CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

In all construction activities, materials for instance steel, bricks stone, glass, mud,

clay, wood, and concrete are essentially the basic requirements. Different alternatives and

ways to optimize the overall performance of such materials used on any construction work

has been initiated all around the world. Concrete, being considered as major construction

materials used in construction industry, has remained as the focus of development and

research activities up to this day. Sungh et al. (2008) pointed out that concrete should suit

and adapt to the constantly changing environment so that it can be a means to maximize

the usage and conserve resources, protect the environment, economize and lead to proper

utilization of energy. But in order to do so, extensive emphasis must be given to the use of

waste and byproducts in cement and concrete used for new construction (Used of Recycled,

par. 4).

In past years, industrialization and urbanization are rapidly taking its place in every

part of the world and continue developing till this day. This resulted in large deposition of

wastes including demolition wastes and plastics. And due to improper waste management

and disposal, most of the wastes end up on landfills, thereby the need for additional

damping area arises.

Utilization of both recycled concrete aggregates and plastic bottles as partial

replacement for crushed aggregate in any type of concrete seems feasible solution in
 2

reducing waste material as well as reducing energy consumption; and so, when used as

aggregate replacement in pervious concrete posts an even greater potential. Recently,

pervious concrete gained popularity in modern construction trend, especially known as an

effective and unique means to address some important environmental issues. In addition,

pervious concrete supports green and sustainable development (National Ready Mixed

Concrete Association [NRMCA], 2011, Pervious Concrete, par. 1). With that reasons, the

researchers plan to investigate its suitability and adaptability here in the Philippines.

Being located in the tropic region, Philippines on a year-round basis, experiences

moderate to heavy rainfall. Floods and trapped rainwater on concrete surfaces are

ordinarily anticipated. In response to emerging environmental issues, several methods of

flood control and efforts to reduce stormwater runoff have been introduced. One of which

is pervious concrete. NRMCA (2011) identified pervious concrete as an instrument in

recharging groundwater and reducing stormwater by capturing and permitting it to seep

into the ground (Pervious Concrete, par.1).

This research studied the properties of pervious concrete using recycled concrete

aggregates with PET plastic to bring out its full capacity as environment friendly concrete.

Given that there is a huge mass of concrete from demolished structures waiting to be

recycled, field demolished concrete will be used in the study to produce pervious concrete

along with plastic bottles, since it is also abundantly available.

 3

Background of the Study

Subsequently after the plastic revolution, manufacturing of plastic bottles has paved

its way to public consumption. As urbanization and industrialization, alongside growing

population, continue to progress, demand for plastic bottle correspondingly increases. The

Guardian (2017) recently reported that every second human produce about twenty thousand

plastic bottles (Plastic Bottling It, par.3) and further revealed that the number could

possibly jump by 20% as projected in the year 2021(Plastic Bottling It, par.1). In addition,

less than haft of the bottles used for consumption were collected for recycling and only few

were turned into new bottles (Plastics Bottling It, 2017, par.6). Instead, due to improper

disposal and disorganized waste management system, large deposition of plastics, most are

bottles, ends up in landfills or in the oceans. During the past years, actions to counter the

worsening problem regarding plastics begun to set out. However, as usage of plastic bottles

soars all over the world, efforts to gather and recycle the bottles to reduce its potential

impact on human and environment, are hardly sustaining the trend.

Philippines is located in the tropic region; thus, it is likely to experience heavy

rainfall throughout the year. In response to emerging environmental issue, methods of flood

control and efforts to reduce storm water runoff have been made in order to optimize the

amount of water going to the sewer. One of which is the pervious concrete.

Pervious concrete is a unique and effective means to address important

environmental issues and support green, sustainable growth. By capturing stormwater and

allowing it to seep into the ground, pervious concrete is instrumental in recharging

groundwater and reducing stormwater. In pervious concrete, carefully controlled amounts

 4

of water and Portland cement are used to create a paste that forms a thick coating around

aggregate particles. It contains a little or no sand creating a substantial void content.

Objective of the Study

Primarily, this study determined the properties of precast pervious concrete using

recycled concrete aggregates as partial aggregate replacement with fibrillated plastic

bottles.

Particularly, this study:

1. Determined the properties of both crushed and recycled concrete aggregates in

terms of:

a. Specific Gravity

b. Absorption

c. Gradation

2. Determined the properties of precast pervious concrete using fibrillated plastic

bottles and recycled concrete aggregates as partial aggregate replacement in terms

of:

a. Porosity

b. Infiltration Rate

c. 28 Days Compressive Strength

Statement of the Problem

The researchers determined the properties of precast pervious concrete using

recycled aggregates as partial aggregate replacement and fibrillated plastic bottles.

 5

In particular, this study was conducted to answer the following questions:

1. What are the properties of both crushed and recycled concrete aggregates in

terms of:

a. Specific Gravity

b. Absorption

c. Gradation

2. What are the properties of precast pervious concrete using 0%, 7.5%, 15 %, and

22.5% recycled concrete aggregates and 0%, 0.75%, and 1.5% fibrillated plastic

bottles in terms of:

a. Porosity

b. Infiltration Rate

c. 28 Days Compressive Strength

Significance of the Study

The results of the study may be beneficial to the following:

Community. Reusing of plastic bottles and recycled concrete aggregates to lessen

wastes in the community. Also, it can lessen the use of cement in making a concrete

pavement which has a higher cost.

Engineers. This study on determining the mechanical property of pervious

concrete with plastic bottles and recycled concrete aggregates are the core areas of this

research which may contribute to the field engineering.

 6

Future Researchers. This study is useful to future researchers as their reference

material in making their own study about pervious concrete and to be able to have a deeper

understanding about utilization of plastic bottles and recycled aggregates.

Scope and Delimitations

This study determined the properties of precast pervious concrete in terms of

porosity, infiltration rate and 28-days compressive strength. The researchers used the

standard test for compressive strength ASTM C 39. This research utilized recycled concrete

aggregates from Camarines Norte as partial aggregate replacement and limited the coarse

aggregate replacement percentages to 0%, 7.5%, 15%, and 22.5%. The size of fibrillated

plastic bottle strips was held constant to 60mm by 2mm with varying amount of 0%,0.75%,

and 1.5%. In addition, the water-cement ratio was 0.35. Also, modified ASTM standard

for infiltration and porosity of pervious concrete was used.

Definition of Terms

For a better understanding of this study, the following important terms used are

operationally defined as:

Compressive strength. The maximum capacity of a material or structure to

withstand loads without breaking.

Fibrillated PET plastic. A 60mm by 2mm strips of PET plastic bottle.

 7

Field Demolished Concrete. A pieces of concrete, stone, bricks or other materials

that remains in a building after it breaks or collapses such as debris or rubbles.

Pervious Concrete. A special type of concrete with a high porosity that allows water

to penetrate from the surface to the ground and to reduce storm water runoff.

Precast Pervious Concrete. Pervious concrete utilizing RCA and fibrillated plastic

bottles.

Recycled concrete aggregates (RCA). Made up of old concrete from demolished

roads and buildings that can be crushed into smaller pieces.

Stormwater runoff. A rainfall that flows over the ground surface.

 8

End Notes

Alsadey, S., (2016). Utilization of Plastic Bottle Waste in Concrete. Journal of Biological

and Environmental Engineering, 1, 1-5.

Boon, K. H., Yeoh D., & Jamaluddin, N., (2017). Properties of Pervious Concrete

Containing Scrap Tire Tubes. Édition Diffusion Presse Sciences. 10, 1-9.

Crossland, S., Girvan, S., Koenen, J., & Kettle, D., (2016). The Long-Term Performance

of Pervious Paving, 17-18.

Jibrael, M. A., & Peter F., (2016). Strength and Behavior of Concrete Contains Waste

Plastic. Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography, 6, 1-3.

Joung, Y. M., (2008). Evaluation and Optimization of Pervious Concrete with Respect to

Permeability and Clogging, 106-107

Khan, N. I., Agrawal, S. D., & Kshirsagal, D. Y., (2017). Study of Concrete by Using

Waste Plastic Bottle Caps as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4, 1699-1704.

National Ready-Mix Concrete Association (NRMCA)., (2011). When it rains…it drains,

Retrieved from http://perviouspavement.org.

Sharma, J., & Singla, S., (2014). Study of Recycled Concrete Aggregates. International

Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 13, 123-125.

Prabhu, P.G. et.al., (2014). Study On Utilization of Waste Pet Bottle Fiber in Concrete.
 9

International Journal of Research in Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 5,

233-240
 10

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the different related literature and studies from foreign and

local that are relevant to the present study. The enhancement of this study was made

through the aide of the related literatures and studies cited below.

