1.

A furnace is fired with a coal with the following proximate analysis: 5% M, 60% FC,
25% VCM, and 10% ash. Its calorific value is 31.33 MJ/kg. Calculate the % VCM lost,
% C lost, and % CV lost in the residue if the residue analyzes:

a.) 25% FC, 4% VCM, 71% ash

b.) 14.4 % FC, 6% VCM, 79.6% ash
c.) 19.6% C, 80.4% ash

Given:

5% Moisture
60% Fixed Carbon
 25% FC, 4% VCM, 71% ash
25% VCM
 14.4 % FC, 6% VCM, 79.6%
10% Ash ash
 19.6% C, 80.4% ash

Solution:
A.
𝐹𝐶 𝐹𝐶
( )𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 = ( ) 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒
𝑉𝐶𝑀 𝑉𝐶𝑀
60 25
=
25 4
2.11 ≠2.65 therefore, Case C: Coked and Uncoked
ASH BALANCE:
10 = 0.71R
R = 14.0845
(0.04)(14.0845)
%𝑉𝐶𝑀 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑥 100 = 2.2505%
25
Using Calderwood Equation:
25 1.55
𝐶 = 5.88 + 2.206 (31.33) + 0.0053 (80 − 100 ( ))
60
C = 76.5034
C total = C in VCM + FC
C in VCM = 76.5034 – 60
= 16. 5024
16.5024
%𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝐶𝑀 = 𝑥 100 = 66.012
25
(0.66012)(14.0845) + (0.25)(14.0845)
%𝐶 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑥 100 = 5.1%
76.5034
FC in Residue = (0.25) (14.0845) = 0.5211
VCM in Residue = (0.04) (14.0845) = 0.56338
CV of Residue = (CV of C) (FC) residue + (CV of VCM) (VCM) residue
(𝐶𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙)(100) − (𝐶𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝐶)(𝐹𝐶)𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙
𝐶𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝐶𝑀 =
(𝑉𝐶𝑀)𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙
(31.33)(100) − (33.8)(60)
𝐶𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑉𝐶𝑀 = = 44.2
(25)
CV of Residue = (33.8) (0.5211) + (44.2) (0.56338) = 143.9146
143.9146
%𝐶𝑉 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑥 100 = 4.59%
31.33 𝑥 100
B.
𝐹𝐶 𝐹𝐶
( )𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 = ( ) 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒
𝑉𝐶𝑀 𝑉𝐶𝑀
60 14.4
=
25 6
2.4 = 2.4 uncoked coal
ASH BALANCE:
10 = 0.796R
R = 12.563

(0.06)(12.563)
%𝑉𝐶𝑀 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑥 100 = 3.02%
25

% VCM lost = %C lost = % CV lost

%C lost = 3.02%
%CV lost = 3.02%
C.
ASH BALANCE:
10 = 0.8040R
R = 12.438

(12.438)(0.196)
%𝐶 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑥 100 = 3.10%
6.50
(03.8)(0.196)(12.438)
%𝐶𝑉 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑥 100 = 2.63%
31.33 𝑥 100
2. A high volatile A bituminous coal analyzing 73.77% C, 5.23% H, 1.4% N, 8.1% ash, 3.9% M
And 1.5% S is burned in a furnace together with 45% excess air supplied saturated with water
vapor at 25oC and 1 atm. Analysis of the wetted residue shows 16% VCM, 23.55% FC, 32.48%
ash and 27.97% H2O. The stack gases leave at 300oC, 745 torrs with a CO to CO2 ratio of 0.12.
Neglect N and S in the combustion calculation. Calculate:
a) %C and CV lost in the residue
b) Type of combustible in the Residue
c) Orsat analysis of stack gas
d) m3 SG/kg coal
e) % CV lost due to CO and Sensible heat

45% excess air supplied

saturated with water
vapor at 25oC and 1 atm

73.77% C
300oC, 745 torrs with a
5.23% H
CO to CO2 ratio of 0.12
1.4% N
3.9% M 16% VCM
8.1% Ash 23.55% FC
1.4% N 32.48% Ash
1.5% S 27.97% H2O

