Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Division of Cagayan
GONZAGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

PERCEIVED EFFECTS OF ENGLISH MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION ON

MAJOR SUBJECTS IN SECONDARY EDUCATION
OF GRADE 10 STUDENTS IN GNHS
_____________________

A Research Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of the
Gonzaga National High School,
Gonzaga, Cagayan

_____________________

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements in English

_____________________

by

Cristine Joy Sablay

Jasmin Ocon
Christian Macalipis
Evelyn Benosa
Maricel Ragasa
Randolph Rialubin
Jayvee Samortin
Chrizele Reguis
Aiza Reguis

January 2020
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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Division of Cagayan
GONZAGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Title Page ...................................................................................................... i

Approval Sheet..................................................................................................... ii

Acknowledgement ............................................................................................... iii

Dedication ...................................................................................................... iv

Table of Contents ................................................................................................. v

List of Tables ...................................................................................................... ----

List of Figures ...................................................................................................... ----

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED .................

LITERATURE .......................................................................... 1

Background of the Study ............................................................. 1

Review of Related Literature and Studies ................................... 3

Conceptual Framework ................................................................ 9

Statement of the Problem ............................................................. 10

Hypothesis.................................................................................... 10

Scope and Limitation ................................................................... 11

Significance of the Study ............................................................. 11

Definition of Terms...................................................................... 13

Chapter 2 METHODS AND PROCEDURES ........................................... 14

Research Design .......................................................................... 14

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Division of Cagayan
GONZAGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Research Participants .................................................................. 15

Research Instruments ................................................................... 15

Data Gathering Procedure ............................................................ 16

Data Analysis ............................................................................... 16

REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 19

APPENDIX…….............................................................. ................................ 21

A. Letter of Permission to Conduct the Study ....................... 21

B. Survey Questionnaire ........................................................ 22

CURRICULUM VITAE……......................................................................... 28

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Division of Cagayan
GONZAGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction

The vast spread of English gave a great impact on language policies all over the world.

In the Philippines, in order to participate in the globalized world where English has

become the language of business, communication, science and academia, the country

found it necessary to reform its educational systems.

The K-12 Curriculum was being implemented under the Department of Education

(DepEd) along with the English Medium Instruction (EMI) Policy where English is being

used as a primary language of learning particularly in Secondary Education.

The implementation of EMI gave a great impact on students and teachers. Many of

them encountered difficulty in understanding their lesson and articulating ideas using

English language. In addition to this, teachers noticed that students who have low

proficiency level on language skills are likely to have low chance for gaining high grades.

Educators agree that proficiency in the English language is the basis for success in

academic pursuits. Reading, writing, and working with numbers are tasks that are based

on language skills.

In situations like: stating a speech infront of your classmates and your teacher can

lowers self-confidence of a student, for the student will be conscious of what word will
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Department of Education
Division of Cagayan
GONZAGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

he/she say,especially during delivering imprompt speech. Its hard to avoid grammar

errors when a student lack in English language proficiency.

Indeed, language proficiency is a key to academic performance. A person who does

not know English, for instance, may not have access to the world’s known scientific and

technological discoveries that are predominantly written in English. This means that

students need to be proficient in English for a better grasp of knowledge in Technology,

Science, and Mathematics.

Language proficiency in English is significantly related to academic performance.

Academic subjects like Science, Mathematics and English often requires the use of

language functions. The language functions play a significant role in critical and

analytical thinking required in science and mathematics subjects. The more language

functions with which students are adept, the more effective their thinking can be.Thus,

the more the students are proficient with the English language, the more they are likely to

perform well in their academic subjects. Relative to the said claim, the DepEd. Asserts

that students’ proficiency in Science and Mathematics has a relationship with their

language proficiency in English and majority of the students had not really mastered the

different learning areas in Mathematics.

In Mathematics, the students are poor in solving problems or even in interpreting and

analyzing data. They a real so weak in terms of manipulating numbers and equations.

