REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION

Region I
City of Alaminos, Pangasinan
GREAT PLEBEIAN COLLEGE
College of Teacher Education

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr. Dennis Dandy Cabusao Joan Jett Osorio BSE IV

 I. OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the Grade 10 students should be able to:
1. Calculate the determinant of a 2×2 matrix.
2. Use Cramer’s rule to solve systems of linear equations with two variables.
3. Calculate the determinant of a 3×3 matrix.
4. Use Cramer’s rule to solve systems of linear equations with three variables.

II. SUBJECT MATTER

Topic: Determinants and Cramer’s Rule
Reference: Advance Algebra 2012
Author: Unknwon
Materials: Manila paper, Pictures, Laptop, Chalk and Board
Method: Inductive Method

III. VALUES AND SKILLS

 Critical Thinking
 Self-confidence
 Cooperation
 Determination

IV. PROCEDURES
Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity
A. PRE-DEVELOPMENT
a) Daily Routine

Good afternoon, class! Good afternoon, Ma’am.

Okay, before we start our lesson, everybody stand Lord, Thank you for this day…… Amen
up and let us pray. Can you lead the prayer Ms.
_______?

Thank You. You may now take your seats. (take seats)

Class, may I know who are absent for today? No one, Ma’am.

Very good! It is nice to know that you really love (clap hands)
my subject, Mathematics. So, let’s give everybody
a round of applause.

Now, we will have another interesting topic for

today. But, before that, let me read to you our
objective, first you will learn how to Calculate the
determinant of a 2×2 matrix, second you will use
Cramer’s rule to solve systems of linear
equations with two variables, third you will learn
how to Calculate the determinant of a 3×3 matrix
and lastly you will use Cramer’s rule to solve
systems of linear equations with three variables.

b) Motivation
Before we start our lesson I will show a video clip
which is related to our topic today.
 B. DEVELOPMENTAL
a) Lesson Proper
That video shows us how to compute a matrix
using Cramer’s rule.

But before we go to our main topic today let’s

review first our topic yesterday.

What is our topic yesterday? Matrices and Gaussian Elimination

What is Matrix? (Raise hands)

Yes, Ms. ______ A rectangular array of numbers consisting
of rows and columns.
Yes, Very Good.

What is Gaussian Elimination? (Raise Hand)

Very Good. Thank you. Steps used to obtain an equivalent linear
system in upper triangular form so that it
can be solved using back substitution.

We classify matrices by the number of rows n

and the number of columns m. For example, a
3×4 matrix, read “3 by 4 matrix,” is one that
consists of 3 rows and 29 4 columns. A square
matrix is a matrix where the number of rows is
the same as the number of columns. In this
section we outline another method for solving
linear systems using special properties of square
matrices. We begin by considering the following
𝑎 𝑏
2×2 coefficient matrix A, 𝐴 = [𝑎1 𝑏2 ].
2 2

Discussion
Determinant - A real number associated with a
square matrix.

The determinant of a 2×2 matrix, denoted with

vertical lines |A|, or more compactly as det (A), is
defined as follows:

The determinant is a real number that is obtained

by subtracting the products of the values on the
diagonal.

Example 1:
3−5
Calculate: |2−2|
Solution:
The vertical line on either side of the matrix
indicates that we need to calculate the
determinant.
3−5
| | = 3(−2) − 2(−5)
2−2
= −6 + 10
=4
Example 2:
−6 4
Calculate: | 0 3 |
Solution:
Notice that the matrix is given in upper triangular
form.
−6 4
| | = −6(3) − 4(0)
03
= −18 − 0
= −18

None ma’am.
Any question from our examples that we had?

Okay, now, we can solve linear systems with two

variables using determinants. We begin with a
general 2×2 linear system and solve for y. To
eliminate the variable x, multiply the first equation
by −a2 and the second equation by a1.

This results in an equivalent linear system where

the variable x is lined up to eliminate. Now adding
the equations we have

Both the numerator and denominator look very

much like a determinant of a 2×2 matrix. In fact,
this is the case. The denominator is the
determinant of the coefficient matrix. And the
numerator is the determinant of the matrix formed
by replacing the column that represents the
coefficients of y with the corresponding column of
constants. This special matrix is denoted Dy.

The value for x can be derived in a similar manner.

In general, we can form the augmented matrix as

follows:
and then determine D, Dx and Dy by calculating the
following determinants.

The solution to a system in terms of determinants

described above, when D ≠ 0, is 31 called
Cramer’s rule.

Cramer’s Rule - The solution to an independent

system of linear equations expressed in terms of
determinants.

This theorem is named in honor of Gabriel

Cramer (1704 - 1752).

Example 3:
Solve using Cramer’s rule:

Solution: Ensure the linear system is in standard

form before beginning this process.
Step 1: Construct the augmented matrix and form
the matrices used in Cramer’s rule.

In the square matrix used to determine Dx, replace

the first column of the coefficient matrix with the
constants. In the square matrix used to determine
Dy, replace the second column with the constants.

Step 2: Calculate the determinants.

Step 3: Use Cramer’s rule to calculate x and y.