Basis: 100 kg coal

Using Dulong’s Formula

𝑂
𝐶𝑉 = 0.338𝐶 + 1.44 (𝐻 − ) + 0.094𝑆
8
10
𝐶𝑉 = 0.338(73.55) + 1.44 (5.23 − ) + 0.094(1.5)
8
CV = 30.81 MJ/kg mol
 𝑂
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝐻 = (𝐻 − )
8
10
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝐻 = (5.23 − )
8
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝐻 = 3.98 kg mol

Using Calderwood Equation

𝑉𝐶𝑀 1.55
𝐶 = 5.88 + 2.206 (𝐶𝑉 − 0.094(𝑆)) + 0.0053 (80 − 100 ( ))
𝐹𝐶
Proximate Analysis
FC = 100 – 3.9 – 8.1 – VCM
FC = 88 – VCM or VCM = 88 – FC

88 − 𝐹𝐶 1.55
73.77 = 5.88 + 2.206 (30.81 − 0.094(1.5)) + 0.0053 (80 − 100 ( ))
𝐹𝐶
FC = 52.2319 kg mol
VCM = 88 – 52.2319
VCM = 35.7681
Ash balance

8.1
Wt. of VCM in Residue = 𝑥 0.16
0.3248

Wt. of VCM in Residue = 3.99

3.99
% C and VCM lost in residue = 𝑥100
35.7881

a. % C and VCM lost in residue = 11.16% ANS

Type of the combustible in the Residue

𝐹𝐶 𝐹𝐶
( ) Fuel = ( )Residue
𝑉𝐶𝑀 𝑉𝐶𝑀
 52.2319 23.55
( )= ( )
35.7681 16
1.46 = 1.46
b. Uncoked coal ANS

Orsat analysis of stack gas

Neglect N and S in the combustible

73.77 5.23 10
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜 𝑂2 = + − = 7.1425 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
12 4 32
𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑂2 = 7.1425(0.45) = 3.214
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑂2 = 3.214 + 7.1425 = 10.3566 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
79
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑁2 = 10.3566 ( ) = 38.9605 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2
21
Balance at C
1 – 0.1116 = 0.8884
73.77
0.8884 ( ) = 5.4614
12
0.12
𝐶𝑂 = 5.4614 ( ) = 0.5852 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
1 + 0.12
1
𝐶𝑂2 = 5.4614 ( ) = 4.8763 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
1 + 0.12
𝐶𝑂 𝐻2 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝐻
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑂2 = 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑂2 + + + + 𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑓
2 2 4
0.5852 0.1116(3.98) 0.1116(73.77)
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑂2 = 3.214 + + + = 4.3038
2 4 12

Orsat Analysis of Stack Gas

Gas n %
CO2 4.8763 10.01
CO 0.5852 1.2
O2 4.3038 8.83
N2 38.9605 79.96
48.7258
 (73.649−
7258.2
−7.3037𝑙𝑛298+4.1653 𝑥 10−6 (2982 )) 760
𝑃𝑠 = 𝑒 298 𝑥 = 23.568𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
101325

23.568
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑥 49.3171 = 1.5783 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
760 − 23.568

3.98 7.35 3.9

𝐻2 𝑂 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝐺 = (1 − 0.1116) + (1 − 0.1116) + = 2.3473
2 18 18
d.
𝟕𝟔𝟎 𝟑𝟎𝟎+𝟐𝟕𝟑
𝒎𝟑 𝑺𝑮 (𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝟖𝟑 + 𝟐. 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟑 + 𝟒𝟖. 𝟕𝟐𝟓𝟖)(𝟐𝟐. 𝟒) ( ) ( )
𝟕𝟒𝟓 𝟐𝟕𝟑
= = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟐𝟓 𝑨𝑵𝑺
𝒌𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒂𝒍 𝟏𝟎𝟎
e.
𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟓𝟐 𝒙 𝟐𝟖𝟖. 𝟏𝟔
% 𝑪𝑽 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝑪𝑶 = 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓. 𝟑𝟕% 𝑨𝑵𝑺
𝟏𝟎𝟎

