PHYSICS

Course outline
1. Mechanics
2. Statics
3. Parallel forces, couples
4. friction
5. Rectilinear motion
6. Rotation
7. Force and acceleration
8. Work, energy and power
9. Elasticity
Introductory
1. Definitions, mechanics, one of the oldest branches of physics, may be as
the study of the interaction of force and matter and motion. It is divided
into (1) kinematics, when it is the study of how bodies move without
regard to the causes of motion; (2) Dynamics is the study of the causes
of motion statics, the study of bodies at rest is considered as a special
cause of dynamics.
2. Vector and scalar quantities. A scalar is a quantity having magnitude
but no directions e.g, mass, density, temperature, speed. Scalars are
added algebraically thus if 200 grams are removed from a body having
a mass of 500 grams the residual mass will be 300 grams.

Forces and vectors

When 2 or more forces act on a body it is possible to find a single force that
will produce the same effect on a body. This single force is called resultant.

EXAMPLE:
1. Find the resultant
F2= 75N
30°
F1=50N

R= R= F2= 75N

F1= 50N

R²= (50)² + (75)² - 2(50)(75) Cos 150°

R²= 14,620.19 = √𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟐𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 N= 120.91

𝟕𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟎.𝟗𝟏 𝟕𝟓𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟓𝟎°
X = 120.91𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜭= = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜭 = 0.3101 = ϴ =𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟎𝟏 = ϴ=18.07°
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜭 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟓𝟎° 𝟏𝟐𝟎.𝟗𝟏
Example 2. Find the resultant
F2= 50 KN

120° F1= 75KN

R= F2 = 50KN

60° 120°

F1= 75 KN

R²= (75)² + (50)² - 2(75)(50) cos 60°

R² = 4375 R²= √4375

R= 66.144KN
50 66.14 66.14 sin 𝛳 50 𝑥 sin 60°
= sin 60° = =
sin 𝛳 66.14 66.14

sin 𝛳 = 0.655 ϴ= sin−1 0.655 ϴ= 40.92°

Example 3.Find the resultant

F1= 100N

40° 140° 40°

F2= 50N F2=50N

R
=
R= (100)² + (50)²-2(100)(50)

R²= 20160.44

R= √20160.44 = 141.987N
50 141.987 141.987 sin 𝛳 50 𝑥 sin 140°
= sin 140° = sin 𝛳 = 0.226 ϴ= sin−1 0.226 = 𝛳 = 13.062°
sin 𝛳 141.987 141.987
 STATIC FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM: MOMENT.
INTRODUCTION: static deals with bodies in equilibrium. By equilibrium is meant the
absence of acceleration will be coordinate with Newton’s laws of motion. The following
discussion will be limited to bodies at rest. For a body to be equilibrium it must have no
tendency toward translation of rotation.

Moment (torque) of a force. Moment or torque is the product if the force and the
perpendicular distance of its line of action to a given axis of rotation.

Conditions of equilibrium, A body is said to be in equilibrium if there is no change in the

motion of the body. this condition exists when the vector sum of the forces tending to
produce translation or motion in a straight line is zero, and when the algebraic sum of the
moment tending to rotate the body is zero.

There are therefore, two conditions in equilibrium .

a. Frist vector sum of the forces must be zero. If the condition is satisfied there is no
tendency toward translation.
b. Second; the algebraic sum of the moments or torques about the force must be zero
and with this the condition satisfied there is no tendency towards rotation.

TRANSLATIONAL EQUILIRBRIUM

Ʃ Fx= 0

Ʃ Fy= 0

ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM

ƩMo= 0

Example:

A uniform beam weighing 50 lbs and 12ft long against a smooth wall its lower end 6ft away
from the ball. What are the reactions of the ground and the wall at points of contact.
 A

FA 50lbs C²= a² + b²

(12)² = (6)² + y²

144- 36 = y²
B= y

10.39 √108 = Y²
Y= 10.39

RBH
10.39
tan 𝛳 =
6 𝑋
cos 59.97= 6
tan 𝛳 = 1.73
X= 6X cos 59.97
ϴ= 59.97°
X= 3

ƩMA=0

-150(6)+RBH(10.39)=0 ƩFx= 0

F.A- 86.62=lbs
-900 + 10.39RBH=0

10.39𝑅𝐵𝐻 900
R= √(150)2 + (86.62)²
10.39
= 10.39
R= 173.21lbs
RBH= 86.63
150
tan 𝛳 =
86.62

tan 𝛳 = 1.73

tan−1 𝛳 = 59.97°
 PARALLEL FORCES, COUPLES
A system of forces whose lines of action are parallel either in same direction or opposite
directions are called parallel forces.