Related Literature

Pervious concrete is one of the fast-growing markets of concrete construction. As

emphasis on environmental protection and building green is continuing to increase, the

demand for pervious concrete will increase as well. According to ACI 522R-10, the term

“pervious concrete” typically describes a near-zero slump, open-graded material consisting

of cement, coarse aggregates, little or no fine aggregate, admixtures and water. The

combination of these ingredients will produce a hardened material with connected pores

ranging in size from 0.08 to 0.32in. (2 to 8mm) that allow water to pass through easily. The

void content can range from 15 to 35% with typical compressive strengths of 400 to 4000

psi (2.8 to28 MPa). The drainage rate of pervious concrete pavement will vary with

aggregate size and density of the mixture, but will generally fall into the range of 2 to 18

gal/min/ft2 or 192 to 1724 in./h (0.14 to 1.22 cm/s).

Commonly, pervious concrete is composed of coarse aggregate, Portland cement

and water. A material designed to be a water-permeable, achieved by producing a mix of

 11

concrete that contains little or no fines with a low water-binder ratio and uniform coarse

aggregate size. This leads to large voids which in turn lead to a rapid rate of permeation

through concrete. Large voids mean low strength and unpredictable durability conditions

(Torsvik, 2012) Yang et.al founded in 2008 and as cited by Goede (2009), that increasing

the fine aggregate content increases strength but decreases permeability. For this reason,

many developers of pervious concrete use minimal amounts of fine materials.

Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimen

(ASTM C39). This method must be exercised in the interpretation of the significance of

compressive strength determination, since strength is not a fundamental property of

concrete made from given materials. Values obtained will depend on the size and shape of

the specimen, batching, mixing procedures, and methods of sampling, molding and

fabrication as well as the age, temperature and moisture conditions during curing. The

results of this test may be used as a basis for quality control of concrete proportioning.

Standard test method for infiltration rate on in-placed pervious concrete (ASTM

C1701). This method covers the determination of the field water on infiltration rate of in-

place pervious concrete. The infiltration rate obtained by this method is valid only for the

localized area of the pavement where the test is conducted.

Related Studies

Foreign

The quest for a green building material leads to the innovation of pervious concrete.

Pervious concrete was first introduced in the United Kingdom in 1852 as a structural
 12

material for building homes, before it was used as a pavement in the mid-1960s. Pervious

concrete system is commonly used in parking lots to reduce stormwater runoff, minimize

non-point source pollution, increase groundwater, and to provide a non-slip surface.

Even with the popularity and practicality of the pervious concrete, engineers are

often uncertain to use pervious concrete because it costs more than traditional concrete and

there is the possibility that the pervious concrete will clog prematurely. Studies to resolve

these problem was made. According to the ACI 522 report on pervious concrete (2006 as

cited by Joung, Y. M., 2008), typical coarse aggregate size ranges from 9.5 to 19 mm. In

this study, the concrete utilizing the small coarse aggregate size 9.5 mm showed higher

strength than the control mixture. The use of smaller size coarse aggregates reduces the

void ratio and increases the interconnecting bonds between the paste layers resulting in a

higher strength.

To answer the problem related to the cost of the pervious concrete, Sharma and

Singla (2014) conducted a study to determine the probability of a recycled aggregate as a

coarse aggregate in a concrete mixture. They concluded that recycled concrete aggregates

replaced mixes have greater water absorption and porosity than the normal mix but within

the permissible limits and these properties can be modified by reducing water-cement ratio.

Recommendations was that the proper design mixes with different percentage of recycled

aggregates with natural aggregates should be prepared to achieve adequate strength of the

concrete and to reduce the consumption of natural aggregates.

On May 2016, Jibrael and Peter (2016) studied strength and behavior of concrete

that contains waste plastic, particularly plastic bags and plastic bottles. With the controlled

amount of plastic bags and plastic bottles in separate specimens, they have determined that
 13

the effect of plastic bottles on the decreasing strengths is less than of the plastic bags. They

concluded that the usage of waste plastic in concrete leads to change in the modes of failure

from brittle failure to more ductile failure and it can only be used in non-structural

members. On the same year, Alsadey S. (2016) from Libya conducted a study that will

utilize the use of plastic bottle in concrete with an additional percentage of 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%

and 3%. By fibrillating plastic bottles and adding to the concrete, he found out that the use

of plastic bottle fibers can increase the strength of concrete and can be a new method for

plastic waste disposal.

Studies dealing with the usage of plastic waste to concrete continues. Even on 2017,

another study was conducted with the use of plastic bottle caps as partial replacement of

coarse aggregate. Test results of this study indicate that there is a great potential for

utilization of bottle caps in concrete mixes up to 10% (Khan, N.I. et al., 2016).

Boon, K. H. et al. (2016) experimented with a different waste material particularly

scrap tire tubes in pervious concrete. Results shows that both compressive strength and

flexural strength of pervious concrete containing scrap tire tubes showed a lower value

compared to the control mix without scrap tire tubes. Overall, it indicates that there are

potentials for use of scrap tire tubes in pervious concrete especially for use in pavements,

driveways, and parking lots.

Rizvi, R. et al. (2009) conducted a research incorporating recycled concrete

aggregates in pervious concrete. Use of 15%, 30%, 50%, and 100% of recycled aggregates

were studied and compared to the virgin pervious concrete samples. It was found that the

optimum RCA replacement of 15% or less exhibited almost identical characteristic to the

virgin sample.
 14

Singh, V. et al. (2017), conducted an investigation to improve the properties of

concrete by using straight and crimped waste PET. They concluded that PET fibers can be

Figure 1a Compressive Strength for Straight PET Fibers (left)

Figure 1b Compressive Strength for Crimped PET Fibers (right)

economical or most probably most effective method to reduce plastic waste disposal

problem and utilization of PET fibers in small amount increases the strength of the

concrete. In their study, PET fibers were obtained with the help of scissors by maintaining

the required cross section of 60mm by 2mm, 110mm by 2mm, 140mm by 2mm in straight

and crimped formed with percentage replacement of 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0% and 1.2% by weight

of cement. Figure 1a and 1b show the results of their study in terms of 28-day compressive

strength.

Their study shows that the crimped PET fiber concrete has high compressive

strength as compare to the straight PET fiber concrete. Moreover, the maximum

compressive strength was noted at 1% fiber ratio in all aspect ratios.

Local

In the Philippines, Filipino researchers also conducted studies regarding pervious

concrete, recycled aggregates and PET plastic. Abanes, R.C. et al. (2012) studied properties
 15

of pervious concrete mixture using locally available aggregates particularly, in Camarines

Norte. In this study, they recommended a lower water cement (w/c) ratio to produce a

higher density thus, attaining higher compressive strength and the use of concrete

admixtures to attain acceptable ACI requirements on pervious concrete.

A research that will determine the properties of a precast pervious concrete which

utilizes coarse aggregates and pebbles was also conducted to determine the best water-

cement (w/c) ratio and aggregate-cement (a/c) ratio that will satisfy the compressive

strength of concrete required by the ASTM, ACI, AASHTO, and NSCP. Enough laboratory

tests to determine the porosity and infiltration rate were also conducted in this research

(Dimaano, M. L., 2015). During the same year, another research was conducted to

determine the design mix of precast pervious concrete using pebbles in which they gathered

the properties of pebbles in terms of gradation, absorption and specific gravity and also the

properties of pervious concrete in terms of porosity, infiltration rate and compressive

strength (Babagay, J. A. et al. 2015).

Synthesis of the State-of-the-art

Pervious concrete was first used in 1852; a mixture of cement, aggregate, and water

that provide a level of porosity which allows water to percolate into the sub-grade. Unlike

conventional concrete, the amount of fine aggregates that is present in pervious concrete

ranges from zero to small amount. It usually has a single size aggregate which provides

larger air void than conventional concrete to increase the rate of infiltration.
 16

Problems concerning the use of pervious concrete has been resolved by the past

researches particularly, the problem with the cost. The utilization of waste materials as an

aggregate for concrete had been considered as a solution. Researches that shows the

probability of recycled aggregate as a partial aggregate had been popular in the recent

years. These researches have a common result which leads to the decrease in strength of

the concrete after the 28 days of curing. The research of Alsadey, S. (2016) concluded that

with use of PET plastic bottle as a fiber reinforcement in the concrete, the strength will

increase as well. Singh, V. et al. (2017) also arrived at the same conclusion that there is an

increase in compressive strength when fibrillated PET plastics were incorporated to the

concrete. Likewise, Boon, K. H. et al. (2016) summarized that both compressive strength

and flexural strength of pervious concrete containing scrap tire tubes showed a lower value

compared to the control mix without scrap tire tubes.

Rizvi, R. et al. (2009) concluded that 15% or less RCA replacement does not

significantly affect the pervious concrete. On the same research, they also concluded that

A replacement percentage higher than 15% results in decreased performance of the

pervious concrete pavement.

Unlike with the research of Boon, K. H. et al. (2016) this study utilized the use of

fibrillated plastic as partial aggregate replacement in pervious concrete instead of crap tire

tubes, in reference with the study of Alsadey, S. (2016) and Singh, V. et al. (2017) applying

it in the normal concrete. Moreover, this study used up to 22.5% of RCA replacement to

compare if fibrillated PET plastic can compensate the loss in compressive strength caused

by increasing amount of RCA replacement.

 17

Theoretical Framework

The researchers based their study on the theories that are connected to the existence

of the principles applied in Structural Engineering.

