IESL College of Engineering Academic Year 2018 — Full Time Programme Semester 7 CE4004 Highway and Traffic Engineering Date: July 2018 Duration: Three (03) Hours From: 09:00 — 12:00 Read the following instructions before starting to answer the question paper 1. This question paper has seven (07) questions. Answer only Five (05) questions. 2. All questions carry equal marks. Marks assigned to questions within a question are given. 3. Write the relevant numbers of the questions to which you provide answers in the cage on the cover page of the answer book. 4, Start answering each question from a fresh page of the answer book and write the relevant ‘question number at the top of the page. 5. Use sketches to explain your answers wherever relevant. 6. Neat and clear handw ig and steps involved in calculations are extremely important 7. Delete any material, which does not require the attention of the examiner, by drawing a line over such material. 8. Use only black/blue ink pens to write answer 9. Marks will be deducted if the above instructions are not adhered to.Question -1 Assume that you have been selected as a project manager of a private road construction company and assigned a road improvement project under foreign funds. Under the project, existing road will be widened as a proper 2-lane road and existing surface will be upgraded with asphalt concrete surfacing, ‘As the Project Manager: a) Mention three main technical reports and document you must refer before starting the construction work? (Marks 03) b) What are the two initial steps to be carry out at site with a surveyor before main road work is started? (Marks 02) ©) Describe the main steps with respect to construction (or preparation) of i. Subgrade ji, Subbase ili, Base iv. Surfacing with Asphalt Concrete (02 x4 = Marks 08) d) What are the possible techniques that you can try to overcome scarcity (unavailability) of soil material for subbase? (Marks 03) €) Describe the techniques and good practices you may follow during construction, to maintain the quality of Asphalt Concrete layer. (Marks 04) Question -2 a) Compare the rigid pavement and flexible pavement system considering four different criteria. (Marks 04) b) Illustrate different layers of flexible pavements generally adopted in Sri Lanka by a sketch. (Marks 04) ¢) Two-lane two-way carriageway carries traffic of 3000 commercial vehicles (CV) per day. The rate of growth of CV is 4% during the construction period of 2 years and it will increase to 5% after completion of the construction. Consider the design life as 10 years. The vehicle damage factor is 2.5 for CV's.Calculate the cumulative number of standard axles for design lane for design life. Clearly mention the assumptions you have made in the calculation. (Marks 04) y, 365* Alt ry’ ‘ r Ni = Cumulative No. of vehicle for type i for the design period A, = Initial Number of vehicle type i, n= Design life in years r = Annual growth rate for vehicle type 1 d) Structural Number has been decided as 5.0 for layers above the subgrade of a particular flexible pavement. The layer coefficient for asphalt concrete surface course is 0.40, for aggregate base course is 0.14 and for granular sub base is 0.11. The drainage condition of the base and sub base is “good” and drainage coefficient is considered as 1.15 for base course and 1.30 for sub base course. Asphalt concrete thickness has been decided as 4”. Determine the layer thicknesses of base and sub base layers. Layer thicknesses should be realistic and it should be able construct. (Hint: SN = a; Dy + a2 Dzm2 + as Dsms) (Marks 04) e) The design procedure of Asphalt Institute (Al) is based on established theory, experience and test data. Ba lly two specific stress — strain conditions are considered in Al and known as horizontal tensile strain and vertical compressive strain. Sketch the layers of flexible pavement and show the above strains on that sketch. What are the road distress (defects) types due to exceeding above strains from its allowable limits? (Marks 04)Question - 3 a) Following are some commonly used intersection-related terminologies. Briefly explain each terminology (01 x4 = Marks 04) i. Amber time i, AllRed time ili, Red / Amber time iv. Cycle Length b) “The primary concern in signal timing design is to keep the number of phases to a minimum”. Explain the above statement. (Marks ~ 02) ©) A 4-leg intersection is being operating with 4-phase signal intersection. All four legs have right turn bay. Draw the most suitable phase arrangement for this intersection. (Marks - 02) d) A pre-timed 4-phase signal has critical-lane volumes of 210, 187 and 200 pcu/hr./lane for the first three phases. Saturation flow is 1800 pcu/hr./lane for all phases. The lost time is known to be 4 seconds for each phase and cycle length is 60, seconds, calculate the critical-lane volume of fourth phase and green time of the fourth phase? (Marks - 04) Co= ISLT+5 Where; 1 ye C, - Optimum cycle time (s) ts LT—Total lost time per cycle 4g,~ critical lane flow in phase i s,— saturation flow in phase i e) Write main four disadvantages of pre-timed signal intersection, (Marks 04) f) Vehicle actuated signals are more feasible on some locations due to disadvantages of pre — timed signal. Describe the operational method and use of technology on vehicle actuated signal system (Marks 04)‘Question - 3 a) Following are some commonly used intersection-related terminologies. Briefly explain each terminology (01x 4 = Marks 04) i. Amber time ii, AllRed time iii, Red / Amber time iv. Cycle Length b) “The primary concern in signal timing design is to keep the number of phases to a minimum”. Explain the above statement. (Marks - 02) ©) A 4-leg intersection is being operating with 