Likewise, they are weak in thinking conceptually and spatially. Indeed, their analytical,

critical and problem-solving skills are poor.

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GONZAGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

English is very vital as a tool in comprehension, analysis, evaluation, and

interpretation of results. Multifarious interventions have been made to address such claim

and assertion. However, still a lot of students struggle in Science, Mathematics and

English.

Based on the experiences and observations of the researchers studying in Gonzaga

National High School (GNHS), the students normally refuse or react negatively when

given literary pieces and novels for home-reading reports and compositions and analysis

for submission. This is true to most, if not all, experiences of the language teachers also

in the said institution. They say that the students have difficulty in articulating their ideas,

analyzing problem sets and applying theory in given situations.

Generally, the students complain that they could hardly understand a language that

is not native to them even they try all the means to learn it. To them, even how competent

their teachers are in the language, still they could hardly attain high academic

performance in proficiency in the language.

These observations relative to the use of English language as a medium of instruction

in major subjects of secondary education prompted the researchers to conduct this study.

Particularly, this research will assess the perceptions of students about the effects of EMI

in their everyday learning particularly in the major subjects: English, Mathematics and

Science.
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Department of Education
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GONZAGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Review of Related Literature (RRL)

The English language is one of the most geographically widely spoken languages in the

world and serves multiple purposes in a rapidly globalizing world. Its wide use

extends from politics and economy to technology, science, media and communication. Its

mastery opens doors to more information than the mastery of any other language. The

importance of English language learning and its usage as a medium of instruction divides

opinions. While some prefer using English as a medium of instruction as opposed to the

mother tongue, others are suspicious of English language learning from an early age.

The policy shifts have reflected contemporary concerns on the one hand to promote

national unity through the national language as the medium of instruction and on the

other hand to advance Malaysian economic development in response to globalization

through EMI.

Given an adequate environment for interaction, the developmental path of multiple

language acquisition is in fact much like that observed in the acquisition of a single

language, with some additional cognitive advantages. This is, however, conditional to

sufficient motivation, exposure, periods of formal study and opportunities for practice

(UNESCO 2011a).

According to international research, students are quick to learn simple conversational

skills in a new language. It takes from one to two years for them to master good basic

communication skills. However, even in well-resourced learning environments, it

takes at least six years to learn the abstract academic language skills needed to
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assimilate age-appropriate curricular content (Alidou et al. 2006,).

While second language learning is a time consuming process for anyone, it can be

further complicated or slowed down by other factors, such as family, socioeconomic

status, ethnic or gender discrimination, psychological conditions and individual or

motivational differences (UNESCO 2011b).

If students are forced to change their language of schooling abruptly to a

second language, their first language acquisition may even be attenuated or even lost,

and their self-confidence as learners may weaken, leading to lack of motivation,

school failure, and early school leaving (UNESCO 2011c).

Also, the education systems in Philippines, predominantly use subject content teachers

to teach specific subjects. While their priority is to teach their own subjects, they are also

all language teachers, increasingly so when the medium of instruction is not the mother

tongue of the students, although many subject content teachers may acknowledge their

responsibility for the teaching of language skills in the subject content classroom,

they lack the skill and competence to carry out this duty (Bothy2007). This lack of

language proficiency and competence in language teaching, combined with the

challenges students face when learning in English language, causes both teachers and

students in Philippines classrooms to face serious communication and learning problems

on a daily basis.

When the language of communication is foreign to either or both the teacher and the

students, many important issues become misunderstood or even unrecognized. For

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example, teachers can often misinterpret a lack of adequate proficiency in the

language of instruction with lack of intelligence, laziness or an uncooperative

attitude on the part of the students. This can seriously inhibit students, cause anxiety

and further hinder learning. Student may become even more unwilling to participate,

trying to avoid embarrassment in front of their classmates.

