A TRAINING

ON

DISTRIBUTION (MAINS)
 INDEX
1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

PART 1: LT SECTION
2. ABOUT CESC
3. DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
4. CANAL DISTRIBUTION STATION
5. OTHER DISTRIBUTION STATION &RELATED JOB FOR
DISTRIBUTION PURPOSES
6. REQ. EQUIPMENT FOR D/S
A)TRANSFORMER

B)CABLE

o CABLE LAYING
o CABLE JOINING

C)PILLAR BOX

D)GAS INSULATED SWITCHGEAR

7.INSTALLATION OF NEW SERVICE

8. DTR METERING

9.GEOGRAPHYCAL INFORMATON SYSTEM

PART 2: HT SHIFT
10.NECESSITY OF SHIFT

11.COMMAND STATION ACCTIVITIES

12.ACTIVITIES OF HT SHIFT

13.HV SF6 RMU

a)FEATURES &CRITERIA

b)SPECIFICATION & GUIDELINE

14.FAULT ISOLATION

15.HT’S INITIATIVES IN LT

16.ACHIEVEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Any project is the fruitfull outcome of many.Through this document we would like to
express our gratitude towards those whose support and coordination have been an
essential ingredient of this project.

First and foremost I would like to thank Mr. Amitava Gupta

(DPT.Engineer of CND) & Mr.Surojit Laha (Chief Engineer of HT-3 SHIFT) for giving
us this oppertunity to work on the report on LT & HT section of MAINS department
respectively.

I am also thankful to Mr. Debashish Dutta(Senior Engineer) & our

faculty in-charge Debashish Ghosh(Jr.Engineer) at CND.He inspite of his
tremendous work load helped us admirably.I would also want to thank the other
respected engineers in different section of LT & HT.I am thankful to them for their
continued guidance and support along with vast pool of knowlwdge,which is
essential for completion ofproject.Along the way we are also guided by staffs of
various department. And like we mentioned,the help is even more
credible,considering that the work load of the staff was emmense.

I also want to thank my friends &family members for their endless

moral supports and encouragement.We recognize everybody’s helping hand.
 PART -1
LT SECTION
TRAINING PERIOD :

1.07.2013 TO 09.07.2013
REPORT ON LT (CND) SECTION
MAINS DEPARTMENT
Trainee: Amrita Sen
COLLEGE: Camellia Institute Of Technology
STREAM: Electrical & Electronics Engineering
TRAINING PERIOD: 1.07.2013 To 09.07.2013

AUTHENTICATED BY :

PERSON(S) DESIGNATION SIGNATURE

CONCERNED
ABOUT
The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation or CESC is an Indian electricity
generation and distribution company serving the area administered by the Kolkata
municipal corporation, in the city of Kolkata, as well as parts of
Howrah, Hooghly, 24 Parganas (North) and 24 Parganas (South) districts in the
state of West Bengal.
Load-shedding (interruption of power supply due to shortage of
electricity) was common in Kolkata during 1970s and 1980s. In 1978 the company
was christened as The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation (India) Limited.
The RPG Group was associated with The Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation
(India) Limited from 1989, and the name was changed from The Calcutta Electric
Supply Corporation (India) Limited to CESC Limited. Three new power generating
stations were started by 1906. The company was shifted to the Victoria
House in Dharmatala in 1933, and still operates from this address.

Four thermal power plants generating 1225 MW of power.

These are Budge Budge Generating Station (750 MW), Southern Generating
Station (135 MW), Titagarh Generating Station (240 MW) and New Cossipore
Generating Station (100 MW). More than 80% our customers electricity
requirement is met from our own generating plants, balance electricity is
purchased from third parties. About 50% of the coal requirement is sourced from
captive mines.
CESC own operate the Transmission & Distribution system
through which it Supply electricity to consumer. This system comprises of 474 km
circuit of transmission lines linking the Company's generating and receiving
stations with 85 distribution stations; 3,837 km circuit of HT lines further linking
distribution stations with LT substations, large industrial consumers and 9,867 km
circuit of LT lines connecting the LT substations to LT consumer. CESC are the
sole distributor of electricity within an area of 567 sq km of Kolkata and Howrah
serving 2.5 million consumers which includes domestic, industrial and commercial
users. We own and operate captive mines.

In the power sector, CESC, currently having a generating capacity of 1225

MW, has major plans to expand generating capacity to 7000 MW over the next five
or six years. Presently CESC Ltd is the flagship company of RP-SANJIV GOENKA
GROUP India's youngest business group born in 1820 ,which supply electricity to
consumers.

DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
 CANAL DISTRIBUTION STATION

T3=20MVA , 33/11/6.6 KV
T2=12.5MVA
T1=12.5MVA
 DT=315KVA(DistributionTransformer)

Overhead / Underground Biased Districts

SL.NO DISTRIC PREDOMINANCE OF

SERVICE TYPE
1 SOUTHERN DISTRIC OVERHEAD
2 SOUTH WEST DISTRIC OVERHEAD
3 CENTRAL DISTRIC UNDERGROUND
4 CAL NORTH DISTRIC UNDERGROUND
5 NORTHERN DISTRIC OVERHEAD
6 HOWRAH DISTRIC OVERHEAD
7 SERAMPORE DISTRIC OVERHEAD
8 CAL SOUTH DISTRIC UNDERGROUND
9 WEST SUBURBUN DISTRIC OVERHEAD
10 NORTH SUBURBUN DISTRIC OVERHEAD

RELATED JOB FOR DISTRIBUTION PURPOSES :

 To provide one UGAC new service to one LT consumer.

 To shift and strengthen one UGAC existing service.
 To wire a loop and fixing a meter.
 To exchange existing meter or additional load.
 Conversion of overhead service to underground service.
 To attain underground service fault.
 To repair one distributor fault.
 Pillar box installation.
 Distribution Transformer installation and replacement.
 Daily maintenance to attain consumer fault.
Required Equipment For D/S :

TRANSFORMER :
For transmitting bulk power over a distance, it is desirable to have high voltage, in order
to decrease I2R losses in the conductor. On the other hand a comparatively much lower
voltage is required for distribution & utilisation of the same power for reasons of safety &
convenience. A transformer makes this change of voltage levels possible- techno-
commercially. For all practical purposes, the electrical energy is transformed thrice or
may be four times before being utilised at domestic level.

Transformer Construction:
The chief elements of a transformer are:
a) Magnetic Circuit: comprising of limbs, yoke and clamping structure
b) Electric circuit: comprising of the primary, secondary and tertiary windings, formers,
insulation and bracing devices
c) Terminals, tap switches, terminal insulators and leads
d) Tank, oil, cooling devices, conservators
e) Other ancillaries like temperature monitors, pressure relief device, Buchholz relay, oil
level indicator

Transformer Oil:
Oil in a transformer serves the double purpose of cooling and insulation. For the oil to be
used in transformer, it has to satisfy certain criteria and carefully selected. The following
parameters of oil play important role:
a) Viscosity- affects cooling and varies with temperature
b) Flash Point- determines the maximum temperature the transformer can attain
(1400C)
c) Pour point – determines the minimum ambient temperature in which a transformer
can be run ( -60C)
d) Dielectric Strength – determines the insulating property of the oil(30 / 50 KV)
e) Water Content – expression of moisture present in the oil (50 duringacceptance)
f) Acidity – determines the maximum extent to which the deterioration of oil may be
allowed due to oxidation ( < 0.03 mg KOH / gm)
g) Resistivity – (>35x1012 Ohm-cm at 900C)
h) Dielectric Dissipation Factor - 0.2 % ie 0.002 at 900C
i) Specific gravity – has to be always less than 1. Value of around 0.89 acceptable.
The oil in the transformer undergoes deterioration during the service life of the
transformer and it is essential to carryout periodical inspection & testing of oil. The
oil in service has to be purified whenever necessary in order to maintain it in good
condition.
Transformer Tank and Cooling:
Tanks are fabricated from sheet steel, welded at joints. The top lid and radiators are of
bolted design with oil resistant sealing gaskets used at bolted joints. In older version
transformers cooling tubes were welded onto tank. In present day design, radiators are
either tank mounted or header mounted depending on transformer capacity.
The various methods of cooling are:
a) AN – Air Natural
b) ON- Oil Natural
c) AF- Air Forced
d) OF- Oil Forced
All oil immersed transformers shall have cooling codification ONAN. A transformer
having two or more ratings shall have cooling
code ONAN / ONAF / OFAF.

