Introduction

Air Conditioning
Air-conditioning

Systems & Mechanical
Mechanical Ventilation
Ventilation
Prepared by

Harry Woon

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otherwise to any person not authorized to use it without the express written permission of BCA
1 2

Introduction ACMV – Regulatory Code

SS 553:2009

ACMV
Code of Practice for Air-conditioning and Mechanical

AC : air-conditioning Ventilation in Buildings (formerly CP13)

MV : mechanical ventilation
SS 554:2009

Code of Practice for Indoor Air Quality for Air-
conditioned Buildings

HVAC
SS 530: 2006

H : Heating
Code of Practice for Energy Efficiency Standard for

V : Ventilation Building Services and Equipment

AC : air-conditioning

3 4
 Mechanical Ventilation

Mechanical Ventilation
Systems

5 6

Mechanical Ventilation

7 8
Types of MV Fans Propeller
Fan
Machine Room Bifurcated
HVLV for Heat Exaust Fan
Fan Kitchen Exhaust
Hall, Effluence
Warehouse, Discharge
etc

Mechanical
Ventilation In-Line Fan
Jet Fan
Systems Toilet
For Car-
parks Exhaust/Fres
h Air Supply

Centrifugal Axial Fan

Fan Ducted Supply or
AHU Tunnel Fan

Energy Efficient HVLS Fan Applications of MV

1. For Human Comfort (Ventilation Requirements)

2. For Heat Removal
3. Maintaining Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
4. Localised Controlled Ventilation
5. MV System For Fire Protection

HVLS = High Volume Low Speed Fan

12
1. For Human Comfort 1. For Human Comfort
SS534: Code of Practice for ACMV in Buildings

Increase Wind Speed
Fresh Air (Minimum

Outdoor Air
Supply)
Requirements for
Air-conditioned
Space

13 14

1. For Human Comfort 1. For Human Comfort

Psychrometric charts show
temperature vs. humidity, and
can be used to express human
thermal comfort, design
strategies, and energy
requirements for those
strategies.

16
1. For Human Comfort 2. For Heat Removal

Centrifugal In-line Fan

17 18

2. Heat Removal 2. Heat Removal

HVLS Key Benefits

Designed to be the most energy efficient
Reduce Energy Consumption
and durable fans in the industry.
Working with the HVAC system, HVLS

The slow moving air mass produced by the large fans help regulate temperature
from ceiling to floor
fan provides considerable comfort to
employees, products and facilities.
Can allow a facility to raise its
thermostat setting 3-5 degrees

High Volume Low Speed (HVLS) fans move creating the potential for up to a 4%
large volumes of air at low speeds over very energy savings per degree change.
large areas.

The fan blades produce a massive column HVLS

Protect Product Integrity
of air that flows down to the floor and
outward in all directions, creating a deep
Air circulation helps keep food and
produce dry and fresh reducing
"horizontal floor jet" that ultimately
spoilage.
circulates air up vertically and gets drawn

Running in reverse, HVLS fans help
back through the top of the fan. destratify air in refrigerated
applications
"horizontal floor jet"
3. Maintaining Acceptable Indoor Air
Quality (IAQ)
4. Localised Controlled Ventilation

21 22

Localised Exhaust – Fume

Kitchen Exhaust System
Cupboard

Removal of Chemical Toxic Gas

23 24
Contamination of
5. MV System For Fire Protection
Mechanical Ventilation (AHU)

Pressure relationships between rooms is designated at the bottom of each room (with a plus for
positive and minus for negative pressure). 25 26

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/largebldgs/i-beam/visual_reference/series_1/01_02.html

5. MV System For Fire Protection 5. MV System For Fire Protection

27 28
5. MV System For Fire Protection CTE Axial Fan

Fig from Mecomb

29

Learning Outcomes

Air-conditioning in Buildings

Types of DX Air conditioning System

Types of Chilled Water Air conditioning
System

Basic Air-conditioning Principle

Basic Refrigeration Cycle
AIR CONDITIONING
Types of Air Distribution System

31
 Contents

Air-conditioning in 1. Energy Efficiency Requirements

a. Energy Consumption in Buildings
Mandatory Energy Label Scheme (MELS) – Household Level
Buildings b.
c. Energy Label (NEA)
d. BCA Green Mark Scheme – Construction Industry
e. BCA Green Mark Scheme – Design System Efficiency (Chiller)
2. Air-conditioning Systems
a. Building Peak Cooling Load
b. Central Chilled Water Plant
c. Typical Water Cooled Chilled Water System Installation
d. Average Annual Chiller Plant Efficiency
e. Architectural Constraints

