Fluids Mechanics – is the branch of science that deals with action of fluids

at

rest or fluids in motion.

Distinction between a Solid and a Fluid

A solid, when subjected to tension, compression or shear stress
maybe deformed but maybe restored back to its original shape as long as
the limit of elasticity is not exceed.

Fluids posses elastic properties under a compressive force but cannot resist
shearing stress that results to the ability to flow.

Major Areas of Fluids

1.)Fluid Statics: Deals with the fluid at rest.
2.)Fluid Dynamics: Concerned with fluid in motion.

Types of Fluid
Ideal Gas

 Assumed to have no viscosity(any has no resistance to shear)

 Incompressible
 Have uniform velocity when following
 No friction between moving layers of fluids
 No turbulence

Real Fluid

 Exhibit infinite viscosity

 Non – uniform velocity distribution when flow
 Compressible
 Experience friction and turbulence in flow

Physical Properties of Fluids

Page | 1
1.)Weight, w:The earth’s gravitational pull upon a body, (newton)
2.)Mass, M:The quantitative measure of the amount of matter in a given
w m kg . m
body, (kilogram) or M=
g , w=Mg , where: g=9.81
s2
; 1 N =1
s2
3.)Specific Weight ȣ:The weight of a fluid contained in a unit volume
w n
ȣ= ,
v m3
4.)Mass Density, ρ :The weight of a fluid contained in a unit volume
M w γ kg P
ρ= = = ; 3
v vg g m
for ideal gas: ρ= RT

M w
Units: English: slug /ft
3
ȣ ¿ ρ . g=
v
. g=
v

Metric: gm/ cm
3

Where: P=Absolute Pressure in Pascal(Pa)

m m
R=Gas constant in N.
kg
. K (N . . R)
kg

T=Absolute temp. in Kelvin(K=C+273), (R=F+460)

N .m lb . ft
For Air, R=287 kg . K ; R=1716 slug . R

kg
Fluid ρ(
m
3
)

Air(STP) 1.29
Air(210F) 1.20
Alcohol 790
Ammonia 602
Gasoline 720
Glycerin 1,260
Mercury 13,600
Water 1,000
5.)Specific Volume, V:The volume per
v 1 1 m3
unit of mass of fluid or the reciprocal of density. V= =
m ρ or ρ= ,
v kg
6.)Specific Gravity, S:The dimensionless ratio of the specific weight ȣ or
density ρ of a fluid to the specific weight of water or density of water.
γf ρf
s=
γw
or s=
ρw

kg
At 40 ℃ water: ρw=1000
m3
Su=1.0

Page | 2
 N
ȣ= 12.70
m
3

kg
ρ=1.29
m3

Units: English: lb /ft

3

Metric: dyne /cm

3

N kN
SI : ∨
m3 m3

Properties of Water:

1.)Specific of Water (Pure)

Temperature Specific Weight Temperature Specific Weight

℃ ȣ( kN /m3 ¿ ℃ ȣ( kN /m3 ¿
0 9.805 40 9.730
5 9.807 50 9.689
10 9.804 60 9.642
15 9.798 70 9.589
20 9.789 80 9.530
30 9.764 100 9.399

2.)Compressibility and Elastic of Water

The compressibility of water or any other liquid varies inversely as its
volume modulus of elasticity, also known as bulk modulus.
dp
EV =−V .
dv

Where: P=Unit Pressure in Pascal, Pa.

m3
V=Specific Volume, kg
Within ordinary ranges of pressure at any one temp., the value of EV
does not vary too much.
∆P
EV =−V 1 .
∆V
Where: ∆ P=P 1−P2
∆ V =V 1−V 2

3.)Viscosity is defined as that property of a fluid which determine the

amount of its resistance to a shearing stress

Page | 3
 Area = A

V
F
Moving Plate
Y

Fixed Plate
dv
τ =μ . . Pa
dy
Where: μ =Coefficient of viscosity(also known as dynamic of absolute
(viscosity, Pa.s)
4.)Kinematic Viscosity: is the ratio of viscosity to density.
μ m2
v= ;
P s
5.)Cohesion is the ability of a fluid to resists tensile stress, while adhesion
is the property which enable it is to adhere or stick to another body.
6.)Surface tension is the effect of cohesion between particles of the liquid
at its surface.

Pressure inside a droplet of fluid

4σ
P=
d

Where: σ =Surface Tension in N/m

d=Diameter of droplet in meter

P=Gage Pressure in Pa.

7.)Capillarity is the property of liquid that is due to intermolecular

cohesion and adhesion. If adhesion has a greater effect than cohesion,
the liquid will rise at the point where it comes in contact with another
body. If cohesion will be prevalent, the liquid will be depressed.
a.)Adhesion Predominates
b.)Cohesion has a greater effect than adhesion

Page | 4
Adhesion > Cohesion Cohesion > Adhesion

Capillarity is important when using tubes smaller than about 3/8

4 θ cos θ
inch(9.50mm) in ∅ ; h=
γd

For complete wetting as in water on clean glass, the angle θ is 0 ° .

4θ
Hence, formula is : h=
γd

Where: h =Diameter of the tube in meter

ȣ=Specific Weight of the liquid

For clean glass tube, the angle of contact for water θ =0 ° .For mercury
θ =140 ° .

The rise and depression h is observed to increase with a decreasing inner

radius r

Vapor Pressure, Pv: the pressure exerted by the vapor as evaporation of the
liquid takes place within a closed space ( gm /cm2 )
PV P ρg
Properties of Air: T
=R or ¿
RT ; Specific Weight: ȣ= ρ.g = RT

If a certain gasoline weights 7,000 N /m3 , what are the values of its
density, specific volume and specific gravity relative to H 2 O at 15 °

Given: Required:

ȣ=7000 N /m
3
P.V.S.

Page | 5
t=15 °

Solution:

Mass Density Specific Volume:

3
1 1 m
ȣ= ρg V= ρ = 713.56 =1.40x 10−3
kg

N N
7000 7000
m3 γg m3
ρ=
m
Sg = γw = kN
=0.71
9.81 2 9.790 3
s m

kg
ρ=713.56
m3

If 5.30 m3 of a certain oil weighs 43,860 N, calculate the specific weight,

density and specific gravity of oil.

