The document discusses the architectural styles of traditional mosques in Malaysia. It describes two main categories - traditional mosques and regionally influenced mosques. Traditional mosques usually have a long gable roof and were built with local materials in response to the warm, humid climate. Regionally influenced mosques have two or three layered pyramidal roofs similar to styles found in parts of Indonesia. The document also discusses the influences of British colonial architecture on mosques and categorizes mosque styles based on architectural influences.
The document discusses the architectural styles of traditional mosques in Malaysia. It describes two main categories - traditional mosques and regionally influenced mosques. Traditional mosques usually have a long gable roof and were built with local materials in response to the warm, humid climate. Regionally influenced mosques have two or three layered pyramidal roofs similar to styles found in parts of Indonesia. The document also discusses the influences of British colonial architecture on mosques and categorizes mosque styles based on architectural influences.
The document discusses the architectural styles of traditional mosques in Malaysia. It describes two main categories - traditional mosques and regionally influenced mosques. Traditional mosques usually have a long gable roof and were built with local materials in response to the warm, humid climate. Regionally influenced mosques have two or three layered pyramidal roofs similar to styles found in parts of Indonesia. The document also discusses the influences of British colonial architecture on mosques and categorizes mosque styles based on architectural influences.
The document discusses the architectural styles of traditional mosques in Malaysia. It describes two main categories - traditional mosques and regionally influenced mosques. Traditional mosques usually have a long gable roof and were built with local materials in response to the warm, humid climate. Regionally influenced mosques have two or three layered pyramidal roofs similar to styles found in parts of Indonesia. The document also discusses the influences of British colonial architecture on mosques and categorizes mosque styles based on architectural influences.
MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE IN MALAYSIA Islam in Nusantara: Historical background the early 14th century 1887_Tarsat River at Kuala Brang, Terengganu Malay kingdom ruled by Islamic Law (dated 4 Rejab 702 H /22/2/1313 the early 15th century Malay sultanate of Malacca
MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE IN MALAYSIA
Islam in Nusantara: Historical background The architectural style and building materials of the mosques built during 15th centuries were similar to that of the traditional Malay houses. two types of architectural styles under the vernacular mosques category, namely the traditional and regional influences, differentiate by the design of the roof. the traditional Mosque refer to a mosque built before colonization the vernacular mosque/architecture refer to materials, carpenter and technology used before colonization
MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE IN MALAYSIA
The traditional mosque The traditional mosques usually reflect the strong influences of the Malay houses, way of life and environment. The roof generally a long shape gable roof.
reflects most to the environment which can be seen through the building construction were built in response to the warm and humid climatic conditions pitched roofs to enable rain water to run off quickly
many openings including louvered windows, fanlights and carving panels to allow natural cross ventilation of air
build on stilts to raise the mosques above ground level to avoid floods and consequently a purpose for ventilation comfort and safety precaution are the in response to the environment
MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE IN MALAYSIA
Interior design of traditional Malay mosque’s influence The regional mosque The regional influence which can be distinguished by their two or three-tiered roofs with decorative roof ridges and clay tiles are similar with the old mosques built in many parts of Indonesia
MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE IN MALAYSIA
The design Tree-Stacked Pyramidal Roofs
Kampung Laut mosque and Kampung Tuan mosque built
between the 16th and 17th century
The forms distinguished by several layers of pyramidal arrangement
Similar to some areas in Indonesia called the roof design as ‘joglo roof” as reflects to its original roof design from traditional Javanese house
The roof arranged by stacking one above the other and an ornamental features are installed on top of it, which called ‘mahkota atap’
MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE IN MALAYSIA
Kampung Laut mosque before restoration
Masjid kg laut, kelantan
Masjid kg Tuan, Kemaman the roof are not supported by columns in the middle of the building or prayer hall.