POWER TRANSFORMER

SPECIFICATION :

D/Y TRANSFORMER
20 MVA
ON LOAD VOLTAGE:HV SIDE:33KV
LV SIDE:6.6KV
HV SIDE CURRENT:349.9 A
LV SIDE CURRENT:1014 A
FREQ.:50HZ
CABLES :
Cables form the artery system for the transmission and distribution of Electrical
energy. The residential and industrial loads today have a trend towards their
growing density. This requires rugged construction, greater service reliability,
increased safety and better appearance. The interferences from external
disturbances like storms, lighting, ice, trees etc. should be reduced to minimum.
These difficulties are easily overcome by the use of underground cables and a
trouble free service is achieved under a variety of environmental condition.

Earlier underground cables were mainly used in or near densely

populated areas and were operated at low or medium voltages only, but the
present day requirements seek to use them even at extra high voltages for longer
distances. The underground system although more costly as compared with the
overhead system for the same voltage, is more acceptable to public from the point
of view of its merits mentioned above.

Underground cables are to be laid in areas where it is almost

impracticable to use overhead lines, for example in case of transmission lines
through sea, cross-over or terminal connections in substation or air field crossings.
The cross-channel link between France and England and the submarine link from
Swedish mainland to the island of Got land are the examples of High voltage.

Power cables. :

Increased working voltages of the overhead lines require the cables to be

insulated for such voltages in order to meet the requirements of the overhead
lines. The design of Power cables is, therefore, governed by the requirements of
the overhead line.
The possibility of supply interruption due to lightning or other external
influences is lesser with underground cables, but if a fault occurs due to any
reason it is not easily located. For long distance transmission, cables cannot be
used due to their large charging currents.

Components and Construction of Power Cables :

Many types of modern electrical cables have been in use for underground
distribution and transmission of power. They vary greatly in their design
and constructional techniques. However, all power cables consist of three
essential components.
1. The metallic conductor which provides an electrical conducting path.
2. The insulation of a cable, often called ‘dielectric ‘ or ‘ insulant ‘ , which prevents
direct contact and dangerous proximity between energized conductor and other
objects. A conductor with its insulation but without mechanical protection is known
as the ‘core’ of the cable.
3. The external protection preventing the ingress of moisture, mechanical damage,
chemical or electrochemical attack, fire or any other harmful influences which are
detrimental to the cable itself.

Synthetic Dielectrics

The introduction of synthetic dielectrics instead of impregnated paper gained

popularity mainly due to the following reasons.
1. The elimination of expensive and rather heavy metallic sheaths due to the non-
hygroscopic nature of the synthetic insulants.
2. The simplification of Cable jointing and termination as well as repair work
coupled with a saving in the cost of labour.
3. Complete freedom from compound drainage troubles, especially in cable
terminations.
In the recent years, many synthetic or plastic insulants were employed in power
cable manufacture, of which the following four dielectrics are most common.

1. Polyvinyl Chloride ( PVC )

2. Polyethylene ( PE ) or Polythene
3. Cross linked Polyethylene ( XLPE )
4. Ethylene Propylene Rubber ( EPR )

Sizes, Ratings, Insulation Type and End Use :

SL Size Guiding IS Type of Current Rating End Use

NO mm2*no. of code insulation in Amps
cores inGround In Air
1 25 *31/2 1554 pt1 PVC 75 70 Service
2 70*31/2 1554 pt1 PVC 1357 130 Service/distribtr.
3 150*31/2 7098 pt1 XLPE 255 294 Service/distribtr.
4 240*31/2 7098 pt1 XLPE 333 402 Service/distribtr.
5 400*4 7098 pt1 XLPE 426 542 Feeder.
CABLE LAYING :
Cable Laying Procedure :

• Cables are laid to enable load growth and also for obtaining flexibility of supply in
case of outages.
• Cable laying job can be divided into two areas A) Fixing of Route and B) Process
of laying.

A) Fixing of Route

a) Route Fixation

• Cable route should be as straight as possible.

• Width of route should be adequate to allow jointing of higher size cable.
• As far as possible crossing of major roads, tram tracks or rail tracks should be
avoided.
• Footpath must be used as much as possible.

b) Plan Sanction

• After finalizing route, a detailed plan of route with all relevant details must be
prepared.
• The plan has to meet the approval of the concerned Municipal Authority.
• The plan must be sent well in advance to above authority to enable completion
within target period.
• For PCP (Public Common Passage) written permission of co-owners of plots /
buildings along that passage is required.

c) Trial Pits

• On receipt of sanction, an intimation is to be sent to appropriate authorities giving

tentative programme of work.
• Trial pits are to be dug approx at 10 meters intervals or less as necessary.
• This determines exact cable alignment to be followed during laying
• Thus creating minimum interference with underground obstructions and
installations of other agencies.