Given: w=43,860N Required: ȣ=?

v=5.30 m
3
ρ =?
So =?

a.)Specific Weight
w 43860 N N
ȣ= v = 5.30 m
3 =8275.47 m
3

b.)Density
N
8275.47
w γ m3 kg
ρ = vg = g = m
=843.575 m
3
9.81 2
s
c.) Specific Gravity of Oil
N
843.575
γo m3
So = γw
= N
=0.84
9.81 3
m

A cubic meter of air at 101.325 kPa and 15 ℃ weighs 12N. What is the
N .m
specific volume? R=287 kg . K

N .m
Given: R=287 kg . K in absolute: T=15 ℃

Page | 6
 W=12N T= ℃ +273 °K

T=15 ℃ T=15 ° +273 °K =288

P=101.325 kPa
P 101.325 kPa kg 1 1
ρ = RT = (287)(288) =1.23 m3
v= ρ = 1.23 =0.816 m3 /kg

1.)Unit Pressure, P:
The unit pressure is the intensity of pressure at any point in a fluid is
the amount of pressure per unit area.
If the unit area is the same at very point of on any area, a or which
P
the total pressure is P. p = A

Page | 7
 dP
If the unit pressure is different at different points. p = dA
Where: p =Unit Pressure, Pa
P=Total Pressure, N
A=Area, m2
2.)Direction of Resultant Pressure
The resultant pressure on any plane in the fluid at rest in normal to
the plane.
P2
P

P1

Where: P, which can be resisted only by a shearing stress by

definition, a fluid at rest cannot resist a shearing stress and therefore
the pressure must be normal to the plane.
3.)Pascal’s Law
At any point in fluid at rest the pressure to the same in all directions.

y
Pz
Px = Py = Pz
Px

x
Py
4.)Atmospheric or Barometric Pressure
The pressure exerted by the atm. on every surface with which it
comes in contact. Patm

Under Normal Condition: 1atm=101.325 kPa=10.34m H2O=760mm Hg

5.)Gage Pressure, pg: pressure measured by means of gages above or

pg
below the atm. level at sea level pg=0 pg =ȣh; Pressure Head; h= γ
6.)Absolute Pressure; Pabs
The pressure, measured above absolute zero at sea level, under
normal condition, absolute pressure is 101,325 kPa.
Pabs=Patm ± Pgage
7.)Vacuum: any space having a pressure less than the Patm.

Page | 8
8.)Variation of Pressure
P2=P1+Pg(1-2)=P1+ȣw.h=0+ȣw.h

Transmission of Pressure
G1G2=wt. of plungers
A1A2=Area of plungers
W=wt. of bigger plunger

Page | 9
 For Equilibrium of System
P2=P1+ȣh
w+G2 F +G1
A2
= A1
+¿ ȣh

Note:

1.)If the lower force of the plungers are at the same level; h=0 and G 1 and
G2 are both neglible: then
w F
A2 = A1

If the pressure 3m below the free surface of a fluid is 140 kPa, calculate the
specific wt. and sp.Gr.

Given:

LS 1

Liquid h

2 140kPa

Specific Wt. Specific Gravity

kN
46.67
γL m3
P2=P1 + Pg(1-2)=0+ȣL.h(1-2) SL= γw
= kN
=4.76
9.81 3
m

Page | 10
 kN
P2=140 m
2 =ȣL(3m)

kN
ȣL=46.67 m3

If the pressure at a point in the ocean is 1400 kPa, what is the pressure 30m
below this point? So=1.03

Given:
γo kN
Specific Gravity; So= γw
; ȣo=So(ȣw)=1.03(9.81)=10.10 m
3

N
P2=1400+Soȣw.h=1400kPa+(1.03)(9.81 m
3 )(30m)=1706.072 kPa

The pressure of air inside a tank is 90kPa, abs. Below air is oil (S=0.80) with
ho=2.0m. Determine the gage pressure at the bottom of oil, assume std.
atm.

For Oil: Po=ȣo.ho=So.ȣw.ho

N
Air Pabs=90kPa Pgo=(0.80)(9.81 m3
)(2.0m)

Oil ho=2.0 Pgo=15.70 kPa

Pgage at the bottom

For Air then: Pb=ƩP

Pabs=Patm ± Pgage =-11.325+15.70

90kPa=101.325 ± Pgage Pb=4.375 kPa

Pgage=-11.325 kPa

What force F is required to balance the weight of the cylinder if the balance
of the plunger is negligible.

Page | 11
P2=P1+ȣoho
W F
A = A +So.ȣw.ho
44 kN F
0.5 = 0.005 +(0.80)(9.81)(5.0)

F=0.24kN

Manometers – are pressure measuring devices

a.)Piezometer b.)U-Tube Manometer

Page | 12
c.) Difference Gage Manometer

The manometer is tapped to a pipeline carrying kerosene (s=0.72).

Determine the pressure at the pipe.

Page | 13
In terms of pressure head

ho=0
13.6
h1=0.9m Hg x 1.0 =12.24m H2O
0.72
h2=-0.8m kerosene x 1.0 =-0.576m H2O

hm=Ʃh=0+12.24-0.576=11.664m H2O

then: Pm=ȣw.hw=9.81(11.664)

Pm=114.42 kPa

Solve Pressure of each fluid

PHg=ȣw.hHg=SHg.ȣw.hHg

PHg=13.6(9.81)(0.9)=120.07 kPa

Pk =0.7(9.81)(-0.8)=-5.65 kPa

Pm=ƩP=120.07-5.65=114.42 kPa

Determine the gage reading of the manometer system show.

Page | 14
Pressure of Oil

Po=ȣo.ho=So.ȣw.ho

=(0.80)(9.81)(-0.80)

Po=-1.57 kPa at pt. x

Then: Pair=-1.57 kPa

Pressure of water

Pw=ȣw.hw=9.81(3)=29.43 kPa

Pgage=ƩP

Pgage=29.43+(-1.57)=27.86 kPa

Page | 15
PM 0.45 ( 13.6 ) P
+ y+ −0.45− y−1.2= N
γM 0.3 γN

γ M =γ N =0.3 γ w

69.08 P N 0.45 ( 13.6 )

− =1.2+0.45− =−18.75 m
γM γN 0.3

69.08−P N
=−18.75m
0.3 ( γ w )

PN =124.26 kN

Page | 16
Hydrostatic Pressure on Plane Surfaces: is the pdt. of the unit
pressure acting at the center of gravity of the cross-sectional area.