Mandatory Energy Label Scheme

Energy Consumption in Buildings (MELS) – Household Level

Air-conditioning systems (Singapore) account

The Mandatory Energy Labelling Scheme (MELS)
between 35% to 55% of energy consumption in was first introduced in 2008 for air-conditioners and
buildings. refrigerators with a 5-band tick rating system (i.e.
no ticks to four ticks)
45%

MELS can help consumers quickly identify the more
energy efficient appliances.

55%

35%
Mandatory Energy Label Scheme
(MELS) – Household Level
Energy Label (NEA)
OLD Energy Label

At that time, there was a spread of products across the

five efficiency bands for the various appliance Revised
types. Energy Label

To help consumers better identify the more energy

efficient models and spur suppliers to offer more
efficient products, the energy rating system for air-
conditioners, refrigerators and clothes dryers was
revised on 1 Sep 2014.

BCA Green Mark Scheme – BCA Green Mark Scheme

– Construction Industry
Construction Industry

The BCA Green Mark Scheme (GMS) was

launched in January 2005 as an initiative to drive
Singapore's construction industry towards more
environment-friendly buildings.

GMS is a green building rating system to evaluate

building for its environmental impact and
performance.
BCA Green Mark Scheme – Design
System Efficiency (Chiller)

GMS also apply to existing buildings as well as

infrastructures, parks, restaurants, rapid transit
Air-conditioning
systems, etc. Systems: Overview

There are 5 parts in the GMS and the prerequisite
requirements for higher green mark rating for central
chilled water plant must meet the minimum design
system efficiency (DSE) of: 0.65 kW/RT for peak
building cooling load >/= 500RT & 0.7 kW/RT for
peak building cooling load < 500 RT

Typical Building Peak Cooling Load Types of Air-conditioning Systems

Building Cooling Load Profile (RT) Air-

conditioning
600 System
Peak building cooling load < 500RT
500 Typical Air conditioning
Cooling Load for Building Direct
Expansion Chilled Water
400 Between 8am to 8pm. (DX)

300
Window Unit Air-cooled
200

100
Single/Multi
Water-Cooled
Split System
0

Building Cooing Load Profile (RT) VRF/VRF

Types of Air-conditioning Systems Types of Air-conditioning Systems

Types of Air-conditioning Systems Types of Air-conditioning Systems

Air-cooled vs Water-Cooled Systems Air-cooled vs Water-Cooled Systems

Typical Water Cooled Chilled Water

Central Chilled Water Plant System Installation

Water Cooled Key Components

Chilled Water • Water Side
System Cooling Tower
Expansion Tank
 Chilled Water Pump
 Condenser Water Pump
 Chilled Water Cooling Coil
 Chilled Water Supply
 Condenser Water Return
• Air Side
AHU
SAD
RAD
SA Diffuser
Chiller Plant Efficiency (kW/RT) Average Annual Chiller Plant Efficiency
Design
Peak Expected
Chiller Additional System
Types Refrigerant Load Annual Payback Standby
Configuration Investment Efficiency
(RT/ton) savings
(kw/ton)

Old 3 X 250 RT R134a

2X (250) 4 0.86
250 RT good

1X (500)
New 2 X 500 RT R134a $ 70,000 $250,000 3.57 0.65
500 RT Very good

New System Efficiency 0.65 Old System Efficiency 0.86

Air-conditioning System &

Architectural & Structural Constraints

Air conditioning system is an integral part of modern

Types of DX
buildings. Air-conditioning

Constraints from the architectural & structural
aspects includes: Systems
a. choice of terminal devices because these are visible from
the occupied space
b. acceptable noise level
c. space available and location to house equipment
d. space available for the distributing pipes and ducts
e. accessibility of the components for maintenance
f. limits of equipment loads on floor/roof top
Contents DX Window Unit Air-conditioner
Direct Expansion of Window Unit Air-conditioner
1. DX Window Unit Air-conditioner Outdoor Discharge
Air Air
2. DX Single Split Air conditioning System
3. DX Multi Split Air conditioning System
4. Variable Refrigerant Volume or (VRV) or
Variable Refrigerant Flow(VRF) System