The communication gap between teachers and students can also cause the

misrecognition of special needs. In the case of academic difficulties, studies conclude

that teachers find it challenging to distinguish whether such difficulties are in fact

language-related or whether there are actual learning difficulties or disability

involved, and report not having the adequate tools for special needs identification

(McCardle, Mele-McCarthy, Cutting, Leos, D’Emilio 2005), special needs recognition

and the failure in providing adequate support to all children is already a major concern.

Although predominantly the biggest challenges in using English as a medium of

instruction relate to the lack of adequate language skills of the students and the

communication gap this causes, there are also problems regarding the availability of

support that teachers and students are getting.

Based from the research of Racca and Lasaten (2016), in a report published called

Business English Index or BEI, the Philippines was tagged as the world’s best country in

business English Proficiency, in not just one but two consecutive years.

However, various studies reveal that the quality of education in Philippines is

continuously declining. This notion is based on the results of achievement tests and board

examinations from the study of (Bekket 2011).

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Department of Education
Division of Cagayan
GONZAGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

As a student enters high school, he is expected to face the different challenges in life

specially in academics coupled with making decisions, projects, assignments, quizzes; to

mingle with other students; to meet new friends and classmates; and to study all

necessary lessons specially in solving problems in Mathematics subject. For a student to

be considered highly competitive nowadays he must be good in at least 3 subjects

namely, science, english and mathematics. The lesson being studied in the secondary

level in the above mentioned subject areas are continuation of what was learned in the

previous years of elementary schooling.(Ramos et al. 2015)

As stated in Hidalgo (2013), the teaching and learning of subjects in English needs to

embrace and draw on students’ diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Sub-average

levels of student achievement in subjects where instruction is typically delivered in

English - English reading and writing, mathematics and science are reflected in several

international comparative assessments. Having limited access to quality instruction,

particularly English instruction, is especially problematic since English fluency is

required for post-secondary academic success in many countries in the region.

Language ability of both the teacher and learner has been acknowledged to pass

potential and actual barriers to learning in all content areas.And in teaching any subject

in the content area, a certain mastery of the English language has to precede the

understanding of the subject.

EMI gave a great impact on everyday teaching of teachers and on daily learning of

students.Some perceived it as a hindrance in learning effectively and some think it gives

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quality on the lessons that every student learn,not onlyotheir major subjects,but also in all

learning areas of secondary education.

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES (RRS)

The sociolinguistic profile of English reveals that ownership of the language is

shared across continents and cultures. Following the World Englishes paradigm, the

language is approached as having a multiplicity of meanings and a plurality of

centers. Such a phenomenon doesn’t come without myths and fallacies. In the

Philippines, this is especially true in the ‘periphery’ – in English language and

literature education in the public schools (Martin,2010).

Low English competence of math and science teachers in Malay-dominated rural areas

meant that English communication in the classroom was ultimately ineffective and the

policy was reversed in 2009 (Gill, 2012; Hashim & Leitner, 2016) while appeasing the

concerns about education in rural areas, the reversal was highly unpopular with educated

middle-class urban dwellers who valued English as a crucial skill for social advancement
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(Hashim & Leitner, 2016).

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Department of Education
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The policy shifts have reflected contemporary concerns on the one hand to promote

national unity through the national language as the medium of instruction and on the

other hand to advance Malaysian economic development in response to globalization

through EMI.

According to Gill (2004) language policy changes are necessary to accommodate

these changing situations. Within the context of a multilingual society, theoretically, the

establishment of a national language and official implementation of its use in education is

instrumental for the purposes of integration, unity and national identity.

Fishman (2010) developed “theory” to describe and explain language functions in

nationalism and nation building. According to him, western languages such as French,

English and Spanish should be used in ex-colonial countries for their further

development. This is the function of nationalism. The indigenous language, such as

Guarani and Malay should be used as nationalist language for national unity and identity

only, thus serving a nationalist function.

Looking back into the past, the declaration of English as a medium of instruction is

reported to be based on practical considerations. Bernardo (2009) writes that during these

times, there were no teachers and teaching materials in the Philippine Languages. He also

cites Marin (1999), who reports that English was considered then as the unifying

language that could bring together the Filipinos from various regions, who use different

languages and dialects.

