232 ⑨ city u

PHY 8251
,
Dr .
Cheng 're Wang away

Lecture 8 ) ①
C OCT 2b Shankar chapter 17
I

So far all
exactly
solved either
single particle
or
examples
-

are
, ,

many
-

body . However ,
exactly sovable problems are rare !

This lecture method

we discuss
perturbation they an
approximation
-

,
.

The formalism
-

'll
Hi
all
o I

He H t with
Suppose .

HH
→
Perturbation

Hot
Unperturbed
Hamiltonian

Holl
① Assume Ho Solved
can be exactly .
with

no > =
Eon IN
A ↳
not
eigenstate of Ho
nth
eigen energy ,

② The nth
eigenstate In > and
eigen energy En of It ,
i. e
,
Hln > =Eu/n )
Can he expand in a
perturbation series ,

'
En = Eno t En t Eft - .
- -

In In IN
'

) I no > t > t > t - i . .

=

"

of
"

We car think
of this Series as
Taylor expansion in terms
¥
To be more
explicit .
Let

H= Hot A H, ( where d will be set to 1

eventually )

Eilat ! Ei
!?
'
Then ,
En -
-
Enlil ) =
Eu t t . . . .

In ) In 1h07
=
=
t m > at lui ) it - a . -

I a
w

Oth order Ith order 2nd order

.
 ②

③ Zeroth order is assumed to be known .

First order ? Since Hln > =

En In > .
we have .

( Hot It
'

) {I no > t In
'
> t I n
'

> t .
- -
}

CE ) f }
' ' '
't > In >
not En En In t In > t t . -

=
-

the terms order order

reorganize by

Ho Ino > t f Ho In
'
7
mum
t Hino ) I t { Ho lui > t H' In
'
7 It . . . .

=
Eiko >

most
Fti
' '
+ In 2 t En
mm

+
f hi }
'

Ei hi
'

En > t En hist > + . . . .

So ,
the
first order terms are

In 's
' '

In E:
'

Ho > + H Ino > = t En Ino >

Chol sandwich

.TW
IET
I 7. from
Multiply Left mak
the & a :
,

t.no/H#-LnolH'ln7=CnIlEnfnP2-LnYEiln7
En
i '

So ,
} mmmm
}
ii ) )
multiply Cmo :

< nil
-
Hola 's tail H
'

Ino > = sail Eno In

'
3
intents -

Lmoln
→
Emo cniln 's ,

⇒
Chitti
nil
'
< n > =

Eno -
Emo note mtn
.

{ Imo ) } is a
complete basis .
So all
coefficient of In >
'
in
 ③
f Ini > 3 .
except coefficient Chola '
> . This can Le obtained
by
condition
normalization of In > .

{n4-icnlftcnolf.fi
L no > t
In
'
> tin's } = I

4 is real

⇒ Choti > + c n' Ino > =o

⇒ any n
'
>
= if I
of 1st order

Hennen .

In > = 1h03 t 1h17

In
'
Cmo > Imo >
tho ) t
I
.

im> cm
.
I H' Ino >

Ino > I
=
I n°7 t is t -

men Ei -

Emo

d) no > lm7CmolH'
'

=
e' +
I Eno -

Eni
I

lm→<m°l°>
{
'
Ino > I 1h07 In
'
⇒ In >
= + = + >

1h07 orthogonal order ( if actually

'
& In ) are to The first .
.
L is

④ Second order ?
2nd order ?

Ei-Emmm
'

Enola
'

ETI
Holm )
' '
t It In > = > t En In I t
no
>

overarlphaudoesmtmatter.mg
multiply c not i

< no tail it In
'
) =
Cn tail Eik 's +
En
'

Do

Ent n°1
'

⇒ c H In '
>

=
E. wnm÷÷÷H
knotH
'

E' s nil Ino

e÷mo/
It >
/
=
" '
⇐i
 ④

Degenerate perturbation -
Theory

If there is state Imo > sit Emo Eno then

-

. .

'

( my H Ino >
¥zi
lol
,
-
- - . .

is
impossible .

Correct Method :

Step t :
find all States thet is
degenerate
with Ino >

Let 's denote them as

I no > In :> - - - -
In :>
, , ,

Step 2 :
Compute the matrix elements

:# In
;→=
(
in '
It

)
=

DX D

within the
only degenerate spare
.

Step 3 i
Diagonalize the Matrix
,

Ini > → IFri > ( a basis charge)

'
In the New basis In:3 ,
Hot IT is diagonalized
The First order correction to
is
-

energy

IH IT ; E!
'
Cirio > = Si .