B) Process of Laying :

a) Pipes and Pipe Laying

• Pipes used now for cable laying below ground are made from HDPE.
• Pipes are laid for crossing roads, tram tracks, petrol pumps garage entry or entry
to multistoried buildings.
• For wide roads pipe laying is done by excavating half the road width at one time.
• For smaller roads and lanes while open cut is adopted traffic should be diverted.
• Road crossing operation should preferably be done at night.
• Pipes are also required to be laid inside consumer’s premise by consumer, if
location of service termination is away from kerb edge.
• Pipes are also used as support and protection from external damage where a)
cables emerging from underground and to be terminated on to Overhead
Conductor at a pole and b) where cables run vertically. These pipes are made of
G.I.

b) Trenching Work

• The CESC notice board should be deployed at site and work area should be
cordoned off.
• Depth of trench should not be less than 75 cm and 60 cm wide.
• The trench should not be continuous to enable pedestrian crossing.
• Holes should be bored into the earth at uncut pedestrian crossings.
• Excavated earth should be retained besides the trench on either side.
• Exposed cables and pipes should be suitably supported.
• In case of damage to installation of other agencies they should be immediately
informed.
• An attempt should also be made for temporary repairing of damaged
installations.
• Standby pumps and shuttering planks are required for exigencies.

c) Laying Procedure

• Before placing drum at site the following needs checking - condition of drum,
cable size, cable length and integrity of cable end sealing.
• The drum is then placed around spindle and lifted by Jacks, both of suitable
capacity.
• A few lashings of a manila rope of adequate strength are made around outer
sheath of cable end.
• Cable payout is done by rolling drum in direction opposite to marked “Roll This
Way”.
• Overlapping with any existing cable should be maintained as per jointing
instruction.
• Upon completion, the cable is covered with 150 mm loose soil free of rubbles.
• Tiles are then placed, over this surface, butting each other.
• Backfilling is done with excavated soil and rammed at different levels.
• Upon completion, necessary restoration order has to be made for municipality
and work card for updating the 50ft plan.
LT CABLE Jointing :
_ There are three types of cable jointing done.

A) Straight Through Jointing.

_ Here crimping is done when jointing Aluminium conductors.

_ However at a few instances, solder basting is done when Cu & Al conductors are
jointed.

Crimping of Conductors

o Aluminium crimping ferrules or In-Line connectors are made as per IS 8308

o Salient features of the process involved in crimping are:
_ The conductor surfaces(s) are to be thoroughly scrubbed using emery cloth.
_ The inner surface of the barrel of ferrule will have to be thoroughly scrubbed also
using emery paper.
_ Corrosion Inhibiting grease based on Lithium and having conducting properties,
popularly known by its trade name “Pentex A” is applied over these scrubbed
surfaces
_ The ferrule is inserted over the conductors placed in line and with a defined gap
in between.
_ The correct Die, appropriate to conductor size, is selected for Ratchet type tools.
_ For Rotary tools, the Die heads are rotated till the correct size is set.
_ Crimping is started from the edge of conductor cut which is inserted inside
barrel.
_ The second crimp is given on the other conductor edge.
_ After completion of crimping, the sharp edges are smoothened away and excess
grease should be wiped away.

Materials required to make straight through joint :

 Crimping Thimbles
 Earth Continuity Clamps withCollets
 Emery Paper
 Plastinet Mesh
 Cleansing Solvent
 Earth Leads
 Cleansing Cloth
 Polyurethane Compound
 PVC Tape
 BOPP Tape
 Insulating Pads
POLYURETHANE ST. THROUGH JOINT
 B) Tee Jointing

_ Here a married joint is made between conductors of tee cable and main cable.
_ This is adopted for service connections

POLYURETHANE TEE JOINT

Married Jointing Of Conductors.

The salient features of the process are:

_ The outer strands of conductors of service cable are flared.
_ The inner single strand is wound round the core where the insulation is cut to
reinforce the base.
_ Cotton tape is wrapped around the insulation cuts of both service and distributor
cable cores, to serve as protection during soldering.
The conductors of distributor cable are first “Tinned” using “Alca P” and Flux.
_ The flared strands of service cable cores are divided in two parts.
_ One part is wound in clockwise direction and another in anticlockwise direction
around the
tinned conductors of distributor after matching of phases is ensured.
_ Pour Alca P over the married joint.
_ Flux is then applied once more over this joint.
_ Alca P, metal maintained at a liquefied temperature of 300 – 330 degC is poured
so as to
ensure basting.
_ Basting continues till metal cools down to semi-liquid and then to viscous stage.
_ The excess metal is wiped off by cotton tape.
_ After soldering is complete the cotton tapes are removed.
_ Evostrip Compound should be applied over conductors at their insulation cuts.