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Department of Education
Division of Cagayan
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However, not everyone was happy with the English language policy. Bernardo (2009)

states that ever since it was declared, the policy has been criticized upheld, denounced,

sustained, eventually modified, and is still being debated at all level levels of educational

policy-making.

Conceptual Framework

This study was anchored on Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)

which delineates the connection between students’ cognitive and linguistic processes to

their academic performance. There are two levels of language proficiency. These are the

basic interpersonal communicative skills (BICS) and the CALP.

The BICS concept signifies the students’ language informal conversation. These are

used by students when they talk to their parents, siblings, parents and peers in real
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settings and situations, that is; situations in which the context offers cues that make
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Department of Education
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understanding not totally dependent on verbal interaction alon and refers to this everyday

conversational ability as context embedded or contextualized. It has been found] that in

context embedded or contextualized communication, the conversation is natural, and

deals with ordinary matters requiring speakers to react and respond to each other.

Meanwhile,CALP is the type of language proficiency needed in the academic settings.

Classroom activities like reading, writing, participating in formal conversations and

taking exams are some of the tasks that require CALP. Thus, students who have not yet

developed their CALP may encounter difficulties in learning science, mathematics and

other academic subjects.

The CALP concept is related to literacy skills in the first or second language. Both

higher levels of language ane cognitive processes are required in order to develop the

language proficiency needed for achievement in school have conceptualized the

relationship of language proficiency and academic achievement by using an iceberg

representation. In this representation, BICS or skills that depend on the surface features

of language and lower levels of cognitive processes are represented above the waterline

while the CALP or skills related to the meaning of language and higher level of cognitive

processes are represented below the waterline. All children develop BICS and learn to

communicate in their native or first language. On the other hand, CALP reflects a

combination of language proficiency and cognitive processes that determine a student’s

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Department of Education
Division of Cagayan
GONZAGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

success in school . CALP enables the student to learn in a context, which relies heavily

on oral explanation of abstract ideas. This is often the context in which high school

science is taught, with unfamiliar events or topics being described to students with little

or no opportunity to negotiate shared meaning . According to iceber representation

students who have not yet developed their cognitive academic language proficiency

(CALP) will surely meet difficulties and problems in several contexts and situations. The

theory on CALP, therefore, provided the researcher a reason to study and investigate the

efficacy of English language proficiency on Major subjecst instruction to the academic

performance of the Grade 10 sudents of Gonzaga National High School.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Analysing students'
English
English language behavior
Proficiency Level
Proficiency level based on the
is a factor that
as a factor that examinations' result
affects
affects that will be given
students'academic
students'academic and students' GPA
performance and
performance. in 4th
achievement
grading.Result
particularly in
would be analyzed
Grade-10.
15

and evaluated for

 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Division of Cagayan
GONZAGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

the correctness of
datas.
`
FEEDBACK

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

Statement of the Problem

This study entitled “EFFICACY OF ENGLISH MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION

IN MAJOR SUBJECTS OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN GNHS”. It aims to

determine the efficacy of English language as the medium of instruction in teaching

major subjects of secondary education in 10th grade of Gonzaga National High School.

Specifically, it will seek answers to the following:

1. Does the EMI Policy have an impact on the quality of their academic

experience?

2. Do students in GNHS face any difficulties in reading materials related to

their grade level?

3. Do students face any difficulties in writing effectively in English?

4. What are the effects of having English medium as a language of instruction

in students’ grade:
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a. Mathematics?
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Department of Education
Division of Cagayan
GONZAGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

b. Science?

c. English?

5. What are the perceptions of students about English Medium of instruction?

Hypothesis

The following hypothesis will be tested using a 0.05 level of significance:

1. There is no significant effect of English medium as a language of instruction in

Major subjects on the students’ academic performance.

Scope and Limitation

This study primarily focused on the relationship between the English language

proficiency and academic performance in Science, Mathematics and English of the Grade

10 students of Gonzaga National High School, Smart,Gonzaga,Cagayan Valley Region.

