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Problem Set - Fiber, Digital and Data Communications

This document contains 15 questions regarding fiber optics, digital communications, and data transmission. It covers topics such as: 1) Calculating signal-to-noise ratios and bandwidth requirements for digital communications. 2) Determining output voltages for μ-law and A-law companding schemes. 3) Calculating minimum Nyquist bandwidths for BPSK and QPSK modulation. 4) Computing maximum data rates and information capacities based on bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratios. The questions involve calculating angles of incidence and refraction, numerical apertures, V-numbers, critical angles, and data transmission rates in various communication systems and scenarios.

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Eugene Embalzado Jr.
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2K views4 pages

Problem Set - Fiber, Digital and Data Communications

This document contains 15 questions regarding fiber optics, digital communications, and data transmission. It covers topics such as: 1) Calculating signal-to-noise ratios and bandwidth requirements for digital communications. 2) Determining output voltages for μ-law and A-law companding schemes. 3) Calculating minimum Nyquist bandwidths for BPSK and QPSK modulation. 4) Computing maximum data rates and information capacities based on bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratios. The questions involve calculating angles of incidence and refraction, numerical apertures, V-numbers, critical angles, and data transmission rates in various communication systems and scenarios.

Uploaded by

Eugene Embalzado Jr.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fiber Optics, Digital and Data Communications Problem Set

1. For digital communications using binary coding, determine the signal to noise ratio in dB which
would be required for an ideal channel with a bandwidth of 2500 Hz.

Solution:

For an ideal channel,

C = 2BW log2 N with N = 2 (binary coding)

C = 2BW = 2(2500) = 5000 bps

For a practical channel,

C = 3.32BW log (1 + S/N)

5000 = 3.32(2500) log (1 + S/N)

S/N = 3

In dB, (S/N) dB = 10 log 3 = 4.77 dB

2. Determine the output voltage of a µ-law compander with a maximum voltage range of 1 V and
an input voltage of 0.25V.

V out = output voltage (V) Vin = amplitude of the signal at a particular instant of time (V)

Vmax = maximum uncompressed analog input amplitude

µ = parameter used to define the amount of compression = 255 (typical)


𝑉
ln (1 + 𝜇 𝑉 𝑖𝑛 )
𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
ln(1 + 𝜇)
0.25
ln (1 + 255 1 )
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =1
ln(1 + 255)
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝑽
3. For binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation with a carrier frequency of 80 MHz and an input
bit rate of 10 Mbps, determine the minimum Nyquist bandwidth.

fN = minimum Nyquist bandwidth (Hz) fb = transmission rate (bps)

For BPSK, fN = fb = 10 MHz

4. What is the Shannon limit for information capacity for a standard voice band communications
channel with a signal-to-noise ratio of 30 dB and a bandwidth of 2.7 kHz?

C = channel capacity (bps) BW = bandwidth (Hz) S/N = signal-to-noise ration (absolute value)
(S/N) dB = 10 log S/N

30 dB = 10 log (S/N)

S/N = 1000

C = 3.32BW log (1 + S/N) = 3.32(2.7 kHz) log (1 + 1000) = 26.9 kbps

5. How many Hamming bits would have to be added to a data block containing 255 bits?

n = number of Hamming bits m = data bits

2n ≥ m + n + 1

29 ≥ 255 + 9 + 1

512 ≥ 265 (true)

Therefore, the number of Hamming bits added is 9.

6. For a dynamic range of 120, how many bits are required in the PCM code (including the sign
bit)?

DR = Dynamic Range n = number of PCM bits excluding the sign bit

DR = 2n – 1

n = log (DR + 1)/log 2 = log (120 + 1)/log 2 ≈ 7 bits (excluding the sign bit)

Total number of bits including sign bits = n + 1 = 7 + 1 = 8 bits

7. In A-law companding, determine the output voltage if the input voltage to the compander is 0.8
V and the maximum possible input voltage is 1 V.

V out = output voltage (V) Vin = amplitude of the signal at a particular instant of time (V)

Vmax = maximum uncompressed analog input amplitude

A = parameter used to define the amount of compression = 87.6 (typical)


𝐴𝑉
1 + ln (𝑉 𝑖𝑛 )
𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
1 + ln(𝐴)
87.6 𝑥 0.8
1 + ln ( 1 )
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
1 + ln(87.6)
𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 𝑽
8. For quarternary phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation with a carrier frequency of 70 MHz and an
input bit rate of 10 Mbps, determine the minimum Nyquist bandwidth.

fN = minimum Nyquist bandwidth (Hz) fb = transmission rate (bps)

For QPSK, fN = fb/2 = 10 MHz/2 = 5MHz


9. Analog broadcast television has a total bandwidth of 6MHz. What is the maximum data rate of
the video signal, ignoring noise if the video signal uses 4MHz of the 6 MHz bandwidth? Assume
that the video signal uses 32-level code?

S/N = signal-to-noise ratio (dB)

M = number of output conditions possible

C = channel capacity

C = 2BW log2 M = 2 (4 x 106 Hz) (log2 32) = 40 Mbps

10. An asynchronous communication system uses ASCII at 9600 bits/sec with eight bits, one start bit
and one stop bit and no parity bit. Express the data rate in words per minute. (Assume a word
has five characters or letters and one space)

Bit rate = 9600 bits/sec = 576000 bits/min

10 bits per character = 8 bits + 1 start bit + 1 stop bit

One word = 5 characters + 1 space = 6 characters


𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 1 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑑 1 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟
The rate in words per minute = (576000 𝑚𝑖𝑛) (6 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠) ( 10 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠
)

The rate in words per minute = 9600 wpm

11. Medium 1 is made of silicon and medium 2 is made of glass. Their refractive indices are 3.4 and
1.4 respectively. For an angle of 30 degrees, determine the angle of incidence.

n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2

3.4 sin θ1 = 1.4 sin 30

θ1 = 11.88°

12. An optical fiber and its cladding have refractive indices of 1.33 and 1.23 respectively. Determine
the numerical aperture.

NA = √(n12 – n22) = √(1.332 – 1.232) = 0.506

13. Given the acceptance angle of the fiber of 25 degrees, what should the refractive index of the
cladding if the fiber optic glass core refractive index is 1.62?

sin θmax = √(n12 – n22)

sin 30= √(1.622 – n22)

n2 = 1.564

14. A fiber glass has a core diameter of 60 µm and numerical aperture of 0.235. What is its V-
number if the fiber operates with light source wavelength of 0.735 µm.

d = diameter (µm) NA = numerical aperture λo = light source wavelength (µm)


V number = πdNA/ λo = π(60)(0.235)/(0.735) = 60.3

15. For a multimode step-index fiber with glass core n1 = 1.53 and a fused quartz cladding (n2 =
1.44), determine the critical angle.

θc = critical angle n1 = refractive index of the core n2 = refractive index of the cladding

θc = sin-1 (n2 / n1) = sin-1 (1.44 / 1.53) = 70.25°

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