Used hanging column (tiang gantung)
No minaret The design Two-Stacked Pyramidal Roofs Papan mosque in Perak and Lenggeng mosque in Negeri Sembilan which both said to be built in the 18th and 19th century
The construction are as same as three-stacked roof but only use two layer of roof the arrangement
Papan mosque Lenggeng mosque The design Gable Roof Form Tok Pulai Condong mosque and Langgar mosque in Kelantan and also found in Java, Indonesia of Sunan Bonang mosques
there are two types of roof, using one and two layers of roof arrangement
The roof is long and straight and at the end was a vertical wall with a triangle shape which forms as a gable roof. The colonialization of Malaysia 1511-1641_ Portuguese( evidence in Malacca) Porta de Santiago Gate, St Paul’s Church
1641-1795_ Dutch ( evidence in Malacca)
Stadhuys and Christ Church
1795-1957_ British (160 Year)
The British colonial architecture in Malaysia • Malacca, Georgetown, Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru, Ipoh, Kuching and Kota Kinabalu. • Divide into four main architectural styles the Moorish influence, Tudor, Neo-Classical and Neo-Gothic • built by trained architects, contractors, bricklayers, soldiers or even priests • Architect inspired by the Moghul architecture the majestic Sultan Abdul Samad Building built in 1897, the Railway Station built in 1911; and the Railway Administration Headquarters built in 1917 • 12 categories of British Colonial Building (A Ghafar Ahmad) These include the mosques/churches, forts/military, palaces, clock towers, prisons, government offices, institutional/commercial, residential, schools, railway stations, hotels/guest houses; and miscellaneous buildings/monuments.
All these buildings portray distinctive design characteristics which are similar to their contemporary designs in England. The British colonial architecture in Malaysia • non-Muslims British architects and engineers who were responsible for the design and construction of mosques in Malaysia architect A.B. Hubbuck who designed the Jamek Mosque (1909), Kuala Lumpur · architect H.A. Neubronner who designed the Kapitan Keling Mosque (1916), Georgetown, Penang · architect L. Keste Ven who designed the Sultan Sulaiman Mosque (1932), Kelang, Selangor · engineer J. Goman who supervised the Zahir Mosque (1912), Alor Setar, Kedah. architect A.B. Hubbuck who designed the Jamek Mosque (1909), Kuala Lumpur architect H.A. Neubronner who designed the Kapitan Keling Mosque (1916), Georgetown, Penang architect L. Keste Ven who designed the Sultan Sulaiman Mosque (1932), Kelang, Selangor ·engineer J. Goman who supervised the Zahir Mosque (1912), Alor Setar, Kedah. Category of Masjid based on influences Masjid Sino-Eklektik di Malaysia Masjid yang banyak mendapat pengaruh dari Arsitektur Cina yang terlihat pada elemen-elemen bangunan dan bentuk arsitekturnya
Klasifikasi yang ada dibuat berdasarkan bentuk atap yang membagi
masjid jenis ini kepada dua bahagian yaitu masjid dengan atap yang berlapis dua dengan masjid dengan atap yang berlapis tiga.
bertingkat tiga dapat ditemukan pada masjid Kampung Hulu, Masjid Tengkera dan masjid Kampung Keling di Melaka atau Masjid Undang kamat dan
bertingkat dua dapat ditemukan pada masjid Undang Serun di Negeri Sembilan
banyak terdapat di perkotaan seperti Melaka, Penang dan Negeri Sembilan.
MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE IN MALAYSIA
masjid jenis ini dikeliling oleh pagar batu dan seringkali memiliki gerbang sebagaimana yang ditemui pada bangunan kuil Cina.
biasanya dibina oleh para pedagang Cina Muslim,
MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE IN MALAYSIA
MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE IN MALAYSIA Masjid Klasik-Eropah merujuk pada Arsitektur Renaisance akhir yang diturunkan dari warisan Arsitektur Romawi
Karakter utama dari elemennya adalah pembahagian tiga elemen utama dari bangunan iaitu dasar, tengah dan atas dengan tiang ganda yang menyokong gerbang dan dinding yang melengkung dan dilengkapi dengan pilaster
Komposisi simetri yang kuat
Masjid Bandar Maharani Masjid Sultan Abu Bakar di Johor Bahru
Masjid India Utara mendeskripsikan peniruan terhadap gaya India Moghul yang berkembang pada zaman kolonial di Malaya penggunaan yang banyak dari kubah bawang dengan ukuran besar dan kecil, menara dengan pelbagai ketinggian, kanopi berbentuk kubah kecil, lebih dari satu menara, gerbang berbentuk sarung kaki kuda dengan tiang yang penuh dekorasi. Pelan bangunan masjid ini sama dengan gaya masjid yang lain dengan kubah dibagian tengah dan serambi yang bergerbang Masjid jenis ini memiliki pagar di sekelilingnya beserta tempat parkir dan padang rumput di halamannya
MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE IN MALAYSIA
Examples: Masjid Ubudiah di Perak, Masjid Kapitan Keling di Penang, Masjid Jamek dan Masjid India di Kuala Lumpur Masjid India Utara
MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE IN MALAYSIA
Masjid modern-vernacular in malaysia bangunan yang dibangun dengan struktur konkrit tetulang yang diisi dengan batu bata
dikategorikan vernakular kerana penggunaan dan tersedianya bahan baru ini merupakan hal yang normal di Malaysia pada masa kini. menggunakan atap tebar layar atau piramid dengan sebuah kubah kecil atau pada masjid yang lebih mahal, kubah yang lebih besar yang menutupi ruang solat utamanya Imej masjid jenis ini banyak dipengaruhi oleh imej yang diberikan oleh parti pemerintah.
