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PHYSICS

1) Ashish S conducted an experiment to study the relationship between the length (L) and time period (T) of a simple pendulum. Observations of T for different L values were recorded and graphed. 2) The graph of L vs T2 was found to be a straight line, while the graph of L vs T was curved. 3) From the linear L vs T2 graph, the experimental length of a pendulum with a time period of 2 seconds was determined to be 100 cm, which was close to the actual length of 99.4 cm.

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Ashish Shejith
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1K views

PHYSICS

1) Ashish S conducted an experiment to study the relationship between the length (L) and time period (T) of a simple pendulum. Observations of T for different L values were recorded and graphed. 2) The graph of L vs T2 was found to be a straight line, while the graph of L vs T was curved. 3) From the linear L vs T2 graph, the experimental length of a pendulum with a time period of 2 seconds was determined to be 100 cm, which was close to the actual length of 99.4 cm.

Uploaded by

Ashish Shejith
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

NAME :ASHISH S

CLASS : Xi –A

ROLL NUMBER : 11123

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF :

MRS. GEETHANCHALI
Certificate
This is certified to be bona fide work of ASHISH S of class
XI A, Kendriya Vidyalaya AFS Yelahanka, who has
completed the investigatory project and submitted for All
India Senior School Certificate Practical Examination held
in Physics Laboratory, during the academic year 2019-2020.

--------------------------------------------------------------

Mrs. Geethanchali N

---------------------------------- ------------------------------------------
(External Examinar) Dr.Smt. Nutan Punj
(Principal KV. AFS
. Yelahanka)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like express my sincere gratitude to my physics


teacher Mrs. Geetanchali N for her vital support,
guidance and encouragement without which this project
would not have come fourth.
I also register my sense of gratitude to our Principal,
Dr.Smt. Nutan Punj for her immense encouragement
that has made this project successful.
I would also express my gratitude the lab assistant sir
for his vital support during the making of this project.
I further thank all the other sources, books and
websites through which I could obtain a lot of
information and update my knowledge and successfully
complete the given project.

- ASHISH S
TOPIC

SIMPLE
PENDULUM
CONTENTS:

i. AIM
ii. MATERIAL REQUIRED
iii. THEORY
iv. PROCEDURE
v. APPLICATION
vi. OBSERVATION
vii. CALCULATION
viii. RESULT
ix. BIBILIOGRAPHY
AIM:
Using a simple pendulum, plot a l-t and l-t^2 graphs.
Hence find the effective length of a second’s pendulum
using appropriate graph.

Material required:

 Split cork
 Vernier callipers
 Electronic balance
 string or thread
 retort stand and clamp
 stopwatch, calculator
 pen and paper
THEORY :
A pendulum is a weight hung from a fixed point so
that it can swing freely. The pendulum bob is a
small mass
object that is attached to the end of a near
weightless
thread or string.
The pendulum swings from point A to point B and
back again to A. This is counted as 1 oscillation.
The period of the pendulum is how long it takes for
one oscillation. Changing the length of the string
should change the time each oscillation takes to
complete.
e.g. A short string has less distance to travel and
so completes the oscillation more quickly (small
period).
Changing the weight of the pendulum should not
change the oscillations per second. Gravity acts
equally on the different mass bobs.
LENGTH OF A SIMPLE PENDULUM:
THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE POINT OF SUSPENSION OF THE PENDULUM AND
ITS CGIS CALLED THE LENGTH OF THE SIMPLE PENDULUM.ITS REPRESENTED
BY SYMBOL “l”
LENGTH OF THE PENDULUM= LENGTH OF THREAD+LENGTH OF HOOK OF BOB +
MEAN RADIUS OF THE SPERICAL BOB.
L = l’+h+r

TIME PERIOD OF SIMPLE PENDULUM:


TIME TAKEN BY A THE BOB OF THE SIMPLE PENDULUM TO
MAKE ONE COMPLETE VIBRATION, IS CALLED THE TIME
PERIOD OF THE PENDULUM. IT IS REPRESENTED BY “T”
T =2π√(L/g)
Procedure
1. Place the clamp stand on the table. Tie the hook attached to the pendulum
bob, to one end of the string of about 150 cm in length and the other end of
the string through two half-pieces of a split cork.
2. Clamp the split cork firmly to the clamp stand such that the line of separation
between the two pieces of the split cork is at right angles to the line OA along
which the pendulum oscillates as given in the figure. Mark the edge of the
table a vertical line parallel to and just behind the vertical thread OA, the
position of the bob at rest. Take care that the bob hangs vertically (about 2 cm
above the floor) beyond the edge of the table so that it is free to oscillate.
3. Measure the effective length of the simple pendulum as shown in the figure.
4. Displace the bob not more than 15 degrees from the vertical position OA and
then gently release it. If you notice the stand to be shaky, put a heavy object
on its base. Make sure that the bob oscillates in a vertical plane about its rest
and does not (i) spin about its own axis (ii) move up and down while
oscillating (iii)revolve in an elliptic path around its mean position.
5. Keeps the pendulum oscillating for a few minutes. After the completion of few
oscillations, start the stopwatch as the thread attached to the bob crosses the
mean position. Consider it as a zero oscillation.
6. Keep counting the oscillation 1,2,3…n every time the bob crosses the mean
position. Stop the stopwatch at the count of n oscillations. For better
results, n should be chosen such that the time take to complete n oscillations
is 50 s or more. Read the total time taken for n
oscillations. Repeat the observation a few times by noting down the time for
the same n(20) number of oscillations. Once noted down, take the mean of
the readings. Calculate the time for one oscillation, i.e., the time period T (
= t/n) of the pendulum.
7. Change the length of the pendulum, by about 10 cm. Repeat step 6 again for
finding the time (t) for about 20 oscillations or more for the new length and
find the mean time period. Take 5 or 6 more observations for different lengths
of the pendulum and find the mean time period in each case.
8. Report observations in the tabular form with proper units and significant
figures.
9. Take effective length L along the x-axis and T2 (or T) along the y-axis, using the
observed values from the table. Choose suitable scales on these axes to
represent L and T2 (or T). Plot a graph between L and T2 as shown in figure 2
and also between L and T as shown in figure 1.
.

OBSERVATION:
The radius of the pendulum of the bob = ….. mm
Length of the hook = ….. cm
Least count of the meter scale = …0.1.. mm
Least count of the stopwatch = …1.. s

S.
No
Length of
the string
Effective
length,
Number
of
Time for n oscillations
t (s)
Time
period
T2
from the top oscillatio
of the bob to L’ = ns T (=
the point of (l+r+h) counted, t/20)
suspension L n
’
CM M (i) (ii) (iii)
(s) (s) (s) Mean
t
(s)

1 78.4 80 0.8 20 35 37 36 36 1.8 3.24

2 88.4 90 0.9 20 38 38 38 38 1.9 3.61

3 98.4 100 1.0 20 40 40 40 40 2.0 4.00

4 108.4 110 1.1 20 41 42 42 42 2.1 4.41

5 118.4 120 1.2 20 43 45 44 44 2.22 4.84

6 128.4 130 1.3 20 47 45 46 46 2.28 5.20


CALCULATIONS :
(a)With the Table
For each length, write mean for 20 vibrations.
t= t1 + t2 /2
write mean value for t in column of the above table.
For each length, find time period T= t/20s and write its value in
column and write the value of T^2 in the column of above table.

(b)Plotting Graph
(i) L vs T Graph
Plot a graph between L versus T from observations recorded in the table
above, taking L along x-axis and T along the y-axis. You will find that this
graph is a curve, which is part of a parabola as shown in Figure 1.
(ii) L vs T2 Graph
Plot a graph between L versus T2 from observations recorded in the table,
taking L along the x-axis and T2 along the y-axis. You will find that the graph
is a straight line passing through the origin as shown in figure 2.
(iii) From the L versus T2 graph, determine the effective length of the
second’s pendulum for T2 = 4s2.
Result:
The graph L versus T is curved, convex upwards.
The graph L versus T2 is a straight line.
The experimental length of the second’s pendulum
from L versus T2 graph is 100 cm.
Actual length = 99.4cm
Error =0.6cm
Percentage error = 0.6/99.4 .100=0.6%
This error is within the limit of the experimental error.
BIBILOGRAPHY:
 Google.com
 Wikipedia.com
 NCERT BOOK

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