C) Cable Termination

o The conductors of different cables are terminated using Al Crimping Thimbles.

_ Aluminium crimping thimbles are made as per IS 8309.
_ The requirements for crimping have already been explained earlier.
_ Termination can be of two types.
At Meter Board –
explained earlier
At Pillar Box - where
o A cable coil is retained at base of pillar box for future use.
o The cable portion kept in vertical position against the 500/300 Amps frame is
terminated at
the studs of the frame.
_ Pillar Box termination consists of two parts
_ a) Armour termination and b) Conductor termination.
_ Heat Shrink Components are used at both locations.
o Al crimping thimbles are used for terminating the conductors on to the studs of
fixing
frame.
o Cu braids and Cu mesh are used for maintaining earth continuity between cable
armour and
ground through pillar box frame earthing.
o The heat shrink components, crimping thimbles along with earthing accessories
are
available in ”Kit” form for cable sizes 150, 240 and 400 mm2.
o The above kits also contain the Instruction Manual showing steps to be adopted
for making a correct termination.
PILLAR BOX :
There are different type of pillar box.
 FPB(Feeder Pillar Box)
 ACPB(AC Pillar Box)
 LPB(Link Pillar Box)
 MPB(Meter Pillar Box)

 Type of Box :
There are two type of box used in our
system.
A) 6 Way
 This is generally installed as
“Feeder” Pillar in conjunction with
distribution transformers.
 Here six nos. of cables may be
terminated.
B) 4 Way
 This is generally installed for terminating
distributor cables and also for achieving network
flexibility.
 Here four nos. of cables may be terminated.

 Where to Errect :
 They are preferably to be erected on footpaths
 Sufficient clearance from building line is
maintained for smooth pedestrian movement.

Every Pillar Box has two openings :.

A) The cable side where the cables are terminated
_ This is usually towards the road and preferably not
less than 300 mm from kerb.
B) The fuse side where the fuses are inserted
_ This is usually towards the building.
_ The position selected for installing the box has to cater to existing and proposed
network.
_ Trial holes are first made to locate the installations of other utilities particularly gas
pipe lines.
Orientation Of Unit Installation
_ In a “Feeder” pillar, the feeder unit is installed at extreme left when facing pillar
from fuse side.
_The other units meant for Distribution cables are installed thereafter
 6 W P/B FOUNDATION & EARTHING
Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) :

 Non-withdrawable (Fixed Execution), metal clad single or double busbar

switchgear, in which insulation at all locations is provided by SF6 gas and as
a result the overall size getsdrastically reduced.
 Panel width 600mm for 33kV & 1000mm for 132 kV
 3 phase or 1 phase encapsulation
 Upto 33kV - Vacuum Interrupter, above 33 kV - only SF6.
 All chambers partitioned with Gas tight Epoxy Barrier Joints.

Why SF6 ?
_ SF6 is used in electrical equipment because of its dielectric strength, excellent
insulating properties and its arc-suppression capabilities.
_ It insulates 2.5 times better than air (N2), so it allows very compact design.
_ Its quenching properties are 100 times better than air (N2) and has better heat
dissipation
than in air.

Construction (33kV GIS) :

A panel comprises the following items
1. Cast aluminum chamber with cover.
2. Busbar (three phase segregated)
3. Breaker pole housing (three) with upper and lower bushings.
4. Vacuum circuit breaker.
5. Cubicle containing circuit breaker-operating mechanism.
6. Current and voltage transformers.
7. Auxiliary equipment.
8. Cable or bar terminations.
9. Three position switch.
10. Three position switch operating mechanism and interlock.
11. Support frame.

Advantages of GIS :
1. Compact Construction
2. Less space requirement
3. Insensitivity to external environment (altitude, saline atmosphere, weather
pollution etc)
4. High service reliability due to sealed environment.
New Service Installation :
The procedure of service installation can be divided into five subgroups namely:
A) Inspection for service;
B) Laying of service cable;
C) Fixing of meter board;
D) Termination of cable at meter board; and
E) Tee Jointing of cable.