Masjid Alam Shah Masjid Kampung Batu Muda, KL
Masjid Modern Ekspresionisme di Malaysia modernistik Ekspresionisme14 diturunkan dari idea dan prinsip utama yang mengarahkan revolusi arsitektur di Eropah di awal kurun ke-20
pendapat bahawa arsitektur yang sebenarnya adalah yang menolak revivalisme sejarah dan ornamentasi dalam pelbagai bentuk, dan menghormati abstraks bentuk dan ekspresi struktur dalam arsitektur
dua jenis gaya-rupa ekspresionisme moden di Malaysia iaitu Modenistik Ekspresionisme dan modenistik strukturalisme Masjid Revivalisme Post-Modern di Malaysia dua jenis Revivalisme Post-Modern15
revivalisme dari gaya-rupa asing
revivalisme gaya rupa tempatan (vernakular). monumental). Penggunaan kubah Iran dan Turki, menara mesir atau Turki, gerbang iwan Iran, courtyard besar yang dikelilingi dengan sahn, dan perancangan hypostyle Arab dengan pelbagai jenis dekorasi klasik
Masjid Putra, Masjid Shah Alam, Masjid
Wilayah, Masjid Universiti Teknologi Malaysia di Johor, Masjid Negeri Serawak revivalisme gaya rupa tempatan (vernakular).
Less monumental Masjid ASPA Pahang Traditional Mosque Ornamentation in Malaysia Buah Buton Other names of buah buton are tunjuk langit, buah guntung, buah bubun, tajuk rumah, selembayung, sulo bayung, tanduk buang, silang gunting, mahkota atap, mustika, mustoko, keting belalang, puncak coppo’, julang ngapak, gonjong
four types according to its shape and design
1) Rounded Type (Jenis bulat) 2) Floral Type (Jenis bunga)
3) Rod Type (Jenis batang)
4)Cross Type (Jenis silang) B.Tutup Perabung (Sulur Bayung) C.Tumpu Kasau D.Wall E. Main Pillar (Tiang Seri) F.Window G.Mimbar The space Building Materials: built from heavy hardwood species called cengal (Balanocarpus heimii) constructed in post and beam system.
The system utilized complex tenon and motise joints that require no metal fasteners to join the timber members. A major proportion of structural, elemental and decorative components of the mosque were made from cengal; a timber species well known for its durability and resistance to effect of moisture and attacks from fungus and termites. To minimize the effect of moisture and to gain maximum effect of airflow, the buildings were constructed on stilts
the stilts were all made from cengal posts and planted into the ground on buried stone footings.
Concrete pedestals or footing replacement are used
Simple traditional hand tools such as chisels, axe, ceter (a small hoe), plane, jig saw and drill are used to cut, incise or shave the timber boards for carving. Spatial Organization
are relatively small as compared to mosques of Ottomon or Mughul Empire.
Masjid Kampong Laut is the largest with 342m2 floor area and Masjid Aur Menajung is the smallest with 47m2 floor area.
They can accommodate a congregation of 50 to 400 people
the spaces in the mosques comprise a main prayer hall, mihrab, attic (only in Masjid Kampong Laut), serambi (verandah), entrance hall, and ablution space.
A minaret exists at Masjid Telok Manok as an extension of the roof covering the mihrab
Masjid Kampong Laut as a 25-meter tall structure linked by a resting space to the main prayer hall The longest span of the floor and roof beams is 5.1m long in Masjid Kampong Laut. This long span is possible using thick cengal beams, some measuring more than 75x230mm.
Before the presence of electricity and mechanical ventilation systems, the builders took full advantage on the natural airflow of the tropical climate.
The hot, humid tropical climate demands plenty of ventilation in a building. Thus craftsmen installed many perforated components such as ventilation panels (top hung) over door and window, perforated walls, louvered window leaves, perforated gables and tiered roofs (similar to jack roofs) with perforated panels. Many of the ventilation panels, walls and door leaves are carved in simple geometric patterns, or with complex floral or calligraphic forms. Carved Building Components
categorized into three types,
namely, structural, elemental and ornamental. Masjid kg laut