With this, it is presumed that the students belonging to said school could be the best

representative of the desired type of students for the study.

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Department of Education
Division of Cagayan
GONZAGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

The English language proficiency level of the students will be delimited to the result

of Examination along Verbal Aptitude, which tests the students’ skills in grammar,

vocabulary and reading comprehension. Meanwhile, the level of academic performance

will be delimited to the students’ grade point averages (GPAs) in Science, Mathematics

and English from their report cards in 4th Grading. Only the students’ academic

performance in the three subject will be included since these subjects use English as a

medium of instruction and considered to be a major subject in Junior High.

Significance of the Study

The findings of this study could provide a database that can be used as a tangible

reference form or a meaningful educational services. Results could be useful in the

solution of problems related to English language teaching and learning. Definitely,

students, teachers, administrators, parents and other research enthusiasts could benefit

from this study.

STUDENTS. With the result of this study, the Grade-10 researchers of GNHS could

find essential feedback and information as regards their language learning which could

provide guidance and direction on better English language skills development and for a

more improved language and academic performance.

TEACHERS. The results could also guide the teachers in English relative to
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information on the level of the students’ language proficiency and academic performance.
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Division of Cagayan
GONZAGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

They can use the essential information to improve their teaching practices. With the

results, they could then device approaches and strategies on how to integrate learning

content with the students’ current deficiencies.

ADMINISTRATION. Furthermore, the administration could use the results of the

study as a reference in formulating school policies and programs. Through the results,

they can propose and initiate in-service trainings and seminars for the teachers.

Gradually, the English program content can be improved based on the needs of the

students. Significantly, the results can shed light in evaluating the Sciences and

Mathematics programs of the school.

PARENTS. This study could also be beneficial to parents for the upcoming grade

levels since results will guide them in choosing the opportunities and interventions that

should be provided to their children so as to enhance their language proficiency and

academic performance.

FUTURE RESEARCHERS. Lastly, the result of the study could provide meaningful

data useful for other research enthusiasts. Hopefully, more replicate studies along this line

of concern can be done to further as certain relationship of language proficiency and

academic performance.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined according to the context on how they were used in
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this study:
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Division of Cagayan
GONZAGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

DepEd. The Department of Education (Filipino: Kagawaran ng Edukasyon) is the

executive Department of the Philippine Government responsible for ensuring access to,

promoting equity in, and improving the quality of basic education.

Education. The process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially at a

school or university.

EMI. English Medium of Instruction. The medium of instruction is the language used by

the teacher to teach. ... English is used from the beginning of a course as the main

language in class, and the teacher adapts their methodology to support meaning, by using

a lot of visual information and non-verbal communication to support meaning.

English language. The official language of Britain and the United States and most of the

commonwealth countries.

English Language Proficiency. The ability of Students to use the English language to

make and communicate meaning in spoken and written contexts while completing their

program of study.

Faculty members. An educator who works at a college or university,someone who

educates young people at a college or university.

Globalization. The process by which businesses or other organizations develop

international influence or start operating on an international scale.

Grade Point Average (GPA). It is calculated by dividing the total amount of grade
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points earned by the total amount of credit hours attempted. Your grade point average
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Department of Education
Division of Cagayan
GONZAGA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

may range from 0.0 to a 4.0. To get the example student's GPA, the total grade points are

divided by the total credit hours attempted.

Government. A group of people that governs a community or unit. It sets and

administers public policy and exercises executive, political and sovereign power through

customs, institutions, and laws within a state.

Internalization. Internalization is directly associated with learning within an organism

(or business) and recalling what has been learned. In psychology and sociology,

internalization involves the integration of attitudes, values, standards and the opinions of

others into one's own identity or sense of self.

Language. The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of

the use of words in a structured and conventional way.

