CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes the related literature and related studies which the

researchers have perused to shed light on the topic under study.

History of ROTC

Retrieved from Malacañang Records Office, President Ferdinand Marcos revoked

the Executive Order No, 207 of 1939, which states the Executive Order No. 59 in its place

last February 8, 1967. This executive order was made mandatory for ROTC in all colleges,

universities and other institutions with enrolment of 250 male students and greater.

President Marcos also issued a Presidential Decree No. 1706, also known as the

“National Service Law”, on August 8, 1980. The obligation for all Filipino citizens served

as national service and defined three categories of national services: civic welfare

services, law enforcement services and military services.

In 1991, the Congress passed Republic Act 7077, the Citizen Armed Forces of the

Philippines Reservist Act, Sections 38 and 39 of this law have mandated ROTC

programming (Advance ROTC) additional years is voluntary. The basic philosophy of

these practices is the belief in the role of Filipinos both citizens and soldiers—both the

intellectual and martial guard of democracy in which they live.

According to Diola (2016), one of the ROTC’s resurgence has sprouted due to the

tension seen in the regional territorial dispute in the west Philippine sea where the

Chinese claimed it. And if ROTC is mandatory for students in Grade XI and Grade XII,

they will be prepared as officers who can be called immediately to defer the country of
any occupation. The ROTC also saw the importance of the recent super typhoon in the

Visayas Region where many died and destroyed property. The ROTC Cadet can help

save and deliver relief goods to disaster victims.

Montemayor (2019) have stated that the Department of Education (DepEd)

welcomed the revival of the mandatory Reserve Officers Training Course (ROTC) after

its propped implementation in Senior High School (SHS) passed the third and final

reading at the House of Representatives. In a statement on May 23,2019, Thursday, the

DepEd said a series of consultations and discussions with the Department of National

Defense (DND) and the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) about the ROTC

implementation resulted in the signing of a memorandum of agreement between them.

ROTC Mandatory Bill

Article II, Section 4 of the 1987 Constitution provides that the prime duty of the

government is to serve and protect the people. The Government may call upon the people

to defend the State and, in the fulfilment thereof, all citizens may be required, under

conditions provided by law, to render personal military or civil service. Under Article II,

Section 13, the State recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation-building and shall

promote and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual and social well-being. It

shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their involvement

in public and civic affairs.

Retrieved from Republic Act No. 7077, the House Bill No. 5113 seeks to use

schools as instruments of nationalism, nation-building, and national preparedness it is not

enough that students are taught about the greatness of our forefathers; nor is it sufficient
to simply rely on Filipino, HEKASI, Makabayan, Social Studies, Araling Panlipunan, or

Social Science classes in an effort to impart to the students in the value of discipline,

patriotism, and nationhood. These values cannot be taught in a classroom setting. The

Filipino Youth should be physically trained in upholding these values because this wll be

the foundation for a productive society and a stronger Philippine Republic.

Acquired from House Bill No. 8651, the “Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC)

Act of 2018” aims on restoring the mandatory military training for senior high school

students in public and private schools nationwide would instill discipline among the youth,

develop leadership and establish a standby force for mobilization during national

emergencies, calamities and other instances where they could be called upon and

mobilized to assist in matters of external and territorial defense, internal security and

peace and order since, a mandatory ROTC program will provide the Armed Forces of the

Philippines with the support of well-trained reservists and potential commissioned officers.

Rules and Regulations

Retrieved from the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps Handbook under the

Department of Naval Science and Tactics (2018), this program is embodied under the

provisions of RA 9163 and RA 7077 and the following regulations shall be implemented

to all students enrolled in the Military Science Training to produce quality enlisted and

officer reservists for the AFP Reserve Force. The content of the handbook

Taken from the Training Regulation of the handbook, the cadets of the Naval

Reserve Officer Training Corps will be graded according to the following:

to the school calendar as practicable.

2. Cadets/ cadettes shall be given a final grade for every semester, such

grade to be computed based on the following weights:

a. Attendance - - - - - - - - - - 30 points

b. Military Aptitude - - - - - - 30 points

c. Subject Proficiency - - - - 40 points

3. Subject proficiency is forty percent (40%) apportioned to the different

subjects of a course depending on the relative importance of the subject

and the number of hours devoted to it. It is the sum of the weighted

grades of all subjects.

The weighted grades of a subject are computed as follows:

SP = Raw Score / Total number of test item x 50 + 50

= SPG x 40%

= SP Final Points

Provided, however, that a midshipman must obtain a minimum of

twenty-eight (28) points in subject proficiency and twenty-four (24)

points in attendance in order to pass the course for the

semester/trimester.

4. Each cadet/ cadette shall be given one hundred (100) merits at the

beginning of every semester. Additional merits may be awarded for

attending special formations, parades or other activities outside of

penalized by demerits as prescribed.

Ex. Military Aptitude: 100 Merits – Total Demerits x 30%

5. List of Demerits with Corresponding Penalties:

a. Class A (Punishable by discharge) Gross disrespect to superior

officers, abuse of authority, illegal collection and destruction of

military or school property.

1) Gross disrespect to superior officers.

2) Assaults a superior officer under any pretext.

3) Abuse of authority or manhandles his subordinates.

4) Cheating during graded examinations.

5) Collects any fees or contributions from the members of the

Midshipman Corps without expressed authority of the

ROTC Commandant.

6) Ignore or violate standing instructions.

7) Deliberately mutilate, destroy, or render unserviceable any

military or school property.

8) Commits any act similar in nature and category to the

aforementioned offenses.

b. Class B (6-10 Demerits). Grave Misdemeanor

1) Talking to a superior officer in a begrudging and hostile

manner.

2) Disobeys legal orders from superiors.

4) Making boisterous remarks or catcalls at any woman while

in ranks or in any prescribed formation.

5) Sleeping in classroom or in any place of instruction while

such instructions is being conducted.

6) Report late in any formation or prescribed place of

assembly.

7) Commits any act similar in nature and category to the

aforementioned offenses.

c. Class C (4-5 Demerits) Less Grave Misdemeanor

1) Slouching in ranks

2) Walking in uniform without headgear

3) Sleeves of uniform rolled up or caught in the act rolling the

sleeves of his ROTC uniform

4) Spitting while in ranks or formation

5) Rolling of eyeballs when at parade rest or does any act

that would be detrimental to the discipline while in ranks

6) Chew gums or tobacco when reporting to an officer

7) Carelessly lays aside his rifle

8) Wearing dirty uniform

9) Commits any act similar in nature and category to the

Aforementioned Offenses
 d. Class D (1-3 Demerits). Minor Misdemeanor and Omissions

1) No nameplate, insignias and other uniform paraphernalia

2) Shoes not shined and wrongly tied

3) Brass articles are not shined

4) Long hair

5) Dirty face and mustache

6) Missing buttons or unbuttoned pockets

7) Wearing uniform other than one prescribed

8) Malingering

9) Falling out from ranks without permission

10) Standing on one leg

11) Sitting while in ranks

12) Leaning or sitting on his rifle

13) Drops or lazily drags his rifles

14) Commits any act similar in nature and category to the

aforementioned offenses

Related Studies

According to Zapata (2015), a research study entitled “The National Service

Training Program of State Colleges and Universities: An Assessment”,