POLYGONS

Poly gons

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Page 4 questions

Polygons

1 a b c d

X Polygon Polygon Polygon X Polygon

Not a polygon X Not a polygon X Not a polygon Not a polygon

e f g h

Polygon Polygon Polygon Polygon

X Not a polygon X Not a polygon X Not a polygon X Not a polygon

2 a X Convex b X Convex c X Convex

Concave Concave Concave
Equilateral Equilateral Equilateral
Equiangular Equiangular X Equiangular
Cyclic X Cyclic X Cyclic
Regular Regular Regular

Convex pentagon Convex, cyclic trigon (or Convex, cyclic,

triangle) equiangular hexagon

d Convex e X Convex f Convex

X Concave Concave X Concave
O Equilateral X Equilateral X Equilateral
Equiangular X Equiangular Equiangular
Cyclic X Cyclic Cyclic
Regular X Regular Regular

Concave quadrilateral Convex, equilateral, Concave, equilateral

equiangular, regular hexadecagon
tetragon

3 a A regular tetragon. b A concave nonagon.

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Page 5 questions

Polygons

4 a A convex, equilateral hexagon. b A convex, cyclic tetragon which is not

equilateral.

c An equiangular, pentagon which is not d A concave, equilateral heptagon with

equilateral. two reflex angles (180c 1 angle 1 360c ).

5 A cyclic quadrilateral cannot have any concave angles.

6 a b

A 2 A tetragon
3 4 with one5 pair of
6 equal7sides 8 9 10 J Q K

next to each other (adjacent).

A peanut-shaped equilateral concave
The angle diagonally opposite the angle
octagon with two internal reflex angles.
formed by the two equal sides is a right
A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J Q K

8 K 9 Q 10 3
A 2
angle J(or Jequal
4
to 90c).9 K 6
01 Q 5 8 7 7 8 6 9 5 10 4 J 3 Q 2 K A

7 K 8 AQ 9 J
2 10 3 10 4 J 9 5Q 8 6K 7 7 6 8 5 9 4 10 3 2
J A
Q K

8 A Page
K 92 7 questions
Q 10 3 J J 4 01 Q 5 9 K6 A 8 7 2 7A 8 3 62 9 4 53 10 5 44 J6 35 Q7 26 K8 A7 9 8 10 9

Transformations
7 K 8 AQ 9 J
2 10 3 10 4 J 9 5Q 8 6K 7A 7 6
2 A 8 5
3 2 9 4
4 3 10 3 5 4 2
6J 5 A
7Q 6 8K 7 9 8 10

8 A K19 2Ka Q 10 3Q J J 4J 01 Q 5 10 9 K6 9A b8 7 82 7A 8 73 62 9 64 53 10 55 44 c J 46 35 Q37 26 K28 A7 A9 8 10 9

7 K 8 AQ 9 J
K2 10 Q3 10 J4 J 9 5Q 8
10 6K 7
A9 7 6
28 A 8 5
37 2 9 4
46 3 10 3 55 4 2
64 J 5 A
73Q 6 82K 7 9A 8 10

8 K 9 K object
Q 10 Q J J image
J 01 Q 10 9 K 9A 8 object
82 7A image
7362 64 53 55 44 object
4635 37 image28
26 A7 A9 8 10 9

Reflection Reflection Reflection

7 K 8 Q 9
XJ K Translation
10 10
Q J J 9 Q 8
10 K 7
A9 Translation
6 28 A 5
37 2 4
46 3 3 55 X 4 Translation
2 64 A 5 73 6 82 7 9A 8 10
X Rotation X Rotation Rotation
K Q J 10 9A 82 A 73 2 64 3 55 4 46 5 37 6 28 7 A9 8 10 9

2 H 12 K Q J 10 A9 Polygons Solutions
28 A 37 2 46 3 55 4 64 5 73 6 82 7 9A 8 10

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K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 A
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Page 7 questions

Transformations
O
2 a b Axis of dilation c X

X Y Y X Y
object image image
Z Z object Y
W W
object image X centre of dilation
O
X Reflection X Reflection Reflection
Translation X Translation X Translation
X Rotation Rotation X Rotation

3 a b c

4 a Five squares horizontally b Four squares vertically up. c Eight squares to the right,
to the left. then six squares down.
8 squares
5 squares
6 squares
4 squares

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Page 8 questions

Transformations

5 a One half turn b Three quarter turn c One quarter turn

(180c rotation). (270c rotation). (90c rotation).

O O

6 a Translate ten units to the right first then b Rotate 180c about the centre of rotation O,
reflect down about the given axis of reflection. then translate six units up.

c Reflect about the given axis first, then d Three quarter turn (270c rotation) first, then
tranlsate two units to the left. reflect about the given axis of dilation.

