o

F = (oC x 9/5) +32 Turning:

o
C = (oF -32) x5 /9 90o – Pitch up - bank under reads
Kelvin = 273 + oC 180o – Maximum pitch up – bank correct
1 Bar = 14.5psi 270o – Pitch up – bank over reads
1nm = 6080ft Accelerating – Nose up; Decelerating – nose down
Temp increase 1.98oC / 1000ft
- Max -56.5oC until INS
- 65,617ft then rising 0.3oC/1000ft Provides position, track, heading and GS
Density Altitude = pressure alti + (120xISA temp Acceleration -> 1st integration -> Speed -> 2nd
deviation) integration -> Distance
Gimbal wander = 15 x sin(latitude) Needs Lat/Lon inputting. Can only calc Lat
Transport Wander = change of long x sin(mean lat) Calculates track, heading, distance, drift.
- Clockwise in NH It will fly shortest great circle path
- Torque = Force x Distance 3 rate integrating gyros, 2 Accelerometers
- EMforce = K x Hot junction temp
- Capacitance = E x Area / Distance IRS
3 RLGs + 3 Accelerometers
Schuler Cycle 84.4 minutes

FMS
Cost index 0 = least fuel burn
Sequence = IDENT -> POS INIT -> POS REF
Modes
- Dual Mode – FMCs synced one master one slave
- Independent mode – FMCs independent and
controlled from each side of cockpit
- Single Mode – If one FMC fails other FMC
performs all actions. Both MCDUs control

Temp Sensors
Type Power req. Temp /
application
Bimetalic No Low - GA
Resistance Yes DC Medium
Thermocouples No High - EGT
Radiation Yes High - turbine
TAT always > SAT
SAT = OAT x (1+0.2xKrxM2) – All values in Kelvin
Diaphragm Low Pressure
Aneriod Sealed capsule - Altimeter
Pressure Same as Aneriod – not
Capsule sealed e.g. ASI
FL and Mach constant when OAT decreases IAS Bellows Stacked Aneriod – wider
remains the same TAS decreases measurement
Burdon Higher pressure – oil etc
Magnetism Tube
Soft Iron – easy to magnetise – non-permanent Pressure Resistive (electronic) – wide
Isogonals – Lines of joining variation Transducer range
Agonic Line – Joining lines where variation is 0
Blockages / errors
Compass Errors - Piot tube – ASI behaves as Alti
Accelerating - Heading E/W turns North - Static Port – ASI reverse of Alti, Alti freezes
Decelerating – Heading E/W turns South - Unpressurised cabin -> overread
Turning through N – lags behind real heading - Colder than ISA Alti overreads (dangerous)
Turning through S – Leads on real heading
Turning E/W no error unless dip+bankangle > 90o Gyros / basic instruments
Turning errors max at pole, 0 @ aclinic line Turn Rate Gyro - Hoz axis
Greater bank angle > error Indicator 1 Gimbal, 1 degree freedom
Senses rate of Yaw
Attitude Errors Parallel to hoz axis of aircraft
 Turn As above – Sensitive to Yaw The example is
Coordinator and Roll. Indicates faster Traffic causing an RA 100ft above and
Attitude Earth Gyro (2 gimbals) – 2 descending
Indicator Degrees freedom, Vertical Axis.
Tied to earth by pendulous 300ft below and
Traffic causing a TA
vanes and air jets climbing
Electric – more ridged, less
errors Proximate Traffic not Either a blue or
DI Tied to aircraft horizontal generating a TA or RA and white diamond.
2 degs freedom, 2 gimbals, inside the 6 NM and 800ft above and
horizontal spin Axis 1,200ft descending
Remote Flux valve -> Stator Other traffic not
compass generating a TA or RA and 1,400ft below
Gyro Flux Valve -> Amplifier -> outside of 6NM and and descending
Compass Torque motor 1,200ft

AutoPilot No-bearing
Inner loop – provides stability Advisories
Outer loop – Provides flight guidance and monitors
performance
Fail Operational – 3 Aps, landing continues if an Alti +/- 60ft Accuracy
autopilot fails Drift max at poles 15 x sin(lat)
Fail passive – 2 APs if 1 fails no out of trim Topple – max at equator
situation, AP is disengaged
Flux valve – 487.5 Hz AC
GPWS
- Respond to instruction in 30 seconds EGPWS
1 Excessive baro SINK RATE, SINK RATE - Terrain – D.Base – no exp.
descent WHOOP PULL UP - Obstacle - D.base 28 days
2 Rising ground TERRAIN, TERRAIN
WHOOP PULL UP
3 Height loss TO / DON’T SINK
GO
4 Proximity to TOO LOW,
ground GEAR/FLAPS
5 Below Glide slope GLIDESLOPE

Flight recorders
- Cockpit voice recorder 30 minutes recording time
- Flight data recorder 25 hours recording
- Starts when plane moves under its

Radio Altimeter
- 4200Mhz to 4400Mhz signal
- Work from 2,500ft down
- Input to TCAS and GPWS

Failure conditions – A to E – A = Catastrophic

TCAS / ACAS
- > 19 passengers or MTOM > 5,700kg
- Traffic Advisory – “TRAFFIC, TRAFFIC” traffic likely to
enter the collision area. Time to collision 48 seconds
- Resolution Advisory – Corrective = “CLIMB, CLIMB”
time to collision 35-15 seconds. Preventative advisories
e.g. “LEVEL OFF, LEVEL OFF”.