Parallel forces may be combined into time by finding the algebraic sum of the
forces. This resultant has a direction which is indicated by the sign of the algebraic sum of
the forces. The position of the resultant is such that its moment about a given axis normal
to the plane of the forces is equal to algebraic sum of the moments of the given forces about
the same axis.

EXAMPLE:

Given forces 10lb upward acting at 0ft mark, 20lbs upward at 3ft mark and 15lbs
downward at 5ft mark. Determine the magnitude of the resultant and its point of
application.

10ft

-1 0 3

1ft
15

R= ƩFy = 10 + 20 – 15 = 15lbs

ƩMo = -20(3) + 15(5)

ƩMo = -60 + 75 = 15lbs

M= Fxd
𝑚 15
D= = 15 = 1ft
𝑓

EXAMPLE 2:
5Kn 10Kn

10Kn

10m 2m 2m 2m 2m
 COMPUTE THE RESULTANT

ƩFy = -5 + 10 – 15 + 20 = 10Kn

Ʃ MA = 5(2) – 10(4) + 15(6) – 20(8) = 100Kn – m

M= dxf
100 𝑑(10)
=
10 10

D= 10m
 Friction
Introduction: Next to gravitation, the most common force is the force of friction. Friction is
produced when bodies or surfaces rub against each other. If an object is projected along a
horizontal table, the object encounters resistance to motion and will finally come to rest. This
resistance between two surface is called the force of friction which tends to oppose the tangential
movement of the surface relative to the other frictional force is also observed when we try to
start to move a body from its state of rest coefficient of friction

F -f

M=f/N=F/N

u=f/N

f = UN
Problem. A weight of 30lbs rests on an inclined plane 3ft high and 5ft long. A force F making an
Angle of 30degrees with the plane pulls the body upward. If coefficient of friction is 0.2, how
much force is necessary to maintain uniform motion upward?

30sin30.96
30cos30.96
= 15.43
= 25.73

f = 3.0241 lbs

3ft

30.96°

5ft

PCos30= 0.87P N= 25.73 – 0.5P

PSin30= 0.5P -20.57 + 0.97P = 0

ƩFy = 0 0.97P = 20.57 = P = 21.21lbs

-25.77 + 0.5P + H = 0 0.97 0.97

ƩFx = 0 -15.43 – 0.2 (25.73 – 0.5P) + 0.87P = 0

-15.43 – f + 0.87P = 0 -15.43 – 5.14 + 0.1P + 0.87P =0

Tan ө 3/5

Ө = 0.6

Tan-1 ө = 30.96°

F = 0.2 N = -15.43 – 0.2N + 0.87 = 0

N = 25.73-0.5P
Laws of Friction

Some observations and experiments about friction have proven the following

1.) If the normal pressure between the surface remains the name, friction is very nearly
independent of the area of the rubbing surface.
2.) Friction is practically independent of velocity, except in the case of fluids.
3.) The force of friction is proportional to the force pressing the surfaces in contact provided
the normal forces is not too be great as to deform the surfaces.
4.) Starting friction is greater than kinetic friction.

Problems

1.) The coefficient of friction between the wall and weight shown in fig.4.5 in 0.25 what
force P is necessary to keep the body in place? What force P will keep the body moving
up uniformly?

