HistoryofTableTennis

https://www.ittf.com/history/documents/historyoftabletennis/

Like many other sports, Table Tennis began as a mild social diversion. It was probably played with improvised
equipment in England, during the last quarter of the 19th century. Though Table Tennis evolved, along with
Badminton and Lawn Tennis, from the ancient game of Tennis (also known as Jeu de Paume, Real tennis, Court
Tennis or Royal Tennis), the game was developed after Lawn Tennis became popular in the 1880s

Ancient woodcut showing jeu de paume game, published in 1576. ITTF Museum

The earliest surviving action game of Tennis on a table is a set made by David Foster,
patented in England in 1890 (No.11037): Parlour Table Games, which included table
versions of Lawn Tennis, Cricket and Football. The Lawn Tennis game featured strung
rackets, a 30mm cloth covered rubber ball, a wooden fence set up around the perimeter of the table, and large
side nets extending along both sides.

Lithograph segment, earliest known action game of tennis on

a table: David Foster (ENG) 1890. One of 2 known examples.

Foster’s rules, found at Cambridge University by Steve Grant (USA). The

rules are very brief (unlike those for the companion games of table cricket
and football). Note rule 3, which mentions ‘Table Tennis’. Steve also
discovered that Foster patented his game compendium in Canada.

Game manufacturers tried many experiments to market an indoor version

of Lawn Tennis, including board and dice games, Tiddledy Winks
variations, card games, racket and balloon games and others.

Renowned researcher Alan Duke (ENG) recently discovered an English patent by Ralph Slazenger, No. 3156, dated
26 June 1883 (and likely months developing the idea before filing the Application), for improved nets for games.
The patent describes net post mechanisms, with this important statement:

“This arrangement is adapted for ordinary lawn tennis, and for a modified game to be played indoors, say upon a
billiard or dining table. In the latter case the poles are supported in brackets clamped to the table and the ends of
the cord may be clamped by the cam arrangement, or fastenend under the table, or weighted.”

Duke correctly concludes that this “quite possibly is now the earliest known reference to a table version of tennis
(and, importantly, accurately dated).” However, no evidence has been found that such a game was developed at
that time.

Steve Grant (Ping Pong Fever, 2012, USA) found mention of one James Devonshire (ENG), who John Jaques claimed
invented Table Tennis in a 1901 interview published in The Echo. Subsequently Alan Duke found in The Official
Journal of the Patent Office that:

 Devonshire applied for a Patent on October 9, 1885 for his “Table Tennis”.
 The Nov. 24, 1885 issue of the Journal shows Provisional Specifications were accepted
 In January 1887 the Application is listed as Abandoned. Once again no evidence of Devonshire’s game, nor
advertisement has been found; quite likely it was never put into production.One feasible scenario is that
Jaques paid Devonshire for his idea, ultimately becoming the basis for Jaques’ Gossima, released in 1891.
However, the lengthy time factor is a concern, as mentioned by renowned Jaques authority Michael
Thomson (SCO).The 1887 catalog of George S. Parker (USA) includes an entry for “Table Tennis: This game
is laid out like a Lawn Tennis court, played and counted just the same, all the rules being observed.”
However, this was a board and dice game by J.H. Singer (NY), whose name also appears on the catalog.
 Rare board & dice game, “Table Tennis” by J.H.Singer 1887.
Earliest production use of the name Table Tennis. ITTF
Museum

One year later famous game makers Jaques of London released their GOSSIMA game. This game borrowed the
drum style battledores from the Shuttlecock game, and used a 50mm webbed wrapped cork ball, with an amazing
30cm high net that was secured by a belt-like strap under the table. Only 2 examples are known to have survived.

Jaques (ENG) GOSSIMA, 1891, with 50mm ball, 30cm high net, vellum
drum rackets. The white belt was used to secure the large wood net
fixtures to the table. ITTF Museum

Neither of these action games were successful, due to the ineffective ball: the rubber ball had too wild a bounce,
while the cork ball had too poor a bounce. Jaques continued to advertise Gossima throughout the 1890s, but it was
not until c.1900, when the celluloid ball was introduced to the game, that the concept of tennis on a table became
successful. Steve Grant has traced the name Ping Pong to an 1884 song by Harry Dacre. The distinct sound of the
celluloid ball bouncing off the drum rackets quickly led to the use of the same name. This can still be demonstrated
today using the antique rackets! As the name Ping Pong caught on, Jaques changed the name of his game to
“Gossima or Ping Pong” and soon afterward, to “Ping Pong or Gossima”. Ultimately the name Gossima was
dropped.

