ASMe Secc V A Art 4 Ultrasionic Examination

ARTICLE 4
T-410 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
T-420 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
T-421 Basic Requirements and Terms Used. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
T-422 Personnel Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
T-423 Procedure Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
T-424 General Examination Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
T-430 Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
T-431 Instrument Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
T-434 Search Unit Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
T-435 Basic Calibration Block(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
T-436 Computerized Imaging Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
T-440 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
T-441 Vessel Examinations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
T-442 Examination of Nozzle Inner Radius and Inner Corner Regions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
T-444 Pumps and Valves (Including Welds) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
T-445 Inservice Examination of Bolts and Studs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
T-450 Procedure Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
T-460 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
T-461 Instrument Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
T-462 System Calibration (General) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
T-470 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
T-471 Examination of Vessel Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
T-480 Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
T-481 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
T-482 Evaluation of Reflectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
T-483 Alternative Evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
T-490 Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
T-491 Calibration Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
T-492 Examination Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
T-493 Evaluation Record. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
T-494 Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Mandatory Appendices
Appendix I Screen Height Linearity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Appendix II Amplitude Control Linearity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Figure
I-1 Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Nonmandatory Appendices
Appendix A Layout of Vessel Reference Points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Appendix B General Techniques for Angle Beam Calibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
60
COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Licensed by Information Handling Services
B-1 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
B-2 Calibration Check Upon Change in the Complete Ultrasonic Examination System . 72
B-3 Calibration Check on Basic Calibration Block or Similar Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
B-4 Simulator Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
B-5 Calibration Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
B-6 Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
B-7 Angle Beam Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
B-8 Inner t⁄4Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
B-10 Sweep Range Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
B-20 Distance–Amplitude Correction (Primary Reference Level). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
B-21 Calibration From the Clad Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
B-22 Calibration From the Unclad Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
B-40 Position Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
B-50 Calibration Correction for Planar Reflectors Perpendicular to the Examination
Surface at or Near the Opposite Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
B-60 Beam Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
B-70 Calibration Confirmation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
B-71 Sweep Range Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
B-72 DAC Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Appendix C General Techniques for Straight Beam Calibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
C-1 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
C-2 Calibration Check Upon Change in the Complete Ultrasonic Examination System . 77
C-3 Calibration Check on Basic Calibration Block or Simulator Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
C-4 Simulator Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
C-5 Calibration Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
C-6 Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
C-7 Straight Beam Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
C-10 Sweep Range Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
C-20 Distance–Amplitude Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
C-30 Calibration Confirmation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
C-31 Sweep Range Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
C-32 DAC Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Appendix D Data Record Example for a Planar Reflector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
D-10 Recording Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Appendix E Computerized Imaging Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
E-10 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
E-20 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
E-30 Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique for Ultrasonic Testing (SAFT-UT) . . . . . . . . 81
E-40 Line-Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (L-SAFT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
E-50 Broadband Holography Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
E-60 UT-Phased Array Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
E-70 UT-Amplitude Time-of-Flight Locus-Curve Analysis Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
E-80 Automated Data Acquisition and Imaging Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Appendix F Nozzle Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
F-10 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
F-20 Performance Demonstration for Nozzle Inside Radius Exams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
F-21 Personnel Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
F-30 Instrument Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
F-31 Procedure Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
F-40 Qualification Specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
F-50 Qualification Specimen Reflectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
F-51 Reflectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
F-60 Procedure Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
61

F-61 Requalification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
F-70 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
F-71 Calibration Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Appendix G ........................................................................... 89
Appendix H Recording Angle Beam Examination Data for Planar Reflectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
H-10 Recording Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Appendix I Examination of Welds Using Angle Beam Search Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
I-10 Examination of Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
I-20 General Scanning Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
I-30 Exceptions to General Scanning Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Appendix J Basic Calibration Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
J-10 Basic Calibration Block Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
J-20 Calibration Reflectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Appendix K Recording Straight Beam Examination Data for Planar Reflectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Appendix L Examination of Bolts and Studs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
L-10 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
L-11 Written Procedure Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
L-12 Search Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
L-13 Basic Calibration Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
L-20 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
L-21 General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
L-22 Calibration Confirmation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
L-23 Calibration Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
L-30 Examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
L-31 General Examination Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
L-32 Rate of Search Unit Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
L-33 Scanning Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
L-34 Surface Preparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
L-35 Record. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Figures
B-10 Sweep Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
B-20 Sensitivity and Distance–Amplitude Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
B-40 Position Depth and Beam Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
B-50 Planar Reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
B-60 Beam Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
C-10 Sweep Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
C-20 Sensitivity and Distance–Amplitude Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
D-10 Reflector Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
E-10 Lateral Resolution and Depth Discrimination Block for 45 deg. and 60 deg.
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
E-20 Lateral and Depth Resolution Block for 0 deg. Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
J-10 Basic Calibration Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
J-20 Ratio Limits for Curved Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
L-13-1 Various Calibration Notch Configurations for Outside Surface Reflectors . . . . . . . . . . 95
Tables
E-20 Hole Pattern Dimensions for Calibration Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
L-13.1 Notch Dimensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
L-13.2 Typical Straight Notch Dimensions as a Function of Notch Area and Stud or
Bolt Size Dimensions for 8-Thread Series (8-UN/8-UNR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
62

ARTICLE 4
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION METHODS
FOR INSERVICE INSPECTION
T-410 SCOPE T-423 Procedure Requirements 01
This Article describes or references requirements Ultrasonic examination shall be performed in accord-
which are to be used in selecting and developing ance with a written procedure.
[see T-110(c)] ultrasonic examination procedures when
examination to any part of this Article is a requirement
T-424 General Examination Requirements
of a referencing Code Section. These procedures are
to be used for the ultrasonic examination and the T-424.1 Examination Coverage. The volume shall
dimensioning of indications for comparison with accept- be examined by moving the search unit over the
ance standards when required by the referencing Code examination volume. As a minimum, each pass of the
Section; the referencing Code Section shall be consulted search unit shall overlap a minimum of 50% of the
for specific requirements for the following: transducer (piezoelectric element) dimension perpendic-
Personnel Qualification /Certification Requirements ular to the direction of the scan. Alternatively, each
Procedure Requirements /Demonstration, Qualifica- pass of the search unit shall overlap a dimension less
tion, Acceptance than the minimum beam dimension as determined in
Examination System Characteristics Appendix B, B-60, Beam Spread. Oscillation of the
Retention and Control of Calibration Blocks search unit is permitted provided improved coverage
Extent of Examination and /or Volume to Be Scanned is demonstrated.
Acceptance Standards to Be Used for Evaluation
T-424.2 Rate of Search Unit Movement and Pulse
Retention of Records
Repetition Rate. The ultrasonic instrument pulse repeti-
Report Requirements
tion rate shall be sufficient to pulse the search unit at
least six times within the time necessary to move one-
half the transducer (piezoelectric element) dimension
parallel to the direction of the scan at maximum scanning
T-420 GENERAL speed. Alternatively, a dynamic calibration multiple
T-421 Basic Requirements and Terms Used reflectors that is within ±2dB of a static calibration
may be used to verify an acceptable pulse repetition rate.
When this Article is specified by a referencing Code
Section, the ultrasonic method described in this Article T-424.3 Scanning Sensitivity Level. For both manual
shall be used together with Article 1, General Require- and mechanized examinations, recording of indications
ments. Definitions of terms used in this Article are in shall be made at scan sensitivity. During scanning only
Mandatory Appendix III of Article 5. the gain or attenuator controls may be adjusted. Any
adjustments to the other controls shall require recali-
bration.
T-422 Personnel Requirements
The user of this Article shall be responsible for T-430 EQUIPMENT
assigning qualified personnel to perform ultrasonic ex-
T-431 Instrument Requirements
amination to the requirements of this Article. Personnel
performing this examination shall be qualified as re- T-431.1 Type. A pulse-echo type of ultrasonic instru-
quired by the referencing Code Section. ment shall be used. The instrument shall be equipped
63

T-431.1 2001 SECTION V T-441.1.5
with a stepped gain control calibrated in units of 2.0 examination, the base material through which the angle
dB or less. beams will travel shall be scanned with a straight beam
search unit [(b) below] to detect laminar reflectors
T-434 Search Unit Requirements which might affect the interpretation of angle beam
results. These examination data shall be recorded.
T-434.1 Beam Spread Measurement. Measurements (a) Straight Beam Scanning for Planar Reflectors.
of beam spread for scan indexing limits shall be taken The examination for planar reflectors shall be performed
only when required by a Referencing Code Section. on the entire volume of weld and adjacent base material
Measurements of angle beam search units shall be to the extent required by the referencing Code Section.
performed once for a search unit wedge combination The calibration shall be performed as described in T-
in the calculated far field at the beginning of each 462. Penetration shall be verified by obtaining a reflec-
period of extended use (or every 3 months, whichever tion from an opposite surface of the material being
is less). A technique for beam spread is given in examined when the two surfaces are parallel.
Appendix B, Section B-60. Other techniques may be (b) Straight Beam Scanning for Laminar Reflectors.
used. Scanning for laminar reflectors shall be performed at
a gain setting that gives an initial back reflection
T-435 Basic Calibration Block(s) amplitude of 80% (±5% of full screen height) of screen
height from the component. When the examination is
If the qualified procedure calls for a basic calibration performed from the tapered surface at a transition in
block, Appendix J provides a description of one design thickness of the component, angle beam longitudinal
of block. Other calibration block designs may be used. waves traveling essentially perpendicular to the back
surface may be used to maintain the back reflection.
T-436 Computerized Imaging Techniques
T-441.1.3 Extent of Scanning. Wherever feasible,
The major attribute of computerized imaging tech- the scanning of the examination volume shall be carried
niques (CITs) is their effectiveness when used to charac- out from both sides of the weld on the same surface.
terize and evaluate indications; however, CITs may Where configuration or adjacent parts of the component
also be used to perform the basic scanning functions are such that scanning from both sides is not feasible,
required for flaw detection. Computer processed data this fact shall be included in the report of the exami-
analysis and display techniques are used in conjunction nation.
with automated scanning mechanisms to produce two
and three dimensional images of flaws which provides T-441.1.4 Angle Beam Scanning. The calibration
an enhanced capability for examining critical compo- shall be performed as described in T-460. The examina-
nents and structures. Computer processes may then be tion volume shall be scanned with angle beam search
used to quantitatively evaluate the type, size, shape, units directed both at right angles to the weld axis and
location, and orientation of flaws detected by ultrasonic along the weld axis. Wherever feasible, each examina-
examination or other NDE methods. Descriptions for tion shall be performed in two directions, i.e., ap-
some techniques that may be used in computerized proaching the weld from opposite directions and parallel
imaging are provided in Nonmandatory Appendix E. to the weld from opposite directions.
T-441.1.5 Scanning for Reflectors Oriented Par-
allel to the Weld. The angle beam search units shall
T-440 REQUIREMENTS
be aimed at right angles to the weld axis, with the
T-441 Vessel Examinations search unit manipulated so that the ultrasonic beams
pass through the entire volume of weld metal. The
T-441.1 Scanning Requirements
adjacent base metal in the examination volume must
T-441.1.1 General Scanning Requirements. The be completely scanned by two angle beams, but need
volume of weld and adjacent base material (volume not be completely scanned by both angle beams from
on either side of the weld seam) that is to be examined both directions (any combination of two angle beams
shall be as required by the referencing Code Section. will satisfy the requirement). Where the ultrasonic
These volumes shall be scanned using qualified tech- beams are directed essentially normal to the plane of
niques. the weld (parallel to the surface of the material, as
T-441.1.2 Scan for Interference With Angle when the examination is conducted from the nozzle
Beam Examination. Prior to the initial angle beam bore or flange face), beam angles sufficient to provide
64

T-441.1.5 ARTICLE 4 — ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION METHODS T-442.4.3
complete coverage of the weld from one direction shall determine the dimensions of reflectors within the exami-
be acceptable. The additional t / 4 volume angle beam nation area.
examination shall comply with these requirements
T-442.2 Surface Preparation. The examination sur-
within one-fourth of the thickness from the examination
faces shall be free of irregularities, loose foreign matter,
surface.
or coatings which interfere with ultrasonic wave trans-
T-441.1.6 Scanning for Reflectors Oriented mission.
Transverse to the Weld. The angle beam search units
T-442.3 Identification of Examination Areas
shall be aimed parallel to the axis of longitudinal
(a) Examination Area Locations. Identification and
and circumferential welds. The search unit shall be
location shall be shown on an identification plan.
manipulated so that the ultrasonic beams pass through
(b) Marking. If examination areas are permanently
all of the examination volume. Scanning shall be done
marked by low-stress stamps and /or vibratooling, the
in two directions 180 deg. to each other to the extent
marking shall be in accordance with the referencing
possible. Areas blocked by geometric conditions shall
Code requirements.
be examined from at least one direction. The additional
t (c) Referencing System. Each examination area shall
/ 4 volume angle beam examination shall comply with
be located and identified by a system of referencing
these requirements within one-fourth of the thickness
points placed on the component. The system shall
from the examination surface.
permit identification of each examination area and
T-441.1.7 Recording Angle Beam Examination designation of regular intervals along the length of the
Data for Planar Reflectors. Appendix H contains a area. A typical system for layout is described in Appen-
method of recording angle beam exam data. Other dix A; however, a different system may be utilized
qualified methods may be used. provided it meets the above requirements.
T-441.1.8 Recording Examination Data for Pla- T-442.4 Scanning Requirements

nar Straight Beam Reflectors. Appendix K contains T-442.4.1 General Scanning Requirements. The
a method of recording straight beam exam data. Other examination volume shall be as required by the referenc-
qualified methods may be used. ing Code Section. These volumes shall be scanned by
qualified ultrasonic techniques. Nonmandatory Appen-
T-441.1.9 Recording Straight Beam Examina- dix F provides guidelines for procedure and technique
tion Data for Laminar Reflectors qualification, but other qualification methods may be
(a) Recording of Laminar Reflectors for Interference used.
With Angle Beam Examination. Record all areas giving
indications equal to or greater than the remaining back T-442.4.2 Scan for Interference With Examina-
reflection. tion. When examining from the external surfaces and
(b) Recording of Laminar Reflectors for Acceptance. prior to the initial examination, the base material through
Record all areas where one or more discontinuities which the examination beams will travel shall be
produce a continuous total loss of back reflection accom- scanned to detect reflectors which might affect the
panied by continuous indications in the same plane. interpretation of examination results. This examination
(c) Data Required. The following data shall be rec- data shall be recorded.
orded: sweep reading of laminar reflectors from surface, Scanning for reflectors shall be performed at a gain
position from reference line, and location parallel to setting that gives an initial back reflection amplitude
the reference line for each search unit position giving of 80% (±5% of full screen height) of screen height
the recordable extent of the indication, as the “laminar” from the component. When the examination is per-
area is scanned on parallel scan paths. formed from the tapered surface at a transition in
thickness of the component, angle beam waves traveling
essentially perpendicular to the back surface may be
T-442 Examination of Nozzle Inner Radius used to maintain the back reflection.
and Inner Corner Regions
T-442.4.3 Extent of Scanning. Scanning of the
T-442.1 General. This paragraph describes the re- entire examination volume shall be performed as possi-
quirements for ultrasonic examination of nozzle inner ble. Where configurations or adjacent parts of the
radius and inner corner regions. The requirements de- component are such that scanning the entire area is
scribed here are used on ferritic materials greater than not feasible, this fact shall be included in the report
2 in. (51 mm) in thickness to detect, locate, and of the examination.
65