5kg

ƩFy = 0

f -5 + 0.87.P = 0

0.87 = 5 = 5.75kg

0.87 0.87

-5 – f + 0.87P = 0

-5 – (0.25N) + 0.87P = 0

PSin60° = 0.87P -5 – 0.25N + 0.87P = 0

-5 – 0.25(0.5)P + 0.87P = 0

P -5 - .125P + 0.87P = 0
60°

PCos60° = 0.5P 0.745 = 5 = P = 6.71Kg

0.745 0.745

ƩFx = 0

N – 0.5P = 0 N = 0.5P 0
 Chapter 5

Translation, Rectilinear Motion

5.1 Introduction. Motion is one of the properties of bodies. It was pointed out in Chapter 2 that a
force has a tendency to produce motion or change of motion. The study of motion is important
because of the numerous benefits derived from it, if motion is properly controlled. Motion varies
from simple to complex depending on the factor producing it. In this chapter one type of motion
translation will be studied. The subject will deal only on the nature of motion without taking into
consideration the causes of motion. This phase of the study of motion is called kinematics.

Translation: Translation is the motion of a body in a straight line. The body does not rotate. This
motion will be referred to the center of mass of the body for objects that are small. The center of
mass coincides with the center of the gravity . Translation is also called rectilinear motion.
Displacement is the change of position of a body. It is not the same as the distance traveled.

Some examples of motion of translation are a falling body sliding on a plane, a train traveling on
a straight track.

V=d/t

T=d/v

D = v(t)

Examples:

1.) V = 30mi/hr ft/sec 3.) 50mi/day cm/sec

30mi x 5,280ft x 1hr 50mi x 5280ft x 1m x 100cm x 1day x 1hr

hr 1mi 3600sec day 1mi 3.28ft 1m 24hrs 3600sec

= 44ft/sec = 93. 16 cm/sec

2.) 44ft/sec meter/min

44ft x 1meter x 60sec

sec 3.28ft 1min

= 804.88meter/min
 𝑠
V=𝑡

𝑑𝑠
V = 𝑑𝑡

V = Vf – Vo
𝑉𝐹−𝑉𝑜
a= 𝑡

Vf = Vo + at
𝑉𝑜+𝑉𝑓
V= 2

v²f = v²o + 2a
1
S = Vot + 2 at²

Example:

A ball has initial velocity of 20ft per second and gains speed at the rate of 6ft per sec². what is
the velocity at the end of the 5th second? What is the distance traveled during the 5th seconds?

Vo = 20ft vf = ?

A = 6ft/sec² s=?

5sec

Vf = 20 + 6(5) = 50ft/sec
1
S = 20 (5) + 2 6(5)² = 175ft

1
S4 = 20(4) + 2 6(1)²

S4 = 80 + 80

S4 = 128

S = 175 – 128

S = 47ft.
 ROTATION
Rotation without a translation. We considered pure motion in a straight line are many
instances, however in which bodies rotate about an up to present no reference has been
made to the causes of the change in motion such non reference will still be continued this
chapter will deal only with kinematics of rotary motion. Without translation a body is said
to have pure rotation about an axis. The hands of clock, armatures of a generator and
motors are examples of bodies in rotation. It will be helpful to keep in mind the laws and
principles of kinematics of translation studied in connection with the study of rotary
motion.

An angular concept if rotary motion

Radian – is a plane angle subtended by an arc whose length is equal to the radius.

S= length of the area

R= radius of the arc

A= angle radians

Example A.

A state is tied at the end of the string 2ft long and revolves 10 times in 1.5sec. what linear
distance has the stone traveled?

𝝅
1 rad= 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

𝟐𝟎𝝅
A= 2𝝅𝒙𝟏𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝝅 𝟏. 𝟓𝒔𝒆𝒄 = = 𝟒𝟏. 𝟖𝟗𝝅/𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝟏.𝟓
Types of rotary motion.

Equation are obtained to those for translation.

Wf = wo + at

W²f = w²o + 2at

ϴ = wot + ½ at²

Where

Wo = initial angukar velocity

Wf= final angular velocity

T= time interval from w to wf

A= angular acceleration

ϴ= angular displacement

Example: the armature if a motor revolving at the rate of 1800 rpm come to rest in 20 sec
after the current is shut off. Calculate the average angular acceleration and the moment of
revolving it has made in this time.