Unit Pressure of the HS.

P=ȣw.h
h
P=ȣw. sin θ sin θ=
y

Pressure of the HS h= y sin θ

dP= p .dA

dP=ȣw. ysinθ . dA

dP=ȣw. sin θ .∫ ydA

where: ∫ ydA =First Moment of Area

Page | 17
 ∫ ydA =A ȳ

Then: P=ȣw. sin θ Aȳ ≈ ȣw.ȳ sin θ .A

P=ȣw.ħ.A: Total Pressure

Where: ħ=Distance between cg of plane area and ws; m

A=Cross – Sectional Area; m

2

P=Total Pressure; N

Location of Center of Pressure

ƩMws=0

P.Yp= ∫ dP . y

Yp= ∫
y . dP
=
∫ y . γ w . y sin θ dA = ∫ y 2 . dA
P γ ȳ sin θ A w Aȳ

Where: ∫ y 2 . dA =2nd Moment of0 Area, Moment of Inertia

∫ y 2 . dA =Iws
Iws Ib
Then: yp= Ss = Aȳ ; Ib=M.I. w/respect to the base, Ss=Statical Moment

e=Distance between cg and cp

Icg
e= Ss ; Icg = MI w/respect to cg

Determine the total pressure and the location of the pressure.

Page | 18
Total Pressure

P=ȣw.ħ.A=9.81(3)(3x6)=529.74 kN

Location of P; If the surface is vertical, ȳ=ħ

3
bh 2
Ib bh3 b2 (6)
Yp= Ss = e = 3 bh . ȳ
= 3ȳ
= 3 (3)
=4m
Aȳ

Eccentricity
bh 3 bh3 2
1 ħcg h
ħ= 2 (6)+2=5m e= Ss = 12 = 12 = 12 ȳ
Aȳ bh . ȳ
2
6
P=ȣw.ħ.A e= 12(5)
=0.60m

Page | 19
P=9.81(2.5)(3x6) then: Yp=hp=ħ+e=5.60m

P=882.9 kN ∴ P is 5.60m fr. surface

The gate shown is hinged at B add rest on a smooth surface at A. If the gate
is 1.6m perpendicular to the paper, find Bh and Bv.
3
θ = tan −1 ( )
2 =56.31 °

2
2 (3.61)
h
e= 12 ȳ
= 12(
2.8
) =0.32 L= √ 32+ 22 =3.61
sin ( 56.31 )

F.B.D. of the gate

3
ħ= 2 +(1.31)=2.8m

Pw=ħ.ȣw.A=(2.8)(9.81)(1.6x3.61)=158.66 kN

For Bh: ƩFh=0

Bh=Ph=Pcos α =158.66 cos(33.69)=132.01 kN

For Bv: ƩMA=0

Bv(2)-3Bh+1.48P=0

Page | 20
Bv=80.61 kN

Gate AB is 2m wide. Determine the FH to hold the gate in equilibrium

2.48 2.86
ħ= 2 =1.24m ; ȳ= 2 =1.43m P=ȣw.ħ.A=9.81(1.24)
(2x2.86)=69.58 kN
0.6 x 0.8 y
2
2.86 2
dw=2+ sin 60 ° =2.48m e= 12 ȳ
= 12(1.43)
=0.48m

d
sin60 ° = y

2.48
y= sin60 ° =2.86m

F.B.D.

Page | 21
ƩMA=0

2.77FH=P(0.95) ; FH=23.86 kN

Hydrostatic Pressure on Curve Surfaces

Horizontal Components of P Resultant of P: P= √(P V

2
) +( P H )
2

PV
PH=ȣw.ħ.A Direction: =
−1
θ tan
PH

M' N '
PH=ȣw ( 2 )
+ y ( M ' N ' L' )

PH is at hp fr. ws.

Vertical Components of P

PV=W=ȣw.VMNOP

PV is located at cg of curve

The curved surfaced is the surface of the quadrant of a circular cylinder 4m

long. Determine the H and V component of the total hydrostatic pressure
on the surface and its location when a.) r=3m, z=0 ; b.)r=3m, z=2m

Page | 22
a.)

Hor. Components of P

PH=ȣw.ħ.A=9.81(1.5)(3x4)
2
PH=176.58 kN; location hp= 3
(3) =2m

∴ PH is at 2m fr. ws.

Ver. Components of P
4r 4(3)
PV=ȣw.Vc → A.L x= 3π = 3π
=1.27m

π r2
PV=ȣw ( )4
L ∴ PV is at 1.27m fr. pt. A

PV=9.81 [ ]
π ( 3 )2
4
( 4)

PV=277.32 kN

Page | 23
b.)

3
PH=ȣw.ħ.A=9.81 ( +2)(3 x 4)
2

PH=412.02 kN
b
2
32
e= 12 ȳ
= 12(3.5)
=0.21m

hp=ħ+e=3.5+0.21=3.71

PV=ȣw.Vw=ȣw.Wr+Wc

PV=ȣw.Vr + ȣw.Vc

[ )]
2
PV=9.81 (3 x 2 x 4 )+ ( π . 3 .4
4

PV=512.81 kN

ƩMA=0

PVxp=ƩW.x

512.81 xp = 1.5WR + 1.27WC

xp=1.38m from A

Page | 24
The sector gate shown, consist of cylindrical surface of which AC is a trace,
supported by structural by frame hinged at 0. At the length of gate is 3m.
Determine the value of P acting on the gate and its location.

Y=2sin60=1.73m

PH=ȣw.ħ.A=9.81 ( 1.732 )(1.73 x 3)

PH=44.04 kN
2
hp= 3
( 1.73 ) =1.15m

PV=ȣw.Vw=9.81(0.5)(3)

PV=14.72 kN
∴ P= √ 44.04 2+14.722 By R & P
a 0.58
P=46.43 kN PH = PV ; a =1.74

∴ P is 0.58 from ∆ and 1.7m from 0.