The Kolb’s study on Experiential Learning and Material Failure Theories will be

used in the study and is explained and set using the theoretical framework shown in Figure

2- Theoretical Paradigm.

According to David A. Kolb the “Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory” learning is

regarded as a four-stage cycle. First, immediate and concrete experiences serve as a basis

for observation. Secondly, the individual reflects on these observations and begins to build

a general theory of what information might mean. In the next step, the learner forms

abstract concepts and generalizations based upon their hypothesis. Then, the learner tests

the implications of these concepts in new situations. Finally, the process once again cycles

back the first stage of the experiential process.

With Kolb’s theory, the researchers formulate hypotheses that the compressive

strength and infiltration rate of the precast pervious concrete between each sample has no

significant difference. Darcy’s theory is a simple proportional relationship between the

instantaneous discharge rates though a porous or permeable medium, the viscosity of fluid

and the pressure drop over a given distance. As what Darcy’s theory suggests, the

researchers intends to use its principle to determine the infiltration rate capacity of the

precast pervious concrete.

 18

KOLB'S EXPERIENTIAL DARCY'S THEORY

LEARNING THEORY

EXPERIMENTAL
PROCEDURES

ANALYSIS AND
PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED INTERPRETATION OF
CONCRETE AGGREGATES DATA

PROPERTIES OF PRECAST PERVIOUS

CONCRETE

Figure 2. Theoretical Paradigm

In relation, the theory will guide the researchers in their study by conducting an

analysis of the recycled concrete aggregates obtained from demolition within Camarines

Norte area. The quality of concrete materials will be determined based on the specifications

set forth by ASTM. The design of concrete structures is generally done within the

framework of codes giving specific requirements for material, concrete analysis, and

proper handling of all the materials. Studies concerning with pervious concrete, utilization

of plastic waste and recycled aggregates will be used as a basis to the construction and

assessment of the properties of the precast pervious concrete.

 19

Conceptual Framework

Based on the given literatures, this research used a systematic representation shown

in Figure 3 that illustrates the interrelationship of the concepts and topics that the

researchers dealt with so as to come up to the solution of the problem.

Crushed coarse aggregates were used to make pervious concrete with recycled

concrete aggregates and fibrillated PET plastics as partial replacement. The material

properties were determined and were used in the design mix process. Then, the

experimentation was carried out. The properties of the pervious concrete specimens aged

at 7 and 28 days were determined, namely the porosity, infiltration rate, and compressive

strength. The varying percentage of replacement affected the properties of the pervious

concrete.

The factors were tested through series of procedures and experimentation. The

results were analyzed to identify if the compressive strength, porosity and infiltration rate

that will satisfy the ASTM standard for a pervious concrete.

 20

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT FEEDBACK

Materials I. Gathering and Properties of

 60mm x 2mm Preparation of Pervious Concrete:
fibrillated PET materials
 Porosity
plastic
II. Experimentation  Infiltration Rate
 #67 crushed coarse
 Material Quality  28 Days
aggregates
Compressive
 #67 RCA Test
 Preparation of Strength
 Portland Cement
Pervious Concrete
w/cm ratio: 0.35 Specimen
Properties of Crushed  Construction of
Coarse Aggregates and Precast Pervious
Recycled Concrete Concrete
Aggregates:  Curing Process
 Determination of
 Absorption
Properties of
 Gradation
Precast Pervious
 Specific Gravity

Property of Fibrillated
Plastic Bottles

Figure 3. Conceptual Paradigm

 21

End Notes

Alsadey, S., (2016). Utilization of Plastic Bottle Waste in Concrete. Journal of Biological

And Environmental Engineering, 1, 1-5.

ASTM C-39, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete

Specimen.

Babagay, J.A., (2015). Design Mix of Precast Pervious Concrete Using Pebbles.

Boon, K. H., Yeoh D., & Jamaluddin, N., (2017). Properties of Pervious Concrete

Containing Scrap Tire Tubes. Édition Diffusion Presse Sciences. 10, 1-9.

Crossland, S., Girvan, S., Koenen, J., & Kettle, D., (2016). The Long-Term Performance

of Pervious Paving, 17-18.

Dimaano, M.L., (2015). Precast Pervious Concrete: Its Properties Utilizing Coarse

Aggregates and Pebbles.

Jibrael, M. A., & Peter F., (2016). Strength and Behavior of Concrete Contains Waste

Plastic. Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography, 6, 1-3.

Joung, Y. M., (2008). Evaluation and Optimization of Pervious Concrete with Respect to

Permeability and Clogging, 106-107

Khan, N. I., Agrawal, S. D., & Kshirsagal, D. Y., (2017). Study of Concrete by Using

Waste Plastic Bottle Caps as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4, 1699-1704.

 22

Sharma, J., & Singla, S., (2014). Study of Recycled Concrete Aggregates. International

Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 13, 123-125.

Singh, V. et al. (2017). To Improve the Properties of Concrete by Using Straight And

Crimped Waste PET. International Journal of Recent Engineering Research and

Development (IJRERD), Volume 2, Issue 06, 76-85.

 23

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides descriptive information about the materials and procedures

that will be used to achieve the objectives of this study. Also, this chapter presents the

research design, data gathering and experimental instruments that was used together with

the research procedures in the conduct of the study.

Research Design

The researchers used the experimental method of research and performed

laboratory tests to identify the properties of precast pervious concrete by using 0%, 7.5%,

15%, and 22.5% recycled concrete aggregates along with 0%, 0.75%, and 1.5% fibrillated

PET plastic bottles as partial replacement of the coarse aggregates. The ASTM and ACI

were used as the basis of the concrete standard.

Figure 4 shows the diagram on how the researchers obtain the number of

experimental units. It also indicates the percentage replacement for each specimen. This

study formulated twelve mix proportions with varying RCA and fibrillated PET plastic

percentages which were replicated 3 times and made into a standard cylinder sample. For

compressive strength test, the specimens undergone 28 days of curing while for porosity

and infiltration rate test, 7-day old specimens were tested.

 24

RCA PET Plastic Replicates

Replicate 1
A1 (0%) Replicate 2
Replicate 3
Replicate 1
A (0% ) A2 (0.75%) Replicate 2
Replicate 3
Replicate 1
A3 (1.5%) Replicate 2
Replicate 3
Replicate 1
B1 (0%) Replicate 2
Replicate 3
Replicate 1
B (7.5%) B2 (0.75%) Replicate 2
Replicate 3
Replicate 1
B3 (1.5%) Replicate 2
Replicate 3
Pervious (P)
Replicate 1
C1 (0%) Replicate 2
Replicate 3
Replicate 1
C (15%) C2 0.75%) Replicate 2
Replicate 3
Replicate 1
C3 1.5%) Replicate 2
Replicate 3
Replicate 1
D1 (0%) Replicate 2
Replicate 3
Replicate 1
D (22.5%) D2 (0.75%) Replicate 2
Replicate 3
Replicate 1
D3 (1.5%) Replicate 2
Replicate 3

Figure 4. Research Design

 25

Research Parameters/ Variables

In this study, the researchers used materials that served as the experimental sample

to gather the needed data based on the formulated research design. The independent

variable is the aggregate-cement ratio and the dependent variables are porosity, infiltration

rate and compressive strength of the precast pervious concrete. The controlled variables

are water cement ratio which will be held constant to 0.35, aggregate nominal size, and the

size of the PET plastic bottle. This study used 60mm by 2mm fibrillated plastic bottle.

Physical properties were determined first by the conduct of quality material test in terms

of gradation, absorption, unit weight and specific gravity. For both 28-day compressive test

and 7-day porosity and infiltration rate test, a 4inch diameter with 8inch height cylindrical

molds were used for containment.

Table 1. Experimental Units in Determining the Design Mix Proportion.

For 28 days Compressive Strength Test [Cylindrical Specimens]

RCA PET Plastic Specimen Replicates Experimental Units
1 A1 3 A1R1, A1R2, A1R3
A 2 A2 3 A2R1, A2R2, A2R3
3 A3 3 A3R1, A3R2, A3R3
1 B1 3 B1R1, B1R2, B1R3
B 2 B2 3 B2R1, B2R2, B2R3
3 B3 3 B3R1, B3R2, B3R3
1 C1 3 C1R1, C1R2, C1R3
C 2 C2 3 C2R1, C2R2, C2R3
3 C3 3 C3R1, C3R2, C3R3
1 D1 3 D1R1, D1R2, D1R3
D 2 D2 3 D2R1, D2R2, D2R3
3 D3 3 D3R1, D3R2, D3R3
 26

For Porosity and Infiltration Rate Test [Cylindrical Specimens]

RCA PET Plastic Specimen Replicates Experimental Units
1 A1 3 A1R1, A1R2, A1R3
A 2 A2 3 A2R1, A2R2, A2R3
3 A3 3 A3R1, A3R2, A3R3
1 B1 3 B1R1, B1R2, B1R3
B 2 B2 3 B2R1, B2R2, B2R3
3 B3 3 B3R1, B3R2, B3R3
1 C1 3 C1R1, C1R2, C1R3
C 2 C2 3 C2R1, C2R2, C2R3
3 C3 3 C3R1, C3R2, C3R3
1 D1 3 D1R1, D1R2, D1R3
D 2 D2 3 D2R1, D2R2, D2R3
3 D3 3 D3R1, D3R2, D3R3

In this research study, design mixes of the pervious concrete sample specimens

were formulated from the experimental units in Table 1 above.