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Page 9 questions

Transformations

7 ENTRY EXIT

(i) Translate shape horizontally to the right. (ii) Reflect shape horizontally to the right using
the edge BC as the axis of reflection.

(iii) Translate shape vertically down. (iv) Translate shape horizontally to the right.

(v) Rotate shape one quarter turn (90c) (vi) Translate shape vertically down.
about the vertex O.

(vii) Reflect shape vertically down using the (viii) Translate shape horizontally to the right.
edge BC as the axis of reflection.

(ix) Translate shape vertically up. (x) Reflect shape horizontally to the right using
the edge DE as the axis of reflection.

(xi) Translate shape vertically up. (xii) Rotate shape one quarter turn (90c)
about the vertex O.

(xiii) Translate shape horizontally to the right.

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Page 10 questions

Transformations

8 A

A
B
There are many different correct ways of doing this, here are just four possible solutions.

a Method 1
• Translate shape horizontally 7.5 units to the right.
• Reflect the shape about the axis AB horizontally to the right.
• Rotate shape 3 of a turn (270c) about the point B.
4
• Translate shape vertically down 2.5 units.

b Method 2

• Translate shape horizontally 7.5 units to the right.

• Rotate shape 1 of a turn (90c) about the point B.
4
• Translate shape vertically down 2.5 units.
• Reflect the shape horizontally to the right about a vertical axis passing through B.

c Method 3

• Reflect the shape vertically down about a horizontal axis passing through B.
• Translate shape vertically down 2.5 units.
• Rotate shape 1 of a turn (90c) about the point B.
4
• Translate shape horizontally 7.5 units to the right
d Method 4

• Rotate shape 1 of a turn (90c) about the point A.

4
• Translate shape horizontally 4.5 units to the right.
• Reflect the shape horizontally to the right about a vertical axis passing through B.
• Translate shape vertically 5.5 units down.

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Page 12 questions

Reflection symmetry

1 a b c d

X Symmetric X Symmetric Symmetric X Symmetric

Asymmetric Asymmetric X Asymmetric Asymmetric

e f g h

X Symmetric Symmetric X Symmetric X Symmetric

Asymmetric X Asymmetric Asymmetric Asymmetric

i j k l

X Symmetric X Symmetric X Symmetric X Symmetric

Asymmetric Asymmetric Asymmetric Asymmetric

2 a b c d

1 5 6 9

3 a b Z
Y
X Z
Y X

YZ = 5 cm XZ = 14 cm

Distance from X to Y = 5 cm Distance from X to Y = 7 cm

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Page 13 questions

Reflection symmetry

4 Answer these questions about the symmetric web below:

X a How many axes of symmetry does the web have? 10

Y
L M G
b What pair of points are equidistant to LM? P and Q
J A Psst: equidistant means the ‘same distance’

Q
B H
c Briefly explain below how you decided this was the
correct answer.
K
P
Shapes with reflective symmetry have points equidistant on
the other side of the axis. Points P and Q are just like LM, they
start on an axis between the 3rd and 4 th curved circle, move
perpendicular to the axis and end on a point of the fifth circle
three axes across.

5 a Bilateral symmetry. b Two fold symmetry. c Three axes of symmetry.

d Two axes of symmetry. e Five-fold symmetry. f Eight-fold symmetry.

(show the other four axes) (show the other seven axes)

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Page 15 questions

Rotational and point symmetry

1 a b c

X Rotationally symmetric Rotationally symmetric X Rotationally symmetric

Rotationally asymmetric X Rotationally asymmetric Rotationally asymmetric

d e f

X Rotationally symmetric X Rotationally symmetric Rotationally symmetric

Rotationally asymmetric Rotationally asymmetric X Rotationally asymmetric

2 a b c d

2 4 2 4

3 a (i) (ii) (iii)

Has point symmetry X Has point symmetry X Has point symmetry

X No point symmetry No point symmetry No point symmetry

(iv) (v) (vi)

X Has point symmetry Has point symmetry Has point symmetry

No point symmetry X No point symmetry X No point symmetry

b If there is an even number of blades, the shape has point symmetry, if there is an odd number
of blades, it doesn’t.

c The number of blades on the even blade propellers is equal to the order of rotational symmetry.

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Page 16 questions

Rotational and point symmetry

4 a Rotational symmetry of order 4 and also b Rotational symmetry of order 2 and also
point symmetry. point symmetry.

O
O

c Rotational symmetry of order 3 and no d Rotational symmetry of order 2 and also

point symmetry. point symmetry.

