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Data Sheet Revision PDF

This document provides information on various topics in chemistry including: - Common polyatomic ions such as carbonate, phosphate, and sulfate. - Acids that produce hydrogen ions in water such as hydrochloric acid. - Bases including metal oxides and hydroxides that dissolve in water to form alkalis. - Solubility rules for different types of salts containing nitrates, sulfates, carbonates, and phosphates. - Reactions that occur between acids, bases, and metals. - Extraction methods for metals like iron from iron ore and aluminum from bauxite ore.

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Shifa Rizwan
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78 views2 pages

Data Sheet Revision PDF

This document provides information on various topics in chemistry including: - Common polyatomic ions such as carbonate, phosphate, and sulfate. - Acids that produce hydrogen ions in water such as hydrochloric acid. - Bases including metal oxides and hydroxides that dissolve in water to form alkalis. - Solubility rules for different types of salts containing nitrates, sulfates, carbonates, and phosphates. - Reactions that occur between acids, bases, and metals. - Extraction methods for metals like iron from iron ore and aluminum from bauxite ore.

Uploaded by

Shifa Rizwan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POLYATOMIC IONS EXCESS METHOD
 Carbonate (CO3-2), Bicarbonate (HCO3-1) Insoluble Reactants  Soluble or Insoluble Product
 Phosphate (PO4-3), Phosphite (PO3-3) INDICATOR COLORS
 Sulphate (SO4-2), Sulphite (SO3-2) Methyl Orange
 Nitrate (NO3-1), Nitrite (NO2-1)  Red in Acid (below pH 4)
 Ammonium (NH4+1), Mangnate(VII) MnO4-1)  Orange/Yellow in Alkali (above pH 4)
 Hydroxide (OH-1), Dichromate(VI) (Cr2O7-2) Phenolpthalein
 Hydrogensulfate (HSO4-1),  Pink in Alkali (Above pH 8)
ACIDS (They produce H+1 ions when dissolved in water)  Colorless in Acid (Below pH 8)
 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Universal Indicator
 Nitric Acid (HNO3), Nitrous Acid (HNO2)  Strong Acid (Red), Weak Acid (Orange)
 Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4), Sulphurous Acid (H2SO3)  Weak Alkali (Blue), Strong Alkali (Purple)
 Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4), Phosphorous Acid  Neutral (Green)
(H3PO3) REACTIVITY SERIES/EASE OF DISCHARGE
 Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) (most reactive) K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, (C), Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, (H)
BASES/ALKALIS Cu, Ag, Au, Pt (least reactive)
NH3/NH4OH, Metal Oxides and Metal Hydroxides are all EASE OF DISCHARGE OF ANIONS
Bases. Bases that dissolve in water are alkalis – All I-1, Br-1, OH-1, Cl-1, SO4-2, NO3-1 etc (underlined ions get
Gp1/NH4+ Hydroxides are soluble and those lower down in discharged when present in concentrated amount)
GpII (Ba(OH)2, Sr(OH)2 & partially Ca(OH)2) EXTRACTION OF IRON
SOLUBILITY OF SALTS Iron Ore (Haematite) – Fe2O3 is reduced with Coke
 All nitrate/Gp1 and NH4+ compounds are soluble (Carbon) in blast furnace.
 All sulphate salts are soluble except PbSO4, BaSO4 &  Fe2O3 + C -> Fe + CO2
partially CaSO4  Fe2O3 + CO -> Fe + CO2
 All carbonate and phosphate salts are insoluble except Calcium Carbonate is added to the blast furnace to get rid
Group 1 and NH4+1 salts of sand SiO2
 Group 1 and NH4+1 salts are all soluble  CaCO3 -> CaO + CO2 (decomposes due to heat)
 All chlorides/bromides/iodides are soluble except Ag+1,  CaO + SiO2 -> CaSiO3 (which forms slag)
Pb+2 salts. Heat is produced in blast furnace when Coke (Carbon)
o AgCl, PbCl2 are white ppt soluble in dilute combusts in hot air.
NH3(aq) EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM
o AgBr, PbBr2 are cream ppt soluble in
concentrated NH3(aq)
o AgI, PbI2 are yellow ppt insoluble in NH3(aq)
REACTIONS OF ACIDS/BASES
 Acid + Base -> Salt + water
 Acid + Metal carbonate -> Salt + Water + CO2
 Acid + Metal -> Salt + H2
 Acid + NH3 -> Ammonium Salt
 Ammonium Salt + Base/Alkali -> Salt + Ammonia
Bauxite is Al2O3. Al2O3 is amphoteric and is dissolved in
+ Water
NaOH. Other metal oxides which are basic don’t dissolve
 Metal Carbonate  Metal Oxide + CO2
and are filtered out.
 Metal Nitrate  Metal Oxide + NO2 + O2 (For Cryolite Na3AlF6 is added to reduce melting point.
Metals other than Group1) Graphite anode burns away (C+O2->CO2)
 Metal Nitrate  Metal Nitrite + O2 (For Group1 Cathode: 4Al+3 + 12e -> 4Al
Metals) Anode: 6O-2 -> 3O2 + 12e
PREPARATION OF SALTS
TITRATION: CONTACT PROCESS
Soluble Reactants  soluble Products S + O2 -> SO2
PRECIPITATION 2SO2 + O2 ↔ 2SO3
Soluble Reactants  Insoluble Products