Lingua Franca. Any of various languages used as common or commercial tongues

among peoples of diverse speech or a language that is used among people who speak

various different languages

Marketization. Introduction of competition into the public sector in areas previously

governed through direct public control. In its broadest usage, the term marketization

refers to the process of transforming an entire economy away from a planned economic

system and toward greater market-based organization.

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Mathematics. The abstract science of number, quantity, and space. Mathematics may be

studied in its own right (pure mathematics), or as it is applied to other disciplines such as

physics and engineering ( applied mathematics ).

Modernization. Modernization is a concept in the sphere of social sciences that refers to

process in which society goes through industrialization, urbanization and other social

changes that completely transform the lives of individuals.

Reading Comprehension. Reading comprehension is the ability to process text,

understand its meaning, and to integrate with what the reader already knows. ... Ability to

comprehend text is influenced by readers' skills and their ability to process information.

Students. Students can be children, teenagers, or adults who are going to school, but it

may also be other people who are learning, such as in college or university. A younger

student is often called a pupil. Usually, students will learn from a teacher or a lecturer if

at university. They also do much reading.

A student is a learner, or someone who attends an educational institution. ... In its widest

use, student is used for anyone who is learning, including mid-career adults who are

taking vocational education or returning to university.

Subjects. A now-preferred synonym for subject or subject area among educators, content

area refers to a defined domain of knowledge and skill in an academic program. The most

common content areas in public schools are English (or English language arts),
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mathematics, science, and social studies (or history and civics).

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Science. The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the

structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and

experiment.

Technology. Technology is the way we apply scientific knowledge for practical

purposes. It includes machines (like computers) but also techniques and processes (like

the way we produce computer chips

Chapter 2

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

This chapter presents the research design, research participants of the study, the

data gathering tools, the data gathering procedures and the statistical treatment used in

analyzing and interpreting the gathered data.

Research Design

The research design that will be used in the study is descriptive-correlational

design since its aim is to describe students’ English language proficiency and their
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academic performance levels. Further, the study aimed to correlate the two to determine
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their relationship. This study will be conducted in Gonzaga National High

School,Smart,Gonzaga.

The respondents will be the Grade 10 students of Gonzaga National High School

and it will be based from slovin's formula to determine the number of sample students per

section.

The researchers will create an examination, using basis from the internet, along

verbal aptitude, a test in which it assesses students' skills in grammar, vocabulary and

reading comprehension. Meanwhile, the data on students'academic performance will be

gathered from their 4th grading general average(GPA).

Research Participants

The research participants of the study will consist of 190 that will be taken from

the total number of students per section which are listed in table 1.

Table 1: Table of Participants

Name of Number of Sample(n)

Section Students(N)
Maxwell 51 45
Hypatia 48 43
Aquainas 40 36
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Locke 39 36

Confucius 33 30

Total 211 190

*The number of sample is base from the slovin's formula: n=N/1+N(e)²

Data Gathering Tools

The researchers will make use of frequency distribution tool using range of scores

for verbal aptitude questionaire and using grade point average system for defining the

academic performance of the respondents in their major subjects.

Meanwhile, Pearson’s r correlation was used to determine the relationship between

the English language proficiency and academic performance of the students. In the tests of

hypotheses, the level of significance was set at the .05 probability level.

Data Gathering Procedure

Before gathering and collecting data, the researchers will seek the proper

authorization and permission from the School Head to allow her to conduct the study and

float the questionnaires to the Grade 10 students of Gonzaga National High School at

Gonzaga, Cagayan.
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After seeking permission to conduct the study, Questionnaires will be given to the

respondents for them to fill out to gather the needed and necessary information for the

realization of the said study.

Data Analysis

The data that will be collected will be tabulated, analyzed, interpreted and

summarized using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics, like

frequency counts, percentage, mean and standard deviation will be used to determine the

efficacy of english medium of instuction on major subjects of secondary education in

GNHS.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323747275_Student_Perspectives_of_Medium_
of_Instruction_in_Malaysia

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283273911_medium_of_instruction_in_Malays

ia
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