TV Broadcasting (ECE 421)

TV BROADCASTING
ECE 421
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RIZA CARMELA M. PINEDA
PRINCIPLES OF TELEVISION SYSTEMS
I. The Television Picture
II. Compatible Colour Television
III. Digital Television
IV. Television Transmission and Reception
V. Television Cameras and Displays
VI. Video Recording
PRINCIPLES OF TELEVISION SYSTEMS
Television Transmission and Reception
I. Transmission
a. Generating the Colour Picture Signal
b. The carrier signal
c. The sound signal
d. The television channel
II. Reception
a. Basic Receiver Circuit
b. Controls
❖ The scene to be televised is focused by a lens on an image
sensor located within the camera. This produces the picture
signal, and the synchronization and blanking pulses are then
added, establishing the complete composite video wave
form.
❖ The composite video signal and the sound signal are then
imposed on a carrier wave of a specific allocated frequency
and transmitted over the air or over a cable network.
❖ After passing through a receiving antenna or cable input at
the television receiver, they are shifted back to their original
frequencies and applied to the receiver’s display and
loudspeaker.
Television Transmission
Generating the Colour Picture Signal
1. Luminance or Y Signal
It is the combination of R, G, and B that contains the
brightness variations, corresponding to a monochrome signal.
Y = 0.30R + 0.59G + 0.11B
2. I Signal
Its positive polarity is orange, and negative polarity is cyan.
I = 0.60R – 0.28G – 0.32B
3. Q Signal
Its positive polarity is magenta, and negative polarity is yellow.
Q = 0.21R – 0.52G + 0.31B
The Carrier Signal
The picture signal generated can be conveyed
(a) over short distances by wire or cable in unaltered form, or
(b) over the air or transmission over cable networks by shifting to
appropriately higher frequency channels
Such frequency shifting is accomplished in the transmitter, which

essentially performs two functions: (1) generation of very high
frequency or ultrahigh frequency carrier currents for picture and
sound, and (2) modulation of those carrier currents by imposing
the television signal onto the high-frequency wave.
The Sound Signal
It is transmitted by equipment similar to that used for frequency-
modulated (FM) radio broadcasting.
The Television Channel
In the NTSC System, the 6-MHz Bandwidth is divided into:
4.2 MHz for the fully transmitted picture side band
1.25 MHz for the vestige of the other picture side band
0.2 MHz for the sound carrier and its two side bands
0.15 MHz to guard against overlap between channels
The chrominance subcarrier is included within the fully

transmitted picture side band.
The Television Channel
Vestigial side-band transmission – universally employed in the

television broadcasting systems of the world
Television Reception
Television Reception
Radio-Frequency Amplifier - first circuit in the receiver
particularly designed for low-noise amplification
Tuner - a channel-switching mechanism that connects the RF

amplifier to one of several individual circuits, each circuit tuned
to its respective channel
Video Detector – the output forms (1) a picture signal and (2) a
frequency-modulated sound signal
Controls
1. channel switch - connects the required circuits to the radio-
frequency amplifier and superheterodyne mixer to amplify
and convert the sound and picture carriers of the desired
channel
2. fine-tuning control - precisely adjusts the superheterodyne
mixer so that the response of the tuner is exactly centred on
the channel in use
3. contrast control - adjusts the voltage level reached by the
picture signal in the video amplifiers, producing a picture
having more or less contrast (greater or less range between
the blacks and whites of the image)
Controls
4. brightness control - adjusts the average amount of current
taken by the picture tube from the high-voltage power
supply, thus varying the overall brightness of the picture
5. horizontal-hold control - adjusts the horizontal deflection
generator so that it conforms exactly to the control of the
horizontal synchronizing impulses
6. vertical-hold control - performs the same function for the
vertical deflection generator
7. hue (or “tint”) control - shifts all the hues in the reproduced
image
Controls
8. saturation (or “colour”) control - adjusts the magnitudes of
the colour-difference signals applied to the electron guns of
the picture tube
If the saturation control is turned to the “off” position, no colour

difference action will occur and the reproduction will appear in
black and white. As the saturation control is advanced, the
colour differences become more accentuated, and the colours
become progressively more vivid
Thank you

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TV BROADCASTING

Such frequency shifting is accomplished in the transmitter, which

The chrominance subcarrier is included within the fully

Vestigial side-band transmission – universally employed in the

Tuner - a channel-switching mechanism that connects the RF

If the saturation control is turned to the “off” position, no colour

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