Cold Room
Air Air

58

DX Single Split Air conditioning System

Direct Expansion of Single Split Unit Air-conditioner

Window Unit (Unitary
System)

Capacity: 7,500 to 9,000 BTU/Hr

Draw fresh air

Low capacity

For smaller a/c space

Noisy

60
DX Multi Split Air conditioning System DX Split Units

Single Split
Multi split System

System
Capacities: 9,000 BTU/hr

Capacities: 9,000 BTU/hr to 60,000 BTU/hr
to 22,000 BTU/hr

Variable Refrigerant Volume or Flow

DX - VRV
(VRV) or (VRF) System

USB adaptor (max. 4 adaptors per

PC) permit, monitoring of up to
1,600 indoor units.
Suitable for large-scale buildings
or hotels.

http://www.fujitsu-general.com/global/products/vrf/maintenance/index.html
 DX - VRV DX - VRV
Advantages: Advantages:

Variable Refrigerant Volume or

Frequency (VRV) or (VRF) System
VRF/VRV Long Pipe-runs Possible Types of Chilled Water
The total length of the pipe between a system's
indoor and outdoor units can be extended up to 300
metres, with a height difference of up to 50 metres. Air Conditioning
These ample limits make it possible to place the
outdoor unit on the roof.
The maximum height difference between indoor units
System
in the same system may be up to 15 metres, thus
covering 4 or 5 floors in the same system.
1. Maximum height difference between outdoor unit
and indoor unit
2. Maximum height difference between indoor units
3. Maximum total pipe length
4. Farthest pipe length (from outdoor unit to farthest
indoor unit) (equivalent length)
a) Maximum length from outdoor unit to farthest
indoor unit (equivalent length): 190 m; (actual length):
165 m The new Panasonic VRF system is specifically
b) Maximum length from first branch pipe to farthest designed for energy saving, easy installation and
indoor unit (equivalent length): 40 m high efficiency performance, with a wide choice of
outdoor and indoor unit models and unique features
c) Maximum length of all main pipes: 135 m which are designed for the most demanding offices
and big buildings
(http://www.aircon.panasonic.eu/GB_en/ranges/vrf/)
 Contents Chilled Water Systems

1. Air Cooled Chilled Water System
Chilled Water System

2. Air Cooled Chiller/Heat Pump With Modular Design
Indirect cooling using refrigerant to cool water
3. Air Cooled Chilled Water System Schematic & Heat and uses this “Chilled Water” to cool the air
Transfer Loop
Used for large capacity air-conditioning systems
4. Shell Tube Heat Exchanger
Consists of 2 Types:
5. Water Cooled Chilled Water System  Air-cooled Chilled Water System

6. Water Cooled Chiller/Heat Pump With Modular  Water-cooled Chilled Water System
Design
7. Water Cooled Chilled Water System Schematic &
Heat Transfer Loop
8. Chiller Components

Air Cooled Chilled Water AC Air Cooled Chiller/Heat Pump With

System Modular Design

HEAT

HEAT
http://www.daikin-ce.com/binaries/Industrial%20-
%20Chillers_tcm41-122740.gif

Ambient Air
http://commercial.daikin.com.au/applied-solutions/air-cooled-
chillers/mcenergy-air-cooled-screw-compressor-chillers

71 72
http://www.hvacportablesystems.com/imag
es/110%20aqua%20air%20chill.jpg
 Air Cooled Chilled Water AC System
Shell Tube Heat Exchanger
Schematic & Heat Transfer Loop
Heat Reject
Chilled Water (IN)

Shell Tube Heat

Refrigerant
Exchanger is
Refrigerant found in the heart
Condenser (OUT) of Water-Cooled
Refrigerant Chiller System
Expansion (IN)
Valve Compressor

Evaporator Chilled Water (OUT)

Ambient HEAT
Air CHWP
AHU
or FCU
Chilled Water

Heat Absorb
Heat Transfer Circuit

Water Cooled Chilled Water AC Water Cooled Chilled Water AC

System System
Ambient

Heat

75 76
Water Cooled Chilled Water AC Water-cooled Chilled Water AC System
System Schematic & Heat Transfer Loop
Heat Reject
Daikin Single Screw
Compressor
360kW to 1.1MW
R-134a Refrigerant
Cooling Tower