O
O

5 a A b
K
B J

O
C O

c W d S T

R
O Q

V P
U

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Page 17 questions

Combo time: Reflection, rotation and point symmetry

6 a b
Canada Malaysia

X Reflection symmetry with 1 folds Reflection symmetry with folds

Rotational symmetry of order . Rotational symmetry of order .

Point of symmetry. Point of symmetry.

No symmetry X No symmetry

c d
India Australia

X Reflection symmetry with 1 folds Reflection symmetry with folds

Rotational symmetry of order . Rotational symmetry of order .

Point of symmetry. Point of symmetry.

No symmetry X No symmetry

e f

O
Jamaica Pakistan

X Reflection symmetry with 2 folds Reflection symmetry with folds

X Rotational symmetry of order 2 . Rotational symmetry of order .

X Point of symmetry. Point of symmetry.

No symmetry X No symmetry

g h
South Africa United States of America

Reflection symmetry with folds Reflection symmetry with folds

Rotational symmetry of order . Rotational symmetry of order .

Point of symmetry. Point of symmetry.

X No symmetry X No symmetry

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Page 17 questions

Combo time: Reflection, rotation and point symmetry

6 k l
Vietnam United Kingdom
O

X Reflection symmetry with 1 folds Reflection symmetry with folds

Rotational symmetry of order . X Rotational symmetry of order 2 .

Point of symmetry. Point of symmetry.

No symmetry No symmetry

m n
Georgia New Zealand
O

X Reflection symmetry with 2 folds Reflection symmetry with folds

X Rotational symmetry of order 2 . Rotational symmetry of order .

X Point of symmetry. Point of symmetry.

No symmetry X No symmetry

o p
Letter 'D' signal flag Letter 'L' signal flag
O O

X Reflection symmetry with 2 folds X Reflection symmetry with 2 folds

X Rotational symmetry of order 2 . X Rotational symmetry of order 2 .

X Point of symmetry. X Point of symmetry.

No symmetry No symmetry

q r
Letter 'Y' signal flag Letter 'N' signal flag
O

Reflection symmetry with folds X Reflection symmetry with 2 folds

Rotational symmetry of order . X Rotational symmetry of order 2 .

Point of symmetry. X Point of symmetry.

X No symmetry No symmetry

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Page 20 questions

Special triangle properties

1 a Acute-angled scalene triangle.

b Right-angled isosceles triangle.

c Obtuse-angled isosceles triangle.

d Equilateral triangle.

e Right-angled scalene triangle.

2 a b

Right-angled isosceles triangle Scalene triangle

c d

Equilateral triangle Isosceles triangle

Page 23 questions

Special quadrilateral properties

1 a Rectangle b Isosceles trapezium

c Rhombus d Kite

e Square f Kite

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Page 23 questions

Special quadrilateral properties

2 a
• S quares have all sides equal, not just b • Rectangles have all internal angles equal.
opposite sides. • Rectangles have reflective symmetry.
• S quares have 2 more folds of reflective
symmetry.

c d • Opposite sides parallel in a rhombus.

• R
 hombus’ have all sides equal, not just
opposite sides. • All sides equal in a rhombus.
• Diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular. • B
 oth diagonals bisect the angles in a
• Diagonals of a rhombus bisect the angles. rhombus.
• K
 ite has only one pair of equal opposite
angles.

e • R
 hombus has all sides equal, not just f • Opposite sides parallel in a rhombus.
opposite sides • B
 oth diagonals bisect the angles in a
• D
 iagonals of a rhombus are rhombus
perpendicular. • O
 pposite angles equal in a rhombus,
• S quares have 4 folds of symmetry, adjacent ones equal in isosceles
rhombus only 2. trapezium.

3
axis of symmetry
diagonal

a Square b Rhombus c Kite

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Page 24 questions

Combo time: Special quadrilateral and triangles

1 Rotate one shape a half-turn and translate until the

non-perpendicular sides are common.
Or reflect one horizontally then transpose.

Rotate one shape a half-turn and translate until the perpendicular

sides are common.
Or reflect one horizontally and then vertically, then translate.

2 Reflect one vertically up/down and then transpose until one pair
of equal sides are shared.

Parallelogram

Reflect one vertically down and then transpose until the shorter
sides are shared.

