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Content of Chapter 4: ASSESSMENT:

5.1 Effective Stress TEST 2
5.2 Effective Stress and Pore Water Pressure FINAL EXAM
5.3 Stress in Saturated Soil without Seepage
5.4 Stress in Saturated Soil with Upward Seepage
5.5 Stress in Saturated Soil with Downward Seepage

Textbook: BrajaM. Das, "Principles of Geotechnical Engineering", 9thE. (Chapter 9).

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Soil Permeability- Definition

• It is a property of soil that allows the flow of fluid

through its interconnected void space
OR
• It is a measure of how easily a fluid (e.g. water) can
pass through the soil

• Different soil has different permeabilities.

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Soil Permeability -Definition

Soils consists of solid particles with

interconnected voids where water can
flow from a point of high energy to a
point of low energy

water
 What is Permeability?
• Permeability is the measure of the soil’s ability to permit water to
flow through its pores or voids

water

Loose soil Dense soil

- easy to flow - difficult to flow
- high permeability - low permeability
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Soil Permeability- Definition

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Importance of Permeability

The following applications illustrate the importance of permeability

in geotechnical design:
• The design of earth dams is very much based upon the
permeability of the soils used.
• The stability of slopes and retaining structures can be greatly
affected by the permeability of the soils involved.

• Filters made of soils are designed based upon their permeability.

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Importance of Permeability

• Estimating the quantity of underground seepage (Ch. 8)

• Solving problems involving pumping seepage water from

construction excavation
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Importance of Permeability
 Why does water flow?
If flow is from A to B, the energy is higher at A than
at B.

Energy is dissipated in
overcoming the soil water
resistance and hence is the
head loss.
A B

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 Bernoulli’s Equation

The energy of fluid comprise of:

1. Potential energy fluid particle

- due to elevation (z) with respect

to a datum z
2. Pressure energy

- due to pressure
datum
3. Kinetic energy
- due to velocity

10
 Bernoulli’s Equation
Then at any point in the fluid, the total energy is equal to

Total Energy = Potential energy + Pressure energy + Kinetic energy

= rwgh + P + ½ rwv2

Expressing the total energy as head (units of length)

Total Head = Elevation Head + Pressure Head + Velocity Head

2 0
vu
hZ 
 w 2g
For flow through soils, velocity (and thus velocity head) is very
small. Therefore, v2/2g = zero.
 Bernoulli’s Equation

At any point
u
hZ
w

The head loss between A and B

 u   u 
h  hA  hB   Z A  A    Z B  B 
 w   w 

Head loss in non-dimensional form

Difference in total head
h
Hydraulic gradient i
L
Distance between points A
and B
 Tricky case!!
Remember always to
look at total head
PB/w
PA/w
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Hydraulic Gradient

• In the field, the gradient of the head is the head

difference over the distance separating the 2 wells.

H1  H 2
i
X
 Hydraulic Gradient
W.T.

A Impervious Soil

h = hA - hB

W.T.
L
hA = total head
B

Impervious Soil
hB= total head
Datum

(hA  hB ) h
i 
L L
 W.T.

Impervious Soil

)h = hA - hB

W.T.

Water In hA

Impervious Soil

Datum
hB

Head Loss or
Head Difference
or Energy Loss
h =hA - hB

i = Hydraulic Gradient
hA
(q)
Water
out
hB

ZA ZB

Datum
Darcy’s Law:

Since velocity in soil is small, flow can be considered laminar

v∝i
v = discharge velocity =
i = hydraulic gradient
v=ki k = coefficient of permeability
 Darcy’s Law:
Since velocity in soil is small, flow can be considered laminar

v= k.i
Where:
v = discharge velocity which is the quantity of water flowing in
unit time through a unit gross cross-sectional area of soil at
right angles to the direction of flow.
k = hydraulic conductivity (has units of L/T)
i = hydraulic gradient = h/L

Then the quantity of water flowing through the soil per unit time is

Discharge = Q = v. A = k (h/L). A
 Flow in Soil
W.T.

