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MATHS – I & II
List of Theorems

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. Prove that:
a. If sin θ = 0 implies θ = nπ
b. If cos θ =0 implies θ = (2n+1)π/2
c. If tan θ = 0 implies θ = nπ
2. Prove that:
a. If sin θ = sin α implies θ = nπ + (-1)nα
b. If cos θ = cos α implies θ = 2nπ±α
c. If θ and α are not odd multiples of π/2 then tan θ = tan α implies θ= nπ + α
3. Prove that:
a. If sin2 θ=sin2 α implies θ = nπ±α
b. If cos2 θ=cos2 α implies θ = nπ±α
c. If tan2 θ=tan2 α implies θ = nπ±α
4. Prove that a cos θ + b sin θ = c implies that θ = 2nπ+α ±β where cos 𝛼 =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
, sin 𝛼 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 cos 𝛽 = where a,b,c ϵ R and a,b,c≠0
√𝑎 2 +𝑏2 √𝑎 2 +𝑏2 √𝑎 2 +𝑏2

5. Prove that the sides of a triangle are proportional to the sines of the opposite angles. (Sine rule)
6. In any ΔABC prove that (cosine rule):
a. a2=b2+c2 - 2bc cos A
b. b2=c2 + a2 – 2ca cos B
c. c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C
7. In any ΔABC prove that (projection rule):
a. a = c cos B + b cos C
b. b = a cos C + c cos A
c. c = a cos B + b cos A
8. In any ΔABC prove that, if a + b + c = 2s then
𝐴 (𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑐) 𝐵 𝑠(𝑠−𝑏)
a. sin 2 = √ 𝑏𝑐
e. cos 2 = √ 𝑎𝑐

𝐵 (𝑠−𝑐)(𝑠−𝑎) 𝐶 𝑠(𝑠−𝑐)
b. sin = √ f. cos = √
2 𝑐𝑎 2 𝑎𝑏

𝐶 (𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠−𝑏) 𝐴 (𝑠−𝑏)(𝑠−𝑎)
c. sin = √ g. tan = √
2 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑠(𝑠−𝑎)

𝐴 𝑠(𝑠−𝑎) 𝐵 (𝑠−𝑐)(𝑠−𝑎)
d. cos = √ h. tan = √
2 𝑏𝑐 2 𝑠(𝑠−𝑏)

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𝐶 (𝑠−𝑎)(𝑠−𝑏)
i. tan 2 = √ 𝑠(𝑠−𝑎)

9. Prove that area of ΔABC is given by

1 1 1
𝐴 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶 = 𝑏𝑐 sin 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑐 sin 𝐵
2 2 2
10. Prove Hero’s Formula.

PAIR OF LINES
11. Prove that the joint equation of a pair of lines passing through the origin is a homogeneous
equation of degree two in x and y.
12. Prove that a homogeneous equation of degree two in x and y represents a pair of lines through
the origin if h2-ab≥0
13. Prove that the acute angle between the lines represented by ax2+2hxy+by2=0 is given by 𝜃 =
2√ℎ2 −𝑎𝑏
tan−1 | 𝑎+𝑏
|

VECTORS
14. Prove that the two vectors 𝑎̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏̅ are collinear if and only if there exists scalars m and n, at least
one of them is non-zero such that 𝑚𝑎̅ + 𝑛𝑏̅ = 0̅
15. Let 𝑎̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏̅ be non collinear vectors. Prove that a vector 𝑟̅ is coplanar with 𝑎̅ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏̅ if and only if
there exists unique scalars t1, t2 such that 𝑟̅ = 𝑡1 𝑎̅ + 𝑡2 𝑏̅
16. Prove that three vectors 𝑎̅, 𝑏̅, 𝑐̅ are coplanar if and only if there exists a non-zero linear
combination x𝑎̅+y𝑏̅+z𝑐̅ = 0̅
17. If 𝑎̅, 𝑏̅, 𝑐̅ are three non coplanar vectors, then prove that any vector 𝑟̅ in the space can be uniquely
expressed as a linear combination of 𝑎̅, 𝑏̅, 𝑐̅
18. Prove that if A(𝑎̅) and B(𝑏̅)are any two points in space and R(𝑟̅ ) be a point on the line segment
𝑚𝑏̅+𝑛𝑎̅
AB dividing it internally in the ratio m:n then, 𝑟̅ = 𝑚+𝑛