CWP
Refrigerant

Condenser

Expansion
Valve Compressor
http://www.daikin.se/binari
Ambient HEAT
es/Water%20cooled%20c Air
hiller_tcm169-41785.jpg
Evaporator

http://i00.i.aliimg.com/photo/v0/1198864 CHWP
0/York_Water_Cooled_Water_Chiller_S
crew_Type.jpg AHU
or FCU
Heat Transfer Circuit Chilled Water
77

Heat Absorb

Contents

1. Overall System
Chiller Components 2. Main Components of Chiller
3. Types of Compressors
 Overall System Components - Air
Overall System Components Distribution

e.g. the chillers system, AHUs, FCUs, cooling towers,
primary and secondary water pumps, etc

http://www.acmv.org/lecture/images/11-3.jpg
http://www.acmv.org/lecture/images/11-1.jpg

Main Components of Chiller Main Components of Chiller

Water-cooled Chiller Air-cooled Chiller

http://www.advantageengineering.com/fyi/207/advantageFYI207.php
 Types of Compressors Types of Compressors

(1) Centrifugal Compressor

Types of Chiller Compressors

Capacity
1. Centrifugal Compressor
Advance and ranges in capacity from more than a hundred

2. Hermetic Rotary Screw Chillers refrigeration tons or RT (~100 RT) to a few thousand RT
3. Rotary Scroll Chillers (1000 RT)

Under ARI standard

Efficiency of 0.52 kW/RT at 80 % to 100% load

Efficiency drops below 80 % load.

Types of Compressors Types of Compressors

(1) Centrifugal Compressor (2) Helical-Rotary Water Chiller

Hermetic Centrifugal Compressors (Fig)

Semi-hermetic and open compressors have been phased out due to common
refrigerant leakages at the shaft seal.

1
 Types of Compressors Types of Compressors
(2) Helical-Rotary/Screw Compressor
(2) Hermetic Rotary Screw
Chillers

Background

In existence for many years

Normally used on ships

Now commonly used in
buildings

Compare with Centrifugal
Male
Chillers Female
Rotor
1. Stable (Do not surge) Rotor
2. Able to unload to low capacity
(10 %) using sliding valve
control mechanism
3. Efficiency is comparable to
centrifugal or better at less than
80% load
4. Capacity starts from 80 RT

Types of Compressors

(3) Rotary Scroll Chillers

Reciprocating compressors in A/C have
Basic Air-conditioning
been phased out due to inefficiencies

Now replaced with rotary scroll Principle
compressors

http://www.berg-group.com/Refrigeration_SystemComponent.htm
 Contents Refrigeration Capacity

1. Refrigeration Capacity
Tons of Refrigeration (RT)

The capacity of air conditioning machines is classified by how
2. Refrigeration in Air-conditioning (AC) many tons of refrigeration effect it can produce.
3. Key Components of DX Air-conditioning System
4. Schematic of Refrigeration System
1 RT
5. Basic Refrigeration Cycle
The amount of heat required to melt one ton (2000 pound) of
ice in 24 hours.

Conversion

BTU/h kW Ton
12000 3.517 1

kW is Cooling Load and is different from electrical power (kW)

Refrigeration in Air-conditioning (AC) Key Components of DX Air-conditioner

Refrigerating equipment (E) in AC absorbs heat (QIN) from a

Evaporator
room at temperature (TR) and releases heat (QOUT) to the
surroundings at temperature (TS).
2

This process requires work (W) to be done on the system Compressor
or mechanical energy consumed by E. 1

Energy Balance Equation: QOUT = QIN + W

Condenser
33oC

QOUT E QIN 25oC

W
3
Thermostatic 4
External Surrounding (S) Room (R) Expansion
96
Valve
Schematic of Refrigeration System Basic Refrigeration Cycle
Low High
Pressure Pressure

QOUT

Outdoor Hot
Fan
Air W
Air

QIN

97

Basic Refrigeration Cycle Basic Refrigeration Cycle

The air conditioning process is continuous but the

Functions of Main Components
refrigerant is limited this affect the cooling load
capacity. 1. Evaporator – provides actual cooling