A Impervious Soil

h = hA - hB

W.T.
L
hA = total head
B

Impervious Soil
hB= total head
Datum

(hA  hB ) h h
i  Q  k i Ak A
L L L
To determine the quantity of flow, two parameters are needed

* k = hydraulic conductivity (how permeable the soil medium)

* i = hydraulic gradient (how large is the driving head)

k can be determined using

1- Laboratory Testing  [constant head test & falling head test]
2- Field Testing  [pumping from wells]
3- Empirical Equations

i can be determined
1- from the head loss and geometry
2- flow net (chapter 8)
 Hydraulic Conductivity 21

• The hydraulic conductivity k is a measure of how easy

the water can flow through the soil.
• The hydraulic conductivity is expressed in the units of
velocity (such as cm/sec and m/sec).
 Hydraulic Conductivity 22

• Hydraulic conductivity of soils depends on several

factors:
– Fluid viscosity (h): as the viscosity increases,
the hydraulic conductivity decreases
– Pore size distribution
– Temperature
– Grain size distribution
– Degree of soil saturation
It is conventional to express the value of k at a temperature
of 20oC.
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Hydraulic Conductivity, k
• Typical Values
 Laboratory Testing of Hydraulic Conductivity 24

Two standard laboratory tests are used to determine

the hydraulic conductivity of soil

• The constant-head test

• The falling-head test.

Seksyen 1 stop
 Constant Head Test 25

• The constant head test is used primarily for coarse-grained soils.

• This test is based on the assumption of laminar flow (Darcy’s Law
apply)
From Darcy’s Law
h
Q  k i  At  k   At
L
Where:
Q = volume of water collection
A = cross section area of soil specimen
T = duration of water collection

V L
k
h  At
Then compute:
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Constant Head Test

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Constant Head Test

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Constant Head Test

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EXAMPLE 7.1
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Falling Head Test

• The falling head test is mainly for fine-grained soils.
a = cross sectional
area of standpipe

Simplified Procedure:

– Record initial head difference, h1 at

t1 = 0
– Allow water to flow through the soil A = cross
L
specimen sectional
– Record the final head difference, h2 area of soil
at time t = t2
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Falling Head Test

Calculations:
aL  h1  a = cross sectional
k ln   area of standpipe
At  h2 
Where:
A = cross sectional area of the soil
a = cross sectional area of the standpipe
h1 = distance to bottom of the beaker
before the test A = cross
h2= distance to bottom of the beaker after sectional L
the test area of soil
L = length of the sample
t = t2-t1
Then compute:
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Falling Head Test

Calculations:

aL  h1 
k ln  
At  h2 
The above equation is derived assuming:

The flow through the standpipe = flow through the soil

 Falling Head Test
Derivation of Falling Head equation
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EXAMPLE 7.2
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EXAMPLE 7.3
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EXAMPLE 7.4
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Stop seksyen 11 &12

Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity on Stratified Soils

• Horizontal flow
• Constant hydraulic
gradient conditions
• Analogous to resistors in
series
Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity on Stratified Soils

• Vertical flow
• Constant velocity
• Analogous to resistors in
k H ( eq ) parallel
kV ( eq )
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EXAMPLE 7.14
Limitations of Laboratory tests for Hydraulic
Conductivity
i. It is generally hard to duplicate in-situ soil conditions
(such as stratification).

ii. The structure of in-situ soils may be disturbed

because of sampling and test preparation.

iii. Small size of laboratory samples lead to effects of

boundary conditions.
Determination of Hydraulic conductivity in the Field

1. Pumping Wells with observation holes

2. Borehole test.

3. Packer Test.
 Permeability Tests using Pumping Wells
• Used to determine the hydraulic conductivity of soil in the field.
• During the test, water is pumped out at a constant rate from a test
well that has a perforated casing. Several observation wells at
various radial distances are made around the test well. Continuous
observations of the water level in the test well and in the observation
wells are made after the start of pumping, until a steady state is
reached. The steady state is established when the water level in
the test and observation wells becomes constant.
 Pumping Well with Observation holes
Definitions
• Aquifer: Soil or rock forming stratum that is saturated and
permeable enough to yield significant quantities of water
(e.g. sands, gravels, fractured rock)
 Pumping Well with Observation holes
Definitions (cont.)
• Unconfined Aquifer (water table aquifer) is an aquifer in which the
water table forms the upper boundary.
• Confined Aquifer is an aquifer confined between two impervious
layers (e.g. clay).
 Pumping Well with Observation holes

Pumping Well in an Unconfined Aquifer

r2
2.303  q . log10
q r1
k
 (h22  h12 )

OR
r2
q . ln
r1
k
 (h22  h12 )
If q, h1, h2, r1, r2 are
known , k can be
calculated
 Pumping Well with Observation holes
Pumping Well in a Confined Aquifer
q

r2
log10
q r1
k
2.727  H (h2  h1 )
If q, h1, h2, r1, r2 are
known , k can be
calculated
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Examples 7.17

r2
log10
q r1
k
2.727  H (h2  h1 )
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Assignment 2

Chapter 7 page 254-258

Problems:
Due Date:
- 7.3
- 7.5 27 April 2017
- 7.6 (2 Weeks From Now)
- 7.8
Due Time:
- 7.21
- 7.22 Before 3.30 PM
Location:
MA-202-12 Room 1
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