92-317

Applied Thermodynamics

Summer 2018

Tutorial 4

Version 2
1. Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine engine with three stages of compression and
three stages of expansion at 17C and 100kPa. This system uses a regenerator as well as
reheating and intercooling. The pressure ratio across each compressor is 4; 300kJ/kg is
added to the air in each combustion chamber; and the regenerator increases the air
temperature(after the third compressor by 20C. Determine the system's thermal
efficiency.

Assume constant specific heats cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg·K, at room temperature
and R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K, and k = 1.4.

Solution:
T
10 12
The temperatures at various states are obtained as follows 8 1
T2  T4  T6  T1 r p( k 1) / k  (290 K)(4) 0.4/1.4  430.9 K
9 11 13
T7  T6  20  430.9  20  450.9 K 7 1 14 1
6 4 2
q in  c p (T8  T7 ) 1
q in 290 K 5 3
300 kJ/kg 1
T8  T7   450.9 K   749.4 K
cp 1.005 kJ/kg  K s
( k 1) / k
 1  1
0.4/1.4
T9  T8    (749.4 K)   504.3 K
 rp  4
 
q in 300 kJ/kg
T10  T9   504.3 K   802.8 K
cp 1.005 kJ/kg  K
( k 1) / k
 1  1
0.4/1.4
T11  T10    (802.8 K)   540.2 K
 rp  4
 
q in 300 kJ/kg
T12  T11   540.2 K   838.7 K
cp 1.005 kJ/kg  K
 ( k 1) / k
 1  1
0.4/1.4
T13  T12    (838.7 K)   564.4 K
 rp  4
 
T14  T13  20  564.4  20  544.4 K

The heat input is

q in  300  300  300  900 kJ/kg

The heat rejected is

q out  c p (T14  T1 )  c p (T2  T3 )  c p (T4  T5 )
 (1.005 kJ/kg  K)(544.4  290  430.9  290  430.9  290) R
 538.9 kJ/kg

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is then

q out 538.9
 th  1  1  0.401  40.1%
q in 900

2. An aircraft engine operates on ideal Brayton cycle with a pressure ratio of 9. The
aircraft is stationary on the ground, held in position by its brakes. The ambient air is at
17C and 95kPa and enters the engine at a rate of 20kg/s. The jet fuel has a heating value
of 42,700kJ/kg and it is burned completely at a rate of 0.5kg/s. Neglecting the effect of
the diffuser and the inefficiencies of the engine components, determine the force that
must be applied to hold the plane stationary.

Assume variable specific heats for air at different temperatures.

Solution:

Using variable specific heats for air, in Table A-17

Compressor: T
3
T1  290 K 
 h1  290.16 kJ/kg qin
Pr1  1.2311 4
2
Pr2  2 Pr1  91.2311  11.08 
P
 h2  544.07 kJ/kg
P1 5
Qin  mfuel  HV  0.5 kg/s 42,700 kJ/kg   21,350 kJ/s 1
Q 21,350 kJ/s
s
qin  in   1067.5 kJ/kg
m 20 kg/s

qin  h3  h2 
 h3  h2  q in  544.07  1067.5  1611.6 kJ/kg 
 Pr3  568.5

Turbine:
 wcomp,in  wturb,out 
 h2  h1  h3  h4
or
h4  h3  h2  h1  1611.6  544.07  290.16  1357.7 kJ/kg

Nozzle:
P  1
Pr5  Pr3  5   568.5   63.17 
 h5  888.56 kJ/kg
 P3  9
Ein  Eout  Esystem
(steady)

Ein  Eout
h4  V42 / 2  h5  V52 / 2
V52  V42
0  h5  h4 
2
or
 2
/s 2 
V5  2h4  h5   21357.7  888.56kJ/kg  1000 m   968.6 m/s
1 kJ/kg 
 

 
Brake force = Thrust = mVexit  Vinlet   20 kg/s 968.6  0m/s
1N   19,370 N
 
2
 1 kg m/s 

3. A turbofan engine operating on an aircraft flying at 200m/s at an altitude where the air is
at 50kPa and -20C, is to produce 50,000N of thrust. The inlet diameter of this engine is
2.5m; the compressor pressure ratio is 12; and the mass flow rate ratio (total air mass/air
mass jet engine) is 8. Determine the air temperature at the outlet needed to produce this
thrust if the temperature of the air after the turbine is T=300K. Assume ideal operation
for all components and constant specific heats cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg·K,
at room temperature and R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K, and k = 1.4. Assume that the thrust at this
altitude is mostly due to the operation of the fan.

Solution:

The total mass flow rate is

RT (0.287 kPa  m 3 )(253 K)
v1    1.452 m 3 /kg T 3
P 50 kPa qin
AV1 D 2 V1  (2.5 m) 2 200 m/s 4
m    676.1 kg/s
v1 4 v1 4 1.452 m 3 /kg 2
5
Now,
1 qout
s
 m 676.1 kg/s
me    84.51 kg/s
8 8
The mass flow rate through the fan is
mf  m me  676.1  84.51  591.6 kg/s

In order to produce the specified thrust force, the velocity at the fan exit will be
F  mf (Vexit  Vinlet )

F 50,000 N  1 kg m/s 2 
Vexit  Vinlet   (200 m/s)     284.5 m/s
mf 591.6 kg/s  1N 
 
An energy balance on the stream passing through the engine gives
2
Vexit
c p (T4  T5 ) 
2
2
Vexit
T5  T4 
2c p
(284.5 m/s ) 2  1 kJ/kg 
 300 K   
2(1.005 kJ/kg  K )  1000 m 2 /s 2 
 259.7 K