T-442.4.4 2001 SECTION V T-445.3
T-442.4.4 Scanning for Planar Flaws. The exami- T-442.4.6 Recording Examination Data for Pla-
nation volume shall be scanned such that the anticipated nar Reflectors Using Non-Amplitude-Based Tech-
flaws will be intercepted by the sound beams in a niques. When examinations are performed using non-
manner that will allow detection. Wherever feasible, amplitude-based techniques, indication recording re-
each examination shall be performed in two directions. quirements shall be specified in the examination pro-
cedure.
T-442.4.5 Recording Examination Data for Pla-
nar Reflectors Using Amplitude-Based Technique T-442.4.7 Recording Data for Reflectors Which
(a) When amplitude-based technique is used, record Interfere With Examination
all reflectors that produce a response equal to or greater (a) Record all areas giving indications equal to or
than 20% of the primary reference response (PRR). greater than the remaining back reflection.
However, the clad interface metallurgical reflectors and (b) The following data shall be recorded: sweep
back wall reflections need not be recorded. Record all reading of reflectors from surface, position from refer-
search unit position and location dimensions to the ence, and location parallel to reference for each search
nearest tenth of an inch. unit position giving the recordable extent of the indi-
(b) Obtain data from successive scans at increments cation.
no greater than 50% of the transducer dimension mea-
sured parallel to the scan increment change at the T-444 Pumps and Valves (Including Welds)
examination area. Record data for the end points as
determined by 20% PRR. Emphasis must be placed T-444.1 Basic Calibration Blocks. Blocks for pumps
on measurement of the parameters determining the and valves shall be in accordance with Appendix J,
reflector length and height and the distances from the except that only alternative (c) of Appendix J shall
examination surface to the top and bottom of the apply.
reflector, since these dimensions are the factors most
T-444.2 Examination. Examination shall be made
critical in determining ultimate evaluation and disposi-
in accordance with T-470, except that T-444.2.1 shall
tion of the flaw (see Appendix D for an illustrated
be substituted for T-470.1.1.
example).
(c) The following reflector data shall be recorded T-444.2.1 General. This subparagraph describes
when a reflector exceeds 20% PRR. the requirements for ultrasonic examination of welds,
(1) Maximum percent of PRR, sweep reading of or base metal repairs, or both, in valves and pumps.
indication, search unit position, and beam direction. Some cast alloys may not be examinable by the tech-
(2) For reflectors 20 to 100% PRR, the minimum niques given here.
sweep reading and the search unit position along the T-444.2.2 Recording. Record reflectors in accord-
length of the reflector for 20% PRR when approaching ance with T-441.1.7, T-441.1.8, and T-441.1.9.
the reflector from the maximum signal direction.
(3) For reflectors 20 to 100% PRR, maximum
sweep reading and the search unit position along the T-445 Inservice Examination of Bolts and
length of the reflector for 20% PRR when moving Studs
away from the reflector’s maximum signal direction. T-445.1 When inservice examination of bolts and
(4) For reflectors exceeding 100% PRR, minimum studs is specified by the referencing Code Section, the
sweep reading and the search unit position along the examination shall be performed in accordance with
length of the reflector for 50% of the maximum ampli- Appendix L.
tude when approaching the reflector from the maximum
signal direction. T-445.2 For materials with diameters 2 in. (51 mm)
(5) For reflectors exceeding 100% PRR, minimum and greater, basic calibration blocks shall have reflectors
in accordance with Appendix L.
sweep reading and the search unit position along the
length of the reflector for 50% of the maximum ampli- T-445.3 For bolts and studs less than 2 in. in diameter,
tude when moving away from the reflector’s maximum a calibration block shall be made to the requirements
signal direction. of Appendix L, except for the size of the reflectors.
(6) The length of the reflector shall be obtained The reflector area shall be established as one thread
by recording the positions of each end of the reflector depth for the threads used on the bolt or stud. The
at 20% PRR. area of the reflector is determined by the depth of a
66

T-445.3 ARTICLE 4 — ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION METHODS T-471.1
straight notch and the resulting length of the notch. (q) method and criteria for discriminating geometric
Any of the types of notches illustrated in Appendix from flaw indications;
L, Fig. L-13-1 may be used as long as the area does (r) method and criteria for length and depth sizing
not exceed that calculated for a straight notch one of flaws;
thread depth deep. (s) minimum calibration data to be recorded;
(t) identification of qualification specimen;
T-445.4 Any discontinuity which causes an indication
in excess of that produced by the calibration reflector (u) identification of essential variables and range of
shall be investigated. The shape, identity, and location qualification.
of all such reflectors shall be evaluated in terms of
the acceptance-rejection standards of the referencing
Code Section. T-460 CALIBRATION
T-461 Instrument Calibration
T-450 PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS The requirements of T-461.1 and T-461.2 shall be

met at the beginning and end of the weld examinations
Ultrasonic examination shall be performed in accord- performed during one outage.
ance with a written procedure. Each procedure shall
include the following information with a single value T-461.1 Screen Height Linearity. The ultrasonic
or range of values as applicable: instrument shall provide linear vertical presentation
(a) weld types and configurations to be examined, within ±5% of the full screen height for at least 80%
including thickness dimensions, materials, and product of the calibrated screen height [base line to maximum
form (casting, forging, plate, etc.); calibrated screen point(s)]. The procedure for evaluating
(b) the surface or surfaces from which the examina- screen height linearity is provided in Appendix I and
tion shall be performed; shall be performed at the beginning of each period of
(c) surface condition requirements; extended use (or every 3 months, whichever is less).
(d) couplant brand name or type; T-461.2 Amplitude Control Linearity. The ultra-
(e) technique (straight beam, angled beam, contact sonic instrument shall utilize an amplitude control,
and /or immersion) used for detection and sizing; accurate over its useful range to ±20% of the nominal
(f) angles and mode(s) of wave propagation in the amplitude ratio, to allow measurement of indications
material; beyond the linear range of the vertical display on the
(g) search unit type, frequency, and transducer size(s) screen. The procedure for evaluating amplitude control
minimum /maximum pulse repetition rate; linearity is given in Appendix II.
(h) special search units, wedges, shoes, or saddles,
type, maximum length of search unit cable;
(i) ultrasonic instrument type(s) including manufac- T-462 System Calibration (General)
turer and model or series of pulser, receiver, and Calibration includes all those actions required to
amplifier; assure that the sensitivity and accuracy of the signal
(j) description of calibration blocks and technique(s) amplitude and time outputs of the examination system
for detection and sizing; (whether displayed, recorded, or automatically pro-
(k) beam directions, extent of scanning maximum cessed) are repeated from examination to examination.
scan speed, scanning pattern and steps; Calibration may be by use of basic calibration blocks
(l) minimum data to be recorded and method of with artificial or defect reflectors.
recording (manual or automatic) minimum sampling Methods are provided in Appendices B and C.
rate for automatic; Other methods of calibration may include sensitivity
(m) automatic alarm and recording equipment, or both adjustment based on the examination material, etc.
(e.g., strip chart, analog tape, digitizing);
(n) rotating, revolving, or scanning mechanisms, if
used; T-470 EXAMINATION
(o) personnel qualification requirements;
T-471 Examination of Vessel Welds
(p) describe the demonstration or qualification of the
procedure used to detect and size flaws as required by T-471.1 General. This paragraph describes the
the referencing Code Section; requirements for ultrasonic examination of vessel welds
67

T-471.1 2001 SECTION V T-491
and /or base metal repairs. The requirements described (b) plot and verify the reflector coordinates. Prepare
here are used on ferritic materials greater than 2 in. a cross-sectional sketch showing the reflector position
(51 mm) in thickness to detect, locate, and dimension and surface discontinuities such as root and counterbore;
indications within the weld or weld repaired base and
materials and adjacent base material. (c) review fabrication or weld preparation drawings.
Other ultrasonic techniques or nondestructive examina-
T-471.1.2 Surface Preparation. The examination tion methods may be helpful in determining a reflector’s
surfaces shall be free of irregularities, loose foreign true position, size, and orientation.
matter, or coatings which interfere with ultrasonic wave
transmission.
T-471.1.3 Uniform Technique for Identification T-482 Evaluation of Reflectors

of Examination Areas
(a) Weld Locations. Weld identification and location T-482.1 Evaluation of Planar Reflectors
shall be shown on a weld identification plan. T-482.1.1 Reflectors shall be evaluated in accord-
(b) Marking. If welds are to be permanently marked, ance with a qualified procedure.
low stress stamps and /or vibratooling may be used.
Markings applied after final stress relief of the compo- T-482.2 Evaluation of Laminar Reflectors
nent shall not be any deeper than 3⁄64 in. (1.2 mm). T-482.2.1 Evaluation of Laminar Reflectors for
(c) Reference System. Each weld and examination Interference With Angle Beam Examinations. Data
area shall be located and identified by a system of recorded as required in T-441.1.9(a) and (c) represent
reference points. The system shall permit identification the dimensions of the reflector needed to determine
of each weld center line and designation of regular interference with angle beam examinations. Where lami-
intervals along the length of the weld. A general system nar reflectors interfere with the scanning of examination
for layout of vessel welds is described in Appendix volumes for planar reflectors, the angle beam examina-
A; however, a different system may be utilized provided tion technique shall be modified to examine the maxi-
it meets the above requirements. mum feasible volume, within the specified examination
volume, and the description of the volume excluded
by the lamination shall be noted in the record of the
examination [T-492(e)].
T-480 EVALUATION T-482.2.2 Evaluation of Laminar Reflectors for
T-481 General Acceptance. Data recorded as required in T-441.1.2.9(b)
and (c) represent the dimensions of the reflector.
It is recognized that not all ultrasonic reflectors
indicate flaws, since certain metallurgical discontinuities
and geometric conditions may produce indications that
are not relevant. Included in this category are plate T-483 Alternative Evaluations
segregates in the heat affected zone that become reflec-
Reflector dimensions exceeding the referencing Code
tive after fabrication. Under straight beam examination,
Section requirements may be evaluated to any alternative
these may appear as spot or line indications. Under
standards as may be provided by the referencing Code
angle beam examination, indications that are determined
Section.
to originate from surface conditions (such as weld root
geometry) or variations in metallurgical structure in
stainless steel materials (such as the automatic-to-man-
ual weld clad interface) may be classified as geometric
indications. The identity, maximum amplitude, location, T-490 RECORDS
and extent of reflector causing a geometric indication
T-491 Calibration Records
shall be recorded. (For example: internal attachment,
200% DAC, 1 in. above weld center line, on the inside Instrument calibrations (T-461) shall be included in
surface, from 90 to 95 deg.) The following steps shall the ultrasonic calibration records. Ultrasonic examina-
be taken to classify an indication as geometric: tion system calibration requirements and identity of
(a) interpret the area containing the reflector in ac- calibration block, if used, shall be included in the
cordance with the applicable examination procedure; ultrasonic calibration records.
68

T-492 ARTICLE 4 — ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION METHODS T-494
T-492 Examination Records (l) frequency(ies), and

(m) special equipment.
For each ultrasonic examination, the following infor-
mation shall be identified and recorded:
(a) procedure; T-493 Evaluation Record
(b) ultrasonic examination system (equipment);
Records of any evaluations of indications shall be
(c) examination personnel identity and level if re- maintained and documented.
quired by referencing Code Section;
(d) calibration sheet identity;
(e) identification and location of weld or volume T-494 Report
scanned; A report of the examinations shall be made. The
(f) surface from which examination was conducted; report shall include a record indicating the weld(s) or
(g) map or record of indications detected or areas volume examined (this may be marked-up drawings or
cleared; sketches), the location of each recorded reflector, and
(h) date and time examinations were performed; the identification of the operator who carried out each
(i) couplant used, brand name, or type; examination or part thereof as detailed in T-490. The
(j) identification of basic calibration block (if used); report shall be filed and maintained in accordance with
(k) surface condition; the referencing Code Section.
69