𝟏. 𝟔𝟗𝟎𝟔 𝒙 (𝟑𝟎𝟎 − 𝟐𝟓)

% 𝑪𝑽 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝑺𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 = 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟎𝟗% 𝑨𝑵𝑺
𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎

3. Same as Problem 2, but assume that the N in the coal gasified burns to NO and S into SO 2.
Calculate:
a) Orsat analysis of Stack gas
b) m3 SG/kg coal
c) mg SO2 and NO/Ncm stack gas

73.77 5.23 1.5 10

Theo O2 = + + −
12 4 32 32
Theo O2 = 7.189
Excess O2 = (7.189)(0.45)
Excess O2 = 3.235
O2 , air = 3.235 + 7.189 = 10.424

N2 , air = 10.424(79⁄21) = 39.2141

0.1116(3.98) 0.1116(73.77)
O2 free = 3.214 + 0.5852 + +
4 12
0.1116(1.50
+ = 4.309
32
N → NO
1.4
(1 − 0.1116) ( ) = 0.0888
14
S → SO2
1.5
(1 − 0.1116) ( ) = 0.0416
32

a.) Orsat Analysis

Orsat Analysis of Stack Gas

Gas n %
CO2 4.8763 9.92
CO 0.5852 1.19
O2 4.3038 8.77
SO2 0.0416 0.084
NO 0.0888 0.18
N2 38.9605 79.84
49.115

b.)
760 300+273
m3 SG (1.5783 + 2.3473 + 49.115)(22.4) ( ) ( )
745 273
=
kg Coal 100
𝒎𝟑 𝑺𝑮
= 𝟐𝟓. 𝟒𝟒 𝑨𝑵𝑺
𝒌𝒈 𝑪𝒐𝒂𝒍
c.)
 73.77
DSG = (1 − 0.116) ( ) = 5.46
12
5.46
Moles DSG = ( ) = 52.55
0.092 + 0.0119
mg SO2 (0.0416)(64)(106 )
= 273+25
N ∙ cm SG (52.55)(22.4) ( )
273

𝒎𝒈 𝑺𝑶𝟐
= 𝟐𝟎𝟕𝟐. 𝟎𝟒 𝑨𝑵𝑺
𝑵 ∙ 𝒄𝒎 𝑺𝑮
d.)
mg NO (0.0888)(30)(106 )
= 273+25
N ∙ cm Stack Gas (52.55)(22.4) ( )
273

𝒎𝒈 𝑵𝑶
= 𝟐𝟎𝟕𝟑. 𝟐𝟗 𝑨𝑵𝑺
𝑵 ∙ 𝒄𝒎 𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒄𝒌 𝑮𝒂𝒔

4. The following data were obtained during coal combustion: Coal: 13.8 % VCM, 74.6 %
FC, 8.6 % ash, 3 % M, 0% N 1.2 % S; CV = 32.9582 MJ/kg. Residue: 4% VCM 40% FC,
 H2
56% ash. Air is at 25°C , 740 torrs, 80% RH 50 % excess O2. Stack Gas: 300°C, 755torrs, CO
CO
ratio = 1:4, CO2 ratio = 1:10. Calculate:

a. m3 air/ kg coal

b. Orsat analysis of the stack gas

25°C, 740 torrs, 80% RH, 50% excess O2

300°C, 755 torrs

13.8% VCM ORSAT

74.6% FC H2/ CO ratio = 1:4
8.6% Ash CO/CO2 ratio = 1:10
4% VCM
3% M
40% FC
0% N
56% ash
1.2% S

Solution:

Basis: 100kg coal

Using Calderwood Equation:

13.8 1.55
𝐶 = 5.88 + 2.206 (32.958 − 0.094(1.2)) + 0.0053 (80 − 100 ( ))
74.6
C = 81.48%
Using the Dulong Formula:
32.9582 = 0.338(81.48) + 1.44 (𝑁𝐻) + 0.094 (1.2)
NH = 3.68%
H + O = 8.72
 Net H = H – O/8
3.68 = 8.72 - O – O/8
O = 4.48
H = 4.24
81.48 4.48 4.24
Theo O2 = − + = 7.71
12 32 4

O2supp = 7.71(1.5) = 11.57

79
N2supp = 11.57(21) = 43.51

Excess O2 = 7.71(0.5) = 3.86

7258.2
(73.649− −7.3037𝑙𝑛298)+4.1653𝑥10−6 (298)2 )
𝑃𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 298 𝐾 = 𝑒 298 = 3142.13 𝑃𝑎
= 23.57 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
23.57(0.80)
𝑛 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = (11.57 + 43.51) ( ) = 1.44 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
740 − 23.57(0.80)
760 [25+273.15]
𝑚3 𝑎𝑖𝑟 (11.57 + 43.51 + 1.44)(22.4) ( ) ( ) 𝑚3 𝑎𝑖𝑟
740 273.15
= = 14.19 (𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑊𝐸𝑅)
𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 100 𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙
b. Orsat Analysis of Stack Gas
ash balance:
8.6 = 0.56R
R = 15.36
FC = 15.36(0.40) = 6.14
M = 15.36(0.040) = 0.614
0.614
𝑉𝐶𝑀𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = (100) = 4.45%
13.8
81.48 − 74.6
% 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝐶𝑀 = (100) = 49.86%
13.8
6.14 + 0.4986(0.6143)
𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = (100) = 7.92%
81.48
81.48
𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 = (1 − 0.0792) = 6.25
12
CO2 = 0.2524(10/11) = 5.68
CO = 0.2524(1/11) = 0.57
 H2 = 0.568/4 = 0.14

ORSAT ANALYSIS

%
CO2 10.39
CO 1.04
H2 0.26
O2 8.75
N2 79.50
SO2` 0.07

5. Coal fired in a furnace analyzes 16.6% VCM, 16% ash, 61.4% FC, 6% M, 1.2% N and 1.8% S
with a calorific value of 26.75 MJ/kg. Analysis of the Residue shows44% ash, 8% VCM, 34%
FC and 14% H2O. Partial Orsat Analysis of the stack gas shows 10.77% CO2, 1.62% CO and
0.81% H2. Air supplied is at 27°C, 765 torrs with 80% RH. Calculate:
a.%C and %VCM lost in the residue
b. % excess O2
c. m3 air/ kg coal
d. Orsat analysis of the stack gas
SOLUTION:

16.6% VCM
10.77% CO2
16% ash

61.4% FC 1.62% CO
6% M 44% Ash
0.81% H2
1.2% N 8% VCM
1.8% S 34% FC
CV = 26.75 MJ/kg 14% H2O

BASIS: 100 kg coal

Overall Ash Balance (in kg)
16 = (𝑅)(0.44)
𝑅 = 36.36
FC = 36.36(0.08) = 12.36
VCM = 36.36(0.34) = 2.91
0.08(36.36)
𝑉𝐶𝑀 𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑇 = (100) = 17.52% (ANSWER)
16.6
 5.61
% 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝐶𝑀 = 67.01 − 61.4 = (100) = 33.76%
16.6
12.36+0.3376(2.91)
𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = (100) = 19.92% (ANSWER)
67.01

H + O = 13.99
Using Calderwood Equation:
16.6 1.55
𝐶 = 5.88 + 2.206 (26.75 − 0.094(1.8)) + 0.0053 (80 − 100 ( ))
61.4
C = 67.01%
Using the Dulong Formula:
𝐶𝑉 = 0.338(𝐶) + 1.44 (𝑁𝐻) + 0.094 (𝑆)
26.75 = 0.338 (67.01) + 1.44 (13.99 – O – O/8) + 0.094 (1.8)
O = 10.01%
H = 3.98
69.01 3.98 10.01
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑂2 = + − = 6.37
12 4 32