The game quickly caught on with the public, marketed under many different names:

 Ping Pong or Gossima

 Ping Pong
 Table Tennis
 Whiff Waff
 Parlour Tennis
 Indoor Tennis
 Pom-Pom
 Pim-Pam
 Netto
 Clip-Clap
 Royal Game
 Tennis de Salon
and others.

Gradually the two most popular names prevailed: Ping Pong, and Table Tennis. However, these competing names
caused some problems, as two associations were formed, and with different rules for the game some confusion
resulted. Ping Pong was trademarked in 1900 by Hamley Brothers in England, and soon afterwards Hamleys
became “jointly concerned” with Jaques. They rigorously enforced the Ping Pong trademark, requiring use of their
Ping Pong equipment in Ping Pong tournaments and clubs. Parker Brothers, who acquired the American rights to
the name Ping Pong, similarly enforced the trademark. Eventually it became clear that for the sport to move
forward, the commercial ties had to be severed.

Timeline of Table Tennis Milestones

with thanks to the late Ron Crayden (ENG)
and his book, The Story of Table Tennis – the first 100 years
with updates by the ITTF Museum

1880s Adaptation of lawn tennis to the dining table with improvised equipment
1883
Slazenger patent, nets for games, mentions tennis on a table
6.26
1885 James Devonshire (ENG) granted provisional patent for his “Table Tennis”, abandoned 1887.1
Several patents registered in England and the USA
1890s Earliest surviving action game of table tennis: David Foster’s Parlour Table Games, England 1890
Sets produced under trade names such as Gossima, and Indoor Tennis, with Lawn Tennis style rules
 Introduction of celluloid balls to replace rubber and cork ones. The celluloid ball had the perfect bounce,
1900
and the game became a huge success
Table Tennis Association and rival Ping Pong Association formed in England; amalgamated in 1903
1901 First books on the game published in England
The game is introduced in China via western settlements & trade missions
1904 Ping Pong craze fades, some pockets of popularity in eastern Europe continue
Revival of the game in England & Europe, though laws varied.
1922
Establishment of standard laws of the game in England
International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) initiated in Berlin
First World Championships held in London, England. ITTF Constitution adopted, along with first set of
1926
standardized Laws.
Ivor Montagu (ENG) elected Chairman
1920s
– Classic Hard Bat Era (European Dominance)
1950
1926– Maria Mednyanszky (HUN) wins the World Championships five times consecutively. Mednyanszky wins 18
1931 gold medals over-all
1930– Victor Barna (HUN) becomes five times world champion. Barna wins a record 22 gold medals at world
1935 championships during his career, 40 medals overall
Tenth World Championships held in Prague, Czechoslovakia. The longest rally took place, the first point
1936
taking over two hours due to pushing style play.
A lowering of the net to 6 inches (15.24cm) encouraged more attacking style, and time limits imposed on
matches.
1937
Both women singles finalists defaulted at the World Championships due to misunderstanding about time
limit law. Ruth Aarons (USA) & Trude Pritzi (AUT) declared co-champions in 2001.
1939 First World Championship held outside Europe: Cairo, Egypt
1940-
Due to World War II the ITTF suspended activities, & no World Championships were held
1946
1943 First Continental Federation founded December 12: South American Confederation.
ITTF resumes activity; World Championships held in Paris, but Richard Bergmann (ENG), defending World
1947 Singles Champion, not allowed to participate by Montagu due to Bergmann accepting money for exhibition
play during War years without official permission.
1950– Angelica Rozeanu-Adelstein (ROU) wins the World Championships six times in a row and is the last non
1955 Asian to win the female singles title until today. 1950: Bergmann wins 4th World Singles title
1950s Age of Sponge Bat and Technology (Beginning of Asian Dominance)
Nineteenth World Championships held in Bombay, India the first to be staged in Asia. Japan’s entry to the
international scene
1952 Hiroji Satoh (JPN) became the first player to win a World Championship when using a racket covered with
thick sponge and is the first non-European winner.
Inauguration of the Asian Federation & First Asian Federation Championships
China entered the World Championships for the first time. Thick sponge bat causes major controversies for