ARTICLE 4
MANDATORY APPENDICES
APPENDIX I — SCREEN HEIGHT

LINEARITY
To verify the ability of the ultrasonic instrument to
meet the linearity requirement of T-461.1, position an
angle beam search unit as shown in Fig. I-1 so that
indications can be observed from both the 1⁄2 and 3⁄4T
holes in a basic calibration block. Adjust the search
unit position to give a 2:1 ratio of amplitudes between
the two indications, with the larger set at 80% of full
screen height. Without moving the search unit, adjust
sensitivity (gain) to successively set the larger indication
from 100% to 20% of full screen height, in 10%
increments (or 2 dB steps if a fine control is not
available), and read the smaller indication at each
setting. The reading must be 50% of the larger ampli-
tude, within 5% of full screen height. The settings and FIG. I-1 LINEARITY
readings must be estimated to the nearest 1% of full
screen. Alternatively, a straight beam search unit may
be used on any calibration block which will provide
decreases in attenuation shown in the following table,
amplitude differences, with sufficient signal separation
the indication must fall within the specified limits.
to prevent overlapping of the two signals.
Other convenient reflectors from any calibration block
may be used with angle or straight beam search units.
Indication Set at dB Control Indication Limits
APPENDIX II — AMPLITUDE % of Full Screen Change % of Full Screen
CONTROL LINEARITY 80% –6 dB 32 to 48%
To verify the accuracy of the amplitude control of the 80% –12 dB 16 to 24%
40% +6 dB 64 to 96%
ultrasonic instrument, as required in T-461.2, position an 20% +12 dB 64 to 96%
angle beam search unit as shown in Fig. I-1 so that
the indication from the 1⁄2T hole in a basic calibration The settings and readings must be estimated to the
block is peaked on the screen. With the increases and nearest 1% of full screen.
70

ARTICLE 4
NONMANDATORY APPENDICES
APPENDIX A — LAYOUT OF APPENDIX B — GENERAL

VESSEL REFERENCE POINTS TECHNIQUES FOR ANGLE BEAM
CALIBRATIONS
The layout of the weld shall consist of placing
reference points on the center line of the weld. The Descriptions and figures for the general method relate
standard spacing of the reference points shall be 12 position and depth of the reflector to eighths of the
in. All points shall be identified with their numbers: V-path. The sweep range may be calibrated in terms
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. The numbers of points, distance of units of metal path,1 projected surface distance or
apart, and starting point shall be recorded on the actual depth to the reflector (as shown in Fig. B-10).
reporting form. The weld center line shall be the divider The particular method may be selected according to
for the two examination surfaces. the preference of the examiner.
(a) Circumferential (Girth) Welds. The standard start-
ing point shall be vessel 0 deg. The reference points
shall be numbered clockwise, as viewed from the top B-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
of the vessel. The examination surfaces shall be identi-
fied as above or below the weld. Calibration shall include the complete ultrasonic ex-
amination system. The original calibration must be
(b) Longitudinal (Vertical) Welds. Longitudinal welds
performed on the basic calibration block. Checks shall
shall be laid out from the center line of circumferential
be made to verify the sweep range calibration and
welds at the top end of the weld. The examination
distance amplitude correction. Checks shall include the
surface shall be identified as clockwise or counterclock- entire examination system.
wise as viewed from the top of the vessel. In all calibrations, it is important that maximum
(c) Nozzle-to-Vessel Welds. The external reference indications be obtained with the sound beam oriented
circle shall have a sufficient whole number of inches perpendicular to the axis of the side-drilled holes and
radius so that the circle falls on vessel external surface notches. The center line of the search unit shall be at
beyond the weld fillet. The internal reference circle least 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) from the nearest side of the
shall have a sufficient whole number of inches radius block (rotation of the beam into the corner formed by
so that the circle falls within 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) of the the hole and the side of the block may produce a
weld center line. Zero deg. point on the weld will be higher amplitude at a longer beam path; this beam
the top of the nozzle. The 0 deg. point for welds of path shall not be used for calibration). For contact
nozzles centered in heads shall be located at the 0 examination, the temperature of the examination and
deg. axis of the vessel. Angular layout of the weld basic calibration block surfaces shall be within 25°F
shall be made clockwise on the external surface, counter- (14°C). For immersion examination, the couplant tem-
clockwise on the internal surface. Zero degree, 90 deg., perature for calibration shall be within 25°F (14°C) of
the couplant temperature used in actual scanning, or
180 deg., and 270 deg. lines will be marked on all
appropriate compensations for angle and sensitivity
nozzle welds examined; 30 deg. increment lines will
changes shall be made.
be marked on nozzle welds greater than 4 in. (102
mm) radius; 15 deg. increment lines will be marked
1
on nozzle welds greater than 12 in. (305 mm) radius; Reflections from concentric cylindrical surfaces such as provided
by some IIW blocks and the AWS distance calibration block may
5 deg. increment lines will be marked on nozzle welds be used to adjust delay zero and sweep range for metal path
greater than 24 in. (610 mm) radius. calibration.
71

B-2 2001 SECTION V B-8
B-2 CALIBRATION CHECK UPON the simulation used shall be completely identifiable on
CHANGE IN THE COMPLETE the calibration sheet(s). The simulator check shall be
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION made on the entire examination system. The entire
SYSTEM system does not have to be tested in one check. As
an example, the transducer sensitivity and electronic
Alternate cables and search units singly and in combi-
instrument could be evaluated in separate tests.
nation that have been included in a prior system calibra-
tion may be later substituted in the system; such
substitution shall not necessitate a calibration check.
When any other part of the examination system is B-5 CALIBRATION MEASUREMENTS
changed, a calibration check shall be made on the basic Each calibration shall be performed from the surface
calibration block or on the simulator, provided the (clad or unclad) corresponding to the surface of the
simulation is subsequently compared to the basic calibra- component from which the examination will be per-
tion block to verify that 1⁄4, 1⁄2, and 3⁄4T points on the formed.
sweep and distance amplitude correction values recorded
satisfy the requirements of Appendix B-71 and Appen-
dix B-72. B-6 TECHNIQUES
Appendix B provides general techniques for angle
beam calibration. Other techniques may be used. Any
B-3 CALIBRATION CHECK ON BASIC
control which affects the instrument linearity (e.g.,
CALIBRATION BLOCK OR
filters, reject, or clipping), shall be in the same position
SIMILAR CHECK
for calibration linearity checks and examination.
A calibration check on at least three of the basic
reflectors in the basic calibration block or a check on
at least three of the simulation reflectors in the simula- B-7 ANGLE BEAM CALIBRATION
tion block shall be made at the finish of each examina-
tion. Interim calibration checks may be made as above The calibration shall provide the following measure-
or on the three required pulses from the electronic ments:
simulator every 12 hr during the examination and (a) sweep range calibration;
when examination personnel (except for mechanized (b) distance–amplitude correction;
examinations) are changed. (c) position calibration;
When a simulator is used, a minimum of three (d) echo amplitude measurement from the surface
pulses shall be used to simulate the original calibration notch in the basic calibration block;
performed on the basic calibration block. The three (e) when an electronic distance amplitude correction
pulses shall be within the ranges of 15% to 20%, 40% device is used, the primary reference response shall be
to 60%, and 70% to 110% of the maximum calibrated equalized at a nominal constant screen height at or
metal path. Simulator block reflectors and /or electronic between 40% to 80% of full screen height over the
simulator settings shall be recorded in the written distance range to be employed in the examination.
calibration record. When an electronic simulator is used,
it shall be electronically calibrated at least every 6
months to verify compliance with the manufacturer’s B-8 INNER t⁄4 VOLUME
specification. The sweep and distance–amplitude correc-
tion values recorded shall satisfy the requirements of (a) The additional t⁄4 volume angle calibration re-
Appendix B-71 and Appendix B-72. quirement may be satisfied by using one or more beams
as required to calibrate on 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) maximum
diameter side drilled holes in that volume.
(b) When the examination is performed from the
B-4 SIMULATOR CHECK
outside surface, calibrate on the 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) diameter
Any simulator checks that are used must be correlated side drilled holes to provide the shape of the DAC
with the original calibration on the basic calibration from 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) to t⁄4 depth, but set gain on the
block during the original calibration. The simulator Code hole at t⁄4.
checks may use different types of calibration blocks (c) When the examination is performed from the
(such as IIW) and /or electronic simulation. However, inside surface, calibrate on the 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) diameter
72

B-8 ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES B-22
FIG. B-10 SWEEP RANGE
side drilled holes to provide the shape of the DAC from the hole. Mark the peak of the indication on the
and the gain setting. screen.
(c) Position the search unit for maximum response
from another hole indication.
B-10 SWEEP RANGE CALIBRATION (d) Mark the peak of the indication on the screen.
(SEE FIG. B-10) (e) Position the search unit for maximum amplitude
(a) Position the search unit for the maximum first from the third hole indication and mark the peak on
indication from the 1⁄4T side-drilled hole. Adjust the the screen.
left edge of this indication to line 2 on the screen with (f) Position the search unit for maximum amplitude
the delay control. from the 3⁄4T hole indication after the beam has bounced
(b) Position the search unit for the maximum indica- from the opposite surface. The indication should appear
tion from the 3⁄4T hole. Adjust the left edge of this at sweep line 10. Mark the peak on the screen for the
5
indication to line 6 on the screen with the range control. ⁄4T position.
(c) Repeat delay and range control adjustments until (g) Connect the screen marks for the side-drilled
the 1⁄4T and 3⁄4T hole reflections start at sweep lines holes to provide the distance–amplitude curve.
2 and 6. (h) For calibration correction for perpendicular re-
(d) Position the search unit for maximum response flectors at the opposite surface, refer to B-50.
from the square notch on the opposite surface. The
indication will appear near sweep line 8.
(e) Two divisions on the sweep equal 1⁄4T.
B-22 Calibration From the Unclad Side
B-20 DISTANCE–AMPLITUDE (a) From the clad side of the block, determine the
CORRECTION (PRIMARY dB change in amplitude between the 3⁄4T and 5⁄4T
REFERENCE LEVEL) (SEE positions.
FIG. B-20) (b) From the unclad side, perform calibrations as
noted in B-21 (a) through (e).
B-21 Calibration From the Clad Side
(c) To determine the amplitude for the 5⁄4T hole,
(a) Position the search unit for maximum response position the search unit for maximum amplitude from
from the hole which gives the highest amplitude. the 3⁄4T hole. Decrease the signal amplitude by the
(b) Adjust the sensitivity control to provide an 80% number of dB determined in (a) above. Mark the height
(±5% of full screen height) of full screen indication of this signal amplitude at sweep line 10 (5⁄4T).
73

Fig. B-20 2001 SECTION V Fig. B-40
FIG. B-20 SENSITIVITY AND DISTANCE–AMPLITUDE CORRECTION
FIG. B-40 POSITION DEPTH AND BEAM PATH
74

B-22 ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES B-60
(d) Connect the screen marks to provide the distance-

amplitude curve. This will permit evaluation of indica-
tions down to the clad surface (near sweep line 8).
(e) For calibration correction for perpendicular planar
reflectors near the opposite surface, refer to B-50.
B-40 POSITION CALIBRATION (SEE

FIG. B-40)
The following measurements may be made with a FIG. B-50 PLANAR REFLECTIONS
ruler, scale, or marked on an indexing strip.2
(a) Position the search unit for maximum response
from the 1⁄4T hole. Place one end of the indexing strip
against the front of the search unit, the other end B-50 CALIBRATION CORRECTION FOR
extending in the direction of the beam. Mark the number PLANAR REFLECTORS
2 on the indexing strip at the scribe line which is PERPENDICULAR TO THE
directly above the hole. (If the search unit covers the EXAMINATION SURFACE AT OR
scribe line, the marks may be made on the side of the NEAR THE OPPOSITE SURFACE
search unit.) (SEE FIG. B-50)
(b) Position the search unit for maximum indications The 45 deg. angle beam shear wave reflects well
from the 1⁄2T and 3⁄4T holes. Keep the same end of from a corner reflector. However, mode conversion and
the indexing strip against the front of the search unit. redirection of reflection occurs to part of the beam
Mark the numbers 4 and 6 on the indexing strip at when a 60 deg. angle beam shear wave hits the same
the scribe line. reflector. This problem also exists to a lesser degree
(c) If possible, position the search unit so that the throughout the 50 deg. to 70 deg. angle beam shear
beam bounces from the opposite surface to the 3⁄4T wave range. This correction is required in order to be
hole. Mark the number 10 on the indexing strip at the equally critical of such an imperfection regardless of
scribe line. the examination beam angle.
(d) Position the search unit for the maximum opposite (a) Position the search unit for maximum amplitude
surface notch indication. Mark the number 8 on the from the square notch on the opposite surface. “X”
indexing strip at the scribe line. mark the peak of the indication on the screen near
(e) The calibration numbers on the indexing strip sweep line 8.
indicate the position directly over the reflector in six- (b) The opposite surface square notch may give an
teenths of the V-path. indication 2 to 1 above DAC at 45 deg. and 1⁄2 DAC
(f) The depth from the examination surface to the at 60 deg. Therefore, the indications from the square
reflector is T at 8, 3⁄4T at 6 and 10, 1⁄2T at 4, 1⁄4T at notch must be considered when evaluating reflectors
2, and 0 at 0. Interpolation is possible for smaller at the opposite surface.
increments of depth. This measurement may be corrected
by the radius of the hole if the radius is considered
significant to the accuracy of reflector’s location. B-60 BEAM SPREAD (SEE FIG. B-60)
Measurements of beam spread shall be made on the
hemispherical bottom of the round bottom hole. The
half maximum amplitude limit of the primary lobe of
2
The balance of the calibrations in this Appendix is written based the beam shall be plotted by manipulating the search
upon the use of the indexing strip. However, the procedures may
be transformed for other methods of measurement at the discretion unit for measurements on reflections from the round
of the examiner. bottom holes as follows.
75