Let y = excess O2
O2 supplied = 6.37 + y
N2 supplied = (6.37 + y) (79/21)
0.585 0.1992(67.09) 0.1752(2.33) 0.1752(1.8)
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑂2 = 𝑦 + + + + + 0.148
2 12 4 32
= y + 1.68
DSG BALANCE:
36.09 = 3.89 + 0.585 + y + 1.68 + (6.27 + y)(79/21)+(1-0.18)/32+(1-0.1752)(1.2)/68+ 0.292
y = 1.26
1.26
%𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = (100) = 20.1% (𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑊𝐸𝑅)
6.27
c. H2O air = 35.86(26.7(0.80)/ 765-26.7(0.80)) = 1.03

760 [27+273.15]
𝑚3 𝑎𝑖𝑟 (35.86 + 1.03)(22.4) ( ) ( ) 𝑚3 𝑎𝑖𝑟
765 273.15
= = 9.02 (𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑊𝐸𝑅)
𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙 100 𝑘𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙
d.
ORSAT ANALYSIS IN STACK GAS

%
CO2 10.77
CO 1.62
H2 0.81
O2 8.14
N2 78.53
SO2` 0.13

6 .A high grade semi-anthracite coal has a complete analysis of 85.86% C, 4.44% H, 2.7%
O, 1.2% N, 5% ash and 0.8% S. Analysis of the Residue shows 58% C and 42% ash. Air is
supplied dry at 30°C and 750mmHg. Partial orsat analysis of the stack gas (400°C,
755mmHg) shows 8.05% CO2, 2.42% CO and 2.9%H2.Assume the S and N gasified burns
to SO2 and NO respectively. Calculate

a. % excess O2

b. Complete orsat analysis of stack gas

c. m3 stack gas/ m3 air

SOLUTION:
30°C, 750 mmHg

400°C, 755 mmHg

85.86% C ORSAT
4.44% H 8.05% CO2
5% Ash 2.42% CO
58% C
1.2% N 2.9% H2
42% Ash
0.8% S 79.77% N2
2.7% O

BASIS: 100 kg coal

Overall Ash Balance (in kg)

5 = (𝑅)(0.42)
𝑅 = 11.91

Overall C Balance
85.86 (0.58)(11.91)
= (𝐷𝑆𝐺)(0.0805 + 0.0242) +
12 12
 𝐷𝑆𝐺 = 62.84mol

CO2 = 0.0805(62.84) = 5.06mol

CO = 0.0242(62.84) = 1.52mol

H2 = 0.029(62.84) = 1.82mol

S Balance
0.8
= (%𝑆)(62.84)
32
S = 0.04%

SO2 = (0.0004)(62.84) = 0.025mol

1.2
NO = = 0.086
14

DSG BALANCE:

62.82 = CO2 + CO + O2 + N2 + SO2 + NO + H2

𝐻
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜 𝑂2 = 𝑎𝑡 𝐶 + 4 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑆 − 𝑂2

85.86 4.44 0.8 2.7

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑂2 = + + − = 8.21 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
12 4 32 32
Let y = excess O2

O2 supplied = 8.21 + y
79
N2 supplied = (8.21 + y)(21)
1.52 1.82 (0.58)(11.91) 1
O2 accounted = y + + + ∗ 2 = y + 2.20
2 2 2

ORSAT ANALYSIS:

CO2 5.06

CO 1.52

SO2 0.025

NO 0.086
79
N2 (8.21 + y)(21)

O2y + 2.20
 H2 1.82

DSG = 62.84

y = 4.46
4.46
% 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑂2 = (100) = 54.3%(ANSWER)
8.21