Research Procedure

The proper conduct of the procedures in determining the properties of precast

pervious concrete was taken in consideration in order to achieve accurate results.

The needed materials and laboratory apparatus/equipment listed below was used

and the following procedures were implemented.

List of Materials

The study used different materials during the experiment of this research study:

Fibrillated PET Plastic. The fibrillated plastic bottles were extruded manually by

a scissor and cutting tools. Table 2 shows the properties of the fibrillated PET Plastics.
 27

Table 2. Properties of the fibrillated PET Plastics.

Length (mm) Width (mm) Aspect Ratio Specific Gravity Shape

Crimped
60 2 30 1.38
Rectangular Strip

Recycled Concrete Aggregate. The most common grading of coarse aggregate used

in pervious concrete meeting the requirements of ASTM C33/C33M. The aggregate has

the size number 67, having a ¾ inch as the nominal maximum size. Table 3 depicts the

grading requirements for the size number 67.

Table 3. Grading requirements for crushed and recycled concrete aggregates.

AMOUNTS FINER THAN EACH LABORATORY SIEVES,

MASS PERCENTAGE
GRADATION
25.0 mm 19mm 12.5 mm 9.5 mm 4.75 mm 2.36 mm

(1 in.) (3/4 in.) (1/2 in.) (3/8 in.) (No.4) (No.8)

#67 100 90 to 100 - 20 to 55 0 to 10 0 to 5

Cementitious Materials. The Portland Cement Type 1P will be used as a binding

agent for the mixture of precast pervious concrete.

Mixing Water. The water will be controlled to attain the desired water-cementitious

material ratio of 0.35.

 28

List of Apparatus and Equipment

Cylindrical Molds. A 4inch diameter with 8inch height molds composed of PVC

pipe for pervious concrete containment.

Sieves. Sieve sizes as needed conforming to specifications ASTM E 11.

Shovel or trowel. A shovel or trowel of convenient size for scooping material for

aggregates and to mix the fresh concrete.

Digital Weighing Scale. A 6 kg capacity digital weighing scale will be used to

measure the weight of the samples. A device for determining mass that is sensitive,

readable and accurate to 0.05% of the sample mass at any point within the range used for

this test, or 0.5g whichever is greater. This is used to measure the exact measurement of

the mixture.

Mixing Pan. Is a 2 feet x 2 feet galvanized pan will be used to mix water, cement,

crushed aggregates, PET plastic bottles and recycled concrete aggregates.

Gallons. A container for water that will be used for measuring the infiltration rate

of the precast pervious concrete.

Tamping Rod. Is a round, straight steel rod 5/8inch (16mm) diameter and

approximately 24inch (600mm) in length, having the tamping end or both ends rounded to

a hemispherical tip (ASTM C 143/C 143M).

Compression Test Machine. It is used to test the compressive strength of the

materials.
 29

Procedures

There are two procedural steps that the researchers followed:

Gathering and Preparation of materials. RCA from demolition was collected then,

washed to remove dirt and other particulate matters present on the aggregate while PET

plastic bottles were gathered and cleaned. PET fibers were extruded manually by a scissor

and cutting tools. The top and bottom of bottle were separated and then fibers were obtained

with the help of scissor by maintaining aspect ratio of 30. Portland cement and potable

water from public water supply of Camarines Norte Water District Coop. were used for the

mixture of the pervious concrete.

Experimentation. The following steps were done in the conduct of the experiments:

1. Material Quality Test. This process involved the determination of the properties of

the aggregates such as specific gravity, dry-rodded unit weight, absorption and

gradation. This was done in conformity to the ASTM standards.

2. Computation of Design Mix. After obtaining the properties of the aggregates to be

used for the preparation, the amount or dose of aggregates, cement and water was

determined. NRMCA Pervious Concrete Mixture approach was used to quickly

arrive at pervious concrete mixture proportions that would help attain void content

of freshly mixed pervious concrete when measured in accordance with ASTM

C1688. This is discussed in Figure 6 in Appendix A.

3. Preparation of Pervious Concrete Specimen. After obtaining the design mix

needed, the quantity of materials needed was then prepared.

 30

4. Construction of Precast Pervious Concrete. The materials such as aggregates,

cement and water were placed on the concrete pan to homogenously combined the

components of precast pervious concrete. After properly mixing, the mixture was

poured on the cylinder molds. The pervious concrete was then poured to the

prepared molds having the diameter of 4in. and height of 8in. and was leveled

using flat surface object.

5. Curing Process. Pervious concrete was cured for 28 days in preparation for

compressive strength test and cured seven days for infiltration and porosity tests.

6. Determination of Precast Pervious Concrete Mixture Properties. In this step,

porosity, infiltration rate of the 7-day old specimens and compressive strength of

28-day old specimens were determined.

A. Porosity. To characterize porosity, each specimen was submerged in water for at

least 30 minutes, after which the submerged mass of each specimen was recorded

(Mw). The volume of the solids was obtained by dividing the difference between

the dry and submerged weights by the density of water (ρ w). Subsequently,

porosity (n) was calculated using the formula:

(𝑀𝑑 − 𝑀𝑤 )
𝑛 = 1−
ρ𝑤 V

B. Infiltration Rate. After the hardened porosity was completed on the specimens,

specimens were wrapped on the sides with shrink-wrap, which enables the

vertical flow of water without any loss from the sides. Similar to ASTM C1701

procedure, the test was based on the measurement of the time required for the
 31

known volume of water to flow through the specimen. Infiltration rate was

calculated based on the formula:

4𝑉
𝐼=
𝐷 2 𝜋𝑡

Where, V is the volume of the infiltrated water, which is 1000 cubic

centimeters, D is the diameter of the specimen, and t is the time required for the

designated volume of water to infiltrate.

A. Compressive Strength. This is essential for the determination of the actual

strength of the precast pervious concrete. This method consists of applying a

compressive axial load to the 28-day specimen at a rate at which within prescribed

angle until failure occurs. The compressive strength was calculated by dividing

the maximum load attain during the test by the cross-sectional area of the

specimen. In preparation of molds for testing, the researchers used the data

gathered from material quality test to obtain the design mix for pervious concrete

and created molds for compressive strength.

Data Analysis

After the collection of the data, the researcher tabulated and analyzed the response

variables by computing the arithmetic mean of each mixture proportion.

Arithmetic Mean. The arithmetic mean was used to determine the average value of

the total trial measurements on the properties and compressive strength, infiltration rate

and porosity of the precast pervious concrete. The formula is written below:
 32

Σ𝑥
𝑥̅ =
𝑛

Where: 𝑥̅ = Arithmetic Mean

Σ𝑥= Summation of the values of x

𝑛= Number of samples

To assess the reliability of the results, ASTM C670 and one-sigma limit (1s) was

performed. Through comparison, individual ranges are compared to the maximum

acceptable range. Below is the basis made for the comparison.

Accept if Range (H.V. – L.V.) ≤ Maximum Acceptable Range

Reject if Range (H.V. – L.V.) ≤ Maximum Acceptable Range

If the range is less than the maximum acceptable range calculated, the results are

reliable otherwise, not reliable.

 33

End Notes

Abanes, R.C. et al., (2012). Pervious Concrete Mixture Properties using Locally Available

Aggregates of Brgy. Dogongan, Daet, Camarines Norte.

ACI 522.1-08, Specification for Pervious Concrete.

Alsadey, S., (2016). Utilization of Plastic Bottle Waste in Concrete. Journal of Biological

And Environmental Engineering, 1, 1-5.

ASTM C-39, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete

Specimen.

Dimaano, M.L., (2015). Precast Pervious Concrete: Its Properties Utilizing Coarse

Aggregates and Pebbles.

Nassiri, S. et.al., (2017). Preliminary Study to Develop Standard Acceptance Tests for

Pervious Concrete.

National Ready-Mix Concrete Association (NRMCA)., (2011). When it rains…it drains,

Retrieved from http://perviouspavement.org.

Orias, B.J. et al., (2013). Infiltration Rate of Precast Pervious Concrete Pavement.

Prabhu, P.G. et.al., (2014). Study on Utilization of Waste Pet Bottle Fiber in Concrete.

International Journal of Research in Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2,

Issue 5, 233-240
 34

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the experiments conducted, results of the tests, analyses and

discussion of findings and outcomes of the study. Moreover, this provides detailed analyses

of the pervious concrete in terms of porosity, infiltration rate, and compressive strength as

well as the properties of the materials in terms of specific gravity, absorption, and

gradation.

1. Properties of both Crushed and Recycled Coarse Aggregates

Being the element to comprise the majority of the mix at different quantity, the

properties of coarse aggregate should be considered. This is important in the design mix

determination of pervious concrete.