A) Inspection For Service

In Areas Served By Overhead Network:

• Selection between Overhead or Underground mode of supply is done weighing
both economic and technical parameters.
• In O.H area if consumer insists on U.G supply then whole cable is chargeable.
• If width of road is less than 3.0 meters, then U.G service is given.
• If load requisition is more than 15 kw, then U.G service is provided.

In Areas Served By Underground Network:

• The size and location of Distributor cable from which service is to be tapped is
noted.
• If required, the Distributor has to be strengthened keeping in mind future load
growth.

General Requirement:
• If consumer’s load requirement is more than 40 kw, then dedicated service
through CT metering is done.
• A clear space 80 cm wide should be available in front for installation up to 4
way meter board and 1.2 meters for multiway meter boards.
• Consumer’s Main Switch must be within 3 feet from our meter board and
always in same room.
• Consumer has to be informed to make meter board wall 10” thick, if not done.
• Length of cable required in MP, PCP, and PP should be clearly defined.
• Cable route is kept as short as possible and free from obstructions.
Selection of the Correct Cable Size for Service
• The size of cable is selected on basis of load requisitioned by consumer.
• The selection of Cutout to be installed is also dependant on cable size and
load.

B) Laying of Service Cable

 Applicant’s details from paid bill and job slip must be verified.
 The meter board position and wall for fixing board must be verified.
 Depth of laying cable is 75 cm
 Cable should be laid inside pipes whenever crossing any installations of
other agencies and to be adequately protected.
 Precut length of cable is laid in trench prepared and within pipes laid for this
purpose.
 The service cable should contain a loop in ground below meter board.
 This cable must enter meter board through a 75 mm dia PVC pipe 1.0 meter
long placed vertically below board.

B) Meter Board Installation

 The Main Switch or Switches must be identified.

 The consumer’s installation / wiring must be verified for completion.
 The Main Switch must be in “Off” position.
 A 2 way / 4 way m/board is installed on wall by four nos. 4” x No.14 Screws.
 The board must be at least 1.0 meter vertically above floor level.
 Earthing Brackets must be provided to all meter boards.
 In 2 way Meter Boards the Earth Terminal is prefixed.
 A connection from our earth is provided to meter board Earth Bracket for
consumer’s use.
 If requirement is more than a 4 way board size, same is fabricated at site by
fitting extra 2/4 way board as necessary.
 Asbestos millboards are fixed over the rear wall for fire protection.
 These boards must have doors and locking arrangements.
 Steel meter board is installed with CT Metering arrangement for load above
40kw.

C) Termination of Cable at 2 Way Meter Board With 25 mm2 Cable

 The outer sheath is removed up to a defined length.

 The cable section is inserted through the gland till the inner step of pressure
gland its on the outer sheath cut.
 The armour strips are cut to required length, bent back and spread over the
gland surface to ensure intimate earth contact with main body.
 Insert main body over gland and tighten fully.
 Fix gland to earth plate with Jam nut provided.
 It must be ensured that consumer’s earth terminal is also in intimate contact.
 The cores are then flared and cut to required length at the cutout studs.
 Evostrip Compound is then applied around the cores at the crutch near gland
mouth.
 Crimping sockets are used to terminate the cores at the cutout studs.
LARGE METER BOARD
DTR METERING :

WHAT IS DTR METERING?

 Source Metering.
 Used In Wireless System.

 Provides instantaneous value of different electrical informations like

voltage, current,frequency with 24hrs*2 times coverage.

 DTR Meter-modem-CESC INTRANET-PC View.

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) :
Management of large volume of information, consumers, connections and
meters, requires a proper system that maintains the data effectively and allows it
to be accessed efficiently.There is a necessity to validate the electrical
documentation in accordance with distribution network norms and standards. This
differentiates a simple drawing over a Geographical Information System (GIS)
platform and electrical network documentation in its true sense.

GIS is an integrated software with features and functionalities

which are required by the power utilities to meet the need of GIS documentation
and asset mapping in the electricity transmission and distribution network,
consisting of substations, switching stations, HT/LT feeder/branch, power and
distribution transformers, towers/poles, junction box/pillar box and many other
electrical elements that together build the power system. Plotting of object over
geographical base map ensures its location by geographic co-ordinate, this can be
achieved by either manual plotting or by capturing GPS co-ordinate.