B-60 2001 SECTION V C-1
(h) The smallest of the three “right” to “left”

dimensions shall not be exceeded when indexing be-
tween scans parallel to the beam direction.
(i) The projected beam spread angle determined by
these measurements shall be used to determine limits
as required at other metal paths.
NOTE: If laminar reflectors are present in the basic calibration block,
the beam spread readings may be affected; if this is the case, beam
spread measurements must be based on the best available readings.
B-70 CALIBRATION CONFIRMATION

Calibration shall be performed prior to use of the
system in the thickness range under examination. A
calibration check shall verify the sweep range and
distance amplitude correction as defined in B-71 and
B-72.
FIG. B-60 BEAM SPREAD
B-71 Sweep Range Calibration
If any point on the DAC curve has moved on the
sweep line more than 10% of the sweep division
(a) Set the maximum amplitude from the 1⁄4T hole reading, correct the sweep range calibration and note
at 80% of full screen. Move search unit toward the the correction in the examination record. If recordable
hole until indication equals 40% of full screen. Mark reflectors (T-458) are noted on the data sheets, those
beam center line “toward” position on the block. data sheets shall be voided, a new calibration shall be
(b) Set the maximum amplitude from the 1⁄4T hole recorded, and the voided examinations shall be repeated.
at 80% of full screen. Move search unit away from
the hole until indication equals 40% of full screen. B-72 DAC Correction
Mark beam center line “away” position on the block.
(c) Position the search unit for 80% of roll screen If any point on the distance-amplitude correction
amplitude from the 1⁄4T hole. Move search unit right (DAC) curve has decreased 20% or 2 dB of its ampli-
without pivoting the beam toward the reflector until tude, all data sheets since the last calibration or calibra-
the indication equals 40% of full screen. Mark the tion check shall be marked void. A new calibration
beam center line “right” position on the block.3 shall be made and recorded and the voided examination
(d) Move the search unit left without pivoting the areas shall be reexamined. If any point on the distance-
beam toward the reflector until the indication equals amplitude correction (DAC) curve has increased more
40% of full screen. Mark the beam center line “left” than 20% or 2 dB of its amplitude, all recorded
position on the block.3 indications since the last valid calibration or calibration
(e) Repeat setting and measurements of “toward,” check shall be evaluated with the corrected calibration,
“away,” “right,” and “left” limits of the beam on the and their values shall be changed on the data sheets.
1
⁄2T and 3⁄4T round bottom holes.
(f) Record the dimensions from “toward” to “away”
and from “right” to “left” positions marked on the APPENDIX C — GENERAL
block for the 1⁄4T and 3⁄4T round bottom holes. TECHNIQUES FOR STRAIGHT BEAM
(g) The smallest of the three “toward” to “away” CALIBRATIONS
dimensions shall not be exceeded when indexing be-
C-1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
tween scans perpendicular to the beam direction.
Calibration shall include the complete ultrasonic ex-
3 amination system. The original calibration must be
When manually positioning the search unit, a straight edge may
be used to guide the search unit while moving to the right and left performed on the basic calibration block. Checks shall
to assure that axial positioning and beam alignment are maintained. be made to verify the sweep range calibration and
76

C-1 ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES C-7
distance amplitude correction. Checks shall include the 60%, and 70 to 110% of the maximum calibrated
entire examination system. metal path. Simulator block reflectors and /or electronic
In all calibrations, it is important that maximum simulator settings shall be recorded in the written
indications be obtained with the sound beam oriented calibration record. When an electronic simulator is used,
perpendicular to the axis of the side-drilled holes and it shall be electronically calibrated at least every 6
notches. The center line of the search unit shall be at months to verify compliance with the manufacturer’s
least 11⁄2in. (38 mm) from the nearest side of the block specification. The sweep and distance–amplitude correc-
(rotation of the beam into the corner formed by the tion values recorded satisfy the requirements of Appen-
hole and the side of the block may produce a higher dix C-31 and Appendix C-32.
amplitude at a longer beam path; this beam path shall
not be used for calibration). For contact examination,
the temperature of the examination and basic calibration C-4 SIMULATOR CHECK
block surfaces shall be within 25°F (14°C). For immer-
sion examination, the couplant temperature for calibra- Any simulator checks that are used must be correlated
tion shall be with 25°F (14°C) of the couplant tempera- with the original calibration on the basic calibration
ture used in actual scanning, or appropriate block during the original calibration. The simulator
compensations for angle and sensitivity changes shall checks may use different types of calibration blocks
be made. (such as IIW) and /or electronic simulation. However,
the simulation used shall be completely identifiable on
the calibration sheet(s). The simulator check shall be
C-2 CALIBRATION CHECK UPON made on the entire examination system. The entire
CHANGE IN THE COMPLETE system does not have to be tested in one check. As
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION an example, the transducer sensitivity and electronic
SYSTEM instrument could be evaluated in separate tests.
Alternate cables and search units singly and in combi-

nation that have been included in a prior system calibra-
C-5 CALIBRATION MEASUREMENTS
tion may be later substituted in the system: such
substitution shall not necessitate a calibration check. Each calibration shall be performed from the surface
When any other part of the examination system is (clad or unclad) corresponding to the surface of the
changed, a calibration check shall be made on the basic component from which the examination will be per-
calibration block to verify that 1⁄4, 1⁄2, and 3⁄4T points formed.
on the sweep and distance amplitude correction values
recorded satisfy the requirements of Appendix C-31
and Appendix C-32. C-6 TECHNIQUES
This Appendix provides general techniques for
C-3 CALIBRATION CHECK ON BASIC straight-beam calibration. Other techniques may be used.
CALIBRATION BLOCK OR Any control which affects the instrument linearity (e.g.,
SIMULATOR CHECK filters, reject, or clipping) shall be in the same position
for calibration, linearity check, and examination.
A calibration check on at least three of the basic
reflectors in the basic calibration block or a check on
at least three of the simulation reflectors in the simula- C-7 STRAIGHT BEAM CALIBRATION
tion block shall be made at the finish of each examina-
tion. Interim calibration checks may be made as above The method of calibration shall provide the following
or on the three required pulses from the electronic measurements (Appendix C gives a general technique):
simulator every 12 hr during the examination and (a) sweep range calibration;
when examination personnel (except for mechanized (b) distance–amplitude correction;
examinations) are changed. (c) when an electronic distance amplitude correction
When a simulator is used, a minimum of three device is used, the primary reference response shall be
pulses shall be used to simulate the original calibration equalized at a nominal constant screen height at or
performed on the basic calibration block. The three between 40% to 80% of full screen height over the
uses shall be within the ranges of 15 to 20%, 40 to distance range to be employed in the examination.
77

C-10 2001 SECTION V D-10
(e) Position the search unit for maximum amplitude

from the third hole indication and mark the peak on
the screen.
(f) Connect the screen marks and extend through
the thickness to provide the distance–amplitude curve
for the side-drilled holes.
C-30 CALIBRATION CONFIRMATION

Calibration shall be performed prior to use of the
system in the thickness range under examination. A
calibration check shall verify the sweep range and
distance amplitude correction as defined in C-31 and
C-32.
FIG. C-10 SWEEP RANGE
C-31 Sweep Range Calibration

If any point on the DAC curve has moved on the
sweep line more than 10% of the sweep division
C-10 SWEEP RANGE CALIBRATION4 reading, correct the sweep range calibration and note
(SEE FIG. C-10) the correction in the examination record. If recordable
(a) Position the search unit for the maximum first reflectors (T-480) are noted on the data sheets, those
indication from the 1⁄4T side-drilled hole. Adjust the data sheets shall be voided, a new calibration shall be
left edge of this indication to line 2 on the screen with recorded, and voided examinations shall be repeated.
the delay control.
(b) Position the search unit for the maximum indica-
tion from 3⁄4T hole. Adjust the left edge of this indication C-32 DAC Correction
to line 6 on the screen with the range control.
If any point on the distance–amplitude correction
(c) Repeat delay and range control adjustments until
(DAC) curve has decreased 20% or 2 dB of its ampli-
the 1⁄4T and 3⁄4T hole reflections start at sweep lines
tude, all data sheets since the last calibration or calibra-
2 and 6.
tion check shall be marked void. A new calibration
shall be made and recorded and the voided examination
areas shall be reexamined. If any point on the distance-
C-20 DISTANCE–AMPLITUDE amplitude correction (DAC) curve has increased more
CORRECTION (SEE FIG. C-20) than 20% or 2 dB of its amplitude, all recorded
indications since the last valid calibration or calibration
(a) Position for maximum response from the hole check shall be evaluated with the corrected calibration
which gives the highest amplitude. and their values shall be changed on the data sheets.
(b) Adjust the sensitivity control to provide an 80%
(±5% of full screen height) of full screen indication
from the hole. Mark the peak of the indication on the
APPENDIX D — DATA RECORD
screen with a grease pencil or other suitable marker.
EXAMPLE FOR A PLANAR
(c) Position the search unit for maximum response
from another hole indication.
REFLECTOR
(d) Mark the peak of the indication on the screen. D-10 RECORDING DATA (SEE FIG.
D-10)
4
Calibration by beam path measurement may be used by range This Appendix represents an example of the data
control positioning by the block back reflection to the sweep division required to dimension a 120% DAC reflector found
number (or multiple) equal to the measured thickness. The 1⁄4T hole
indication must be delay control positioned to 1⁄4 of the sweep when scanning perpendicular to a weld. Figure D-10
division number. is an illustration of the maximum amplitude scan and
78

D-10 ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES D-10
FIG. C-20 SENSITIVITY AND DISTANCE–AMPLITUDE CORRECTION
tabulation of that data with additional scan data that reflector shall be made prior to completion of the
might be taken on the reflector. examination report.
(a) Position the search unit to give the maximum Subtract the minimum sweep reading from the maxi-
amplitude from the reflector. Read and record the mum sweep reading and divide by the sweep reading
maximum amplitude in percent of DAC. for one wall thickness and multiply by 100 and record as
(b) Read and record the sweep reading to reflector (i) depth in % of t (t p weld thickness)
(at the left side of the indication on the sweep). Subtract the maximum sweep reading from the sweep
(c) Read and record the position of the search unit reading for one wall thickness or use the minimum
with respect to the reference line. sweep reading, whichever gives the smaller number,
(d) Read and record the location of the indication and divide the number by the sweep reading for one
at the beam center line intersection with reference line wall thickness. Multiply by 100 and record as
from the weld layout reference points. (j) distance from surface in % of t and length of
Move the search unit toward the reflector until the reflection.
amplitude falls to 60% DAC (half maximum amplitude). Successively read and record data along scan paths at
Read and record the increments no greater than nine-tenths of the transducer
(e) minimum sweep reading and (measured parallel to the scan increment change) at
(f) minimum position 60% DAC (half maximum amplitude). Continue scans
Move the search unit away from the reflector past until the maximum amplitude found at the end points
the maximum amplitude position until the amplitude of the reflector is 20% DAC. The length of the reflector
falls to 60% DAC (half maximum amplitude). Read is the distance between the end points measured at the
and record the reflector in inches. The length shall be divided by t
(g) maximum sweep reading and and multiplied by 100 to give length in % of t. The
(h) maximum position data tabulated in Fig. D-10 is carried out on either
Data points (a) through (h) above shall be read and side of the maximum indicated signal until the 20%
recorded during the examination. Computations for (i) DAC point is reached on both ends of the indication.
depth, (j) distance from surface, and length of the It is only necessary to record the data to obtain the
79

Fig. D-10 2001 SECTION V
100
80
60
10 0
40 %
DA
C
20
20% DAC
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
t Reflector moved through beam
GENERAL NOTE: As the reflector is moved through the beam, the flaw indication
reaches 20% DAC at 4.4 sweep divisions, increases in amplitude to 120% DAC at 4.0
sweep divisions, and falls to 20% DAC at 3.6 sweep divisions. The 20% DAC change in
sweep reading, divided by the thickness sweep reading, times 100 represents the
reflector depth (that is, 10% of t ) or the 2 (a) dimension of the subsurface flaw indication.
FIG. D-10 REFLECTOR READING
DATA TABULATION FOR FIG. D-10

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j)
20% DAC % of t
Minimum Maximum
Search Unit Distance
Maximum Sweep Position, in. Location, in. Sweep Sweep From
% DAC Reading or mm or mm Reading Position Reading Position Depth Surface Computation or Remarks
4.4—3.6
120 4.0 4.6 23 3.6 4.2 4.4 5.2 10 45
8.0
4.2—3.8
80 4.0 4.6 22.1 3.8 4.3 4.2 4.8 5 47.5
8.0
...
20 4.0 4.6 21.7 ... ... ... ... 0 50
4.3—3.7
90 4.1 4.7 23.9 3.7 4.3 4.3 5.2 7.5 46
8.0
4.3—3.9
70 4.1 4.7 24.8 3.9 4.4 4.3 5.2 5 46
8.0
...
20 4.2 4.6 25 ... ... ... ... 0 50
depth: 10% of t
length: 3.3 in. or mm
GENERAL NOTE:
Column letters refer to D-10 subparagraphs.
80