Page | 25
HOOP TENSION FOR CIRCULAR PIPES AND TANKS
εFH=0

2T=P

2 δT At= P•A

2 δT (t x 1)= P (d x 1)
pd
δT= 2t tensile stress of the wall
pd
t= 2δt = thickness of wall

2T = P

2 (δH • AH) = PA

2δH AH = P (d • s)

Spacing of hoops
2δ H A H
S= Pd

Page | 26
Determine the wall stress in a 1200mm steel pipe 6mm thick under a head
of 120m of oil(S=0.82)

Given:

d= 1200mm

t= 6mm

h=120m

So=0.82

Recq:

δw=?

Solution:
pd ( So • γo •ho ) d
Wall stress : δw= 2t = 2t

0.82
¿
kN
9.81 •120 m
δw= m
(¿)1.20m
¿
¿
kN
δw=96,560.40 m
≈ 96.50 Mpa

Page | 27
What is the minimum allowance thickness for a 60mm steel pipe under an
interval pressure of 860 kPa with a working stress of 70 Mpa?

Given:

Sw =70 Mpa

Pi= 860 kPa

d= 60mm

Recq:

t=?

Solution:
pd
δw= 2t

0.86 Mpa
¿
0.6 m
70 Mpa = (¿)
¿
¿
3
10 mm
t=3.69x −3
10 m x
m

t= 3.69mm

A wood stave pipe is bound by steel rods which take the entire bursting
stress. Find the proper spacing for 25mm round steel rods for a 1800mm
wood stave pipe under a head of 10m of H20 if the working stress in the
steel is 105 Mpa.

Given:

ds= 25mm – 0.025m

Gs= 10 Mpa – 105,000kPa

dw= 1800mm

hw= 10m

Page | 28
Recq:

s=?

Solution:
2δ H A H
S= Pd

As= πr
2

As= π (0.0125)2

As= 4.91 x 10 m
2

4.91 x 10
kN (¿ ¿−4 m2 )
(
2 105,000 2
)
m 9.81 kN (1.8 m)
m2
S=¿

S=¿ 0.58m

P= γw •h

kN
P=9.81 (10 m)
m3

kN
P=9.81
m2

Page | 29
A cylindrical tank having a vertical axis, is 2m ø and 4m high. Its sides are
held in position by means of 2steel hoops one at the top and one at the
bottom. What is the tensile force in its hoop when the tank is filled wt oil
(S=0.80)?

P= γw •ho • A

P = (0.8)(9.81)(2)(2x4)

P = 125.57kN

Page | 30
DAMS
Dams are structure that block the flow of a river, stream or other waterway.
They are built for the purpose of impounding water.

Purpose of a Dam

1. Irrigation and Drinking water

2. Power supply ( hydroelectric )

3. Navigation

4. Flood Control

5. Multi Purpose

Explanation :

1. Some dams divert the flow of a river into a pipeline, canal or channel.

2. Many dams harness the energy of falling water to generate electricity

power.

3. Other dams raise the level of inland H2O ways to make them
navigation by ships and barges.

4. Dams also hold water for drinking and crop irrigation and provides
flood control.

5. Dams are also used for recreation like fishing, water ski.

Page | 31
Analysis of Gravity Dam
Since the water level is raised on the upstream side, the dam is subject to
hydrostatic forces which tend to .

1. Slide the dam horizontally on its foundation.

2. Overturn it about its downstream edge or toe.

These tendencies are resisted by;

1. Friction on the base of the dam, assisted by modern practice by laying

the base of a masonry dam into the bedrock.

2. Gravitational forces which produce moment opposite in direction to

the overturning dam to the bed rock.

Because of the raised water level on the upstream force there is a tendency
for the H2O to seep under the dam and escape at the lower level on the
downstream side. The dam exerts hydrostatic uplift on the base.

Effects of hydrostatic uplift.

1. Reduces the stability against sliding

2. Reduces the stability against overturning

3. Reduces the total earth or rock.

Page | 32
FORCES ACTING ON DAMS
1. Pressure on the upstream

P= γw • Ћ•A

2. Pressure in the downstream face

PH = γw • Ћ•A

Pv = γw V

3. Weight of water impose on the dam (overturning dam).

W ω = γw V

Page | 33
 4. Dynamic pressure due to velocity of approach.
γw V 2
Pa = 2g

5. Pressure due to silt dissimulation (acting normal to the surface).

Rankine formula on retaining walls

γsh s2 (1−sin ∝)
Ps = 2(1+sin ∝)

Page | 34
Where;
N
γs=unit weight of silt ,14,150
m3

∝=angle of repose of silt

hs=height of fill above thebase .

Note.

Angle of repose is the steepest angle of descent of dip relative to the

horizontal plane to which a mat’l can be piled without slumping.
∝=¿ angle of repose of silt

hs = heighty of fill above the base

Note:

Angle of repose is the steepest angle of descent of dip relative to the

horizontal plane to which a mat’l can be pilled with slumping.
∝ = tan
−1
of the coeff. Of static friction μs between the surface.

6. Pressure due to earthquake (applied at the center of structure).

w
Pe = g
• aL

Page | 35
Where;

aL= Lateral acceleration due to earthquake to tropical zone aL is assumed to

be 0.2g
w
Pe = g
(0.20 g)

Pe = 0.2w

7. Uplift pressure due to impervious strata ( μ ) proportional to the height

of the water level at the upstream and downstream face of the dam.
μ=¿ γw • Ћ•B

8. Weight of dam

W= γμ • Vμ

Page | 36
Where;
N
γμ=23,540 3
m

Pressure Distribution at the base of the dam.

1. Resultant at the middle of the base

R
R=PB(1); P= B

Page | 37
 2. Resultant at the middle threads nearer the toe

P+O PB
R= 2
( B )( 1 ) = 2

2R
P= B ; twice the average pressure
B B
e= 6 ; x= 3

B
Rc • R 6ℜ R R
Pmax= R
+ 3
2 = +
B B
= B
(1+ δe) ; Pmin= B
−(1+δe )
B(1) B /12

B
c= 2 -x

Note: - stress → compressive stress

+ stress → tensile stress

Factors of safety against overturning

Page | 38
FSo= [ ∑ RM
∑OM ] > 1.0 except moment of foundation reaction

FSo ranges from 2 to 3

Factors of safety against sliding

Caused by silt and water pressure which are resisted by frictional force Ff
Ff
FSs= ∑ Fh > 1.0 where: μ =coefficient of static frictional
that ranges from 0.65 to 0.75
μRv
= R+ 1

Note: Conservative Gravity dam section

FSs=1.5 reduces to 1.2 caused by uplift force.