The network (substations, switching stations, HT/LT

feeder/branch, power and distribution transformers, towers/poles, junction
box/pillar box and other electrical elements) of a utility is vast and spread over a
large area. The electrical network consists of many substations, feeders and
distribution transformers; analysing their meter reading data requires software that
can be integrated with documentation and analysis software
modules.Management of this vast distributed network with a huge asset and
consumer base requires proper documentation of the distribution network and
mapping of the numerous assets and consumers.

The meters installed at different locations in the network need to

be read to record measured electrical parameters. A thorough and effective
analysis of network connectivity and connected asset ratings vis-à-vis the actual
electrical parameters is required in order to get information that will assist in
decision making.

User generated queries and user customisable reports can be

defined in the software. Moreover, access to the different functionalities in the
software is managed by different role and user access mapping through a
dedicated module.
 PART -2
HT SHIFT(MAINS DEPARTMENT)

TRAINING PERIOD :
10.07.2013 TO 13.07.2013
REPORT ON HT –SHIFT
MAINS DEPARTMENT
Trainee: Amrita Sen
COLLEGE: Camellia Institute Of Technology
STREAM: Electrical & Electronics Engineering
TRAINING PERIOD: 10.07.2013 To 13.07.2013

AUTHENTICATED BY :

PERSON(S) DESIGNATION SIGNATURE

CONCERNED
NECESSITY OF DECENTRALIZATION
 INCEPTION OF 3 SHIFT OPERATION

A PATH BREAKING STEP WAS TAKEN ON 01/08/2008 WITH THE

IMPLEMENTATION OF SHIFT DUTY IN HT.

**It started with a strength of 22 engineers (4 – Shift Charge

Engineers,18 - Operating Engineers ). A minimum strength of 5
engineers is available round the clock .

***Each group comprises of :

1 Shift - in - Charge Engineer (stationed at Command
Station)
2 Operating Engineers (stationed at Command Station)
1 Operating Engineer (stationed at our office at B.T.Road )
1 Operating Engineer (stationed at our Jadavpore I32 KV
Substation )
 ****Apart from the centrally located Command Station two
separate stations – at B.T.Road & Jadavpore became operational
round the clock from the same day.
COMMAND STATION ACTIVITIES :

 FAULT ISOLATION
For 6/11 KV Feeder Tripping.

 RESTORATION OF SUPPLY
For 6/11/33 KV Feeder Tripping.
For outage of Power Transformer.

 LOAD MANAGEMENT
For 6/11/33 KV Feeder Tripping.
For outage of Power Transformer.

For outage of Power Transformer

For 6/11/33 KV Feeder Tripping

 Monitoring of Network Performance through MIS-FAULT
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.

 Root Cause Analysis of each Failure and Suggesting Course

Correction
ACTIVITIES OF HT SHIFT :
H.T FEEDER TRIPPING:
 FAULT ISOLATION & RESTORATION OF SUPPLY
 LOAD MANAGEMENT
 LOAD MONITORING & LOCAL SHEDDING, IF REQUIRED.
E.H.T FEEDER TRIPPING
 PROVIDING ACCESS TO TESTING/SUB-STATIONS
 LOAD SHIFTING & SUBSEQUENT NORMALIZATIONS
 TTENDING CONSUMER AND TRANSFORMER CALL BEYOND OFFICE
HOURS.
 FAULT PUT-BACK & PROVIDING ACCESS FOR FAULT LOCATIONS JOB
AS AND WHEN REQUIRED.
 DETAILED ENTRY OF EACH FAULT IN FAULT
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 CARRYING OUT ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS OF EACH

FAULT AND MAINTAINING IT’S DATABASE.

CUSTODIAN OF DISTRIBUTION STATION
 NORMALIZATION OF ISOLATIONS

 LOAD MONITORING OF INDIVIDUAL FEEDER/ POWER

TRANSFORMER(33/11/6kV)
 LOAD SHIFTING DETAILS IN CASE OF OUTAGE OF POWER
TRANSFORMER
PREPARATION OF GENERAL SCHEMES
PREPARATION OF SALES SCHEMES
PREPARATION OF SEVERAL MIS REPORT AS AND WHEN REQUIRED
HV SF6RMU
RMU stands for Ring Main Unit which is introduced by CESC in HT network in
the year of 2007.

Objective: *Network Flexibility

*Supply restoration should be prompt.

*Higher reliability of distribution network.

RMU is now made by 5 manufacturers which are- ABB

AREVA

SIEMENS

SCHNEIDER

CG LUCY

Features: *Safe on load operation

*Easy network handling

*Provides cable status indication through VPIS (voltage present

indication signal)

*Indicates faulty section through FPI (fault passage indicator)

*Reduces fire hazards

*Maintenance free

*Remote operation & status monitoring possible

Criteria for RMU installation:
*After every 3 sources/HV consumers.