D-10 ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES E-30
length 3.3 in. (84 mm) and depth, 10% of t. The first, applicable calibration block required by Article 4. These
third, and sixth lines of the data tabulation are all that blocks shall comply with J-10.
are necessary to define the through wall and length of The block described in Fig. E-10 provides an effective
the indication in this example. resolution range for 45 deg. and 60 deg. search units
and metal paths up to about 4 in. (102 mm). This is
adequate for piping and similar components, but longer
path lengths are required for reactor pressure vessels.
APPENDIX E — COMPUTERIZED A thicker block with the same sizes of flat-bottom
IMAGING TECHNIQUES holes, spacings, depths, and tolerances is required for
E-10 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS metal paths greater than 4 in. (102 mm), and a 4 in.
(102 mm) minimum distance between the edge of the
Computerized imaging techniques (CITs) shall satisfy holes and the edge of the block is required. These
all of the basic instrument requirements described in blocks provide a means for determining lateral resolution
T-431 and T-461. The search units used for CIT and depth discrimination of an ultrasonic imaging
applications shall be characterized as specified in T- system.
434. CITs shall be qualified in accordance with the Lateral resolution is defined as the minimum spacing
requirements for flaw detection and /or sizing that are between holes that can be resolved by the system. The
specified in the referencing Code Section. holes are spaced such that the maximum separation
The written procedure for CIT applications shall between adjacent edges of successive holes is 1.000
identify the specific test frequency and bandwidth to in. (25.400 mm). The spacing progressively decreases
be utilized. In addition, such procedures shall define by a factor of two between successive pairs of holes,
the signal processing techniques, shall include explicit and the minimum spacing is 0.015 in. (0.381 mm).
guidelines for image interpretation, and shall identify Depth discrimination is demonstrated by observing the
the software code /program version to be used. This displayed metal paths (or the depths) of the various
information shall also be included in the examination holes. Because the hole faces are not parallel to the
report. Each examination report shall document the scanning surface, each hole displays a range [about
specific scanning and imaging processes that were used 0.1 in. (2.54 mm)] of metal paths. The “A” row has
so that these functions may be accurately repeated at the shortest average metal path, the “C” row has the
a later time if necessary. longest average metal path, and the “B” holes vary in
The computerized imaging process shall include a average metal path.
feature that generates a dimensional scale (in either Additional blocks are required to verify lateral resolu-
two or three dimensions, as appropriate) to assist the tion and depth discrimination when 0 deg. longitudinal-
operator in relating the imaged features to the actual, wave examination is performed. Metal path lengths of
relevant dimensions of the component being examined. 2 in. and 8 in. (51 mm and 203 mm), as appropriate,
In addition, automated scaling factor indicators shall shall be provided as shown in Fig. E-20 for section
be integrally included to relate colors and /or image thicknesses to 4 in. (102 mm), and a similar block
intensity to the relevant variable (i.e., signal amplitude, with 8 in. (203 mm) metal paths is needed for section
attenuation, etc.). thicknesses over 4 in. (102 mm).
E-20 CALIBRATION E-30 SYNTHETIC APERTURE

FOCUSING TECHNIQUE FOR
Calibration of computer imaging systems shall be
ULTRASONIC TESTING (SAFT-UT)
conducted in such a manner that the gain levels are
optimized for data acquisition and imaging purposes. The Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (SAFT)
The traditional DAC-based calibration process may also refers to a process in which the focal properties of
be required to establish specific scanning and /or flaw a large-aperture focused search unit are synthetically
detection sensitivity levels. generated from data collected while scanning over a
For those CITs that employ signal processing to large area using a small search unit with a divergent
achieve image enhancement (SAFT-UT, L-SAFT, and sound beam. The processing required to focus this
broadband holography), at least one special lateral collection of data is a three-dimensional process called
resolution and depth discrimination block for each beam-forming, coherent summation, or synthetic aper-
specified examination shall be used in addition to the ture processing. The SAFT-UT process offers aninherent
81

E-30 2001 SECTION V E-50
advantage over physical focusing processes because the image decreases by at least 6 dB between the peak
resulting image is a full-volume, focused characteriza- signals of two holes.
tion of the material volume being examined. Traditional Depth resolution is the ability of a SAFT-UT system
physical focusing processes provide focused data over to distinguish between the depth of two holes whose
only the depth of the focus zone of the transducer. axes are parallel to the major axis of the sound beam.
For the typical pulse-echo data collection scheme Depth resolution is measured by determining the mini-
used with SAFT-UT, a focused search unit is positioned mum difference in depth between two holes.
with the focal point located at the surface of the material The lateral resolution for a SAFT-UT system is
under examination. This configuration produces a diver- typically 1.5 wavelengths (or better) for examination
gent ultrasonic beam in the material. Alternatively, a of wrought ferritic components, and 2.0 wavelengths
small-diameter contact search unit may be used to (or better) for examination of wrought stainless steel
generate a divergent beam. As the search unit is scanned components. The depth resolution for these same materi-
over the surface of the material, the A-scan record (RF als will typically be 0.25 wavelengths (or better).
waveform) is digitized for each position of the search
unit. Any reflector present produces a collection of
echoes in the A-scan records. For an elementary single- E-40 LINE-SYNTHETIC APERTURE
point reflector, the collection of echoes will form a FOCUSING TECHNIQUE (L-SAFT)
hyperbolic surface within the data-set volume. The The Line Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique (L-
shape of the hyperboloid is determined by the depth SAFT) is useful for analyzing detected indications. L-
of the reflector and the velocity of sound in the material. SAFT is a two-dimensional process in which the focal
The relationship between echo location in the series properties of a large-aperture, linearly focused search
of A-scans and the actual location of reflectors within unit are synthetically generated from data collected
the material makes it possible to reconstruct a high- over a scan line using a small search unit with a
resolution image that has a high signal-to-noise ratio. diverging sound beam. The processing required to im-
Two separate SAFT-UT configurations are possible: (a) pose a focusing effect of the acquired data is also called
the single-transducer, pulse-echo configuration; and (b) synthetic aperture processing. The L-SAFT system can
the dual-transducer, tandem configuration (TSAFT). be operated like conventional UT equipment for data
In general, the detected flaws may be categorized recording. It will function with either single- or dual-
as volumetric, planar, or cracks. Flaw sizing is normally element transducers.
performed by measuring the vertical extent (cracks) or Analysis measurements, in general, are performed to
the cross-sectional distance (volumetric /planar) at the determine flaw size, volume, location, and configuration.
−6 dB levels once the flaw has been isolated and the To decide if the flaw is a crack or volumetric, the
image normalized to the maximum value of the flaw. crack-tip-diffraction response offers one criterion, and
Multiple images are often required to adequately catego- the superimposed image of two measurements made
rize (classify) the flaw and to characterize the actual using different directions of incidence offers another.
flaw shape and size. Tandem sizing and analysis uses All constraints for SAFT-UT apply to L-SAFT and
similar techniques to pulse-echo, but provides images vice versa. The difference between L-SAFT and SAFT-
that may be easier to interpret. UT is that SAFT-UT provides a higher resolution image
The location of indications within the image space is than can be obtained with L-SAFT.
influenced by material thickness, velocity, and refracted
angle of the UT beam. The SAFT algorithm assumes
isotropic and homogeneous material; i.e., the SAFT E-50 BROADBAND HOLOGRAPHY
algorithm requires (for optimum performance) that the TECHNIQUE
acoustic velocity be accurately known and constant The holography technique produces an object image
throughout the material volume. by calculation based on data from a diffraction pattern.
Lateral resolution is the ability of the SAFT-UT If the result is a two-dimensional image and the data
system to distinguish between two objects in an xy are acquired along one scan, the process is called “line-
plane that is perpendicular to the axis of the sound holography.” If the result is a two-dimensional image
beam. Lateral resolution is measured by determining based upon an area scanned, then it is called “hologra-
the minimum spacing between pairs of holes that are phy.” For the special case of applying holography
clearly separated in the image. A pair of holes is principles to ultrasonic testing, the image of flaws (in
considered separated if the signal amplitude in the more than one dimension) can be obtained by recording
82

ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES Fig. E-10
1.250 in. (31.75 mm)

0.750 in. (19.05 mm)
0.500 in. (12.7 mm)
0.375 in. (9.53 mm)
All hole diameters
0.313 in. (7.95 mm)
0.250 in. (6.35 mm)
0.281 in. (7.14 mm)
0.266 in. (6.76 mm)
A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1
B7 B6 B5 B4
B3
C8 C7 C6 C5 C4 C3 B2 B1
1.250 in.
(31.75 mm)
2.000 in. (50.80 mm)
2.500 in. (63.50 mm)
2.875 in. (73.03 mm)
3.187 in. (80.95 mm)
3.469 in. (88.11 mm)
3.734 in. (94.84 mm)
Detail 1
5.87 in. (149.1 mm)
8.00 in. 2.79 in. (70.9 mm)

(203.2 mm)
VT
-L
A
1.01 in.
T-
40
00
See detail 1 (25.7 mm)
2.13 in.
(54.1 mm)
See detail 1
30 1.750 in.
deg (44.45 mm) 45 deg
1.000 in.
(25.40 mm) 3.50 in.
(88.9 mm)
2 X 0.50 in.
(12.7 mm)
9.75 in. (247.7 mm)
FIG. E-10 LATERAL RESOLUTION AND DEPTH DISCRIMINATION

BLOCK FOR 45 deg. AND 60 deg. APPLICATIONS
(Not to Scale)
83

GENERAL NOTES:
(a) View rotated for clarity.
(b) Insonification surface is shown at bottom.
(c) Tolerances: decimals: 0.XX p ± 0.03; 0.XXX p ± 0.005; angular: ± 1 deg.
(d) Hole identification:
(1) Engrave or stamp as shown with the characters upright when he large face of the block is up.
(2) Nominal character height is 0.25 in. (6.4 mm)
(3) Start numbering at the widest-spaced side.
(4) Label row of eight holes A1–A8.
(5) Label diagonal set of seven holes B1–B7.
(6) Label remaining six holes C3–C8.
(e) Hole spacing: minimum 0.010 in. (0.25 mm) material between hole edges.
(f) Hole depths: 30 deg. face: 1.000 in. (25.40 mm); 45 deg. face: 1.750 in.
(g) Drawing presentation: holes are shown from drilled face of block.
(h) Hole ends to be flat and parallel to drilled surface within 0.001 in. (0.03 mm) across face of hole.
(i) Maximum radius between side and face of hole is 0.005 in. (0.13 mm)
FIG. E-10 LATERAL RESOLUTION AND DEPTH DISCRIMINATION

BLOCK FOR 45 deg. AND 60 deg. APPLICATIONS (CONT’D)
the amplitude, phase, and time-of-flight data from the tion of the ultrasonic beam angle in the azimuthal
scanned volume. The holography process offers a unique or lateral direction while scanning the object under
feature because the resulting image is a one- or two- examination. This process offers an advantage over
dimensional characterization of the material. processes using conventional probes with fixed beam
This technique provides good resolution in the axial angles because it acquires considerably more informa-
direction by using broadband search units. These search tion about the reflecting object by using more aspect
units transmit a very short pulse, and therefore the angles in direct impingement.
axial resolution is improved. The maximum bandwidth Each phased array probe consists of a series of
may be 20 MHz without using filtering, and up to 8 individually wired transducer elements on a wedge that
MHz using an integrated filter. are activated separately using a pre-selectable time
Analysis measurements, in general, are performed delay pattern. With a linear delay time between the
to obtain information on size, volume, location, and transmitter pulses, an inclined sound field is generated.
configuration of detected flaws. The results of the Varying the angle of refraction requires a variation of
holography-measurements per scan line show a two- the linear distribution of the delay time. Depending on
dimensional image of the flaw by color-coded display. the probe design, it is possible to electronically vary
The size of flaws can be determined by using the 6 either the angle of incidence or the lateral /skew angle.
dB drop in the color code. More information on the In the receiving mode, acoustic energy is received by
flaw dimensions is obtained by scans in different direc- the elements and the signals undergo a summation
tions (i.e., parallel, perpendicular) at different angles process utilizing the same time delay pattern as was
of incidence. To decide if the flaw is a crack or a used during transmission.
volumetric flaw, the crack tip technique offers one Flaw sizing is normally performed by measuring the
criterion and comparison of two measurements from vertical extent (in the case of cracks) or the cross-
different directions of incidence offers another. Measure- sectional distance (in the case of volumetric /planar
ment results obtained by imaging techniques always flaws) at the 6 dB levels once the flaw has been
require specific interpretation. Small variations in mate- isolated and the image normalized. Tandem sizing
rial thickness, sound velocity, or refracted beam angle and analysis uses techniques similar to pulse-echo but
may influence the reconstruction results. The holography provides images that are easier to interpret since specular
processing calculations also assume that the velocity is reflection is used for defects oriented perpendicular to
accurately known and constant throughout the material. the surface. For cracks and planar defects, the result
should be verified using crack-tip-diffraction signals
from the upper and lower ends of the flaw, since the
E-60 UT-PHASED ARRAY TECHNIQUE
phased array approach with tomographic reconstruction
The UT-Phased Array Technique is a process wherein is most sensitive to flaw tip indications and is able to
UT data are generated by controlled incremental varia- give a clear reconstruction image of these refraction
84

ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES Fig. E-20
X L
W
K
V
U A
T L
S
B F
M
N
C
PO G
Q
R D H
E I
J
8 in. (203.2 mm)
Y
X
W Scanning
STU V
surface
7.50 in.
R QP O N M L K (190.5 mm)
E D C B A
J I H G F
2 in.
(50.8 mm)
X
Index 2 in.
Y (50.8 mm)
4 in. General tolerances

(101.6 mm) 0.010 in. and 1 deg
( 0.25 mm and 1 deg)
FIG. E-20 LATERAL AND DEPTH RESOLUTION BLOCK FOR 0 deg. APPLICATIONS
85