Table 4 shows the results laboratory experiments conducted to determine the

properties of both the crushed coarse aggregates and recycled concrete aggregates.

Table 4. Coarse Aggregate Properties

Results
Experimental Tests
NCA RCA
Bulk Specific Gravity
2.489 2.379
(SSD)
Absorption (%) 1.6 0.99
Rodded Unit Weight
1592 1494
(kg/m3)
 35

1.a. Specific Gravity

The locally available natural coarse aggregate, together with demolished concrete

from road crushed into RCA, was used as the main constituent of the pervious concrete.

The parameters given on Table 5 was essentially used for the mixture computation of the

pervious concrete sample specimens.

The different specific gravity of coarse aggregates is shown in Figure 9 and Figure

10 (see Appendix A) are dry, apparent and bulk (SSD) specific gravities. The dry specific

gravity with a value of 2.355 and 2.450 for RCA and crushed coarse aggregates

respectively, is the ratio of the dry weight in air of a unit volume of RCA at standard

temperature to the weight in air of an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at the

standard temperature while the apparent specific gravity of 2.412 for RCA and 2.549 for

crushed coarse aggregates, is the ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of impermeable

portion of aggregate (without considering the volume of the voids) to the weight in air of

an equal volume of gas-free distilled water at the standard temperature. In this study, the

ratio of the weight in air of a unit volume of aggregate including the weight of the water

within the pores filled to its maximum capacity to the weight in air of an equal volume of

gas-free distilled water at the standard temperature which is the bulk specific gravity at

SSD condition with a value of 2.379 and 2.489 for recycled concrete and crushed coarse

aggregates correspondingly.

According to ACI Education Bulletin E1-07, the bulk specific gravity of a normal

weight aggregate used in concrete ranges from 2.3 to 2.9 with absorption ranging from 0.5-

4.0%; therefore, RCA could be considered as normal weight aggregate since the bulk

density is within the ranges stated earlier.

 36

1.b. Absorption

The absorption as indicated in Figure 9 &10 of Appendix A, the absorptions are

1.60% and 0.99% for crushed coarse and recycled concrete aggregates respectively. The

lower percentages indicate that aggregates have lower value of pores inside. The absorption

values were used to calculate the change in the mass of the aggregates due to the water

absorbed in its pore spaces within the constituent particles.

1.c. Gradation

The aggregates were controlled to be #67 coarse aggregate while following ASTM

C136, the standard test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates. In this

study, the maximum nominal size is ¾ in. The grading requirements for #67 coarse

aggregates were stated in Table 3 from the previous chapter. The controlled percent

passing, by mass, is tabulated below on Table 5.

Table 5. Size Distribution of both crushed coarse and recycled concrete aggregates.

Amount of Aggregate (%)

Sieve Size 3/4 in 3/8 in No. 4 No. 8
10 70 15 5

The percentages retained above satisfied the requirements for #67 gradation and

was used to determine the amount of aggregates needed to achieve the required mix

proportion by multiplying the percentages to the total mass of the specimens. Aggregates

retained on sieve size of 3/8 in., comprised the majority of the precast pervious concrete

having a total of 80% of the amount of aggregate that was used. See Appendix A for more

details about the computation of the mixture of the pervious concrete.

 37

2. Properties of Precast Pervious Concrete

Precast pervious concrete was analyzed in terms of its porosity, infiltration rate,

and compressive strength. Modified laboratory experiments were conducted to determine

the porosity and infiltration rate of the specimens. The results were presented and discussed

below.

2.a Porosity

There are only few standard tests on pervious concrete that can characterize its

porosity, one of those is ASTM C1754 the “Standard Test Method for Density and Void

Content of Hardened Pervious Concrete.” The test can adequately determine the effective

pervious concrete mix properties such as density and void content.

The test was performed first by obtaining a PVC cylindrical mold with a capacity

of 1647.41 cubic centimeters and a plywood as its base plate. The inside was moistened

and then lubricant was applied for easy remolding. It was weighed and then recorded to the

nearest hundredths of a gram. The freshly mix pervious concrete was scooped into the

container and once it was approximately one-third full, it was compacted. It was filled

again following the same procedure. The specimens were then set aside and were covered

with moist cloth to cure for seven days. When the specimens were exactly seven-day old,

the porosity was taken. The result of average porosity of each mix design were recorded

on Table 6 below. For more details about the determination of porosity, see Appendix A.
 38

Table 6. Test results on the porosity of precast pervious concrete.

Porosity Mean Porosity Porosity Mean Porosity

Specimen Specimen
(%) (%) (%) (%)

A1R1 29.2822 C1R1 25.3172

A1R2 24.1463 27.7281 C1R2 22.233 24.1849
A1R3 29.7557 C1R3 25.0046
A2R1 32.2092 C2R1 26.2368
A2R2 24.5505 27.1724 C2R2 27.9565 27.1949
A2R3 24.7575 C2R3 27.3914
A3R1 28.4858 C3R1 24.95
A3R2 31.0911 28.5186 C3R2 27.4369 26.5701
A3R3 25.9788 C3R3 27.3234
B1R1 27.0338 D1R1 24.8128
B1R2 24.7399 26.0155 D1R2 25.8289 24.882
B1R3 26.2726 D1R3 24.0042
B2R1 27.4788 D2R1 18.7086
B2R2 27.8272 28.7628 D2R2 26.1318 25.6365
B2R3 30.9825 D2R3 32.069
B3R1 25.0507 D3R1 32.2778
B3R2 24.9821 24.3634 D3R2 31.0844 30.8603
B3R3 23.0573 D3R3 29.2185

The targeted or designed void content of the pervious concrete mix design was

20%. All samples have porosity greater than that of the desired porosity. This indicates that

the computation for the volume of specimen is correct. Moreover, As revealed on Table 6,

the void content or porosity of all the specimens falls within the acceptable range of 15%

to 35% set forth by ACI. For more details, see Appendix A.

 39

35
30
Mean Porosity (%)

25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4
Series1 27.7281 26.0155 24.1849 24.882
Series2 27.1724 28.7628 27.1949 25.6365
Series3 28.5186 24.3634 26.5701 30.8603

1- 0% RCA Replacement
Series 1- no PET Peplacement 2--7.5% RCA Replacement
Series 2- with 0.75% PET Replacement
3-15% RCA Replacement
4-22.5% RCA Replacement
Series 3- with 1.5% PET Replpacement
Figure 5. Mean Porosity of the Pervious Concrete at Different Percent Replacement

Based on the figure above, experimental unit C1 with 15 % RCA replacement and

no PET plastic fiber had the lowest void content of 24.2% and experimental unit D3 with

22.5% RCA replacement and 1.5 % PET plastics ends up being the most porous among all

the specimens. This was primarily due to the well graded aggregates used and the method

of compaction. Also, as reflected on the figure, PET Plastic strips for each specimen class

had little impact on the porosity; therefore, the % replacements were acceptable. Figure 5

also revealed that addition PET can increase the porosity by 3% up to 24%. It can be seen

that addition of PET plastics in combination with RCA replacement, has a noticeable

variation but does not follow a direct relation or trend as whether it increases or decreases

consistently due to the incorporation of PET and recycled concrete aggregates

 40

In order to assess the reliability of the results on porosity, one-sigma limit (1s) was

performed in accordance with ASTM C670. Table 7 shows the assessment of the reliability

of results on porosity. Through comparison, it can be observed that all the ranges for each

group of results were less than the maximum acceptable range value. Therefore, all the

individual results were acceptable. See Appendix A for more details.

Table 7. One-sigma limit for the Porosity Test result.

Experimental Mean Standard Maximum

Range Remarks
Units Porosity (%) Deviation Acceptable

A1 27.728 3.111 5.609 10.266 Accept

A2 27.172 4.363 7.659 14.399 Accept
A3 28.519 2.556 5.112 8.436 Accept
B1 26.015 1.168 2.294 3.856 Accept
B2 28.763 1.930 3.504 6.369 Accept
B3 24.363 1.132 1.993 3.734 Accept
C1 24.185 1.698 3.084 5.602 Accept
C2 27.195 0.877 1.720 2.892 Accept
C3 26.570 1.404 2.487 4.634 Accept
D1 24.882 0.914 1.825 3.017 Accept
D2 25.636 6.694 13.360 22.090 Accept
D3 30.860 1.542 3.059 5.088 Accept

2.b. Infiltration Rate

Porosity test was followed by infiltration test performed on the same samples that

were used for the determination of the porosity. As described in the earlier chapters,

pervious concrete is composed of air voids that allow the run off to drain down. This

distinct characteristic of pervious concrete made it desirable for stormwater management;

thus, it is important to establish the rate at which the run off infiltrates through of pervious
 41

concrete. ASTM C1701 is a standard procedure in determining the infiltration rate of in-

place pervious concrete; however, this study, acceptable modified version of ASTM 1701

was used.

The test was carried out by recasting the specimens back to their molds so as to

permit no loss of water on the side of the cylinder. The test was based on the measurement

of time required for one liter of water to flow vertically through the specimen. The test was

repeated twice on each specimen and was recorded. The average of the two was taken as

the final number for infiltration rate result as indicated in Table 8.