*Replacement of oil filled RMI (Ring main

isolator)

*Replacement of link chamber

*Elimination of “Tee joints” from HV network

*Reorganisation of network.

Technical Specification:
Voltage Grade- 12kv

Breaking Capacity-630A (normal load current)

Making Capacity- 53kA

Short circuit withstand capacity-21kA for 3sec

Operational Guidelines:
*Line & earth isolator of RMU are enclosed in a tank filled with SF6gas.It is safe
to operate the RMU when gas pressure inside the tank is 1.4bar or above.

*To make or break maximum rated current of HV feeders a gas pressure

indicator displays gas pressure inside the tank.

*Mimic diagram indicates the status of the line & earth isolators and must be
matched with the diagram book &system control.

*Check feeder labelling.

*VPIS readily provides whether the circuit is energized or dead. Check voltage
present indication before the earth occurs.

*FPI indicates the faulty zone or feeder and operates from current sensor
located at cable bushing.
Basic guidelines of fault isolation:
*study the network diagram of the faulty feeder with all NI points.

*Selection of nodal point to maximise supply restoration.

*Priority for essential supply restoration.

*Selection of terminal equipment where you take access for faster restoration of
supply.

*peak load of the feeder which was tripped & loading of adjacent feeders for
supply restoration

*Effective NI points to be isolated & locked off.

*Use of megger for checking healthiness of the cable.

*Use of multimeter to check continuity of the cable.

*Check sign writing of the HV installation with your diagram book to assure that
you have arrived at the right place.

*Check healthiness of the part of the feeder you have decided to restore supply
using adjacent network.

*Be cautious when you are closing NI ring switch of RMU.

*check DMS after you finish the operation to see all the changes are correctly
the updated in DMS by system condition.

*No additional communications with system control other than what you need
for supply restoration.

*Know how of geographical locations are important for faster restoration of

supply.
HT’S Initiatives in LT :
Replicate the HT model for overall improvement

 Faster restoration of supply

 Addressing repetitions in network failures by network development

 Formation of Technical Cell & LT Fault Management Center (LTFMC)

 Root cause analysis of failures

 Distribution Automation

Faster restoration of supply

 24x7 Call Center operations for receiving consumer complaints & speedy
redress

 Re-structuring the workforce engaged in supply restoration

 Incentives for quicker restoration (< 1 hr.)

 LT Fault Management Center – A supervisory system to monitor

exceptional cases

Network Development
 Development of an MIS to track each & every failure - LTFMS
 Shortlisting the fault-prone networks
 Directing CAPEX towards fault-prone networks
 Tracking performance of newly augmented/ reorganized network
Technical Cell & LTFMC
 Conducting technical audits of different LT installation jobs
 Ensuring quality of materials & tools
 Training on jointing for all levels of employees – Engineers, Supervisors &
Workmen
 Accreditation of out-sourced jointers & close surveillance of their
performance
 Conducting safety awareness programme
 Target of restoring any kind of off-supply call within 3 hrs.

Root Cause Analysis of Failures

 Tracking of each & every network failure through LTFMS

 Generating statistical reports of different types of network failures from

MIS
 Post Mortem of faulty joints to pinpoint root cause of failures
 Conducting training sessions in jointing to reduce joint failures
 Recommending changes in work-practice/joint-design to arrest future
breakdowns

Distribution Automation
 Automated Meter Reading (AMR) in Distribution Transformer (DTR)
 Geographical Information System (GIS)
 Integration of AMR in DTR with GIS
 ACHIEVEMENT :
REDUCTION IN AVG RESTORATION TIME

PERIOD AVG
RESTORATION
TIME (HRS)

FY 06-07 3.72

FY 07-08 3.80

FY 08-09 2.66

FY 09-10 1.97

However apart from the effort of shift engineers and the effect of
decentralization one would surely appreciate the contribution of RMU s in
enabling us to reduce the restoration time to unprecedented levels

REDUCTION IN TOTAL TRIPPINGS

PERIOD TOTAL NO. OF
TRIPPINGS

FY 06-07 2035

FY 07-08 2513

FY 08-09 2145

FY 09-10 1741
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books on Power System

Author:V.K.MEHTA
& SONI GUPTA BHATNAGAR

www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com

CESC Training Document