TABLE E-20 mitter-receiver, or tandem configuration. Individually

HOLE PATTERN DIMENSIONS selectable parameters control the compression of the
FOR CALIBRATION BLOCK A-scan information using a pattern-recognition algo-
Hole Position rithm, so that only the relevant A-scan amplitudes are
Hole stored and further processed.
X, Y, Depth,
±0.005 in. ±0.005 in. ±0.002 in.
The parameter values in the A-scan compression
(±0.13 mm) (±0.13 mm) (±0.05 mm) algorithm determine how many pre-cursing and how
many post-cursing half-wave peaks must be smaller
A 6.000 (152.40) 3.000 (76.20) 1.080 (27.43) than a specific amplitude, so that this largest amplitude
B 5.000 (127.00) 3.000 (76.20) 1.310 (33.27)
C 4.000 (101.60) 3.000 (76.20) 1.540 (39.12)
is identified as as relevant signal. These raw data can
D 3.000 (76.20) 3.000 (76.20) 1.770 (44.96) be displayed in B-, C-, and D-scan (side, top, and end
E 2.000 (50.80) 3.000 (76.20) 2.000 (50.80) view) presentations, with selectable color-code incre-
F 6.000 (152.40) 2.000 (50.80) 1.828 (46.43) ments for amplitude and fast zoom capabilities. This
G 5.000 (127.00) 2.000 (50.80) 1.885 (47.88) operating mode is most suitable for detection purposes.
H 4.000 (101.60) 2.000 (50.80) 1.943 (49.35)
I 3.000 (76.20) 2.000 (50.80) 1.977 (50.22)
For discrimination, a two-dimensional spatial-filtering
J 2.000 (50.80) 2.000 (50.80) 2.000 (50.80) algorithm is applied to search for correlation of the
time-of-flight raw data with reflector-typical time-of-
Hole Position
Hole flight trajectories.
X, Y, Depth, Tandem sizing and analysis uses techniques similar
±0.002 in. ±0.002 in. ±0.005 in. to pulse-echo but provides images that may be easier
(±0.05 mm) (±0.05 mm) (±0.13 mm) to interpret since the specular reflections from flaws
K 6.000 (152.40) 4.000 (101.60) 2.000 (50.80) oriented perpendicular to the surface are used. For
L 4.750 (120.65) 4.000 (101.60) 2.000 (50.80) cracks and planar flaws, the results should be verified
M 4.000 (101.60) 4.000 (101.60) 2.000 (50.80) with crack-tip-diffraction signals from the upper and
N 3.500 (88.90) 4.000 (101.60) 2.000 (50.80) lower end of the flaw since the acoustic parameters
O 3.125 (79.38) 4.000 (101.60) 2.000 (50.80)
P 2.813 (71.45) 4.000 (101.60) 2.000 (50.80)
are very sensitive to flaw tip indications and a clear
Q 2.532 (64.31) 4.000 (101.60) 2.000 (50.80) reconstruction image of these refraction phenomena is
R 2.266 (57.56) 4.000 (101.60) 2.000 (50.80) possible with this technique.
S 2.532 (64.31) 4.266 (108.36) 2.000 (50.80) The location of indications within the image space
T 2.813 (71.45) 4.281 (108.74) 2.000 (50.80) is influenced by material thickness and actual sound
U 3.125 (79.38) 4.322 (109.78) 2.000 (50.80)
V 3.500 (88.90) 4.375 (111.13) 2.000 (50.80)
velocity (i.e., isotropic and homogeneous material is
W 4.000 (101.60) 4.500 (114.30) 2.000 (50.80) assumed). However, deteriorating influences from aniso-
X 4.750 (120.65) 4.750 (120.65) 2.000 (50.80) tropic material (such as cladding) can be reduced by
Y 6.000 (152.40) 5.250 (133.35) 2.000 (50.80) appropriate selection of the search unit parameters.
GENERAL NOTE: Drill all holes flat-bottomed and perpendicular
to the scanning surface. Hole diameters shall be 0.250 ± 0.005 in.
(6.35 ± 0.13 mm) in Faces #1 and #2, and 0.250 ± 0.002 in. (6.35
± 0.05 mm) in Faces #3 and #4. Hole bottoms shall be parallel to
the scanning surface to within 1 deg. Maximum radius of hole bottom E-80 AUTOMATED DATA ACQUISITION
corners shall be 0.010 in. (0.25 mm). AND IMAGING TECHNIQUE
Automated data acquisition and imaging is a multi-
channel technique that may be used for acquisition and
phenomena. As with other techniques, the phased array analysis of UT data for both contact and immersion
process assumes isotropic and homogeneous material applications. This technique allows interfacing between
whose acoustic velocity is constant and accurately the calibration, acquisition, and analysis modes; and
known. for assignment of specific examination configurations.
This technique utilizes a real-time display for monitoring
the quality of data being collected, and provides for
E-70 UT-AMPLITUDE TIME-OF-FLIGHT
display of specific amplitude ranges and the capability
LOCUS-CURVE ANALYSIS
to analyze peak data through target motion filtering.
TECHNIQUE
A cursor function allows scanning the RF data one
The UT-amplitude time-of-flight locus-curve analysis waveform at a time to aid in crack sizing using tip-
technique utilizes multiple probes in pulse-echo, trans- diffraction. For both peak and RF data, the technique
86

E-80 ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES F-31.1
can collect, display, and analyze data for scanning in F-30 INSTRUMENT REQUIREMENTS
either the axial or circumferential directions.
(a) A pulse-echo type of ultrasonic instrument and /or
This technique facilitates detection and sizing of both
examination system shall be used. The
volumetric and planar flaws. For sizing volumetric
instrument /system shall be equipped with a stepped
flaws, amplitude-based methods may be used; and for
gain control calibrated in units of 2.0 dB or less.
sizing planar flaws, the crack-tip-diffraction method
(b) The system shall exhibit the following:
may be used. An overlay feature allows the analyst to
generate a composite image using several sets of ultra- (1) Center Frequency:
sonic data. All data displayed in the analyze mode may (a) For examination systems with bandwidths
be displayed with respect to the physical coordinates of less than 30%, the center frequency shall not change
the component. more than ±5%.
(b) For examination systems with bandwidths
30% or greater, the system center frequency shall not
vary more than ±10%.
(2) Bandwidth:
APPENDIX F — NOZZLE
EXAMINATION (a) The examination bandwidth shall not change
more than ±10%.
F-10 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
NOTE: Bandwidth is measured at the −6 dB points.
This Appendix provides rules for equipment and
procedure qualification and /or requalification of manual
or automated ultrasonic examinations of the nozzle F-31 Procedure Requirements
inside radius. The Manufacturer, examination agency,
or other user of this Appendix shall be responsible F-31.1 Written Procedure. Ultrasonic nozzle inside
for qualifying the technique, equipment, and written radius examination shall be performed in accordance
procedure(s) in conformance with this Appendix, and /or with a written procedure. The procedure shall be quali-
as required by the referencing Code Section. fied to the extent specified in this Subsection. The
examination procedure shall contain a statement of
scope that specifically defines the limits of procedure
applicability. The examination procedure shall specify
a single value or a range of values for the listed
F-20 PERFORMANCE
essential variables. The examination procedure shall
DEMONSTRATION FOR NOZZLE
specify, as a minimum, the following essential variables:
INSIDE RADIUS EXAMS
(a) instrument or system description including Manu-
The equipment and procedure performance demon- facturer and model of pulser, receiver, and amplifier;
stration requirements specified in this Appendix may (b) ultrasonic technique;
be satisfied simultaneously or in conjunction with other (c) search units, including:
qualification(s) /verification and /or requalification dem- (1) number, size, shape, and configuration of active
onstration in conformance with this Appendix. elements
(a) Ultrasonic instruments shall comply with the (2) center frequency and either bandwidth or wave-
Instrument Requirements of F-30. form for each active element
(b) Specimens to be employed during calibration (3) mode of sound propagation; e.g., longitudinal,
and /or qualification test shall comply with the require- shear, etc.
ments of F-40. (d) scanning equipment (when applicable);
(c) The equipment and procedure shall be considered (1) type; manipulator(s), bridges, semi-automatic
qualified for detection of flaws upon successfully com- devices
pleting the performance demonstration specified in F-
(2) indexing controls, scanners
60, Procedure Qualification.
(3) number of ultrasonic connectors; and length
of cable
(e) scanning technique(s), including:
F-21 Personnel Requirements (1) scan pattern (modeling) and primary beam
Personnel shall be qualified and certified in accord- direction
ance with the requirements of the referencing Code. (2) maximum scan speed
87

F-31.1 2001 SECTION V F-51
(3) minimum and maximum pulse repetition rate (1) the basic calibration block material require-
(4) minimum sampling rate (automatic recording ments (J-10).
systems) (2) Curvature. The examination and reflection sur-
(5) extent of scanning and action to be taken for face curvatures on the nozzle mockup shall be similar
geometrical restrictions. to those curvatures on the nozzle in the vessel. The
(f) methods of calibration for detection. Calibration size ranges in F-40(c)(6) below shall be considered to
methods include all those actions required to assure be similar curvatures.
that the accuracy of the signal amplitude and sweep (3) welding process (when applicable).
locations of the examination system (whether displayed, (4) Cladding. If the inside surface of the nozzle
recorded, or automatically processed) are repeatable in the vessel is clad, the inside surface of the nozzle
from examination to examination. Any method of mockup shall be clad using the same welding method
achieving the system calibration shall be recorded. A (i.e., roll bonded, manual weld deposited, automatic
description of the calibrated sensitivity shall be included wire deposited, or automatic strip deposited). In the
in the procedure. event the cladding method is not known or is impractical
(g) minimum inspection /calibration data to be re- to apply on the mockup, cladding may be applied using
corded, and medium, i.e., calibration sheet and /or mag- the manual weld deposit method. If the inside surface
netic disk; of the nozzle to be examined is not clad, the inside
(h) method of data recording, and recording equip- surface of the nozzle mockup may be cladded, as long
ment (strip chart, analog tape, digitizing); as the reflectors are contained within the base metal
(i) method and criteria for the discrimination of interface to the required volume.
indications (e.g., geometric versus flaw), and for depth NOTE: Vessel cladding direction, where known, should be simulated.
of flaws;
(j) surface condition requirements, scanner’s mount- (5) Thickness. Calibration specimen and /or
ing requirements; mockup shall equal or exceed the maximum component
(k) identification of qualification specimen, overall thickness in the region to be qualified.
configuration; material, product form, shell thickness, (6) Ratio limits for curved surfaces. Mockup diam-
bore barrel thickness and diameter(s); eter range in the area of qualification shall be determined
(l) essential variable range(s). by Fig. J-10. For diameters greater than 4 in. (102 mm),
mockup curvature shall be in the range of 0.9 to 1.5
F-31.2 Essential Variable Requalification. When times the nozzle under examination.
the essential variables exceed the tolerances specified
within the qualification procedure, the qualification test
shall be repeated in conformance with F-60. F-50 QUALIFICATION SPECIMEN
REFLECTORS
The qualification specimen shall contain a minimum
of three reflectors within the examination volume for
F-40 QUALIFICATION SPECIMEN
detection qualification. Optionally, induced or embedded
(a) The qualification process shall be conducted using cracks may be used in lieu of machined reflectors.
a full-scale or partial section nozzle (mockup), which Additionally these reflectors may be employed for
is dimensionally sufficient to contain the maximum demonstration of the procedure’s sizing capabilities,
beam path, examination volume, and the necessary when required by the referencing Code.
reflectors that are to be detected.
(b) If the examining beams pass only through the
F-51 Reflectors
nozzle forging, the mockup may be a nozzle forging,
or segment of a forging, which may be fixed in a The qualification reflectors shall be distributed within
structure to simulate adjacent vessel surfaces as required the examination volume and shall meet the following
for examination alignment. If the examining beams requirements.
pass through the nozzle to shell weld, the mockup (a) Reflectors shall be distributed radially in two
shall contain nozzle weld and shell components of zones with at least one reflector in each zone. Zone
sufficient size to permit qualification. 1 ranges between 0 deg. and 180 deg. (±45 deg.),
(c) The qualification specimen shall meet the require- Zone 2 is the remaining two quadrants, centered on
ments of the vessel specification(s) with respect to: the nozzle’s horizontal axis.
88

F-51 ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES H-10
(b) Machined reflectors shall be placed within the APPENDIX G

nozzle inner radii examination volume and specified
(In the Course of Preparation.)
to be oriented parallel to the axial radial plane of the
nozzle within a manufacturing tolerance of ±2 deg.
(c) Machined reflectors shall be specified to be ori-
ented perpendicular to the ID surface of the nozzle APPENDIX H — RECORDING
within a manufacturing tolerance of ±2 deg. ANGLE BEAM EXAMINATION DATA
(d) Reflectors shall have a maximum length of 1.0 FOR PLANAR REFLECTORS
in. (25 mm), and a nominal width of 0.0625 in.
(1.59 mm) (±10%). H-10 RECORDING DATA
(e) Machined reflectors shall have depth ranges, mea- This Appendix describes a method for recording
sured from the inside surface of the base material. angle beam examination data for planar reflectors when
(1) Reflector No. 1 — 0.201–0.350 amplitude based dimensioning is to be performed.
(2) Reflector No. 2 — 0.351–0.550 (a) Record all reflectors that produce a response
(3) Reflector No. 3 — 0.551–0.750 equal to or greater than 20% of the distance-amplitude
Induced crack reflectors are permitted, provided they correction (DAC). However, the clad interface metallur-
are located in conformance with F-51(a) and (b) and gical reflectors and back wall reflections need not
their depths are within the range of reflectors in F-51(e). be recorded. Record surface reflectors that produce a
response equal to or exceeding the calibration amplitude
established per B-7(d). Record all search unit position
F-60 PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION and location dimensions to the nearest tenth of an inch.
(b) Obtain data from successive scans at increments
The procedure shall be considered qualified for detec-
no greater than nine-tenths of the transducer dimension
tion when all qualifying reflectors are located within
measured parallel to the scan increment change (10%
1.5 in. (38 mm) of their true position (x and y). Sizing
overlap). Record data for the end points as determined
qualification, when required, shall be in accordance
by 20% of DAC. Emphasis must be placed on measure-
with referencing Code requirements.
ment of the parameters determining the reflector length
and height and the distances from the examination
F-61 Requalification surface to the top and bottom of the reflector, since these
dimensions are the factors most critical in determining
The procedure shall require requalification when an ultimate evaluation and disposition of the flaw (see
essential variable of the qualified procedure has been Appendix D for an illustrated example).
changed and /or exceeded. (c) The following reflector data shall be recorded
when a reflector exceeds 20% DAC.
(1) Maximum percent of DAC, sweep reading of
F-70 CALIBRATION indication, search unit position, location along the length
Calibration is defined as all of the processes necessary of the weld, and beam direction.
to configure the examination system prior to the exami- (2) Through-Wall Dimension
nation that must be performed in order to satisfactorily (a) For reflectors 20% to 100% DAC, the mini-
qualify the equipment and procedure. Instrument calibra- mum sweep reading and its position and location along
tion settings used during procedure qualification shall the length of the reflector for 20% DAC when ap-
be repeated during subsequent field exams. Calibration proaching the reflector from the maximum signal di-
simulators may be employed for field instrument calibra- rection.
tion provided they can be correlated with the original (b) For reflectors 20% to 100% DAC, the maxi-
calibration on the basic calibration block (if used) mum sweep reading and its position and location along
during the original calibration. the length of the reflector for 20% DAC when moving
away from the reflector’s maximum signal direction.
(c) For reflectors exceeding 100% DAC, mini-
F-71 Calibration Checks
mum sweep reading and its position and location along
If used, subsequent calibration checks may be per- the length of the reflector for 50% of the maximum
formed on either the qualification specimen, mockup, amplitude when approaching the reflector from the
and /or simulator calibration block(s). maximum signal direction.
89