Thus the refrigerant vapour need to be recovered and 2. Compressor – prime mover to pump refrigerant
converted into liquid refrigerant for evaporation around the circuit
process to take place. 3. Condenser – performs heat rejection
4. Expansion device – allows refrigerant
temperature and pressure to drop
5. Refrigerant – medium to transfer heat in the
circuit
 Contents

Basic Refrigeration 1. Vapour Compression Cycle

2. Schematic of Refrigeration System
Cycle 3. Alternative Refrigerants

Refrigeration Cycle Schematic of Refrigeration System

Low High
Pressure Pressure

Vapour Compression Cycle

Vapour Compression Cycle is the
most commonly used term for
refrigeration cycle.

The cycle has 4 mechanical
components through which
refrigerant is circulated in a Outdoor Hot
closed loop. Fan
Air
Air

The refrigerant is separated from
the air or water to be cooled.

104
Alternative Refrigerants Alternative Refrigerants

R134a is also known as Tetrafluoroethane (CF3CH2F) from the

family of HFC refrigerant.

CFCs and HCFCs refrigerants can damage ozone layer, thus
HFC family of refrigerant is now used as their replacement.

R134a is now replacing R-12 CFC refrigerant in the area of
centrifugal, rotary screw, scroll and reciprocating compresssors.

Potential Refrigerant
Boiling Points
Mediums
Water 100.0 o C (212 oF)
Alcohol 66.7 o C (152 oF)
Sulphur Dioxide - 10 o C (14 oF)
Tetrafluoroethane (R134A) - 26.6 o C (-15.9 oF)
Global Warming Potential (GWP) is a simplified index that estimates the potential future
Freon 12 (R12) - 21.7 o C (-21.7 oF) influence on global warming associated with different gases when released to the atmosphere.

Typical Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram (Empirical Units for R-22 Refrigerant)

Pressure Enthalpy Diagram

Changes in Temperature or Pressure Directly

Affect the Saturation Point
A Pressure Enthalpy (P-h) graph or
diagram is individual for each
refrigerant.

They allow the user to quickly identify

the state, temperature, pressure,
enthalpy, specific volume and entropy of
a refrigerant at a given point.

Enthalpy is another word for Heat

Energy and is usually measured in
kilojoules per kilogram.

Enthalpy is commonly found on the

y‐axis of the P-h diagram.

Pressure is measured generally in MPa,

kPa or Bar (Absolute); it is most
commonly found on the x‐ axis of P-h
diagram.
Source: http://sporlanonline.com/literature/education/5-200.pdf
 Pressure-Enthalpy diagram
Pressure Enthalpy Diagram
- R134A

Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram - COP

Pressure

3 • Coefficient of
2
Performance
4 1 COP = (h1-h4) / (h2-h1)

h3 / h4 h1 h2 Enthaphy, h

110

Main Components in a Vapour Vapor-Compression Cycle Process

Compression Cycle
Vapour Compression Cycle Process
Q out
Refrigerant
Process 4-1:
two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of refrigerant is
evaporated through heat transfer from the
Condenser
refrigerated /air-conditioned space.
3 2 Win

Process 1-2:
vapor refrigerant is compressed to a relatively
Expansion Valve high temperature and pressure requiring
Compressor Two-phase
work input. liquid-vapor mixture

Process 2-3: Q in
4 1
Evaporator vapor refrigerant condenses to liquid through
heat transfer to the cooler surroundings.

Process 3-4:
liquid refrigerant expands to the evaporator
pressure (drop in pressure & temperature).
 Vapor-Compression Cycle Process

Q out
Types of
Refrigerant
Air-Distribution
3
Condenser
2 Systems
W in
Expansion Valve Compressor

4 1
Evaporator

Q in
Qout = Qin + Win

Contents Types of Air-Distribution Systems

1. Types of Air-Distribution
Heat in a room can be removed by the following 4

2. All Air System types of air-conditioning systems broadly classified
3. All-Air System - CAV (Variable Temperature)
as:

All air
4. All-Air System - VAV (Fixed Temperature)

All water

Air-water

Direct refrigerant
All-Air System All-Air System
1

All-air system supply cool air to remove the room
sensible and latent heat load.