Wo= 1800 rev/min x 1min/60sec = 30rev/sec

Wf= 0 0= 30 + a(20)

T= 20sec -30/20 = 20a/20

A= ? a= -1.5 rev/sec²

ϴ= ? ϴ= 30(20) + ½ (-1.5)(20)

ϴ + 600-300= 300 rev

 Force and acceleration foundation of dynamics
Introduction: in chapter 3 forces in equilibrium were studied the study of linear kinematics
was made in later chapters, other type of motion will be studied it was noted in either in
chapter 2. That a force tends to produce motion of a body originally at rest. In other words
motion cannot take place by itself alone without some force to produce it. The present
chapter will deal with the relation between force and motion or the study of dynamics more
particular the present chapter will confined mainly to translational dynamics.

Newton’s law of motion: the relation between force and motion is expressed in the three
laws of newton. These laws are the fundamental laws of dynamics. They are bases for a
logical development of the principles of mechanics.

The first law

Newton’s first law, the law of INERTIA, states that a body at rest or in uniform motion in a
straight line continues to be at rest or in uniform straight line motion unless acted upon by
external force.

The second law

From the first law it was deduced that when the resultant force action on a body is zero
there is no acceleration obviously, whenever there is an acceleration there must be an
unbalanced force.

The third law

The law of interaction states that to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
When a force acts in a body force this law implies that forces always exist in pairs.
TIME RATES
Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of the velocity therefore to get the acceleration
we simply solve for the derivative of the velocity with respect to time which is same as
getting the second derivative of the original equation with respect to time.

Problems on time rates are readily solved by forming an equation relating the variables
and getting the derivatives with respect to time. It is even better if we can relate the
variable desired directly with respect to time suggested method follow.

First step: read the problem very slowly until fully understood. Make a clear diagram if
nedded, labeling all dimension both constant and variable.
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒔
A= 𝒙 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒕

Second step: read the problem again and form the equation, writing what are given and
what are to be found.

Third step: find the derivative with respect to time. Substitute the given quantities, solve
for the unknown.

Example:

A man 5.5ft tall walks away from a lamp post 10ft hugh at the rate of 8ft per sec. (a) how
fast does the shadow lengthen, (b) how fast does the top of the shadow move.

d/dt (
5
=
𝑥
) 1 𝑑𝑠 1 𝑑𝑥
4.5ft 5.5 4.5 =
5.5 𝑑𝑡 4.5 𝑑𝑡
10ft

5.5ft = ds/dt= 9.78ft/sec

𝑑𝑠 5.5 𝒚 𝒙 𝒅 𝟏𝟎 𝑑𝑦 10 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑡
= 4.5 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟒.𝟓 𝒅𝒕
(𝒚 𝟒.𝟓 𝒙) (8) = (8)
𝑑𝑡 4.5
= 17.78 𝑓𝑡/𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑑𝑤
= 12 𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛
Dynamical units. The second law if ma depends on the units used table 7.1 gives the units of
mass force and acceleration in diff systems.

SYSTEM mass acceleration formula force

C.G (absolute) gm Cm/sec² F=Ma Dymes

G.G.S W(gm) m/sec² F=wa/g Grams force

English Lb Ft/sec ² F=ma Poundles

(absolute)

English w/g Ft/sec² F= wa/g Pounds

(gravitational)

Example.

If a mass of 100gm is acted upon by a net force or 5gm what acceleration is produced?

980𝑥5
M=w/g 5= 100/980 a= = 49 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐²
100

A 16lb weight when pulled on a horizontal plane acquires an acceleration of 2ft/sec² what
netforce acts on the body parallel to the plane?

16𝑥²
F= wa/g = = 1𝑙𝑏
32
Mass and weight concept; the concept of inertia. We came now to the point where we
should differentiate the terms mass and weight although they are measurable in the same
units, mass and weight are not the same. Mass is the quantity of matter in a body and
therefore at is the same everywhere. It is a constant quantity. Mass is identified with
inertia the greater the mass the greater the inertia. The property of a body by virtue of
which possessed inertia is called the mass of the body.

𝒎𝟏 𝒂𝟏
EQUATION: = 𝒂𝟐
𝒎𝟐

GRAVITATION

Early into seventeenth cemtury johan repler discovered the laws of motion of planets.

Foundation of dynamics

1. The planets move around the sun in elliptical paths with the sun in one of the force.
2. Any planet moves in such a manner that the radius joining the sun and the planet
sweeps over equal area in equal interval of time.
3. The square of the time of any planet around the sun is proportional to the cubes of
its average distance from the sun.