In practice to attain the resistance in maintaining the stability of a gravity

dam against sliding

Measures are taken to step the foundation and to ensure stronger bond
between concrete and rock

Page | 39
Page | 40
A masonry dam has a trapezoidal section, one face is vertical, width at the
top is 60cm and the bottom is 3m. The dam is 3.6m high with the vertical
face subjected to water pressure. If the depth of the H2O is 5m, where will
the resultant force intersect the base? Draw the pressure distribution along
the base

a.)Assume no hydrostatic uplift, b.) Assume hydrostatic uplift varies

uniformly from full at the heel and zero at the toe weight of masonry is
kN
23.54 m3

Water Pressure ; L=1.0m

P= γ w • Ћ• A

Pw=9.81(2.5)(1x5)

Pw=122.63 kN
1
y= 3
(5) =1.67m

weight of dam

WR= γw• V

WR=23.54(0.6x1x7) m
3

Page | 41
WR=98.87kN

WT= γ µ •V T

kN 1
WT= (23.54 )( ( 2.4 ) ( 1 )( 7 ))
m3 2

WT=197.74Kn

Resultant Ry:

εFV=0

Ry=εW=296.61kN

Resisting Moment

RM=WR(2.7)+WT(1.60)

RM=583.33kN•m

Overturning Moment

OM=Pw(1.67)

OM=204.79kN•m

Locate Ry:

Ry•X=RM-OM

X=1.28m

Page | 42
ₒ⁰ₒ Ry is 1.28 from the toe of dam.

Pressure distribution at the base.

e= 1.5-1.28=0.22m
Ry 6e kN
pmax= B (
1+
B
=142.37 2
m )
Ry 6e
pmin= B (
1−
B )
=55.37 kPa

Problem Sets - 1

N
A certain gas weighs 16 m
3 at a certain temperature and
pressure. What are the values of its density, specific volume, and
N
specific gravity relative to air weighing 12 m3

a.) For Density

N
16
γ m3
ρ = g = m
9.81 2
s

kg
ρ =1.63 m3

b.) For Specific Volume

1
1
V= ρ = 1.64
kg
m3
3
m
V=0.61 kg

Page | 43
c.)For Specific Gravity
N
16
γs m3
S= γw = N
12 3
m

S=1.33

The density of alcohol is 790 kg /m . Calculate its specific weight,

3

specific gravity and specific volume.

a.) For Specific Weight
kg m
γ = ρ.g =790 m3(9.81 2
s )
N
7749.9 kN
γ = m3 =7.75 m
3
1000

b.) For Specific Gravity

kN
7.75
γ m3
S= γw = kN =0.79
9.81 3
m

c.)For Specific Volume

1
1
V= ρ = 790
kg =1.27x10-3m3/kg
m3

Page | 44
At a depth of 8km in the ocean the pressure is 82.26Mpa. Assume
the specific weight at the surface to be 10.10kN/m3 and that the
average bulk modulus is 2344MPa for that pressure range, a.)
what will be the change in specific volume bet. that at the surface
and at the depth? b.) what will be the specific volume at that
depth? c.) what will be specific weight at the depth?
kN
10.10 (1000 )
γ m3 kN
a.) ρ1 = g = m
ρ2 = γ .h =10.10 m3
( 1000 ) ( 8000 )
9.81 2
s

kg
ρ1 =1029.6 m3
ρ2 =80.80MPa

∆V =3.3x10-5m3/kg
1
1
b.) V= ρ = 1043
kg
m3

V=9.5x10-4m3/kg
ρ 82.26(106)
c.) γ = h = 8000 =1039.9N/m3

Page | 45
 N .s
If the dynamic viscosity of water at 20 ℃ is 1x10-3 m2
, what is
the kinematic viscosity in the English unit.
kg . m. s
1 x 1 0−3
m2 s2
V= kg
1000 3
m
2 2
-6 m 3.28 ft
V=1x10 s
x ( 1m )
V=1.08x10-5 f2/s

Page | 46
The kinematic viscosity of 1f2/s is equivalent to how many
strokes? (1 strokes= 1cm2/s).
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 ft 2 (12 inch )2 (2.54 cm )2
s
x 1 ft 2
x 1 inch 2
=929.03 strokes

Page | 47
A volume of 450 liters of a certain fluids weighs 3.50kN. Compute
the mass density. (1m3=1000L).
1 m3
450 L x 1000 L
=0.45 m3
γ 3.5 ( 1000 )
ρ = gv = 9.81 ( 0.45 )

ρ =729.84 kg/m3

Page | 48
Oil of specific gravity = 0.80 is being pumped. A pressure gage
located downstream of the pump reads 280kPa. What is the
pressure head in meter of oil?
280 kPa
P
h= = kg
γw.S ( )
9.81 3 ( 0.80 )
m

h=35.68 m

Page | 49
The pressure of the air inside a tank containing air and water is
20kPa absolute. Determine the gage pressure at a point 1.5m
below the water surface. Assume STD. ATM. Pressure.
Pabs=20+1.5(9.81)
Pabs=34.72 kPa
Pabs=Patm ± Pgage
34.72=101.325 ± Pgage
Pgage=66.61 kPa

Page | 50
A vertical circular gate 1m in ∅ is subjected to pressure of liquid
of specific gravity 1.40 on one side. The pipe surface of the liquid
is 2.60m above the upper most part of the gate. Calculate the
total force on the gate and the location of the center of pressure.
Ig ( 0.5 )2
P= γw .ħ.A e= Aȳ = 4 ( 3.1 )
=0.02m

P=9.81(1.4)(3.1) π (0.5)2
P=33.44 kN

Page | 51
A horizon tunnel having a diameter of 3m is closed by a vertical
1 3
gate. When the tunnel is a.) 2 Full, b.) 4 full of water,
determine the magnitude and location of the total force.

a.)
1
2 Full P= γw . ħ.A=9.81 [ π (1.5 )2
2 ]( 0.64 ) =22.19 kN
4r 4 ( 1.5 )
ħ= 3π = 3π