Rhombus

Kite Rectangle Parallelogram

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Page 26 questions

Transformation on the Cartesian number plane

y y
1 a b
4 4
3 3
2 2
object object image
1 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
image -2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4

X Vertically X Vertically
Horizontally X Horizontally X
Reflected Reflected
Diagonally Diagonally

y y
c d
4 4
3 3
2 2
image 1 object 1 object
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
image
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4

Vertically Vertically
X Horizontally X Horizontally
Reflected Reflected
X
Diagonally X Diagonally

y y
e f
4 4
3 image 3
object
2 2
1 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
image
object -2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4

Vertically Vertically
Horizontally Horizontally
Reflected Reflected
X Diagonally X Diagonally
X X

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Page 27 questions

Transformation on the Cartesian number plane

y y
2 a b
4 4
3 3
2 2
object
1 1
O O
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1 image
image-2 -2

object
-3 -3
-4 -4

90c X 180c 270c rotation X 90c 180c 270c rotation

y y
c d
4 4
image
3 3
2 image 2
object 1 1
x
O x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 O 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3 object
-4 -4

90c 180c X 270c rotation 90c X 180c 270c rotation

y y
e f
4 4
3 3
2 2 image
O 1 O 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 object -1
image

-2 -2
-3 object-3
-4 -4

90c 180c X 270c rotation X 90c 180c 270c rotation

y y
g h
4 4
3 3
2 object 2
image 1
O 1
O
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 object -1
image
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4

90c 180c X 270c rotation X 90c 180c 270c rotation

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Page 28 questions

Transformations on the Cartesian number plane

3 a Reflect object about the line x = 1. b Translate the object four units in the positive
y y direction. y

4 x=1 4
3 3
2 2 image
1 1
image object
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
-2 -2
object
-3 -3
-4 -4

New coordinates for dot = -1 (   ,   2 ) New coordinates for dot = -1 (   ,   2 )
c Rotate the object 180c about the ^0, 0h . d Translate the object four units in the negative
y y direction. y

4 4
3 3
2 object 2
1 1
image image
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 object -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4

New coordinates for dot = -1 (   ,   2 ) New coordinates for dot = 2.5 (   ,   0 )
e Reflect object about the x-axis. f reflect object about the given axis line, y = x.
y y

4 4
x
y=

3 3
image
2 2
1 object 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
image
-2 -2
object -3 -3
-4 -4

New coordinates for dot = 2 (   ,   3 ) New coordinates for dot = 2.5 -2.5 (   ,   )
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Page 29 questions

Transformations on the Cartesian number plane

4 a Translate object 3 units in the positive b Rotate the object one quarter turn about the
x-direction and then reflect about the point (-1, 3) then translate 2.5 units in the
line y = 1. y negative y-direction.
y

4 4
3 3
object
object 2
y=1
2
1 1
image
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1 image
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4

New coordinates for dot = -1 (   ,   -1 ) New coordinates for dot = -1 (   ,  0.5 )
c Rotate object 270c about the point (-1, 1) d Reflect the object about the y-axis, and then
and then reflect about the x-axis. reflect about the line y = 1.
y y

4 4
object object
3 3
2 2
y=1
1 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
image
-2 image -2
-3 -3
-4 -4

New coordinates for dot = 1 (   ,  -3 ) New coordinates for dot = 4.5 (   ,  -2 )
e Reflect object about the y-axis then rotate f Translate the object 2.5 units in the
180c about the origin ^0, 0h . negative y-direction and then reflect about
the line y = -x.
y y

4 4
3 object 3
ob
je

2 2
ct
im
ag

1 1
e

x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
-2 -2
y=

-3 image -3
-
x

-4 -4

New coordinates for dot = 2.5 -2.5 (   ,   ) New coordinates for dot = 2 (   ,  3.5 )
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Page 30 questions

Transformations on the Cartesian number plane

y
5
B C
6
Start here
5
A D
4

x
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1 C B
-2 Finish here
-3 D A
-4

• Reflect horizontally about the side AB. Coordinates of A: ^5, 4h

• Translate horizontally in the negative x-direction 1 unit. Coordinates of A: ^4, 4h
• Translate vertically in the negative y-direction 2.5 units. Coordinates of A: ^4, 1.5h
• Translate horizontally in the negative x-direction 2 units. Coordinates of A: ^2, 1.5h
• Reflect horizontally about the side CD. Coordinates of A: ^-2, 1.5h
• Translate vertically in the positive y-direction 2.5 units. Coordinates of A: ^-2, 4h
• Translate horizontally in the negative x-direction 3 units. Coordinates of A: ^-5, 4h
• Rotate 180c about the centre of the player square. Coordinates of A: ^-3, 6h
• Translate vertically in the negative y-direction 5 units. Coordinates of A: ^-3, 1h
• Reflect vertically about the side BC. Coordinates of A: ^-3, -3h
• Translate horizontally in the positive x-direction 1 unit. Coordinates of A: ^-2, -3h
• Translate vertically in the negative y-direction 1 unit. Coordinates of A: ^-2, -4h
• Translate horizontally in the positive x-direction 8 units. Coordinates of A: ^6, -4h
• Translate vertically in the positive y-direction 1 unit. Coordinates of A: ^6, -3h

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