Comment :
degenerate perturbation theory should he also applied when

Oth order
"
energy fevered .

are not
#
degenerate
Exactly .
but
Very
Close
"
'
-
dose means Ei -

Ei ca snot it Imo > ice

,
,
the

perturbation is
strong between the two levels Ino > * this .
 ⑤

structure Shankar )
Fine
-
#
Hydrogen -
C 467 page

¥
→

Two relatives correction to H=

-

tic

① kinetic
energy

I
F- Vc¥zx - me =
In -

fm 3cL
+ .
. .
.

I
relevastie

=÷÷s.
correction

② Spin
-
orbit
Coupling ,
electron moving at I create a
Magnetic field

mEFf
→

Ease
EF
ii. EiF
- =
.
-
=

⇒ Hao .
= .

"
from Dirac equation .

With the ① ② atom has Hamiltonian

correction , & , Hydrogen a

Ee EE
→

H -
.

Emt E -
LET .
+
. #
-

IET
-

Relay
Small pieces
I -10 .

.IE#Yhn
eigenstate of Ho

f
t

Ei jinemlptlnem
! >

5-iz-iefynem-eqy.y.im
= -

n⇒ -
- - -
-
- - - -

n=2
-

- - -
-

(l÷
na
)
i
-

Gm
-

trick : p4=
-

Gmt
-

=
Ho te )

En I
-

=
em
.

[
.

⇒ Ei .

-
-

Ec .
⇐
- -
]
H t

2En° 4€52
let 42
 ⑥
Ei .
-

-
-

¥! ( → +
¥ ) ,
⇒
E÷= -

E÷ . the'¥ )
-
= -

Imi .
24
them
¥[ , ,
] Small since Eid 2mi

when L=F÷ Fine structure constant N

ply

Spin -
orbit Guplicg
mmmm

et 8. E
-

Hao =
-
F -
-
Ete
2h32 y3

⇒§.⇐µµ,z€
⇒ JE E)
⑤it C FTE )

Et 25
? E
f. , two
ang
. ,w momenta ,
, , ,j ,
= -54

Total
angular momentum is between

I j ,
-521,15-5411 , ,
- . . -

,
I Jil

To for l A EE .
J -
- l -
I Retz

example l= I

j I I I
-
- -

→
- -
-
-

- - -

m =
-
I
,
o
,
I ↳ -
- -
-

j= HE =L
⇐ I .
-

I .

total 6 States

Then
L nel Hs .
.
.
Ine > = I jcjtl ) -
Heth -
31*3 .

Adding revis tie &

spin-orbit couples apt n3e¥ee)Eeti)
TT ( ¥2 In )
'

EIS Et 't Es Imi -

-

( sobriety
-
-
=

for
.

j -

LII few ) b- o
,
Not explained
here )
 ②

!
×

Is
① 1=1 . J -

-
I or I

EEE
Ee
Eh
- -
-
-
-

- - - -
- -
i
-

Ii In )
- - -
-

5-

Emigh
E 's -

.s=
.
-

j I
Zi zniff.lt
-

In )
-

j .
-
E 's
,
=
-
-

1St
I
-

n - - -

② f- I I
I
p 2 j
-

-
. .

Imi C I
In ) j.IE , miff In )
'

( I

2PM
if
-
-

2542
.

-
=

( All corrections are

negative)

•
Lamb shift : Here 25% K 2B ,
have the same
energy

2173/2

called
-

splitting
is th

" "

Lamb
shift
To it
explain ,
one

"

need uartum
electrodynamics
 ⑧

Appendix , particle in
magnetic field
mm
-

Exit
'

→ Magnetic field B -
-

H -
-
⇐-8A
Iota→ + got
2M
↳ electric potential
First term :

*I =
EI -

E. co # .

tap , +
oIi

One
mum

take AZ Bz C -

y I txy ) ( uniform magnetic field )

B =
XXII = BE [ symmetric gaye
)

Can show that

fit )( ay Zz ) )
C-2y.az )
2x
. ) y )
Cp A' IF E
C
) y x.
it (
o
x
÷
.

o ,
-

2x + , .

t , ,
-

-
.
.
= .

= -

-921mi
YR Ems
txpy ] ,
=
-

Lz B =
-

fm-I.BE
momentum
Magnetic

it
-

II ⇒
Houp, ,y=
-
ii. is

Spin in a
magnetic field
#

Spin Magnetic momentum µ→=85

f-
g
.

factor ¥mi8↳ .

5=2
-

( 1.001159 . . .

Zeeman He 5. is
coupling r
-

Let B' BE = , ⇒ It -
-
-

rsz .
B = -

rh ( fi )
VTB =t Bmt ⇒
oE=
degeneracy lifting .