All of the specimens that were tested had a close range of infiltration rate result,

from a rate of 0.47-0.59 cm/s on average. Specimen A2 demonstrates the fastest infiltration

rate of 0.58 cm/s.

Table 8. Test results on the infiltration rate of precast pervious concrete

Experimental Time 1 Time 2 Average Infiltration Mean Infiltration

Unit (sec) (sec) Time (sec) rate, I (cm/s) rate, I (cm/s)
A1R1 25.72 23.72 24.72 0.499
A1R2 20.14 21.86 21 0.587 0.540
A1R3 23.07 23.17 23.12 0.534
A2R1 21.14 23.49 22.315 0.553
A2R2 21.43 19.39 20.41 0.604 0.588
A2R3 20.18 20.54 20.36 0.606
A3R1 20.92 20.46 20.69 0.596
A3R2 22.68 23.5 23.09 0.534 0.551
A3R3 22.54 24.54 23.54 0.524
B1R1 25.1 23.36 24.23 0.509
B1R2 20.31 23.1 21.705 0.568 0.517
B1R3 22.33 29.85 26.09 0.473
B2R1 23.74 21.88 22.81 0.541
B2R2 22.54 23.36 22.95 0.537 0.565
B2R3 19.97 20 .34 19.97 0.618
 42

B3R1 22.79 21.7 22.245 0.554

B3R2 28.06 25.43 26.745 0.461 0.513
B3R3 21.78 25.48 23.63 0.522
C1R1 22.27 22.56 22.415 0.550
C1R2 25.23 20.73 22.98 0.537 0.504
C1R3 29.86 28.34 29.1 0.424
C2R1 25.02 22.24 23.63 0.522
C2R2 24.04 25.28 24.66 0.500 0.527
C2R3 21.52 22.67 22.095 0.558
C3R1 21.86 22.63 22.245 0.554
C3R2 20.9 21.95 21.425 0.576 0.533
C3R3 25.98 26.62 26.3 0.469
D1R1 22.45 23.33 22.89 0.539
D1R2 26.72 24.04 25.38 0.486 0.539
D1R3 20.1 21.57 20.835 0.592
D2R1 28.62 24.79 26.705 0.462
D2R2 16.75 21.78 19.265 0.640 0.557
D2R3 19.31 24.05 21.68 0.569
D3R1 22.53 25.22 23.875 0.517
D3R2 22.87 26.73 24.8 0.497 0.473
D3R3 28.41 32.36 30.385 0.406

concrete. In this study the usual relationship of infiltration rate and porosity that higher

porosity tends to present higher infiltration rate can be observed; the infiltration and

porosity both had the same trend. Therefore, percentage addition of PET to the pervious

concrete is acceptable to use. The acquired infiltration rate of all the specimens passed the

required infiltration rate for pervious concrete as stated in ACI 522R-10.

 43

0.7
Mean Infiltrstion Rate (cm/s)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
1 2 3 4
Series1 0.54 0.517 0.504 0.539
Series2 0.588 0.565 0.527 0.557
Series3 0.551 0.513 0.533 0.473

Series 1- no PET Peplacement 1- 0% RCA Replacement

Series 2- with 0.75% PET Replacement 2--7.5% RCA Replacement
Series 3- with 1.5% PET Replpacement 3-15% RCA Replacement
4-22.5% RCA Replacement
Figure 6. Mean infiltration Rate of the Pervious Concrete
at different Percentage Replacement

From Figure 6, it can be seen that addition of 0.75% of PET increased the

infiltration rate by 3% up to 9%. Also, replacement of RCA evidently decreased the

acquired infiltration rate of the pervious on the other hand, when replacement of RCA was

accompanied by addition of PET the result of infiltration rate increase. This is because,

PET provides more voids to the pervious concrete.

The assessment whether the result on infiltration test was reliable or not was

performed using one-sigma limit (1s) in accordance with ASTM C670. Table 9 below

shows the assessment of the reliability of results on infiltration rate. Through comparison,

it can be observed that all the ranges for each group of results were less than the maximum
 44

acceptable range value. Therefore, all the individual results were acceptable. See Appendix

A for more details.

Table 9. One-sigma limit for the infiltration rate test result.

Mean
Experimental Standard Maximum
Infiltration Range Remarks
Units Deviation Acceptable
Rate
A1R1 0.540 0.045 0.088 0.147 Accept
A2R1 0.588 0.030 0.053 0.100 Accept
A3R1 0.551 0.039 0.072 0.129 Accept
B1R1 0.517 0.048 0.096 0.159 Accept
B2R1 0.565 0.045 0.080 0.150 Accept
B3R1 0.513 0.047 0.093 0.156 Accept
C1R1 0.504 0.069 0.126 0.229 Accept
C2R1 0.527 0.029 0.058 0.097 Accept
C3R1 0.533 0.056 0.107 0.186 Accept
D1R1 0.539 0.053 0.106 0.175 Accept
D2R1 0.557 0.090 0.178 0.296 Accept
D3R1 0.473 0.059 0.111 0.195 Accept

2.c. Compressive Strength

The compressive strength test was performed on twelve mix design. Three replicate

specimens were cast from each mix design and the average of the compressive strength

was recorded. The specimens were cured for 28-days. On the day of testing, the moistened

cloth was removed and was wiped clean. The test was then initiated by placing the

specimen at the center ring of the compression machine as shown in figure (). The upper

bearing block of the machine was held stationary while the lower bearing block moved up

to compress the specimen. The cylinder was on the lower bearing block and was centered.

Then, load was applied and was gradually increased until such time that the specimen can
 45

no longer withstand the applied load and began to fail and the fracture was so evident. The

maximum load was then recorded. The compressive strength was calculated by dividing

the final maximum load recorded by the cross-sectional area of the specimen. The summary

of results on compressive strength of the specimens is shown on Table 10 below.

Table 10. 28-day Compressive Strength Test Result

Average
Experimental Compressive
Replicate RCA (%) PET (%) Compressive
Unit Strength (MPa)
Strength (MPa)
R1 4.38
A1 R2 0 0 4.83 4.22
R3 3.44
R1 3.48
A2 R2 0 0.75 3.14 3.42
R3 3.65
R1 3.59
A3 R2 0 1.5 3.21 3.06
R3 2.39
R1 4.88
B1 R2 7.5 0 3.64 4.07
R3 3.69
R1 3.65
B2 R2 7.5 0.75 3.90 3.72
R3 3.60
R1 3.40
B3 R2 7.5 1.5 3.21 3.18
R3 2.93
R1 4.38
C1 R2 15 0 5.70 5.12
R3 5.28
R1 3.22
C2 R2 15 0.75 3.14 3.16
R3 3.11
R1 2.60
C3 R2 15 1.5 2.80 2.56
R3 2.27
R1 4.29
D1 22.5 0 4.04
R2 3.39
 46

R3 4.43
R1 2.13
D2 R2 22.5 0.75 2.75 2.84
R3 3.63
R1 2.82
D3 R2 22.5 1.5 2.97 2.48
R3 1.65

The average 28-day compressive strength varied from 2.3 MPa to 5.70 MPa. It can

be seen from table 8 that compressive strength decreased by 4% in both 7.5% and 22.5%

of RCA replacement. For more details, see Appendix A.

Mean Compressive Strength (MPa)

6.00

5.00

4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
1 2 3 4
Series1 4.22 4.07 5.12 4.04
Series2 3.42 3.72 3.16 2.84
Series3 3.06 3.18 2.56 2.48

1- 0% RCA Replacement
Series 1- no PET Peplacement 2--7.5% RCA Replacement
Series 2- with 0.75% PET Replacement 3-15% RCA Replacement
Series 3- with 1.5% PET Replpacement 4-22.5% RCA Replacement
Figure 7. Mean Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete at different
Percentage Replacement
As indicated in figure 8, the mean compressive strength reduces as percent

replacement of PET increases in all cases. The experimental unit with no RCA and PET

Replacement has 4.22 MPa Compressive Strength; increasing its PET content reduced the
 47

strength by 27%. On the other hand, 21% increase in strength was observed in 15%

replacement.

To assess the reliability of the results, ASTM C670 together with one-sigma limit

(1s) was performed. Table 11 shows the assessment of reliability of results on compressive

strength using one- sigma limit. Through comparison, it can be observed that all the ranges

for each group of results were less than the maximum acceptable range value. Therefore,

all the individual results were acceptable. See Appendix (A) for more details.

Table 11. One-sigma limit for the Compressive test result.

Experimental Mean Compressive Standard Maximum

Range Remarks
Units Strength (MPa) Deviation Acceptable
A1 4.217 0.709 1.390 2.341 Accept
A2 3.423 0.260 0.510 0.857 Accept
A3 3.063 0.613 1.200 2.024 Accept
B1 4.070 0.702 1.240 2.316 Accept
B2 3.717 0.161 0.300 0.530 Accept
B3 3.180 0.236 0.470 0.780 Accept
C1 5.120 0.674 1.320 2.225 Accept
C2 3.157 0.057 0.110 0.188 Accept
C3 2.557 0.268 0.530 0.883 Accept
D1 4.037 0.564 1.040 1.862 Accept
D2 2.837 0.754 1.500 2.487 Accept
D3 2.480 0.723 1.320 2.385 Accept
 48

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter contains the synopsis of the major points of the study. This includes

the summary of the research work undertaken, the conclusions drawn and the

recommendations of the researchers. These are based on the results obtained from the

experiments made on this research.