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Conditions for the reversible reaction above: V2O5  Condensation Polymer
catalyst, 4500 C, 1-2 atm pressure o Polyamide (Nylon): (di)Carboxylic Acid +
SO3 + H2SO4  H2S2O7 (oleum) (di)Ammine  Polyamide(e.g. Nylon) + H2O
Oleum diluted in water to get H2SO4 o Polyamide (Proteins): Amino Acid + Amino Acid
H2S2O7 + H2O 2H2SO4  Polyamide + H2O
HABER PROCESS o Polyester: (di)Carboxylic Acid + (di)Alcohol 
N2 + 3H2 <-> 2NH3 Polyester (e.g. Fats, Terylene) + H2O
Conditions: 200 atm, 4500C, Iron Catalyst o Glucose + Glucose  Starch + H2O
DI-ATOMIC MOLECULES: H2, N2, O2, & Group VII (F2, Cl2, COLOR OF COMPOUNDS
Br2, I2) CuO (black), PbO (yellow), Group1, 2 and 3 are generally
ACIDIC/BASIC/NEUTRAL GASES white. Anhydrous CuSO4 is white. Hydrous CuSO4.xH2O is
Acidic: CO2, P2O5, NO2, SO2, SO3 blue. CuSO4(aq) is blue solution. Fe2O3 is red. Cl2 is
Neutral: H2, O2, N2, CO, NO greenish gas, Br2 is red brown liquid, I2 is blue black solid.
Basic: NH3 AgCl/PbCl2 is white, AgBr/PbBr2 is cream, AgI/PbI2 is
Amphoteric: ZnO, Al2O3, PbO yellow. Hydrous CoCl2 is pink, Anhydrous CoCl2 is blue.
OXIDATION STATES (OS) SOME NAMES OF COMPOUNDS
 Free element is “0” e.g. Na, O2, I2 etc Lime – Ca(OH)2, Limestone – CaCO3
Elements present in compounds TEST OF CATIONS
 Group 1 is +1, Group 2 is +2, Group 3 is +3,  NH4+1: Ammonia gas released with NaOH (aq)
 Transition Metals have Variable OS.  Fe+2: insoluble green ppt with both excess NaOH (aq)
 Oxygen is -2 and NH3(aq)
 Hydrogen is +1  Fe+3: insoluble red/brown ppt with both excess NaOH
 Group 7 is -1 except when bonded to Oxygen (aq) and NH3(aq)
OXIDIZING/REDUCING AGENTS  Ca+2: white ppt with NaOH (aq) insoluble in excess.
Strong Oxidizing Agents: No or slight ppt with NH3 (aq)
 Potassium di Chromate K2Cr2O7 (orange). Turns green  Cu+2: Pale blue ppt with NaOH (aq) insoluble in
when reduced. excess. Pale blue ppt with NH3 (aq) soluble in excess,
 Potassium Mangnate KMnO4 (purple). Turns colorless giving a deep blue solution
when reduced.  Al+3: White ppt with both NaOH (aq) and NH3 (aq)
Strong Reducing Agents: but only soluble in excess NaOH (aq)
 SO2 is a strong reducing agent, Gets oxidized to SO3  Zn+2: White ppt, soluble in excess with both NaOH
(SO2 is a bleaching Agent, and a Food Preservative) (aq) and NH3(aq).
 I-1 iodide is a strong reducing agents. Gets oxidized to TEST FOR ANIONS
I2 iodine.  CO3-2: CO2 gas produced (effervescence) with
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY aqueous Acid
 Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes (UV light  Cl-1: Acidify with dilute aqueous nitric acid and add
required) CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl with Ag+1 or Pb+2. White ppt produced.
 Cracking of Alkanes (400oC, Al2O3)  I-1: Acidify with dilute aqueous nitric acid and add
 Bromination of Alkenes (alkenes decolourize with Ag+1 or Pb+2. Yellow ppt produced.
bromine) CH2=CH2 + Br2 CH2BrCH2Br  NO3-1: Add Aluminium foil/powder + NaOH and heat.
 Hydration of Alkenes (H3PO4 catalyst, 3000C, 60 atm Ammonia gas is given off
pressure): Alcohol is formed  SO4-2: Acidify with nitric acid and add Ba+2. White ppt
 Hydrogenation of Alkenes (Nickel catalyst, 2000C) produced
(Vegetable Oil to Margarine) TEST FOR GASES
 Alcohols get oxidized to Carboxylic Acids  CO2: Turns lime water (Ca(OH)2) milky
o Reagents: Reflux + Oxidizing Agent (K2Cr2O7  NH3: Turns damp red litmus paper blue
Orange to Green, or KMnO4 Purple to Colorless)  H2: Pop sound produced when ignited
 Alcohol + Carboxylic Acid  Ester + H2O  O2: Relights a glowing splint
o Reflux and Few drops of concentrated H2SO4  Cl2: Bleaches damp litmus paper
o Esters are Sweet smelling compounds  SO2: Turns acidified potassium dichromate (VI) from
 Addition Polymer (Monomers(Alkene) at high ToC and orange to green
Pressure) e.g. Polyethene, Plastics
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