ħ=0.64m

b.) ħ=
1.5+ 0.64
2 =1.08m P= γw . ħ.A=9.81 [ 3 π ( 1.5 )2
4 ]
( 1.08 ) =56.17 kN
4
Ig 0.1098 ( 1.5 )
e= Aȳ = 3.53 ( 0.64 )
hp=ħ+e=0.64+0.25=0.89m

e=0.25m

Page | 52
In fig. C is a parabolic segment submerged vertically in water,
determine the magnitude and location of the total force on one
face of the area.
8 (3) ( 3 )2
Ig 175
P= γw .ħ.A e= Aȳ = 2 ( 3 ) (3 )
=0.34m
(1.8)
3

P=9.81(1.8)(2/3)(3)(3) hp=ħ+e=1.8+0.34=2.14m
P=105.95 kN ∴ Location of P at 2.14m fr. the ws.

Page | 53
A sliding gate 3m wide by 1.60m high is in a vertical position. The
coefficient of friction between the gate and guides is 0.20. If the
gate weighs 18kN and its upper edge is 10m below the water
surface, what vertical force is required to lif it? Neglect the
thickness of the gate.
P= γw . ħ . A Pf= μN

P=9.81(1.6)(10.8) Pf=0.2(508.55)
P=508.55kN Pf=101.71kN
ƩFv=0
Pv= γw +Pf
Pv=18.0+101.71
Pv=119.71kN

Page | 54
The upper edge of a vertical trapezoidal gate is 1.60m long and
plush w/the water surface. The two edges are vertical and
measure 2m & 3m, respectively. Calculate the force and location
of the center of pressure on one side of the gate.
1
h= ( 1 )+ 2
3

h=2.33 m

PT =9.81 ( 12 ( 1) (1.6 )( 2.33 ))

PT =18.29

1
h= =1 m
2

Pr=9.8 ( 1.6 ) ( 2 )( 1 )

PR =31.39

PR =18.29+31.39

PT =49.68

3 3 2 2
bh bh h 2
eR = = = = =0.33
12 Ay 12 bhy 12 y 12 ( 1 )

How far below the water surface is it necessary to immerse a

vertical plane surface, 1m square, two edges of w/c are horizontal
so that the center of pressure will be located 2.50m below the
center of gravity?

Page | 55
 2
h
e= 12
ħ

12
0.025= 12 ħ
−0.5

ħ=2.83m

The width of the Fig. G normal to the paper is 3m. What vertical
force must be applied at “a” to prevent collapse when h=6m?
Neglect weight of the gate, what is stress in strut bc?

Page | 56
The gate of Fig. H is hinged at A and rest on a smooth surface face
at B. The gate is circular having a ∅ of 3m. Determine the value
of the vertical force P that will open the gate at B.

Page | 57
h=1.6+ ( 1.5 )=3.1 m ∑ MH =0

P (2.12 )=F( 1.37) ρ=S γ A h

122.5(1.37)
P=
2.1

P=80 k ρ=0.80(9.81)(3.1)
ρ=24.3288 3 cos ( 45 )=2.1 m=¿

2
12¿ =122.5
ρ=24.3288 π¿
F=17.33 ¿

I
e= ∑ MH =0
Ay

r ¿4
π¿
¿
1 P (2.12 )=F( 1.37)
¿
4
e=¿

r2
e= P=80 kN
4 (3.1)

e=0.13

y=3.1+0.13

y=3.23

a
cosθ=
h

3 cos ( 45 )=2.1 m=x

Page | 58
What depth of water will cause the rectangular gate Fig. I to fall?
Neglect weight of the gate.
h
0.5 h Ig h2 sin60
ħ= sin60 →eq. 1 e= Aȳ = = 0.5 h → eq. 3
12 ȳ 12( sin 60 )
P= γw . ħ . A

P=9.81 ( sinh60 ) ( 2.6) ( sin0.560h ) → eq. 2

ƩMA=0

P ( sinh60 − sin0.560h + 0.19 h

sin 60 ) =22.5 ( 0.5 )

5.95h3=112.5
h=2.66m

Page | 59
End AB of Fig. N has a section in the shape of a quadrant if the
tank has a length of 3m. Determine the total force acting on the
end AB.

Page | 60
The hemisphere dome of Fig. P surmounts a close tank containing
a liquid of S.G.=0.75 the gate indicates 60kPa. Determine the
tension holding the bolts in place.
P= γ . S.h
w T= γ .V.S=9.81(39.23)
(0.75)=288.63kN
60kPa=9.81kN/m3(0.75)(h)
h=8.15
4 π r3
V= πr
2
.h- 6

4 π ( 1.5 )3
V= 2
π ( 1.5 ) ( 8.15 ) −
6

V=39.23m3

Page | 61
An open cylindrical wood stave tank contains three liquids with
specific gravities 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The depth of the
bottom liquid is 2m, while the other two has a depth of 1m each.
If the diameter of the container is 2m determine the tension in
the top and bottom hoops which are holding the container in
place.
SOLUTION:
P1=0 F1=1/2( P 2)(2)(1)

P2=P1 +γ A ħ A F1=2 γ

P2=0+ (2 γ ) ( 1 )=2 γ F2 =4 γ

P3=P2 +γ B ħ B F3 =20 γ

P3=2 γ + ( 3 γ )( 1 )=5 γ F5 =16 γ

P4 =P 3+ γ C ħC

P4 =5 γ + ( 4 γ ) ( 2 )=13 γ

Ʃ M TOP=0

377 (9.81)
T2= =154.10 kN
24

Page | 62
FINALS
Principles of Archimedes
Any floating is acted by an uplift force equal to the weight if the displaced
fluid.

Page | 63
A rectangular show 4.6m wide by 9.8m having vertical sides and ends,
weighs 40.73kg. What is its draft in fresh water?

ƩFv=0

BF=Ws

ȣw.VD=40.73kg
kg
1000 3
[ ( 4.6 ) D ( 9.81 ) m2 ] =40.73kg
m

40.73
D= 1000 (4.6)(9.8)
m

D=0.0009m ≈ 0.9m

Page | 64
If a metal sphere 60cm diameter weighs 11,120N in air, what should be its
weighs when submerged in H2O?

