AUTOTRONICS

SUBMITTED BY;
ABDUL AZEEZ MC
17041612
EL S6
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
ECU
ABS
ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTOR
CONCLUSION
 INTRODUTION
AUTOTRONICS IS THE COMBINATION OF
AUTOMOBILE+ELECTRONICS. Automobiles were
seen as mechanical machines until the
introduction of Electronics in Automotive
Industry.
Every component starting from engine to window,
steering, brake was a mechanical component
working on gears and principles of mechanics.
The mechanical systems had inherent limitations
and limited accuracy, which not only caused
undetected failures, but also pose life threats to
the consumers.
These limitations meant that there was a lot of
scope for innovation in automotive sector.
This eventually led to the widespread introduction
of electronics across components and systems
within an automobile.
 MECHANICHAL AND
ECLCTONIC BASES CONTROL
UNITS
ELECTRONIC CONTROL
UNIT (ECU)
The engine ECU controls the opening and closing of the
input/output valve, by taking input from the accelerator of
pedal of the vehicle.
The engine ECU is also responsible for the clockwork of the
amount of fuel injection and spark ignition.
In this way, the Engine ECU results in accurate
synchronization, rendering more power, efficiency and highly
functional engines, to the vehicles.
In this way, ECU controlled vehicles are able to deliver higher
efficiency as compared to mechanical automobiles.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ECU ARE:

Aidbag control unit(ACU)
Transmission control unit(TCU)
Speed control uniy (SCU)
Etc..
 Core
o Microcontroller
 Memory
o SRAM
o EEPROM
o Flash
 Inputs
o Supply Voltage and Ground
o Digital inputs
o Analog inputs
 Outputs
o Actuator drivers (e.g. injectors, relays, valves)
o H bridge drivers for servomotors
o Logic outputs
 Communication links
o Housing
 o Bus Transceivers, e.g. for K-Line, CAN, Ethernet
 Embedded Software
o Boot Loader
o Metadata for ECU and Software Identification, Version
Management, Checksums
o Functional Software Routines
o Configuration Data

THESE SYSTEMS ARE WORKING ECU BASED PLATFORM

ANTI-LOCK BREAKING SYSTEM

The anti-lock brake controller is also known as the

CAB (Controller Anti-lock Brake).[
Typically ABS includes a central electronic control
unit (ECU), four wheel speed sensors, and at least two
hydraulic valves within the brake hydraulics. The ECU
constantly monitors the rotational speed of each
wheel; if it detects the wheel rotating significantly
slower than the speed of the vehicle, a condition
indicative of impending wheel lock, it actuates the
valves to reduce hydraulic pressure to the brake at the
affected wheel, thus reducing the braking force on
that wheel; the wheel then turns faster. Conversely, if
the ECU detects a wheel turning significantly faster
than the others, brake hydraulic pressure to the wheel
is increased so the braking force is reapplied, slowing
down the wheel. This process is repeated
continuously and can be detected by the driver via
brake pedal pulsation. Some anti-lock systems can
apply or release braking pressure 15 times per
second.Because of this, the wheels of cars equipped
with ABS are practically impossible to lock even
during panic braking in extreme conditions.
The ECU is programmed to disregard differences in
wheel rotative speed below a critical threshold,
because when the car is turning, the two wheels
towards the center of the curve turn slower than the
outer two. For this same reason, a differential is used
in virtually all roadgoing vehicles.
If a fault develops in any part of the ABS, a warning
light will usually be illuminated on the vehicle
instrument panel, and the ABS will be disabled until
the fault is rectified.
Modern ABS applies individual brake pressure to all
four wheels through a control system of hub-mounted
sensors and a dedicated micro-controller. ABS is
offered or comes standard on most road vehicles
produced today and is the foundation for electronic
stability control systems, which are rapidly increasing
in popularity due to the vast reduction in price of
vehicle electronics over the years.
Speed sensors(Encoders)
A speed sensor is used to determine the acceleration or
deceleration of the wheel. These sensors use a magnet and
a Hall effect sensor, or a toothed wheel and an electromagnetic
coil to generate a signal. The rotation of the wheel or differential
induces a magnetic field around the sensor. The fluctuations of
this magnetic field generate a voltage in the sensor. Since the
voltage induced in the sensor is a result of the rotating wheel,
this sensor can become inaccurate at slow speeds. The slower
rotation of the wheel can cause inaccurate fluctuations in the
magnetic field and thus cause inaccurate readings to the
controller.
Valves
 There is a valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the
ABS. On some systems, the valve has three positions:

 In position one, the valve is open; pressure from the master

cylinder is passed right through to the brake.
 In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that brake
from the master cylinder. This prevents the pressure from
rising further should the driver push the brake pedal harder.
 In position three, the valve releases some of the pressure
from the brake.
 Pump
 The pump in the ABS is used to restore the pressure to the
hydraulic brakes after the valves have released it. A signal from
the controller will release the valve at the detection of wheel slip.
After a valve releases the pressure supplied from the user, the
pump is used to restore a desired amount of pressure to the
braking system. The controller will modulate the pump's status
in order to provide the desired amount of pressure and reduce
slipping.
 Controller
 The controller is an ECU type unit in the car which receives
information from each individual wheel speed sensor. If a wheel
loses traction, the signal is sent to the controller. The controller
will then limit the brake force (EBD) and activate the ABS
modulator which actuates the braking valves on and off.
 Electronic Fuel
Injection (EFI)
System
• Electronic fuel injection (EFI) system is
used both in gasoline and engines
• Electronic fuel injection (EFI) system use
engine sensors, a computer and solenoid
operated fuel injector to meter and inject
right amount of fuel into the cylinders.
• An electronic control unit receives
information in the form of electric signals
from the sensors.
 Typical sensors
used in the
electronic fuel
injection (EFI)
system
• Exhaust gas or oxygen sensor
• Engine temperature sensor.
• Air flow sensor
• Air inlet temperature sensor
• Throttle position sensor
• Manifold pressure sensor
• Camshaft position sensor
• Knock sensor
• IAT and MAF sensors, will detect
air temperature and the mass of
air that flowing passing the filter.
This will be an early indicator to
determine how much gasoline is
needed.
• The TP sensor will detect the
opening angle of the throtle valve,
it will know the RPM desired by
the driver (the higher the RPM the
more gasoline it will take)
• CKP and CMP sensors will give
the info to determine when the
injector is open, this will make the
gasoline spray out fitting during
the intake step.
• O2 sensor, served as feedback or
correction of the combustion
results, whether the combustion
works perfect or premature. Data
from O2 sensor, will be used to
improve AFM (air fuel mixture).
This sensors, locate inside the
exhaust manifold.
CONCLUSION
The electronic development is more
helps to innovation of automobile
industry
development of automobile
its introduce new technologies and
features in automobile industry
REFERENCE