Coordinating and Subordinating Conjunctions

This document defines and provides examples of coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and relative pronouns. It explains that compound sentences contain two or more independent clauses joined with coordinating conjunctions or semicolons. Complex sentences contain an independent clause and at least one dependent clause joined with a subordinating conjunction. Examples are given of compound and complex sentences using different conjunctions and relative pronouns.

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Coordinating and Subordinating Conjunctions

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Coordinating

and Subordinating Conjunctions 1

Coordinating and Subordinating Conjunctions Tip Sheet

Vocabulary:
Sentence—a grammatical unit that contains at least one independent clause
Dependent clause—a group of words that has a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone
Independent clause—a group of words with a subject and a verb which expresses a complete thought
Simple sentence—a sentence consisting of a single independent clause
Compound sentence—a sentence containing two or more independent clauses
Complex sentence—a sentence containing at least one independent and at least one dependent clause

Coordinating Conjunctions
for and nor but or yet so

Adverbial Conjunctions (or Conjunctive Adverbs)
furthermore moreover likewise
however nevertheless also
consequently therefore instead
otherwise in addition besides
nonetheless indeed in fact
accordingly hence thus
meanwhile

Subordinating Conjunctions
after although because since when
while as if as though before whenever
even if as long as provided that though where
so that rather than unless until wherever
whether even if even though in order that
as if

Relative Pronouns
Who whom whose which that

Patterns to remember:
Compound sentences
1. Independent clause, coordinating conjunction independent clause.
2. Independent clause; independent clause.
3. Indpendent clause; adverbial conjunction, independent clause.
Complex sentences
1. Independent clause dependent clause.
2. Dependent clause, independent clause.
Coordinating and Subordinating Conjunctions 2

Sample Sentences

Compound Sentences:
1. Suzanne wanted me to babysit, but I already had plans. (coordinating conjunction)
2. Suzanne wanted me to babysit; however, I already had plans. (adverbial conjunction)
3. Suzanne wanted me to babysit; I already had plans. (semicolon alone)

Complex Sentences:
1. I could not babysit for Suzanne because I already had plans. (depdent clause following
independent clause)
2. Because I already had plans, I could not babysit for Suzanne. (dependent clause preceding
independent clause)

Relative Pronoun—Complex Sentences:
1. Suzanne, who is my sister, wanted me to babysit for her.
2. Suzanne wants me to babysit for her, which means I have to cancel my plans.