H-10 2001 SECTION V J-10
(d) For reflectors exceeding 100% DAC, maxi- APPENDIX J — BASIC

mum sweep reading and its position and location along CALIBRATION BLOCK
the length of the reflector for 50% of the maximum
amplitude when moving away from the reflector’s maxi- This Appendix contains the description for a basic
mum signal direction. calibration block used for distance-amplitude correction
(DAC) calibration techniques.
(3) Length Dimension. The length of the reflector
The basic calibration block(s) containing basic cali-
shall be obtained by recording the position and location
bration reflectors to establish a primary reference re-
along the length of weld as determined by 20% of
sponse of the equipment and to construct a distance-
DAC for each end of the reflector.
amplitude correction curve shall be as shown in Fig.
J-10. The basic calibration reflectors shall be located
either in the component material or in a basic calibration
block.
APPENDIX I — EXAMINATION OF
WELDS USING ANGLE BEAM
J-10 BASIC CALIBRATION BLOCK
SEARCH UNITS MATERIAL
I-10 EXAMINATION OF WELDS (a) Block Selection. The material from which the
This Appendix describes a method of examination block is fabricated shall be from one of the following:
of welds using angle beam search units. (1) nozzle dropout from the component;
(2) a component prolongation;
(3) material of the same material specification,
product form, and heat treatment condition as the
material to which the search unit is applied during the
I-20 GENERAL SCANNING examination.
REQUIREMENTS (b) Clad. Where the component material is clad and
Three angle beams, having nominal angles of 45 the cladding is a factor during examination, the block
deg., 60 deg., and 70 deg. with respect to a perpendicular shall be clad to the component clad nominal thickness
to the examination surface, shall generally be used. ±1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm). Deposition of clad shall be by the
Beam angles other than 45 deg. and 60 deg. are same method (i.e., rollbonded, manual weld deposited,
permitted provided the measured difference between automatic wire deposited, or automatic strip deposited)
angles is at least 10 deg. Additional t⁄4 volume angle as used to clad the component to be examined. In the
beam examination shall be conducted on the material event the cladding method is not known or the method
volume within 1⁄4 of the thickness adjacent to the of cladding used on the component is impractical for
examination surface. Single or dual element longitudinal block cladding, deposition of clad shall be by the
or shear wave angle beams in the range of 60 deg. manual method. It is desirable to have component
through 70 deg. with respect to perpendicular to the materials which have been clad before the drop outs
examination surface shall be used in this t⁄4 volume. or prolongations are removed. When the parent material
on opposite sides of a weld are clad by different
methods, the cladding on the calibration block shall
be applied by the method used on the side of the weld
from which the examination will be conducted. When
I-30 EXCEPTIONS TO GENERAL the examination is conducted from both sides, the
SCANNING REQUIREMENTS calibration block shall provide for calibration for both
methods of cladding.
Other angles may be used for examination of: (c) Heat Treatment. The calibration block shall re-
(a) flange welds, when the examination is conducted ceive at least the minimum tempering treatment required
from the flange face; by the material specification for the type and grade
(b) nozzles and nozzle welds, when the examination and a postweld heat treatment of at least 2 hr.
is conducted from the nozzle bore; (d) Surface Finish. The finish on the surfaces of the
(c) attachment and support welds; block shall be representative of the surface finishes of
(d) examination of double taper junctures. the component.
90

ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES Fig. J-10
2 in. long 1/8 to 1/4 in. dia. flat end;

(51 mm long, 3.2 to 6 mm)
mill notches 2 T deep [Note (3)]
View A
2 in. Through clad thickness
(51 mm) 2 T deep into the base metal
2 in. (51 mm)

Round bottom holes
3 in. (76 mm) [Note (1)] T/2 deep [Notes (1), (3),
(6), and (7)
T/4 Clad [Note (4)]
T
Scribe lines
T/2
T/4 6 in. (152 mm) [Note (1)]
Drilled and reamed

T/4 [Note (1)] holes 3 in. (76 mm) T/2 [Note (1)]
T/4 [Note (1)] deep [Note (1)]
Scribe lines
T/4 [Note (1)] 13/4T [Note (1)]
3T [Note (1)]
View A [Note (5)]

1/ in. (13 mm) steps in T
2
T/4
T
T/4
Clad
T/2
1 in. (25 mm) min. steps
beyond T/2
FIG. J-10 BASIC CALIBRATION BLOCK
91

J-10 2001 SECTION V J-20
Round Bottom Hole

Basic Calibration Side Drilled Hole Diameter, in. (mm)
Block Thickness T, Diameter, in. (mm) [Notes (3) and
Weld Thickness t, in. (mm) in. (mm) [Note (3)] (6)]
3 3
Over 2 through 4 (51 through 102) 3 or t (76 or t) ⁄16 (4.8) ⁄8 (9.5)
1 7
5 1
3 9
7 5
1 11
Over 14 (356) t ± 1 (t ± 25) [Note (2)] [Note (2)]
NOTES:
(1) Minimum dimensions.
(2) For each increase in weld thickness of 2 in. (50.8 mm) or fraction thereof over 14 in. (356 mm), the hole diameter shall increase
1
⁄16 in. (1.6 mm).
(3) The tolerances for the hole diameters shall be ± 1⁄32 in. (0.8 mm); tolerances on notch depth shall be + 10 and − 20% (need only
be held at the thinnest clad thickness along the reflecting surface of the notch); tolerance on hole location through the thickness shall
be ± 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm); perpendicular tolerances on notch reflecting surface shall be ± 2 deg; tolerance on notch length shall be ± 1⁄4
in. (± 6.4 mm).
(4) Clad shall not be included in T.
(5) Subsurface calibration holes 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) (maximum) diameter by 11⁄2 in. (38.1 mm) deep (minimum) shall be drilled at the clad-
to-base metal interface and at 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) increments through T/4 from the clad surface, also at 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) from the
unclad surface and at 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) increments through T/4 from the unclad surface. In each case, the hole nearest the surface
shall be drilled at T/2 from the edge of the block. Holes at 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) thickness increments from the near surface hole shall
be drilled at 1 in. (25.4 mm) minimum intervals from T/2.
(6) Round (hemispherical) bottom holes shall be drilled only when required by a Referencing Code Section for beam spread measurements
(see T-434.1) and the technique of B-60 is used. The round bottom holes may be located in the largest block in a set of basic
calibration blocks, or in a separate block representing the maximum thickness to be examined.
(7) T/2 hole may be located in the opposite end of the block.
FIG. J-10 BASIC CALIBRATION BLOCK (CONT’D)
(e) Block Quality. The calibration block material (d) Basic Calibration Block Configuration. Figure J-
shall be completely examined with a straight beam 10 shows block configuration with hole size and loca-
search unit. Areas that contain indications exceeding tion. Each weld thickness on the component must be
the remaining back reflection shall be excluded from represented by a block having a thickness relative to
the beam paths required to reach the various calibration the component weld as shown in Fig. J-10. Where the
reflectors. block thickness ±1 in. (25 mm) spans two of the weld
thickness ranges shown in Fig. J-10, the block’s use
shall be acceptable in those portions of each thickness
J-20 CALIBRATION REFLECTORS range covered by 1 in. (25 mm). The holes shall be
(a) Basic Calibration Reflectors. The side of a hole in accordance with the thickness of the block. Where
drilled with its axis parallel to the examination surface two or more base material thicknesses are involved,
is the basic calibration reflector. A square notch shall the calibration block thickness shall be sufficient to
also be used. The reflecting surface of the notches contain the entire examination beam path.
shall be perpendicular to the block surface. See Fig. (e) Welds in Materials With Diameters Greater Than
J-10. 20 in. (508 mm). For examination of welds in materials
(b) Scribe Line. A scribe line as shown in Fig. J- where the examination surface diameter is greater than
10 shall be made in the thickness direction through 20 in. (508 mm), a single curved basic calibration
the in-line hole center lines and continued across the block may be used to calibrate the straight and angle
two examination surfaces of the block. beam examinations on surfaces in the range of curvature
(c) Additional Reflectors. Additional reflectors may from 0.9 to 1.5 times the basic calibration block diame-
be installed; these reflectors shall not interfere with ter. Alternatively, a flat basic calibration block may
establishing the primary reference. be used provided the minimum convex, concave, or
92

J-20 ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES L-12
compound curvature radius to be examined is greater axial-straight beam technique to locate and evaluate
than the critical radius determined by Article 5 of service-induced discontinuities. When the referencing
Appendix A. For the purpose of this determination, Code Section requires examination per this Appendix,
the dimension of the straight or angle beam search the axial straight beam examinations shall be performed
units flat contact surface tangent to the minimum radius over an entire end surface and the following paragraphs
shall be used instead of the transducer diameter in shall apply.
Table A-10.
(f) Welds in Materials With Diameters 20 in.
(508 mm) and Less. The basic calibration block shall L-11 Written Procedure Requirements
be curved for welds in materials with diameters 20 in. Ultrasonic examination shall be performed in accord-
(508 mm) and less. A single curved basic calibration ance with a written procedure that shall include the
block may be used to calibrate the examination on following information:
surfaces in the range of curvature from 0.9 to 1.5 times (a) bolt or stud configurations to be examined, includ-
the basic calibration block diameter. For example, an ing length, diameter, thread size, plating, materials, and
8 in. (203 mm) diameter curved block may be used product form (e.g., bolt or stud, rolled or cut thread);
to calibrate the examination on surfaces in the range (b) scanning surfaces, surface condition requirements,
of curvature from 7.2 in. (183 mm) to 12 in. (305 mm) and surface preparation methods;
diameter. The curvature range from 0.94 in. (24 mm)
(c) equipment used, including the following infor-
to 20 in. (508 mm) diameter requires six block curva-
mation;
tures as indicated in Fig. J-20 for any thickness range
(1) make and model of instrument;
as indicated in Fig. J-10.
(2) search units type, angle, frequency, and trans-
(g) Retention and Control. All basic calibration
blocks for the examination shall meet the retention and ducer (crystal size);
control requirements of the referencing Code Section. (3) sizes and configurations of wedges and shoes;
(4) automatic alarm recording equipment;
(5) rotating, revolving, or scanning equipment;
(6) couplant, and
APPENDIX K — RECORDING
(7) search unit cable type, length, and number of
STRAIGHT BEAM EXAMINATION
connectors.
DATA FOR PLANAR REFLECTORS
(d) examination technique including angles, modes of
This Appendix describes a method for recording wave propagation in the material, directions, maximum
straight beam examination data for planar reflectors speed, and extent of scanning;
when amplitude based dimensioning is to be performed. (e) techniques of calibration and of establishing scan-
(a) Record all reflectors that produce a response ning sensitivity levels, including instrument controls to
equal to or greater than 50% of the distance-amplitude be used and acceptance standards for the calibrated
correction (DAC). However, clad interface and back condition;
wall reflections need not be recorded. Record all search (f) identification of calibration blocks;
unit position and location dimensions to the nearest (g) data to be recorded and method of recording;
tenth of an inch. (h) detectability limitation and location accuracy;
(b) Obtain data from successive scans at increments (i) examination volume covered considering loss in
no greater than nine-tenths of the transducer dimension coverage from near and far surface resolution limita-
measured parallel to the scan increment change (10% tions;
overlap). Record data for the end points as determined (j) methods of data interpretation and plotting; and
by 50% of DAC. (k) personnel qualification requirements.
APPENDIX L — EXAMINATION OF L-12 Search Units

BOLTS AND STUDS Search units may contain either single or dual ele-
ments. Search units with angled contact wedges may
L-10 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
be used to aid in ultrasonic coupling. Calibration shall
This Appendix provides guidance for examining bolts be performed with the contact wedges used during the
and studs from the end face after threading by the examination.
93

Fig. J-20 2001 SECTION V
0.94 (23.9) 1.56 (39.6)