ANSWER

COMPLETE ORSAT ANALYSIS

COMPONENT PERCENTAGE
CO2 8.05%
CO 2.42%
SO2 0.04%
N2 75.84%
O2 10.61%
H2 2.90%
NO 0.14%

7258.2 −6 (298.15)2 )
𝑃𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 298.15 𝐾 = 𝑒 (73.649− 298.15−7.3037𝑙𝑛298.15)+4.1653𝑥10 = 3170.39 𝑃𝑎
= 23.78 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝐻 𝐶𝑊
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝐺𝑎𝑠 = + − 𝐻2
2 18
2.7
Net H = 4.44 – = 4.10
2

CW = 100 - 4.103 – 85.86 – 1.2 – 0.8 -5 = 3.04

4.10 3.04
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑖𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝐺𝑎𝑠 = + − 1.82 = 0.398
2 18
760 [400+273]
𝑚3 𝑆𝐺 (0.398 + 62.84)(22.4) ( ) ( ) 𝑚3 𝑆𝐺
765 273
= = 2.31 (𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑊𝐸𝑅)
𝑚3 𝐴𝑖𝑟 750
(6.66 + 25.05)(22.4) ( ) (
[25+273]
) 𝑚3 𝐴𝑖𝑟
760 273

7.A sample of coal was found to contain 1%N, 10% ash and 5.85% S. Analysis of the Residue
showed uncoked coal with 20.71% VCM lost in the residue. Orsat Analysis of the stack gas
shows 8.93% CO2, 1.56% CO, 0.34% SO2, 9.87% O2 and 79.3% N2. Assume that N in the coal is
gasified to N2. Calculate:
a.complete ultimate analysis of coal
b. complete analysis of the residue if it contains 37.93% ash
c. % excess O2

1% N 8.93% CO2
10% ash 1.56% CO
5.85% S 20.71% VCM lost 0.34% SO2

9.87% O2

79.3% N2

BASIS: 100 molof dry flue gas

Uncoked coal
VCM lost = C lost = net H lost = N lost = S lost = CW lost
N2 supplied = N2 in air + N2 in coal
79.3 = N2 in air + N2 in coal
S balance
0.058(wt of coal) = 0.34 x 32
Wt of coal = 187.59 kg coal
 0.01(187.59)
79.3 − (1 − 0.2071) = 𝑁2 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟
28
N2 in air = 79.247 kg mol N2
21
𝑂2 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 79.247𝑥 = 21.07
79
1.56
𝑂2 𝑢𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 21.07 − 8.93 − − 0.34 − 9.87 = 1.15 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
2
21
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝐻 = 1.15𝑥4 = 𝑥100 = 2.45%
187.59
𝑉𝐶𝑀 1.55
𝐶 = 5.88 + 2.206 (𝐶𝑉 − 0.094(5.8)) + 0.0053 (80 − 100 ( ))
𝐹𝐶
𝐶𝑉 = 0.338(𝐶) + 1.44 (2.45) + 0.094 (5.8)
%CW&M = 100 – C – 10 -1 -5.8 – 2.45
(8.93+1.56)(12) = X x 187.59
X = 67.10%
𝐶𝑉 = 0.338(67.10) + 1.44 (2.45) + 0.094 (5.8) = 26.753 MJ/mol
%𝐶𝑊 & 𝑀 = 13.65%
2
%𝐻 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑊 &𝑀 = 13.65𝑥 = 1.52%
18
16
%𝑂 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑊 &𝑀 = 13.65𝑥 = 12.13%
18
A.)
COMPLETE ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL

C 67.10%

H 3.97%

O 12.13%

N 1%

A 10%

S 5.8%
C.) % excess O2
0.6710(187.59) 0.058(187.59) 0.0245(187.59)
𝑂2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜 = + + = 11.987 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
12 32 4
𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟕 − 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟖
% 𝒆𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑶𝟐 = 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟕𝟓. 𝟖𝟖% 𝑨𝑵𝑺
𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟖

8.| Coal fired in a furnace analyzes 57.1% C, 8% Ash, 1.4% N, and 0.77% S. The Residue
contains 24.5% C and 75.5% Ash. Orsat Analysis of the stack gas shows 11.21% CO2, 1.57%
CO, 7.45% O2, and 79.77% N2. Neglect N and S in the coal in the combustion calculations.
Calculate:
a.| Complete Ultimate Analysis of Coal
b.| % excess O2
SOLUTION:

57.1% C 11.21% CO2

8% Ash 1.57% CO
1.4% N 24.5% C 7.45% O2
0.77% S 75.5% Ash 79.77% N2

since there is no VCM in the residue, the coal is TYPE B: Coked Coal
BASIS: 100 kgmol of DSG
Overall Ash Balance (in kg)
(𝐹)(0.08) = (𝑅)(0.755)
0.08𝐹
𝑅=
0.755
Overall C Balance (in kg)
(0.571)(𝐹) = (𝑅)(0.245) + [(100)(0.1121) + (100)(0.0157)](12)
0.08𝐹
(0.571)(𝐹) = ( ) (0.245) + [(100)(0.1121) + (100)(0.0157)](12)
0.755
Solving for F; F = 281.37 kg therefore
0.08𝐹 0.08(281.37)
𝑅= = = 29.81 𝑘𝑔
0.755 0.755
21
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑂2 = 79.77 ( ) = 21.20 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
79
𝐶𝑂 𝐻2 𝑎𝑡 𝐻𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑁𝑂
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑂2 = 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑂2 + + + 𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 𝑎𝑡𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑓 + −
2 2 4 2
1.57 29.81(0.245)
7.45 = 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑂2 + + 0+ + 0+0−0
2 12
Excess O2 = 6.06 kgmol O2
Theo O2 = 21.20 – 6.06 = 15.14 kgmol O2
𝑎𝑡 𝑁𝐻
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜 𝑂2 = 𝑎𝑡 𝐶 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑆 +
4
281.37(0.571) 𝑎𝑡 𝑁𝐻
15.14 = +
12 4
at NH = 7.01 kgmol NH = 7.01 kg
7.01 = 281.37 (% NH in F)
% NH in F = 0.0249 = 2.49%
Using Dulong’s Formula:
CV = 0.338(C) + 1.44 (NH) + 0.094 (S)
CV = 0.338 (57.1) + 1.44 (2.49) + 0.094 (0.77)
CV = 22.96 MJ/kg
Considering the Modified Analysis of the Coked Coal
 CW = 100 – 2.49 – 0.77 – 1.4 – 8 – 57.1 = 30.24%
2
%𝐻 = 2.49% + 30.24% ( ) = 5.85%
18
16
%𝑂 = 30.24% ( ) = 26.88%
18

ANSWER
COMPLETE ULTIMATE ANALYSIS OF COAL
COMPONENT PERCENTAGE
C 57.1%
H 5.85%
O 26.88%
N 1.4%
Ash 8%
S 0.77%

6.06
% 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑂2 = (100) = 40.03% (ANSWER)
15.14

9.| Coal fired in a furnace analyzes 30% VCM, 51% FC, 14% Ash, 5% M, 1.6% N, and 1.2% S
with a GCV of 30.1 MJ/kg. Residue analysis shows 30% FC, 15% VCM, 40% Ash, and 15%
H2O. Air supplied is 50% in excess and is saturated at 25OC, 740 mmHg. Molar ratio of CO2 to
CO is 5:1 and H2 to CO is 1:1. The stack gases leaves at 300OC and 765 mmHg. Calculate:
a.| Orsat Analysis of the Stack Gas
b.| m3 Stack Gas/ m3 Air
SOLUTION:
 Saturated at
25OC, 740 mmHg
50% Excess O2
GCV = 30.1 MJ/kg