Summary of Findings

This study was conducted to determine the properties of precast pervious concrete

using recycled aggregates as partial aggregate replacement and fibrillated plastic bottles.

In particular, it answered the following: properties of both crushed and recycled concrete

aggregates in terms of specific gravity, absorption and gradation and the properties of

precast pervious concrete using 0%, 7.5%, 15 %, and 22.5% recycled concrete aggregates

and 0%, 1%, and 1.5% fibrillated plastic bottles in terms of porosity, infiltration rate, 28-

days compressive strength.

The researchers used recycled concrete aggregates and fibrillated PET plastic

bottles. Varying amount of proportions were made; 0%, 7.5%, 15 %, and 22.5% recycled

concrete aggregates and 0%, 0.75%, and 1.5% fibrillated plastic bottles by volume

respectively. Experimental methods were used in order to obtain the results. Different

studies and literatures as well as the ASTM standards were gathered as a basis of this study.

Researchers conducted the experiment on September 2018 at Daet, Camarines Norte. The
 49

samples were casted to cylindrical molds and subjected to cure for 7 days for porosity and

infiltration rate test and 28 days for compressive test. After curing of 7 days, the samples

were subjected to porosity and infiltration test with the aid of the modified ASTM. After

curing of 28 days, the samples were subjected to compressive strength test. Hence, the

researchers came up with the following findings:

1. Specific gravity, gradation and absorption are the properties of crushed aggregates

that is being investigated in this study. The values of these properties are 2.489, 1.6%

respectively.

2. Specific gravity, gradation and absorption are the properties of recycled concrete

aggregates that is being investigated in this study. The values of these properties are

2.379, 0.99% respectively.

3. The result for the infiltration rate of pervious concrete with 0%, 7.5%, 15 %, and

22.5% recycled concrete aggregates and 0%, 0.75% and 1.5% fibrillated PET plastic

bottles that were tested had a close range of infiltration rate result, from a rate of 0.47-

0.59 cm/s on average.

4. It has been found out that the sample with 15% RCA replacement with zero

percentage of fibrillated PET demonstrated the highest compressive strength. Also,

there is a noticeable decrease in strength on all percentage of RCA replacement at

increasing percentages of PET plastic replacement

5. The results on the porosity, infiltration rate and 28-day compressive strength satisfied

the required properties of precast pervious concrete in terms of porosity, infiltration

rate and 28-day compressive strength as stated in ACI 522.

 50

Conclusion

Based on the above-mentioned findings, conclusions obtained from this study are

as follows;

1. The bulk specific gravity of a normal weight aggregate used in concrete ranges

from 2.3 to 2.9 with absorption ranging from 0.5- 4.0%. the RCA could be

considered as normal weight aggregate since the bulk density is within the ranges

stated earlier.

2. Percent replacement of PET contributes to the increase of porosity. This is because

PET provides more voids of pervious concrete. Likewise, infiltration rate also

increases.

3. The reliability of the results, was performed using ASTM C670 together with one-

sigma limit (1s). All the ranges for each group of results were less than the

maximum acceptable range value. Therefore, all the individual results on porosity,

infiltration rate and compressive strength were acceptable.

4. The compressive strength decreases due to the incorporation of fibrillated PET.

Moreover, considering the percentage replacement of RCA the compressive

strength also decreases. However, 15% RCA replacement exhibits greater strength

compared to the experimental sample with no RCA replacement. Therefore,

addition of fibrillated PET did not serve its purpose and reduce the compressive

strength of the pervious concrete.

 51

Recommendation

During the process of the study, the researchers found out that the following

recommendations must be considered in conducting related studies:

1. Use of pelletized PET Plastic instead of using Fibrillated. This is because the

bond between the paste, aggregates and plastic when fibrillated caused low

compressive strength.

2. Proper determination of the density of plastic should be observed since it is

essential in determining the amount of every element of the pervious concrete

including the volume of each mixtures that should be used. Moreover, since plastic

has very low specific gravity compared to that of the specific densities of natural

ad recycled coarse aggregates, attention should be given to the percentage

replacement to be used.

3. Further research may be conducted considering the different types of curing to

determine which is suitable for pervious concrete.

4. Water-cementitious material ratio of 0.35 is adequate and acceptable. The

researchers suggest the use of varying w/cm ratio, provided that the process of

attaining SSD condition of the aggregate will properly be executed.

5. The use of well calibrated equipment and apparatus should be ensured before the

conduct of the experiment so that the results/ data will be much reliable.

6.Proper procedure should be keenly followed to reduce the probability of having

significant errors in the results.

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APPENDICES
 53

APPENDIX A

Computations/ Data/ Figures

Figure 8. Determination of Mixture Proportion Pervious Concrete

 54

Determination of Porosity (ASTM C1754)

Table 12. Computed Test results on Porosity of Pervious Concrete.

Volume of Dry Submerged

Experimental Porosity Mean
Specimen Mass Mass
Units n (%) Porosity
(cu.cm) (grams) (grams)
A1R1 1647.407 2723.1 1558.09 29.28221452
A1R2 1647.407 2776.3 1526.68 24.14626562 27.72806
A1R3 1647.407 2648.68 1491.47 29.75568576
A2R1 1647.407 2552.48 1435.69 32.20923799
A2R2 1647.407 2780.55 1537.59 24.55053722 27.17243
A2R3 1647.407 2794.6 1555.05 24.75752913
A3R1 1647.407 2668.9 1490.77 28.48581162
A3R2 1647.407 2598.59 1463.38 31.09111746 28.51859
A3R3 1647.407 2752.97 1533.54 25.97884212
B1R1 1647.407 2737.4 1535.35 27.03383316
B1R2 1647.407 2794.12 1554.28 24.73992571 26.01547
B1R3 1647.407 2779.15 1564.56 26.27263709
B2R1 1647.407 2671.05 1476.33 27.47877472
B2R2 1647.407 2674.8 1485.82 27.82720099 28.76281
B2R3 1647.407 2570.1 1433.1 30.98246188
B3R1 1647.407 2730.3 1495.58 25.05071709
B3R2 1647.407 2750.01 1514.16 24.98212446 24.36337
B3R3 1647.407 2796.83 1529.27 23.05728177
C1R1 1647.407 2813.36 1583.03 25.31719641
C1R2 1647.407 2881.97 1600.83 22.23295621 24.18491
C1R3 1647.407 2791.42 1555.94 25.00458399
C2R1 1647.407 2719.45 1504.27 26.23682324
C2R2 1647.407 2648.9 1462.05 27.95649506 27.19489
C2R3 1647.407 2667.4 1471.24 27.39136464
C3R1 1647.407 2710.29 1473.91 24.9499527
C3R2 1647.407 2630 1434.59 27.43689072 26.57007
C3R3 1647.407 2652.65 1455.37 27.32337903
D1R1 1647.407 2794.22 1555.58 24.81276744
24.88197
D1R2 1647.407 2728.89 1506.99 25.82890956
 55

D1R3 1647.407 2787.5 1535.54 24.00422425

D2R1 1647.407 2794.22 1455.02 18.70863056
D2R2 1647.407 2691.48 1474.57 26.13180975 25.63649
D2R3 1647.407 2504.3 1385.2 32.06901767
D3R1 1647.407 2464.42 1348.76 32.27783062
D3R2 1647.407 2494.22 1358.9 31.0844403 30.86025
D3R3 1647.407 2540.4 1374.34 29.21847801

Table 13. Computed One Sigma Limit for Porosity Test Results.

Experi 1s(%) Range Maximum

Porosity Mean Standard
mental S.D./ (H.V.- Acceptable Remark
n (%) Porosity Deviation
Units Mean L.V.) Range
A1R1 29.28221
A1R2 24.14627 27.72806 3.11094 0.11219 5.60942 10.26611 Accept
A1R3 29.75569
A2R1 32.20924
A2R2 24.55054 27.17243 4.36323 0.16058 7.65870 14.39865 Accept
A2R3 24.75753
A3R1 28.48581
A3R2 31.09112 28.51859 2.5563 0.08964 5.11227 8.435774 Accept
A3R3 25.97884
B1R1 27.03383
B1R2 24.73993 26.01547 1.16838 0.04491 2.29391 3.855646 Accept
B1R3 26.27264
B2R1 27.47877
B2R2 27.8272 28.76281 1.93015 0.06711 3.50369 6.369498 Accept
B2R3 30.98246
B3R1 25.05072
B3R2 24.98212 24.36337 1.13163 0.04645 1.99344 3.734377 Accept
B3R3 23.05728
C1R1 25.3172
C1R2 22.23296 24.18491 1.69765 0.07019 3.08424 5.60226 Accept
C1R3 25.00458
 56

C2R1 26.23682
C2R2 27.9565 27.19489 0.87651 0.03223 1.71967 2.89248 Accept
C2R3 27.39136
C3R1 24.94995
C3R2 27.43689 26.57007 1.40421 0.05285 2.48694 4.633906 Accept
C3R3 27.32338
D1R1 24.81277
D1R2 25.82891 24.88197 0.91431 0.03675 1.82469 3.017219 Accept
D1R3 24.00422
D2R1 18.70863
D2R2 26.13181 25.63649 6.69395 0.26111 13.3604 22.09004 Accept
D2R3 32.06902
D3R1 32.27783
D3R2 31.08444 30.86025 1.54195 0.04997 3.05935 5.088431 Accept
D3R3 29.21848

Accept if Range (H.V. – L.V.) ≤ Maximum Acceptable Range

Reject if Range (H.V. – L.V.) ≤ Maximum Acceptable Range

Determination of Infiltration Rate (ASTM C1701M)

Table 14. Computed Test Results on Infiltration Rate of Pervious Concrete.