Limits
2.6 (66)
4.3 (109) 7.2 (183) 12.2 (310) 20 (508)
20 (508) Blocks
k
oc
bl
n
tio
15 (381)
ra
Basic Calibration Block Examination Surface
lib
ca
13.3 (338)
it
m
Li
Diameter, in. (mm)
c
si
it
Ba
Lim
10
9/
10 (254)
1/2
1
8 (203)
5 (127)
4.8 (122)
2.9 (74)
1.7 (43)
1 (25)
0
0 5 (127) 10 (254) 15 (381) 20 (508)
Examination Surface Diameter, in. (mm)
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) Plot examination surface of basic calibration block on diagonal (45 deg) line.
(b) Draw horizontal line through that point from the 9/10 to the 11/2 limit line.
(c) The ends of this line read on the horizontal scale give the range of examination surface diameters which
may be examined with a system calibrated on this block.
(d) Thickness range requirements shall also be satisfied.
FIG. J-20 RATIO LIMITS FOR CURVED SURFACES
94

L-13 ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES L-13
TABLE L-13.1
NOTCH DIMENSIONS
Maximum Notch Dimensions
Reflective
Depth1, Area2, sq.
Bolt or Stud Size in. (mm) in. (mm2)
Greater than 4 in. (102 mm) 0.157 (3.99) 0.059 (38.06)
diameter
2 in. (51 mm) diameter and 0.107 (2.72) 0.027 (17.42)
greater, but not over 4 in.
(102 mm) diameter
NOTES:
(1) For threaded surfaces, depth is measured from bottom of thread
root to bottom of notch.
(2) Reflective area shall be no larger than the required area.
L-13 Basic Calibration Block

A system calibration shall be performed using a full-
scale or partial section bolt or stud which is sufficient
to contain the sound beam path and the area of interest,
and to demonstrate the scanning technique.
(a) The basic calibration block shall be of the same
material specification, product form, and surface finish
as the bolt or stud to be examined.
(b) Reflectors shall be notches with a depth and
area as specified in Table L-13.1 at the minimum
end and maximum metal paths except that notches
need not be located closer than one diameter from
either end.
If these notches are in the threaded section, they
shall be machined from the base of the thread root
and shall follow the beam angle of the thread. If the
notches are located in the cylindrical outer surface and
the inner bore surface, they shall be machined on the
circumferential axis of the bolt or stud.
(c) Additional reflectors may be used provided they
do not interfere with detection of the required notches.
(d) The finish on the surface of the basic calibration
block shall be maintained similar to the finish existing
during qualification.
(e) The size and shape of the notches may vary
FIG. L-13-1 VARIOUS CALIBRATION NOTCH
depending upon the type of notch. Several configurations CONFIGURATIONS FOR OUTSIDE SURFACE
of notches are shown in Fig. L-13-1 representing REFLECTORS
straight, circular, and rectangular /square notches on the
outside surface. Rectangular and circular notches are
also possible for the inside surface of bore holes. Other
shapes of notches on both the external and internal
surfaces may be made.
95

L-13 2001 SECTION V L-23
The area of a straight cutter notch (see Fig. L-13- (b) System Calibration Check
1a) is given by the following formula: (1) A system calibration check shall verify the
instrument sensitivity and sweep range calibration at
Ap 冤 sin 冢2RL 冣冥 R − 0.5 (L ) (R − d)
-1 2 the start and finish of the examinations, with any change
in examination personnel, and at least every 12 hours
during an examination.
where (2) A system calibration check shall be performed
Ap area of notch when search units, shoes, couplants, cables, ultrasonic
Lp length of notch (cord) instruments, recording devices, or any other parts of
Rp minimum thread radius the examination system are changed.
dp depth of notch (c) Sensitivity. If the response from a calibration
L /2R is in rads reflector notch has decreased more than 20% or 2 dB
The length L can be given as a function of d and from its initial amplitude, all data records since the
R as follows: last calibration check shall be marked void or deleted.
A new calibration shall be recorded and examinations
Lp 冪 8 dR− 4 d2 performed since the last acceptable calibration check
shall be repeated. If the response from a calibration
reflector notch has increased more than 20% or 2 dB
from its initial amplitude, recorded indications taken
Several straight notch depths and lengths have been
since the last valid calibration check may be reexamined
calculated for various sizes of 8-Thread Series (8-
with the correct calibration and their values changed
UN /8-UNR) studs and bolts and are presented in Table
on the data sheets.
L-13.2.
L-23 Calibration Record

L-20 CALIBRATION
The following calibration data shall be recorded on
L-21 General Requirements a calibration sheet:
Calibration shall be performed in accordance with (a) calibration sheet identification and date, examina-
T-460 and shall be performed using the complete tion personnel;
ultrasonic examination system. (b) examination procedure number and revision;
(a) Complete ultrasonic examination system calibra- (c) basic calibration block identification;
tion shall be performed each day prior to use of the (d) ultrasonic instrument identification, serial number,
system and for each bolt or stud configuration. and control settings;
(b) For contact examination, the temperature differen- (e) beam angle, couplant, and mode of wave propaga-
tial between the examination and basic calibration block tion in the material;
surfaces shall be within 25°F (14°C). For immersion (f) orientation of search unit with respect to the bolt
examination, the couplant temperature for calibration or stud;
shall be within 25°F (14°C) of the couplant temperature (g) search unit manufacturer, identification number,
used during actual scanning. When either of these serial number, nominal frequency, and size;
conditions is not achievable, appropriate compensations (h) identification of fixtures and types or serial num-
for velocity related variables (e.g., angle and sensitivity bers of wedges and shoes (if used);
changes) shall be made. (i) search unit cable type, length, and number of
(c) Any control which affects the instrument linearity connectors;
(e.g., filters, reject, etc.) shall be in the off or minimum (j) times of initial calibration and subsequent calibra-
position for linearity check, calibration, and exami- tion checks;
nation. (k) amplitudes and sweep readings obtained from
the calibration reflectors;
(l) if an electronic DAC is being used, a record
L-22 Calibration Confirmation
shall be made of the resultant amplitudes and sweep
(a) Instrument Linearity. Instrument qualifications for readings obtained from the calibration reflectors after
screen height and amplitude control linearity shall be DAC correction; and
performed in accordance with Article 4, T-431.2. (m) calibration gain settings.
96

ARTICLE 4 — NONMANDATORY APPENDICES Table L-13.2
TABLE L-13.2
TYPICAL STRAIGHT NOTCH DIMENSIONS AS A FUNCTION OF NOTCH AREA AND STUD OR BOLT SIZE
DIMENSIONS FOR 8-THREAD SERIES (8-UN/8-UNR)
Bolt Bolt Minor Dia. Bolt [Note (1)] Area Notch Area Notch Depth Notch Length Notch Area
Nominal as % of
Size in. mm in.2 mm2 in.2 mm2 in. mm in. mm Bolt Area
2 1.8647 47.363 2.731 1 761.93 0.027 17.42 0.061 1.55 0.863 21.92 0.989
1.9897 50.538 3.109 2 005.80 0.027 17.42 0.060 1.52 0.681 17.30 0.868
2.25 2.1147 53.713 3.512 2 265.80 0.027 17.42 0.058 1.47 0.691 17.55 0.769
2.2397 56.888 3.940 2 541.93 0.027 17.42 0.057 1.45 0.705 17.91 0.685
2.5 2.3647 60.063 4.392 2 833.54 0.027 17.42 0.056 1.42 0.719 18.26 0.615
2.4897 63.238 4.868 3 140.64 0.027 17.42 0.055 1.40 0.732 18.59 0.555
2.75 2.6147 66.413 5.369 3 463.86 0.027 17.42 0.054 1.37 0.744 18.90 0.503
2.7397 69.588 5.895 3 803.22 0.027 17.42 0.053 1.35 0.755 19.18 0.458
3 2.8647 72.763 6.445 4 158.06 0.027 17.42 0.053 1.35 0.772 19.61 0.419
2.9897 75.938 7.020 4 529.02 0.027 17.42 0.052 1.32 0.782 19.86 0.385
3.25 3.1147 79.113 7.619 4 915.47 0.027 17.42 0.051 1.30 0.791 20.09 0.354
3.2397 82.288 8.243 5 318.05 0.027 17.42 0.050 1.27 0.799 20.29 0.328
3.5 3.3647 85.463 8.892 5 736.76 0.027 17.42 0.050 1.27 0.814 20.68 0.304
3.4897 88.638 9.565 6 170.96 0.027 17.42 0.049 1.24 0.821 20.85 0.282
3.75 3.6147 91.813 10.262 6 620.63 0.027 17.42 0.049 1.24 0.836 21.23 0.263
3.7397 94.988 10.984 7 086.44 0.027 17.42 0.048 1.22 0.842 21.39 0.246
4 3.8647 98.163 11.731 7 568.37 0.027 17.42 0.048 1.22 0.856 21.74 0.230
3.9897 101.338 12.502 8 065.79 0.027 17.42 0.047 1.19 0.861 21.87 0.216
4.25 4.1147 104.513 13.297 8 578.69 0.059 38.06 0.078 1.98 1.122 28.50 0.444
4.2397 107.688 14.118 9 108.37 0.059 38.06 0.078 1.98 1.139 28.93 0.418
4.5 4.3647 110.863 14.962 9 652.88 0.059 38.06 0.077 1.96 1.149 29.18 0.394
4.4897 114.038 15.832 10 214.17 0.059 38.06 0.076 1.93 1.158 29.41 0.373
4.75 4.6147 117.213 16.725 10 790.30 0.059 38.06 0.075 1.91 1.167 29.64 0.353
4.7397 120.388 17.644 11 383.20 0.059 38.06 0.075 1.91 1.183 30.05 0.334
5 4.8647 123.563 18.587 11 991.59 0.059 38.06 0.074 1.88 1.191 30.25 0.317
4.9897 126.738 19.554 12 615.46 0.059 38.06 0.074 1.88 1.202 30.53 0.302
5.25 5.1147 129.913 20.546 13 255.46 0.059 38.06 0.073 1.85 1.213 30.81 0.287
5.2397 133.088 21.563 13 911.59 0.059 38.06 0.072 1.83 1.220 30.99 0.274
5.5 5.3647 136.263 22.604 14 583.20 0.059 38.06 0.072 1.83 1.235 31.37 0.261
5.4897 139.438 23.669 15 270.29 0.059 38.06 0.071 1.80 1.241 31.52 0.249
5.75 5.6147 142.613 24.760 15 974.16 0.059 38.06 0.071 1.80 1.250 31.75 0.238
5.7397 145.788 25.874 16 692.87 0.059 38.06 0.070 1.78 1.260 32.00 0.228
6 5.8647 148.963 27.014 17 428.35 0.059 38.06 0.070 1.78 1.269 32.23 0.218
NOTE:
(1) Bolt area is calculated using bolt minor diameter.
97

L-30 2001 SECTION V L-35
L-30 EXAMINATION or coatings which interfere with ultrasonic wave trans-

mission into the material.
L-31 General Examination Requirements
Examination shall be performed by moving the search
unit over the examination surface so as to scan the
entire examination volume. As a minimum, each pass L-35 Record
of the search unit shall overlap a minimum of 50% The following data shall be recorded:
of the transducer (piezoelectric element) dimension (a) record identification, date, and time period of
perpendicular to the direction of the scan. examination;
(b) identification and qualification levels of examina-
L-32 Rate of Search Unit Movement tion personnel;
(c) examination procedure and revision;
The rate of search unit movement shall not exceed
(d) applicable calibration sheet information;
the maximum rate demonstrated to detect the calibration
(e) bolt or stud identification; and
reflectors.
(f) surfaces from which the examination is conducted
(when the examination technique requires subdivisions
L-33 Scanning Sensitivity of the examination surface or more than one examination
If the noise level permits, the scanning sensitivity surface, they shall be identified in the data record).
shall be a minimum of 6 dB above the reference (g) Indications. For each indication required to be
level. However, evaluations shall be performed at the recorded by L-11 written procedure, the following
reference level. information shall be recorded:
(1) search unit position;
(2) scan direction;
L-34 Surface Preparation (3) metal path (sweep reading);
The examination surfaces shall be free of irregularities (4) signal amplitude at maximum response; and
(e.g., raised markings, scale, or loose foreign matter) (5) signal-to-noise ratio.
98


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ARTICLE 4

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

T-410 SCOPE T-423 Procedure Requirements 01

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

T-441.1.8 Recording Examination Data for Pla- T-442.4 Scanning Requirements

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

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T-450 PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS The requirements of T-461.1 and T-461.2 shall be

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

T-471.1.3 Uniform Technique for Identification T-482 Evaluation of Reflectors

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T-492 Examination Records (l) frequency(ies), and

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APPENDIX I — SCREEN HEIGHT

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APPENDIX A — LAYOUT OF APPENDIX B — GENERAL

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FIG. B-10 SWEEP RANGE

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FIG. B-20 SENSITIVITY AND DISTANCE–AMPLITUDE CORRECTION

FIG. B-40 POSITION DEPTH AND BEAM PATH

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(d) Connect the screen marks to provide the distance-

B-40 POSITION CALIBRATION (SEE

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(h) The smallest of the three “right” to “left”

B-70 CALIBRATION CONFIRMATION

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Alternate cables and search units singly and in combi-

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(e) Position the search unit for maximum amplitude

C-30 CALIBRATION CONFIRMATION

C-31 Sweep Range Calibration

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

FIG. C-20 SENSITIVITY AND DISTANCE–AMPLITUDE CORRECTION

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

t Reflector moved through beam

FIG. D-10 REFLECTOR READING

DATA TABULATION FOR FIG. D-10

length: 3.3 in. or mm

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E-20 CALIBRATION E-30 SYNTHETIC APERTURE

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

1.250 in. (31.75 mm)

8.00 in. 2.79 in. (70.9 mm)

FIG. E-10 LATERAL RESOLUTION AND DEPTH DISCRIMINATION

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FIG. E-10 LATERAL RESOLUTION AND DEPTH DISCRIMINATION

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8 in. (203.2 mm)

4 in. General tolerances

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TABLE E-20 mitter-receiver, or tandem configuration. Individually

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