Sensible cooling – results in a drop in room temperature

Latent cooling – results in a drop in the moisture content and
relative humidity in a room

All-Air System All-Air System

3 4
All-Air System All-Air System
5

Cooling of the room/space solely by central Air
Handling Plant (AHU)

RAD

AHU SAD

All-Air System

Air distribution for all-air systems are carried CAV

out via:

Constant Air Volume (CAV) System (Variable Temperature)

Variable Air Volume (VAV) System

Dual Duct System

Multi-Zone System
All-Air System All-Air System
- CAV (Variable Temperature) - CAV (Variable Temperature)

CAV (Variable Temperature)

Conditioned air is supplied from AHU at a fixed quantity and
Notes:
temperature designed to satisfy the maximum cooling load in
the space. 1. “zone” - need
for a separate
thermostatic
control

The thermostat controller activates the reheat unit when the
temperature falls below the upper limit of its setting. 2. “room” -
partitioned area
may or may not
require separate

In Singapore, reheating is not recommended as it contravene control.
SS 553:2009 on energy conservation.

SS 553:2009 – Code of Practice for Air-conditioning and

Mechanical Ventilation in Buildings (formerly CP 13)

All-Air System All-Air System

- CAV (Variable Temperature) - CAV (Variable Temperature)

Advantage

Simplicity in approach.

“Reheating” enables control of conditions.

Disadvantage

expensive to operate

Reheat does not meet most energy codes for
ordinary comfort conditioning applications, unless
heat recovery is available for heating.
CAV System
127
 All-Air System
- VAV (Fixed Temperature)

VAV VAV (Fixed-Temperature)

VAV controls the temperature within a space by
(Fixed-Temperature) varying the volume of supply air – supply air
temperature is fixed.

Used where all year round cooling is required.

All-Air System All-Air System

- VAV (Fixed Temperature) - VAV (Fixed Temperature)

A VAV System with Terminal Reheat is a combination of VAV with reheat.

It results in an energy efficient system, yet provides good humidity control even at very low
loads.

Supply air volume can be reduced to a minimum between 50-60%.

Note: VAV Box installed to provide variable airflow @ diffuser – Need for AHU to vary amount of airflow
131 If the sensible load falls further, a reheat coil in the VAV terminal unit is activated to control
132
humidity.
All-Air System All-Air System
- VAV (Fixed Temperature) - VAV (Fixed Temperature)

VAV Terminal Unit

Reference 133
http://img.archiexpo.com/images_ae/photo-g/induction-air-volume-regulators-204757.jpg

All-Air System All-Air System

- VAV (Fixed Temperature) - VAV (Fixed Temperature)

Advantage VAV (Fixed-Temperature) System

Offers individual space temperature control and with a high
“Sum-of-Peaks” vs “Block Load”
degree of cooling flexibility.

Designed to handle the largest simultaneous block load, not the
sum of the individual peaks.

Each zone peaks at a different time of day, it borrows the extra air from off peak
zones.

Up to 30% diversity of loads can be realised resulting in lower costs for plant
and equipment.

Lower operating costs from fan energy savings at partial load,
refrigeration and pumping savings from diversity of loads, and
provision of minimum air to vacant areas.

Disadvantage

Dedicated terminal units

Dedicated thermostats Variable Peak Loads vs Time of Day
 All Water System

All-water systems
accomplish cooling by
All Water System circulating chilled water
from a central refrigeration
system through cooling coils
in terminal units located in
the conditioned space.

Fan-coil units (FCUs) are

the most common terminals

All Water System

Main Components of Fan

Coil Unit (FCU)

Concealed Ceiling Mount FCU

Concealed Floor Mount FCU

 All Water System

Advantages

Delivery system (piping) require less building space, a
smaller, or no central fan room and duct space is needed.

Terminal units serving vacant space can be shut off

Individual room control with little cross contamination of
re-circulated air from one space to another.

Easier to retrofit in existing buildings where no ducts are to
be run.

All Water System Water-Air System

Disadvantages
Cooling of the room/space by central AHU and

More maintenance required than all air-systems and Terminal Units (Diffusers) and Chilled Water via
terminal units are located in occupied space - coils are more FCUs
difficult to clean.

Units that operate at low dew point must be provided with
drain pans and condensate drains and must be cleaned

FCU

FCU
FCU

FCU
FCU
and flushed periodically.

Low filter efficiency and require frequent cleaning to
maintain air volume.
END