19. Prove that if A(𝑎̅) and B(𝑏̅)are any two points in space and R(𝑟̅ ) be a point on the line segment
𝑚𝑏̅−𝑛𝑎̅
AB dividing it externally in the ratio m:n then, 𝑟̅ = 𝑚−𝑛

20. Prove that the volume of a parallelopiped with co-terminus edges as 𝑎̅, 𝑏̅, 𝑐̅ is [𝑎̅ 𝑏̅ 𝑐̅]
1
21. Prove that the volume of a tetrahedron with co-terminus edges as 𝑎̅, 𝑏̅, 𝑐̅ is 6 [𝑎̅ 𝑏̅ 𝑐̅]

3D GEOMETRY
22. If l, m, n are direction cosines of a line then prove that l2 + m2 + n2 =1
23. The acute angle θ between lines with direction cosines l1,m1,n1 and l2,m2,n2 is given by
cos θ = |l1l2+m1m2+n1n2|

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DERIVATIVES
24. If a function 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable at a point, then it is also continuous at that point.
25. Chain Rule :
If y = 𝑓(𝑢) is a differentiable function of u and u = 𝑔(𝑥) is a differentiable function of x, then
y = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) is a differentiable function of x and
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= x
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
26. Inverse Function :
If y = 𝑓(𝑥) is a differentiable function of x such that inverse function x = 𝑓 −1 (𝑦) exists, then x is a
differentiable function of y and
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ≠0
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
27. Derivative of Inverse Function formulae :

𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑦 1
a. If 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥) and −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 , − ≤𝑦 ≤ then = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 |𝑥| < 1
2 2 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 −1
b. If 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑥) and −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋 then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 |𝑥| < 1
√1−𝑥 2

𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑦 1
c. If 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑥) and 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 , − ≤𝑦 ≤ then =
2 2 𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2

𝑑𝑦 −1
d. If 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑥) and 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋 then 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥2

𝜋 𝑑𝑦 ±1
e. If 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑥) and |𝑥| ≥ 1 , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ≠ then 𝑑𝑥 = | |
2 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1

𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑦 ∓1
f. If 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑥) and |𝑥| ≥ 1 , − ≤𝑦 ≤ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ≠ 0 then =| |
2 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥√𝑥 2 − 1

28. If x = 𝑓(𝑡) and y = 𝑔(𝑡) are differentiable functions of parameter t, then y is a differentiable
function of x and
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ≠0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

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INTEGRATION
29. If x = ϕ(𝑡) is a differentiable function of t, then ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(ϕ(𝑡)) . ϕ′(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
30. Trigonometric Formulae :
a. Prove that ∶ ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|sec 𝑥| + 𝑐
b. Prove that : ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|sin 𝑥| + 𝑐
c. Prove that : ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| + 𝑐
d. Prove that : ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥| + 𝑐
31. Polynomial Formulae :

1 1 𝑥
a. Prove that : ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎

1 1 𝑎+𝑥
b. Prove that : ∫ 𝑎2 − 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 log |𝑎−𝑥| + 𝑐

1 1 𝑥−𝑎
c. Prove that : ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 log |𝑥+𝑎| + 𝑐

1 𝑥
d. Prove that : ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2

1
e. Prove that : ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
√𝑥 2 + 𝑎2

1
f. Prove that : ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2

1 1 𝑥
g. Prove that : ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sec −1 ( ) + 𝑐
𝑥√𝑥 2 − 𝑎 2 𝑎 𝑎

32. If u and v are two functions of x then,

𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢 . 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [ ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
33. Prove that : ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐

34. Polynomial Formulae in numerator :

𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
a. ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 2
sin−1 (𝑎) + 𝑐

𝑥 𝑎2
b. ∫ √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 2
log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝑐

𝑥 𝑎2
c. ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − log |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
2 2

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DEFINITE INTEGRAL
35. Properties :
𝑏 𝑎

𝑎. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
𝑏 𝑏

𝑏. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏

𝑐. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏

𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
𝑎 𝑎

𝑑. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑏 𝑏

𝑒. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎

𝑓. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

0 0 0
𝑎 𝑎

𝑔. ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 … 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

−𝑎 0

= 0 … 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

*******

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