Given: Ww=11,120N

Required: WA=Apparent Weight or Weight in Liquid

Solution: WA=Wa – BF

WA=Wa - ȣw.VD

WA=Wa - ȣw [ ] =11,120-9810 [
4 πr 3
3
N 4π
3
m 3 ]
( 0.3 )3 m3

WA=10,010.52N

The base of a solid metal cone(s=6.85) is 25cm diameter. The attitude of the
cone is 30cm. If the placed in a basin containing Hg(s=13.6) with the apex
of the cone down, how deep will the cone float?

x 12.5
D = 30 ƩFv=0

x =0.42D BF=Wc

Scr2h=SHg.x2D

(6.95)(0.125)2(0.3)=13.6[(0.42)D]D2
2
3 (6.95) ( 0.125 ) ( 0.3)
D= 2 =0.014 ; D3= √3 0.014 =0.24m
(13.6)(0.42)

Page | 65
Stability of Floating
a.)Upright Position

S
b.)Due to Wind Action sin θ = MBo ; S=MBo. sin θ

Couple: W.X=BF.X x=GM sin θ

M=Metacenter
GM=Metacentric Height

Moment of Ship = Moment of ∆ Wedge

Page | 66
 BFo.S = BFw.L For Rectangle:
ȣw.VD.S = ȣw.VW.L MBo=
B2
12 D [
1+
tan 2 θ
2 ]
V w. L
S= VD GM=MBo ± GBo
V w. L
MBo sin θ =
VD
If M is above to G: -
V w, L
MBo= V D sin θ If M is below to G: +
If θ is =0 RM or OM = BF.x
V w. L
MBo= VDθ
= ȣw.VD.GMsin θ

Approx.
I
MBo= VD

A rectangular scow 9.15m wide by 15.25m long and 3.65m high has draft of
2.4m in sea water(s=1.03). Its cg is 2.75m above the bottom of the scow

a.)Determine the metacentric height (initial)

b.)If the scow tilts until one of its longitudinal sides is just at the point of
submerged, determine the moment developed.

Solution:

a.)Vertical Position; L=15.25m

GBo=1.53m θ =0
[ ]
2 2
B tan θ
MBo= 12 D
1+
2
2
(9.15)
MBo= 12(2.44)
[ 1 ] =2.86m

Page | 67
 Approx.
I bh3 (15.25)(9.15)2
MBo= VD = 12(bDL)
= 12 [ ( 9.15)(2.44)(15.25) ]
=2.86m
Initial Metacentric Height
M is above G
GM=MBo – Gbo
GM=2.86 – 1.533
GM=1.33m

b.)At some < from the horizontal

1.21
θ =tan-1 4.575 =14.81

[ ]
2 2
(9.15) tan (14.81)
MBo= 12(2.44)
1+
2

MBo=2.96m

Check:
1
VL (4.575∗1.21∗15.25)(6.1)
MBo= V D sin θ = 2 =2.96m
(340.47 ) sin ⁡( 14.81)

Final Gm=MBo-GBo=2.96-1.53=1.43m

Since M is above G, a RM was developed

Page | 68
RM=BF.X=So.ȣw.VD.GMsin θ

RM=1.03(9.81)[340.47](1.43)sin(14.81)

RM=1257.50 kN.m

TRANSLATION & ROTATION OF LIQUID MASSES

Page | 69
Relative Equilibrium

If every particle of a liquid mass is in equilibrium and at rest w/ respect to

every other particle to every other particle and to the containing vessel, but
the whole mass including the vessel, has uniformly accelerated motion
relative to the earth, then we say that the liquid mass is in relative
equilibrium.

Horizontal Motion of Liquid Masses

1.)Liquid masses moving horizontally w/ uniform motion that is w/o acc.,

maintain a horizontal surface.

2.)Liquid masses moving horizontally, w/ constant acceleration “a” have

their surfaces inclined

Page | 70
 F I ma
tan θ= =
W mg

a a
;
−1
tan θ= θ=tan
g g

Where:

a=Linear Acceleration

Therefore, the surface and all planes at equal hydrostatic pressure must be
inclined at their angle θ w/ the horizontal.

Page | 71
Vertical Motion of Liquid Masses

For a liquid mass moving vertically, the surface always remain horizontal.
The unit pressure “P” at any point in the liquid at depth “h” is given by the
formula.

Forces acting at a point “h” below the w.s.

ƩFv=0 Note: + = upward motion

F=W+FI - = downward motion

w
PA=ȣw+m.a γ=
V

M
PA=ȣAh+ ρ .V.a ρ=
V

PA=ȣAh+ ρ .Ah.a γ =ρ . g

P=
γ
γh + ( h ) ( a )
g ;P= [
h γ+
aγ
g ] P= ( )
γh 1 ±
a
g

Page | 72
Inclined Motion
Consider a mass of liquid being accelerated upwards at an indication α

w/ the horizontal so that

ma x
tan θ=
ma y + mg Note: + = upward motion

ax ax
tan θ= =
ay + g ± ay + g
- = downward motion

A vessel containing liquid moves horizontally along a straight line. What is

the form of the liquid surface when the vessel moves with.

a.)A constant velocity of 3m/s?

b.)A constant acceleration of 3m/s2?

Solution:

Page | 73
 a
tan θ=
g

θ=tan −1 ( 9.813 )=17°

An open rectangular tank mounted on a truck is 5m long, 2m wide and
2.5m high is filled w/ H2O to a depth of 2m, a.) what max. acc. can be
imposed on the tank w/o spilling H2O, b.) determine the acc. force on the
liquid mass, c.) if the acc. is increased to 6m/s 2, how much H2O is spilled
out?
a 0.5
a.) tan θ= =
g 2.5
a 0.5
=
9.81 2.5
m
a=1.96 2
s

Page | 74
b.)PR
1
¿ p . A=( 9.81 ) ( 2.5 )
2 [ ]
( 2 x 2.5 ) =61.31 kN
)[ ]
1
PF ¿ p . A=( 9.81 ) ( 1.5 2 (2 x 1.5 ) =22.07 kN
F ¿ m. a
F ¿ ρ.v.a
kg m
F ¿ 1000
m 3 (
( 2 x 2 x 5 ) m3 1.96 2
s )
39200
F ¿
1000 N
¿ 39.20 kN