It was newton during the latter part of the seventeenth century who generalized into the
law the laws discovered by Kepler. During the seventeenth century newton’s observed the
fall of an apple in his orchard.

The acceleration of gravity

The force of gravity means the paths attraction produce the same acceleration o all falling
bodies. The value of this acceleration in gravity g can be determined in several ways. One
such experiment is known as the wood machine.

Example:

The masses of 30gm and 35gm respectively are hung at the end of a light string from rest at
the same level. How far will each track after 2 sec? find the tension.
Accelerating force

30-35= 5gm

F= ma
𝟔𝟓𝒂 𝟓𝒙𝟗𝟖𝟎
F= wa/g 5= 𝟗𝟖𝟎 𝒂 = = 𝒂 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟑𝟖𝒄𝒎/𝒔𝒆𝒄²
𝟔𝟓

S= vot + ½ at² 35-t = wa/g t-30= wa/g

30(75.38)
S= ½ (75.38)(4)² 35-t = 35(75.38)/980 t-30= 980

S= 150.76cm 35(75.38) 30(75.38)

T= 35- 980
t= 30+ 980

T= 32.31gm t= 32.31gm
 Gravitation

Early in the seventeenth century, Johann Kepler discovered the law of motion of planets

Foundation of dynamics

1.) The planets move around the sun in elliptical paths with the sun in one of the foci.
2.) Any planet moves such a manner that the radius joining the sun and the planet sweeps
over equal area in equal intervals of time.
3.) The square of the time of revolution of any planet around the sun is proportional to the
cube of its average distance from the sun.

I was newton, during the latter part of the seventeenth century who generalized into one law the
laws discovered by kepler. During the seventeenth century, newton observed the fall of an apple
in his orchard.

7.7 The Acceleration of Gravity

The force of gravity, which means the earths attraction produces the same acceleration on
all falling bodies. The value of this acceleration of gravity g can be determined in several ways
one such experiment is known as the at wood machines.

Example. Two masses of 30gm and 35gm respectively are hung at the end of a light
string that passes over the pulley of that Atwood machine. Starting from rest at the same level,
how far will each travel after 2 sec? Find the tension.

Acceleration by force S =Vot + ½ at² 30-T= Wa/g

30 – 35 = 5gm S = Vot + ½ 75.38(2)² 30-T=30(75.38)/980

F = ma S = 0 + ½ 75.38 (2)² T=30+30(75.38)/980

F = Wa/g S = 150.76cm T= 32.31gm

65𝑎
30gm 5 = 980 35 – T= Wa/g

5(980)
=a= 35- T = 35(75.38)/980
65

35gm a = 75.38cm/sec² T= 35-35 (75.38)/980 = T= 32.31gm

Example: A skater who weighs 150lbs glides to rest and travels 50 yards in 10 sec, what is the
force of friction?

150lbs

50yards

Vo = ? t =10sec

Vf = 0

S = Vot + ½ at²

150 = Vo (10) + ½ a (10)²

150 = 10Vot + ½ Vo/(10) (100)

150 = 10Vot 5Vo

150 = 5 vo

5 5 = Vo = 30ft/sec²
−30
A= = -3
10

−𝑉𝑜 10𝑎 −𝑉𝑜

= =a=
10 10 10
 Work, Energy, Power ; Machines

8.1 Work. The work alone by a force acting on a body may be defined in either two ways; (1) As
the product of the component of the force in the direction of motion and the distance or
displacement through by the point of application of the force moves during its action, or (2) as
the product of the displacement of the body M the direction of the applied force, In general, work
is defined as the product of the force and its displacement measured in the same direction.

In Figure 8.1 the work W done by force F in moving the body is

W = FS (8.1)

F m F m

Figure 8.2

d d

This work present the change in K.E of a moving body in changing from one velocity to
another.

1𝑤
KE = ½ mv² or KE = v²
2𝑔

Is the expression for the kinetic energy of a body originally at rest.

P.E = mgh or PE = wh
Example :

A 2 ton-truck is travelling at the rate of 30 mile/hr on a highway, What is its kinetic

energy?

2 ton x 2000g /