30% VCM 300OC, 765 mmHg

51% FC
CO2: CO = 5:1
14% ASH
5% M 30% FC H2:CO = 1:1
15% VCM
1.6% N
40% ASH
1.2% S
15% H2O
Using Calderwood Equation:
30
𝐶 = 5.88 + 2.206 (30.1 − 0.094(1.2)) + 0.0053 (80 − 100 ( ))1.55
51
C = 72.63%
Using the Dulong Formula:
𝐶𝑉 = 0.338(𝐶) + 1.44 (𝑁𝐻) + 0.094 (𝑆)
30.1 = 0.338 (72.63) + 1.44 (NH) + 0.094 (1.2)
NH = 3.78%
Modified Analysis of the Coal:
CW = 100 – ( 3.78 + 1.6 + 1.2 + 14 + 5 + 72.63)
CW = 1.79%
2
%𝐻 = 3.78% + (1.79% + 5%) ( ) = 4.53%
18
16
%𝑂 = (1.79% + 5%) (18) = 6.04%
 51 30
Testing for the Type of Coal: = → 1.7 = 2 ; Therefore the coal is Type C: Mixture of
30 15
Uncoked and Coked Coal
BASIS: 100 kg Coal
100(0.7263) 100(0.012) 100(0.0378)
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜 𝑂2 = + + = 7.035 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
12 32 4
VC = 72.63 – 51 = 21.63%
21.63
% 𝑉𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝐶𝑀 = (100) = 72.1%
30
Overall Ash Balance
100(0.14) = R(0.40); R = 35 kg
C that combusted (in terms of kgmol)
100(0.7263) 35(0.30) 35(0.15)(0.721)
𝐶= − − = 4.86 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
12 12 12
5
𝐶𝑂2 = 4.86 ( ) = 4.05 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
6
1
𝐶𝑂 = 4.86 ( ) = 0.81 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂 = 0.81 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2
6
1.6
% 𝑁 𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝐶𝑀 = (100) = 5.33%
30
1.2
% 𝑆 𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝐶𝑀 = (100) = 4%
30
3.78
% 𝑁𝐻 𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝐶𝑀 = (100) = 12.6%
30
1.79
% 𝐶𝑊 𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝐶𝑀 = (100) = 5.97%
30
𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑂2
0.50 = → 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑂2 = 3.52 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
7.035
Supplied O2 7.035 + 3.52 = 10.55 kgmol
79 100(0.016) 35(0.15)(0.0533)
𝑁2 = 10.55 ( )+ − = 39.74 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
21 14(2) 14(2)
 0.81 0.81 35(0.30) 35(0.15)(0.721) 35(0.15)(0.04)
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑂2 = 3.52 + + + + +
2 2 12 12 32
35(0.15)(0.126) 35(0.15)(0.0597)(2) 2
+ + 35(0.15) (18)
1 1(18)
+ = 5.85 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
4
ANSWER
ORSAT ANALYSIS OF STACK GAS

COMPONENT MOLES(kgmoles) PERCENTAGE

CO2 4.05 7.90%
CO 0.81 1.58%
H2 0.81 1.58%
N2 39.74 77.53%
O2 5.85 11.41%
TOTAL 51.26 100%

7258.2 −6 (298.15)2 )
𝑃𝑠 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 298.15 𝐾 = 𝑒 (73.649− 298.15−7.3037𝑙𝑛298.15)+4.1653𝑥10 = 3170.39 𝑃𝑎
= 23.78 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
79 23.78
𝑛 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = (10.55 + 10.55 ( )) ( ) = 1.67 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
21 740 − 23.78
1 1 35(0.15)(0.0597)
𝐻2 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 100(0.0398) ( ) − 35(0.15)(0.126) ( ) +
2 2 18
= 1.64 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
35(0.15)
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑒 = = 0.29 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
18
100(0.05)
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑎𝑙 = = 0.28 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
18
Water in Stack Gas: 0.28 + 1.67 + 1.64 – 0.29 = 3.3 kgmol
760 [300+273.15]
𝑚3 𝑆𝐺 (51.26 + 3.3)(22.4) ( ) ( ) 𝑚3 𝑆𝐺
765 273.15
= = 1.95 3 (𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑊𝐸𝑅)
𝑚3 𝐴𝑖𝑟 760
(10.55 + 39.69 + 1.67)(22.4) ( ) (
[25+273.15]
) 𝑚 𝐴𝑖𝑟
740 273.15