1953
the next several years.
Ichiro Ogimura (JPN) is the epitome of Japanese dominance with technological development and physical
1954
training
Tomie Okada-Okawa (JPN) is the first female player from Asia to win the World Championships and stops
1956
the European reign on world’s female table tennis.
1957 World Championship changes to a two-year cycle
1958 First European Championships, Budapest, Hungary. The USSR made their entry to the international scene
Rong Guotuan (CHN) is the first Chinese world champion in any sport.
1959
Racket standardization laws enacted
1960 1st Paralympic Games in Rome, included Table Tennis
1962 First All-Africa Championships, Alexandria, Egypt
Ivor Montagu retired as President of the ITTF after forty years in office. Swaythling Club International
1967
founded, Victor Barna President.
First Commonwealth Championships held in Singapore
Ping Pong Diplomacy: table tennis played an important role in international diplomacy when several teams
1971 were invited to China for a series of friendship matches after the 1971 World Championships. Chinese
Premier Zhou Enlai: “Your visit to China has opened the door for people-to-people exchanges between
China and the USA.”
Stellan Bengtsson (SWE) wins the men’s singles title and heralds the start of three decades of Swedish
1971 influence, with top players such as Kjell Johansson, Mikael Appelgren, Erik Lindh, Jan-Ove Waldner, Jörgen
Persson, and Peter Karlsson.
1973 First World University Championships held in Hanover, Germany
1977 ITTF received formal declaration of its recognition by the International Olympic Committee (IOC)
1979 First European Championships for Paraplegics (wheelchair players) held in Stoke Mandeville, England
1980 First World Cup held in Hong Kong
 World Championships held in Nova Sad, Yugoslavia. Total triumph for China, whose athletes win all of the
1981 seven gold medals
Table tennis admitted to the Olympic programme (84th session IOC)
First World Veterans’ Championships held in Gothenburg, Sweden.
1982
First World Championships for the disabled held in Stoke Mandeville, England
1985 European Youth Championships held in The Hague, Holland
Modern Olympics Era (Chinese Reign with few exceptions)
1988 For the very first time, table tennis was featured in the Olympic Games, held in Seoul, South Korea
1991 A United North & South Korea team won the Corbillon Cup at the World Championships in Chiba, Japan
Former World champion, Jan-Ove Waldner (SWE) became Olympic singles champion and reputedly, the
1992
first table tennis millionaire
World Championships held in Tianjin, China. Total triumph for China for the second time, winning seven
1995
gold medals
1996 Beginning of the ITTF Pro Tour, with events taking place worldwide
2000 After the Olympics in Sydney, the ball size is increased to 40mm for improved television viewing
Game score changed from 21 to 11 points World Championships held in Osaka, Japan. Total triumph for
2001
China for the third time, winning all of the seven gold medals
Implementation of the ITTF World Junior Circuit (U18) and World Cadet Challenge (U15 continental team
2002
competition)
First ITTF World Junior Championships in Santiago, Chile
2003
Team Championships separated from individual events, held in alternate years
During the Olympic Games in Athens, Table Tennis ranked 5th among all sports for television viewing
2004
audience
World Championships held in Shanghai, China. Total triumph again for China, winning all of the five gold
2005 medals.
World Championships held in Bremen, Germany. The Chinese athletes complete the collection with two
2006
gold medals in the team events
World Championships held in Zagreb, Croatia. Total triumph number five for China, winning all of the five
2007 gold medals
First appearance of table tennis as a compulsory sport at the Universiade in Bangkok, Thailand
China sweeps the Team championships in Guangzhou
2008
China wins all the Gold at the Beijing Olympic Games
2010 Table Tennis is part of the first Youth Olympic Games
China wins World Team Golds and all the Gold medals at the London Olympic Games, and 24 of a possible
2012 28 Golds in 7 Olympic Games.
Persson (SWE), Primorac (CRO) and J-M Saive (BEL) participated in all 7 Olympic Games.
Plastic balls used at World Championships & Olympics
2016
The Chinese again win all 4 Olympic Gold medals, and overall 28 of 32 Olympic Golds since 1988