4-phase signal intersection. All four legs have right turn bay. Draw the most suitable phase arrangement for this intersection, (Marks ~ 02) d) A pretimed 4-phase signal has criticallane volumes of 210, 187 and 200 pcu/hr./lane for the first three phases. Saturation flow is 1800 pcu/hr./lane for all phases. The lost time is known to be 4 seconds for each phase and cycle length is 60 seconds, calculate the critical-lane volume of fourth phase and green time of the fourth phase? (Marks ~ 04) C= Where; C,- Optimum cycle time (s) LT—Total lost time per cycle 4q,~ critical lane flow in phase i s,~ saturation flow in phase i ) Write main four disadvantages of pre-timed signal intersection. (Marks 04) f) Vehicle actuated signals are more feasible on some locations due to disadvantages of pre — timed signal. Describe the operational method and use of technology on vehicle actuated signal system (Marks 04)a) What are the two main differences between intersection and grade separation? (Marks 02) b) What are the two basic principles of good intersection design? (Marks 02) ¢) There are three basic methods of resolving conflicts at an intersection such as space sharing, time sharing and space separation. Give one example of control measures at intersection for each of above resolving method. (Marks 03) d) You have the option of selecting suitable control measure at intersection. Name with brief justification, which type control measure you would select for the following intersections; i. Expressway ~ Expressway ii, “A” class road ~ “B” class road “8” class road -“D” class road iv. Expressway ~“D” class road (02x4 = Marks 08) e) One of principle of un-signalized intersection design is “crossing angle should always be 90° or close to 90”. By using above principle give a solution for an intersection given below by neat sketch with appropriate signs. (Marks 05) Minor road TeeQuestion -5 A Study of speed — density relationship at a particular road has resulted in the following speed b) °) dj e) f) e) (u) density (k) relationship; u=60-0.5k Find the free-flow speed and jam density for this relationship. (Marks 02) Derive equation showing the relationship between flow (q) and density (you may take q=uk). (Marks 01) Plot the resulting curve and show the values of jam density, optimum density and capacity on this curve. (Marks 03) Determine the optimum speed (um) of the road graphically. (Marks 02) Write 4—steps of traffic demand forecasting (4-step method) and briefly explain each step. (Marks 04) What are the two assumptions of user equilibrium assignment? (Marks 02) ‘Two routes connect an origin and a destination and the flow is 15,000 veh/hr. Route ‘1 has a performance function ti = 4 + 3x: and Route 2 has a function of t2 = 7 + 6x2, with x’s expressed in thousands of vehicles per hour and t’s in minutes. i, Determine whether both routes are used or not. Marks 04) ji, Assuming both routes will be used, Write down (Don’t solve the equi ions) two equation which require to determine user equilibrium travel time for above two routes. (Marks 02)Question -6 Lane width of 3.2m two lane road is designed for design speed of 50 kmph. Superelevation has been decided as +3% for a particular horizontal curve (Right Bend) with chainage of Tangent to curve (TC) = 344532 and Curve to tangent (CT) = 34+594. Road surface is Asphalt concrete. Superelevation development length is determined by following formula (Relative Gradient Method); L a) b) ¢ a) f) 8) Where, Wle+n) L, = Length of super-elevation development (m) G e uperelevation (%) a n Normal crossfall (%) w ane width (m) G .71 for speed of 50 kmph Determine the Superelevation Development Length for the above curve. (Marks 02) Calculate chainage of following Crossfall changing points; (Marks 02) End of Normal Crown (ENC) Beginning Full Superelevation (BFS) End Full Superelevation (EFS) iv. Beginning Normal Crown (BNC) Draw the diagram indicating above Crossfall changing points along chainage. (Marks 03) What is adverse Crossfall? Give two applicable locations of adverse Crossfall. (Marks 03) Write four primary design criteria for vertical curves. (Marks 04) “Grade longer than the critical length will generally operate poorly”. Explain above statement considering most affected vehicle type, effect on traffic stream and possible solutions. (Marks 03) A crest vertical curve of 125m long and connect with grades of +2% and -3%. If the design speed of the roadway is 40kmph, does this curve have adequate stopping sight distance? K value on stopping sight distance is 4.7 for speed at 40kmph. (you may take K=L/A) (Marks 03)Question a) Why Highway Capacity & Level of Service (LOS) analysis are important in highway design? (Marks 03) b) What is free-flow speed? In practice, how the present free-flow speed for a road section is determined? (Marks 03) ©) What is the purpose of developing the free-flow speed model? (Marks 03) d) Multilane Highway has ideal condi n demand volume of 800 pcu/hr./In.. Free-flow speed of t! road is 45 mifhr. determine the LOS and Capacity of the multilane highway using relationship given in Figure 1. (Marks — 03) e) Highway agency has decided to introduce a new entry point between exi 1g two entry points of above highway. As a Traffic Engineer, you have to explain the operational conditions with proposed new entry point. You may use knowledge of speed flow curve (Figure 1) and free-flow speed without any calculations. (Marks 05) f) What would be the possible measures to maintain the previous LOS conditions of above highway? (Marks 03) 70 ! = 60mih A 55 milly” 8 ‘Average Passenger-Car Speed (mi/h) 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 Flow Rate (pc/t/n) Figure 1 - Speed — Flow curve for Multilane Road