Volume of Time t Time t Mean

Experime Diameter of Average Infiltration
Infiltrated (sec) (sec) Infiltration
ntal Specimen Time Rate
Water 1st 2nd Rate
Units (cm) (sec) (cm/sec)
(cu.cm) Trial Trial (cm/sec)
A1R1 1000 10.16 25.72 23.72 24.72 0.49897
A1R2 1000 10.16 20.14 21.86 21 0.58736 0.53994
A1R3 1000 10.16 23.07 23.17 23.12 0.5335
A2R1 1000 10.16 21.14 23.49 22.315 0.55275
A2R2 1000 10.16 21.43 19.39 20.41 0.60434 0.58764
A2R3 1000 10.16 20.18 20.54 20.36 0.60582
A3R1 1000 10.16 20.92 20.46 20.69 0.59616 0.55144
 57

A3R2 1000 10.16 22.68 23.5 23.09 0.53419

A3R3 1000 10.16 22.54 24.54 23.54 0.52398
B1R1 1000 10.16 25.1 23.36 24.23 0.50906
B1R2 1000 10.16 20.31 23.1 21.705 0.56828 0.5167
B1R3 1000 10.16 22.33 29.85 26.09 0.47277
B2R1 1000 10.16 23.74 21.88 22.81 0.54075
B2R2 1000 10.16 22.54 23.36 22.95 0.53745 0.56529
B2R3 1000 10.16 19.97 20 .34 19.97 0.61765
B3R1 1000 10.16 22.79 21.7 22.245 0.55449
B3R2 1000 10.16 28.06 25.43 26.745 0.46119 0.51255
B3R3 1000 10.16 21.78 25.48 23.63 0.52199
C1R1 1000 10.16 22.27 22.56 22.415 0.55028
C1R2 1000 10.16 25.23 20.73 22.98 0.53675 0.50363
C1R3 1000 10.16 29.86 28.34 29.1 0.42387
C2R1 1000 10.16 25.02 22.24 23.63 0.52199
C2R2 1000 10.16 24.04 25.28 24.66 0.50018 0.52681
C2R3 1000 10.16 21.52 22.67 22.095 0.55825
C3R1 1000 10.16 21.86 22.63 22.245 0.55449
C3R2 1000 10.16 20.9 21.95 21.425 0.57571 0.53306
C3R3 1000 10.16 25.98 26.62 26.3 0.46899
D1R1 1000 10.16 22.45 23.33 22.89 0.53886
D1R2 1000 10.16 26.72 24.04 25.38 0.48599 0.53896
D1R3 1000 10.16 20.1 21.57 20.835 0.59201
D2R1 1000 10.16 28.62 24.79 26.705 0.46188
D2R2 1000 10.16 16.75 21.78 19.265 0.64026 0.55702
D2R3 1000 10.16 19.31 24.05 21.68 0.56894
D3R1 1000 10.16 22.53 25.22 23.875 0.51663
D3R2 1000 10.16 22.87 26.73 24.8 0.49736 0.47331
D3R3 1000 10.16 28.41 32.36 30.385 0.40594
 58

Table 15. Computed One Sigma Limit for Infiltration Rate Test Results.

Mean Max.
Specime Infiltration
Infiltrati S.D 1s(%) Range Acceptabl Remark
n Rate
on Rate e Range
A1R1 0.499
A1R2 0.587 0.540 0.045 0.083 0.088 0.147 Accept
A1R3 0.534
A2R1 0.553
A2R2 0.604 0.588 0.030 0.051 0.053 0.100 Accept
A2R3 0.606
A3R1 0.596
A3R2 0.534 0.551 0.039 0.071 0.072 0.129 Accept
A3R3 0.524
B1R1 0.509
B1R2 0.568 0.517 0.048 0.093 0.096 0.159 Accept
B1R3 0.473
B2R1 0.541
B2R2 0.537 0.565 0.045 0.080 0.080 0.150 Accept
B2R3 0.618
B3R1 0.554
B3R2 0.461 0.513 0.047 0.092 0.093 0.156 Accept
B3R3 0.522
C1R1 0.550
C1R2 0.537 0.504 0.069 0.138 0.126 0.229 Accept
C1R3 0.424
C2R1 0.522
C2R2 0.500 0.527 0.029 0.056 0.058 0.097 Accept
C2R3 0.558
C3R1 0.554
C3R2 0.576 0.533 0.056 0.106 0.107 0.186 Accept
C3R3 0.469
D1R1 0.539
D1R2 0.486 0.539 0.053 0.098 0.106 0.175 Accept
D1R3 0.592
D2R1 0.462
D2R2 0.640 0.557 0.090 0.161 0.178 0.296 Accept
D2R3 0.569
 59

D3R1 0.517
D3R2 0.497 0.473 0.059 0.125 0.111 0.195 Accept
D3R3 0.406

Accept if Range (H.V. – L.V.) ≤ Maximum Acceptable Range

Reject if Range (H.V. – L.V.) ≤ Maximum Acceptable Range

Determination of Compressive Strength (ASTM C39/C39M)

Table 16. Computed One Sigma Limit for Compressive Test Results.

Mean
Maximum
Acquired Acquired Standard
Specimen 1s(%) Range Acceptable Remarks
Strength Strength Deviation
Range
( MPa)
A1R1 4.38
A1R2 4.83 4.217 0.709 0.168 1.390 2.341 Accept
A1R3 3.44
A2R1 3.48
A2R2 3.14 3.423 0.260 0.076 0.510 0.857 Accept
A2R3 3.65
A3R1 3.59
A3R2 3.21 3.063 0.613 0.200 1.200 2.024 Accept
A3R3 2.39
B1R1 4.88
B1R2 3.64 4.070 0.702 0.172 1.240 2.316 Accept
B1R3 3.69
B2R1 3.65
B2R2 3.9 3.717 0.161 0.043 0.300 0.530 Accept
B2R3 3.6
B3R1 3.4
B3R2 3.21 3.180 0.236 0.074 0.470 0.780 Accept
B3R3 2.93
C1R1 4.38
C1R2 5.7 5.120 0.674 0.132 1.320 2.225 Accept
C1R3 5.28
 60

C2R1 3.22
C2R2 3.14 3.157 0.057 0.018 0.110 0.188 Accept
C2R3 3.11
C3R1 2.6
C3R2 2.8 2.557 0.268 0.105 0.530 0.883 Accept
C3R3 2.27
D1R1 4.29
D1R2 3.39 4.037 0.564 0.140 1.040 1.862 Accept
D1R3 4.43
D2R1 2.13
D2R2 2.75 2.837 0.754 0.266 1.500 2.487 Accept
D2R3 3.63
D3R1 2.82
D3R2 2.97 2.480 0.723 0.291 1.320 2.385 Accept
D3R3 1.65

Accept if Range (H.V. – L.V.) ≤ Maximum Acceptable Range

Reject if Range (H.V. – L.V.) ≤ Maximum Acceptable Range

 61

Figure 9. Laboratory Results for Recycled Concrete Aggregates Properties

 62

Figure 10. Laboratory Results for Natural Coarse Aggregates Properties

 63

Figure 8.Compressive Strength Test Result for Experimental Unit A1

 64

Figure 9.Compressive Strength Test Result for Experimental Unit A2

 65

Figure 10.Compressive Strength Test Result for Experimental Unit A3

 66

Figure 11.Compressive Strength Test Result for Experimental Unit B1

 67

Figure 12.Compressive Strength Test Result for Experimental Unit B2

 68

Figure 13.Compressive Strength Test Result for Experimental Unit B3

 69

Figure 14.Compressive Strength Test Result for Experimental Unit C1

 70

Figure 15.Compressive Strength Test Result for Experimental Unit C2

 71

Figure 16.Compressive Strength Test Result for Experimental Unit C3

 72

Figure 17.Compressive Strength Test Result for Experimental Unit D1

 73

Figure 18.Compressive Strength Test Result for Experimental Unit D2

 74

Figure 19.Compressive Strength Test Result for Experimental Unit D3

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