base (reaction);

H2 O : e-pair donor, Fe3+ : e− pair acceptor / H2 O donates an electron pair to Fe3+ ;

3+
7e. Explain why [Fe(H2 O)6 ] is coloured. [3 marks]

Markscheme
d sub-levels are split into two sets of orbitals (of different energies);

electron transitions between (d) orbitals of different energies / d-d transition(s);

transmitted (visible) light is complementary colour;

7f. Outline the economic significance of the use of a catalyst in the Haber process which is an exothermic reaction. [2 marks]

Markscheme
(exothermic reactions) low temperature/less energy increases ammonia yield;

(iron) catalyst used to increase rate of reaction / equilibrium reached faster / same yield but produced faster/in shorter/less time;
8a. Periodic trends enable chemists to predict the behaviour of related compounds. [4 marks]

(i)     State the equation for the reaction of sodium metal with water.

(ii)     Describe two changes that could be observed during the reaction.

(iii) Predict the relative reaction rates of lithium, sodium and potassium with water.

Markscheme
1
(i)     2Na(s) + 2H2 O(l) → H2 (g) + 2NaOH(aq)/Na(s) + H2 O(l) →
2
H2 (g) + NaOH(aq) ;

Ignore state symbols.

(ii)     bubbles/gas produced / crackling / fizzing / OWTTE;

temperature (of water) increases;

sodium floats on water / melts into a ball / disappears / OWTTE;

sharp smell;

small yellow sparks;

(iii) K > Na > Li;

8b. Chlorine gas, Cl2 (g), is bubbled through separate solutions of aqueous bromine, Br2 (aq), and potassium bromide, KBr(aq). [4 marks]

(i)     Predict any changes that may be observed in each case.

Br2 (aq) :

KBr(aq) :

(ii)     State the half-equations for the reactions that occur.

 Markscheme
(i)     Br2 (aq): no change;

KBr(aq) : colour change / from colourless to red/yellow/orange/brown;

(ii)     2Br− (aq) → Br2 (aq) + 2e

−
;

Cl2 (g) + 2e
−
→ 2Cl
−
(aq) ;

Ignore state symbols.

Accept e instead of e–.

8c. The hydrogen halides do not show perfect periodicity. A bar chart of boiling points shows that the boiling point of hydrogen fluoride, HF, is

much higher than periodic trends would indicate.

(i)     Explain why the boiling point of HF is much higher than the boiling points of the other hydrogen halides.

(ii)     Explain the trend in the boiling points of HCl, HBr and HI.

Markscheme
(i)     HF has hydrogen bonds (between molecules);

(ii)     strength of van der Waals’/London/dispersion forces increases;

as mass/size/number of electrons of halogen atom/molecule increases;

8d. Explain why the ionic radius of a chloride ion is greater than the atomic radius of a chlorine atom. [1 mark]
 Markscheme
has an extra electron so extra repulsions push electrons farther apart / Cl and Cl have same number of occupied electron shells
− −
Cl

and Cl− has one more electron than protons / Cl has 17 electrons and 17 protons and Cl− has 18 electrons and 17 protons so
electrons are held less tightly / Cl 2, 8, 7 and Cl− 2, 8, 8 so electrons are held less tightly;

8e. Na2 O and SO3 are two oxides of period 3 elements. [3 marks]

Na2 O does not conduct electricity in the solid state but it does when molten. Pure SO3 does not conduct electricity in either the solid or

liquid states.

Explain these facts.

Markscheme
Na2 O  ionic and SO3 covalent;
Na2 O  has ions which are free to move in the liquid state;
SO3  has no free charged particles;

Accept “no free moving ions” / “no delocalized electrons”.

8f. State the acid-base natures of Na2 O and SO3 . [1 mark]

Markscheme
Na2 O basic and SO3 acidic;

8g. State equations for the reactions of Na2 O and SO3 with water. [2 marks]

Markscheme
Na2 O(s) + H2 O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) ;

SO3 (g) + H2 O(l) → H2 SO4 (aq) ;

Ignore state symbols.

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