Kinematics of Fluid Flow
Lecture -5
Introduction
Up till now we have studied the effect of force on
the liquid at rest. Now we will study the motion on
liquids without any reference to the force causing
motion.
This lecture deals with the study of velocity and
acceleration of the liquid particles without taking
into consideration any force or energy.
Types of Flow
When a fluid is flowing in pipe, the countless small
particles get together and form a flowing stream.
These particles, while moving, group themselves in a
variety of ways, e.g., they move in a regular
formation, just as disciplined soldiers do; or they may
swirl, like the individuals, in a disorderly crowd.
The type of flow of a liquid depends upon the
manner in which the particles unite and move.
1. Compressibility
Compressible Flow Incompressible Flow
A flow in which the A flow in which the
volume of fluid and its volume of fluid and its
density changes during the density does not change
flow. during the flow.
All the gases are generally All the liquid are generally
considered to have considered to have
compressible flows. incompressible flows.
2. Steady & Unsteady Flow
Steady Flow Unsteady Flow
A flow in which all A flow in which all
conditions (Velocity, conditions (Velocity,
pressure, density, discharge) pressure, density,
at any point in a stream discharge) at any point in a
remains constant with stream changes with
respect to time, but the respect to time is called un-
conditions may be different steady flow.
at different point, is called
steady flow.
3. Uniform & Non-Uniform Flow
Uniform Flow Non- Uniform Flow
If the flow velocity at If the flow velocity at
a given instant of time a given instant of time
does not change changes within a
within a given length given length of pipe or
of pipe or channel, channel, then the flow
then the flow is called is called non-uniform
uniform flow. flow.
Flow Types (All Combinations):
Steady uniform flow:
Conditions do not change with position in the stream or with
time.
Steady non–uniform flow:
Conditions change from point to point in the stream but do not
change with time.
Unsteady uniform flow:
At a given instant in time the conditions at every point are the
same, but will change with time.
Unsteady non–uniform flow:
Every condition of the flow may change from point to point
and with time at every point.
Unsteady Flow-A transient Phenomenon:
Unsteady flow is a transient (temporary)
phenomenon, which may in time becomes either
steady flow or zero flow.
Example:
Unsteady Flow in a Canal
Unsteady Flow-A transient Phenomenon:
Reference - Previous Figure:
‘a’ denotes the surface of stream that has just been
admitted to the bed of canal by the sudden opening
of a gate.
After a time the water surface will be at ‘b’, later at
‘c’, and finally it reaches equilibrium at ‘d’.
The unsteady flow has then become mean steady
flow.
3. Viscous Flows
The viscous flows may be classified into the
following two types depending upon the factor,
whether the viscosity is dominating or not:
a) Laminar Flow
b) Turbulent Flow
Reynolds Experiment:
Osborne Reynolds demonstrated in 1883 that there are two
distinctly different type of fluid flow.
He injected a fine, threadlike stream of colored liquid having
the same density as water at the entrance to a large glass tube
through which water was flowing from a tank.
A valve at the discharge
end permitted him to
vary the flow.
Reynold’s Experiment:
When the velocity in the tube was small, he saw this colored
liquid as a straight line throughout the length of the tube,
showing that the particles of water moved in a parallel straight
lines.
As he gradually increased the velocity of water by opening the
valve further, at a certain velocity the flow changed.
The line first become wavy, and then at a short distance from
the entrance it broke into numerous vortices, beyond which
the color became uniformly diffused so that no streamlines
could be distinguished.
Later observations have shown that in this latter type of flow
the velocities are continuously subject to irregular
fluctuations.
a. Laminar Flow:
The first type of flow is known as laminar, streamline, or
viscous flow.
Now we can define Laminar Flow as:
“If the liquid particles appear to move in definite smooth paths
and flow appears to be as a movement of thin layers on top of
each other, then the flow is called laminar flow.”
b. Turbulent Flow:
The second type of flow is known as turbulent flow.
It can be defined as:
“The liquid particles move in irregular paths which
are not fixed with respect to either time or space.”
Path Lines
“A path line is a trace made by single particle over
a period of time.”
Or
“The path followed by a fluid particle in motion is
called path line.”
Thus the path line shows the direction of a particle
for a certain period of time or between two given
sections.
Stream Lines
Streamlines show the mean direction of a number of particles
at the same instant of time.
Definition:
“The imaginary line, drawn in the fluid in such a way that the
tangent to any point gives the direction of motion at the point,
is called stream line.”
Path lines and streamlines are identical in the steady flow of a
fluid.
Streak Lines
In experimental fluid mechanics, a dye or other tracer is
frequently injected into the flow to trace the motion of the
fluid particles.
If the flow is laminar, a ribbon of color results. This is called a
streak line, or filament line.
Streak Lines
“The instantaneous pictures of the position of all
fluid particles in flow, which have passed through a
given point (namely, the point of injection), are
called streak lines.”
Example:
1. The line formed by smoke particles ejected from a
nozzle.
2. The line of color in a flow into which a dye is
continuously introduced through a small tube, all
dyed fluid particles having passed the tube's end.
Streak Lines
A streak line is physical line of particles that have
passed through some position in the flow field.
In a steady flow, streamlines, streaklines, and path
lines coincide.
Rate of Discharge
“The quantity of liquid, flowing per second through a section
of a pipe or channel, is known as the rate of discharge or
simply discharge.”
It is generally denoted by Q.
Now consider a liquid flowing through a pipe.
Let a = Cross-sectional area of pipe, and
v = Average Velocity of a liquid
Discharge Q=a.v
Units: Cumecs (m3/s) or Cusecs (ft3/s)
Equation of Continuity
If an incompressible liquid is continuously flowing through a
pipe or a channel (whose cross-sectional area may or may not
be constant) the quantity of liquid passing per second is the
same at all sections. This is known as equation of continuity
of liquid flow.
Consider a tapering pipe through which some liquid is
flowing.
1
2
3
Let a 1 Cross - sectional area of pipe at section 1
v1 Velocity of the liquid at section 1
Similarly
a 2 , v2 Corresponding values at section 2
a 3 , v3 Corresponding values at section 3
We know that the total quantity of liquid passing through section 1,
Q1 a1.v1
Similarly, the total quantity of liquid passing through section 2
Q 2 a2 . v2
And the total quantity of liquid passing through section 3
Q 3 a 3 . v3
From the law of conservati on of matter, we know that the total quantity
of liquid passing through t he sections 1, 2 and 3 is the same.
Therefore,
Q1 Q 2 Q 3
or a1.v1 a 2 .v2 a3 .v3