Therefore the simultaneous solution(x, y) = (1, 5).

Step 4: The check is optional; however, we do it

here for the sake of completeness.
Example 4:
Solve using Cramer’s rule:

Solution:
The corresponding augmented coefficient matrix
follows.

And we have,

Use Cramer’s rule to find the solution.

𝐷𝑥 −6 −1 𝐷𝑦 18
𝑥= = = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = = =1
𝐷 18 3 𝐷 18
When the determinant of the coefficient matrix D is
zero, the formulas of Cramer’s rule are undefined.
In this case, the system is either dependent or
inconsistent depending on the values of Dx and Dy.
When D = 0 and both Dx = 0 and Dy = 0 the system
is dependent. When D = 0 and either Dx or Dy is
nonzero then the system is inconsistent.

When D = 0,
Dx = 0 and Dy = 0 ⇒ Dependent System
Dx ≠ 0 or Dy ≠ 0 ⇒ Inconsistent System

Example 5:
Solve using Cramer’s rule:

Solution:
The corresponding augmented matrix follows.
And we have the following.

If we try to use Cramer’s rule we have,

both of which are indeterminate quantities.

Because D = 0 and both Dx = 0 and Dy = 0 we know
this is a dependent system. In fact, we can see that
both equations represent the same line if we solve
for y.

Therefore we can represent all solutions(x, −5x +

15) where x is a real number.

Linear Systems of Three Variables and

Cramer’s Rule

Consider the following 3×3 coefficient matrix A,

The determinant of this matrix is defined as

follows:

Here each 2×2 determinant is called the minor of

the preceding factor. Notice that the factors are the
elements in the first row of the matrix and that they
alternate in sign (+ − +).
What is Minor? The determinant of the matrix that results
after eliminating a row and column of a
square matrix.
Example 6:

Calculate:

Solution:
To easily determine the minor of each factor in the
first row we line out the first row and the
corresponding column. The determinant of the
matrix of elements that remain determines the
corresponding minor.

Take care to alternate the sign of the factors in the

first row. The expansion by minors about the first
row follows:

We can solve linear systems with three variables

using determinants. To do this, we begin with the
augmented coefficient matrix,

Let D represent the determinant of the coefficient

matrix,

Then determine Dx, Dy, and Dz by calculating the

following determinants.

When D ≠ 0, the solution to the system in terms of

the determinants described above can be
calculated using Cramer’s rule:
Use this to efficiently solve systems with three
variables.

Example 8:
Solve using Cramer’s rule:

Solution:
Begin by determining the corresponding
augmented matrix.

Next, calculate the determinant of the coefficient

matrix.

Similarly we can calculate Dx, Dy, and Dz. This is

left as an exercise.

Using Cramer’s rule we have,

𝐷𝑥 −44
𝑥= = = −4
𝐷 11
𝐷𝑦 0
𝑦= = =0
𝐷 11
𝐷𝑧 −33
𝑧= = −3
𝐷 11
Answer: −4, 0, −3

If the determinant of the coefficient matrix D= 0,

then the system is either dependent or
inconsistent. This will depend on Dx, Dy, and Dz. If
they are all zero, then the system is dependent. If
at least one of these is nonzero, then it is
inconsistent.
When D = 0,
Dx= 0 and Dy= 0 and Dz= 0 ⇒ Dependent System
Dx ≠ 0 or Dy ≠ 0 or Dz ≠ 0 ⇒ Inconsistent System

Example 9:

Solve using Cramer’s rule:

Solution:
Begin by determining the corresponding
augmented matrix.

Next, determine the determinant of the coefficient

matrix.

Since D= 0, the system is either dependent or

inconsistent.

However, because Dx is nonzero we conclude the

system is inconsistent. There is no simultaneous
solution.

Answer: Ø

C. POST-DEVELOPMENTAL
a) Generalization
• The determinant of a matrix is a real
number.
• The determinant of a 2×2 matrix is
obtained by subtracting the product of
the values on the diagonals.
• The determinant of a 3×3 matrix is
obtained by expanding the matrix using
minors about any row or column. When
doing this, take care to use the sign
array to help determine the sign of the
coefficients.
• Use Cramer’s rule to efficiently
determine solutions to linear systems.
• When the determinant of the coefficient
matrix is 0, Cramer’s rule does not
apply; the system will either be
dependent or inconsistent.
 b) Evaluation
Calculate the determinant.
12
1. | |
34
53
2. | |
24
−1 3
3. | |
−3 − 2
74
4. | |
3−2
−4 1
5. | |
−3 0

Solve using Cramer’s Rule

3𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 8
6. { }
2𝑥 − 7𝑦 = 9
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 1
7. { }
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 = −2
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −3
8. { }
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 4
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 1
9. { }
5𝑥 + 6𝑦 = −9
𝑥+𝑦 =1
10. { }
6𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 2

D. ASSIGNMENT
Calculate the determinant.
123
1. |213|
312
251
2. |124|
323
−3 1 − 1
3. |3 − 1 − 2|
−2 5 1
1−1 5
4. |−2 5 1|
1−1 5
3 −1 2
5. | 2 3 − 1 |
5 2 1