2.5 6
c.) tan θ= =
x 9.81
x=4.09 m
1
V Tr= ( 2.5 x 2.4 .09 )=10.225
2 m3
V R =2 x 5 x 2.5=25
V T =V R −V Tr =25−10.225=14.775 m3

Page | 75
ROTATING VESSEL

2 2
v w
h=
2
x g
; height of parabola

s=rθ

Page | 76
 v =rw

a=rα

r2
h=
2g
2
πr h
V sw =πr 2 . H−
2

πr 2
V sw =
2

C ma a rw2
tan θ= = = =
W mg g g
2 2
dh rw
dr
=
s
; ∫ dh=∫ rw2 g. dr

An open cylindrical tank 0.60m ∅ and 1.2m high is half full of H2O. If it is
rotated about its vertical axis so that H2O just reach the top, find the speed
of rotation, what will then be the max. pressure in the tank? If the H2O is
1.0m deep, what speed will caused the H2O to just reach the top? What is
the depth of H2O at the center?

Given: h=1.m

r=0.3m

solution:

a.)Speed of Rotation

w=

w=16.17
√
h .2 g
r
2
=

rad
sec
√ ( 1.2 m ) 19.81 m2

( 0.3 m)
2
( s )

P=γ w ( 1.2 m) =11.77 kPa

Page | 77
Max. Pressure in the Tank
P=γ w . h=9.81 ( 1.2 )=11.77 kPa

If height of H2O is 1.0m; w=?

w=
√ 2 g.h
r 2
=
√
2 ( 9.81 ) ( 0.4 )
( 0.3 )
2

rad
w=9.34
sec

What speed of rotation is necessary to expose one-half of the bottom

diameter.

Page | 78
By Equation of Parabola
x 12 x 2
=
h y

( 0.3 )2 ( 0.15 )2
=
1.2+ y y

y=0.4 m

h=1.6 m

Speed

w=
√ 2 g.h
r 2
=
√
2 ( 9.81 ) (1.6 )
( 0.3 )
2

rad
w=18.68
sec

Problem Sets
FINALS

Page | 79
A rectangular solid piece of wood 30 cm square and 5 cm thick
floats in water to depth of 3.25 cm. How heavy an object must be
placed on the wood (Sp. Gr. 0.50) in such a way that it will just be
submerged?
w=9810( 0.3)( 0.3)(0.0175)

w=15.45 N

The Sp. Gr. of rock used as concrete aggregate is ofen desirable

to know. If a rock weighed 6.15 N in the air and 3.80 N when

Page | 80
submerged in water, what would be the specific gravity of the
rock?
W =Wa−Ww

W =6.15 – 3.8

(9810)V =2.35
−4 3
V =2.4 × 10 m

6.15
S= ( 2.4 ×10−4 )=2.62
9810

Wa 6.15
S .W = =
v 2.4 × 10−4

S .W =25625 N / m3

A sphere 1m in diameter floats half submerged in a tank of liquid

(S=0.80) (a) What is the minimum weight of the anchor (S=2.40)
that will require to submerge the sphere completely?
(a)

Page | 81
 F=W

0.5 ¿3
4
π¿
3
1
¿
2
W =0.80(9.81)¿

W =2.05 kN

(b)
BF =W S +W A

0.5¿ 3
π ¿=2.05+2.40 ( 9.81 ) ( v )
4
¿
3
0.80 ( 9.81 ) ¿
3
0.5 ¿
4
π ¿+ 0.80 ( 9.81 ) ( v a )=2.05+ 2.40(9.81)(v )
3
0.80 ( 9.81 ) ¿

0.5 ¿ 3
π ¿−2.05
4
¿
3
−0.80 ( 9.81 )( v )+ 2.40 ( 9.81 )( v )=0.80 ( 9.81 ) ¿

2.40 ( 9.81 ) V a−0.8 ( 9.81 ) ( V a ) =2.06

2.06
V a=
2.40 ( 9.81 )−0.8 ( 9.81 )

V a=0.13

An iceberg has a specific gravity of 0.92 and floats in salt water

(Sp. Gr. 1.03). If the volume of ice above the water surface is 700
cu.m, what is the total volume of the iceberg?

Page | 82
A concrete cube 60 cm on each edge (Sp. Gr. 2.40) rests on the
bottom of a tank in which sea water stands to a depth of 5 m. The
bottom edges of the block are sealed off so that no water is

Page | 83
admitted under the block. Find the vertical pull required to lif
the block.

A 15 cm by 15 cm by 7 m long timber weighing 6280 N/cu.m is

hinged at one end and held in horizontal position by an anchor at

Page | 84
the other end as shown in Fig. AA. If the anchor weighs 23450
N/cu.m, determine the minimum total weight it must have.
W T =6280 ( 0.15 ) ( 0.15 ) ( 7 )

W T =989.1

W A =23540( v)

∑ MH =0

−3.5 ( W T ) +7 ( W A )=0

−3.5 ( 989.1 ) +7 ( 23540 )( v )=0

3.5(989.1)
v=
7 (23540)

v =0.02

W A =23540 ( v )

W A =23540 ( 0.02 )

W A =470.8 N

A vertical cylinder tank, open at the top, contains 45.50 cu.m of

water. It has a horizontal sectional area of 7.40 sq.m and its sides
are 12.20 m high. Into its lowered another similar tank, having a
sectional area of 5.60 sq.m and a height of 12.20 m. The second
tank is inverted so that its open end is down, and it is allowed to

Page | 85
rest on the bottom of the first. Find the maximum hoop tension in
the outer tank. Neglect the thickness of the inner tank.
A 1=7.40 m2 A 2=5.60 m2 H=12.20 m

P= pA=γ w V

V 45.50
h= = =8.125
A2 5.60

A T =A 1− A 2
2
A T =7.40−5.60=1.8 m

∑ ME=0

h h
γ w V ∙ =σ H AT ∙
2 2

9.81 ( 45.50 ) ( 8.125

2 ) =σ ( 1.8 ) (
h
12.20
2 )

8.125
9.81(45.50)( )
2
σ H=
12.20
( )(1.8)
2

σ H =135.15 kN

Page | 86