Learn

m m in g w ith
Progra
Pytho n St ep by
Step
Table of Contents

1. Congratulations

2. About in28Minutes

3. Installation Guide

4. Getting Started

5. Introduction To Python Programming With

Multiplication Table

6. Introduction To Methods - MultiplicationTable

7. Introduction To PyCharm

8. Introduction To Python Platform

9. Basic Numeric Data Types and Conditional

Execution

10. Text in Python

11. Python Loops

12. Introduction To Object Oriented Programming

13. Python Data Structures

14. Object Oriented Programming Again

15. Error Handling with Python

16. Python Tips

17. Keep Learning in28Minutes

Congratulations
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are joining 150,000+ Learners learning everyday with us. 

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on APIs, Web Services and Microservices with Spring, Spring Boot and

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About in28Minutes

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Installation Guide

Installing Python 3

Download the right downloadable for your operating system

https://www.python.org/downloads/

Download the exe/package

Install it by double clicking the exe/package from downloads folder

Caution

On Windows - ensure that the check box "Add Python 3.6 to PATH" is
Checked 
Launching Python 3 Shell
Launch Terminal or Command Prompt

If you are on Windows : Open the Command Prompt window by

Click the Start button

Select All Programs -> Accessories > Command Prompt.

Or use Ctrl + Esc, and type in cmd and launch up command.

If you are on Mac or other OS, launch up Terminal. 

cmd + space -> Type terminal -> Press enter

Launch Python 3 Shell

Command

python3 in Mac 
python in Windows and Linux.

Installing PyCharm Community Edition

https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/download/

Choose Your Operating System

Choose Community Edition

Click Download

Install the Executable

First Launch

Select Your Theme

Create New Project

Getting Started

Recommended Versions

Tool/Framework/Language Recommended Version More Details

Python Python 3

PyCharm Latest Community Version

Github Page : 
https://github.com/in28minutes/learn-programming-with-python-
Introduction To Python
Programming With
Multiplication Table

Step By Step Details

Step 00 - Getting Started with Programming
Step 01 - Introduction to Multiplication Table challenge
Step 02 - Launch Python Shell - TODO
Step 03 - Break Down Multiplication Table Challenge
Step 04 - Python Expression - An Introduction
Step 05 - Python Expression - Exercises
Step 06 - Java Expression - Puzzles
Step 07 - Printing output to console with Python
Step 08 - Calling Functions in Python - Puzzles
Step 09 - Advanced Printing output to console with Python
Step 10 - Advanced Printing output to console with Python - Exercises and Puzzles
Step 11 - Introduction to Variables in Python
Step 12 - Introduction to Variables in Python - Puzzles
Step 13 - Assignment Statement
Step 14 - Tip - Using formatted strings in print method
Step 15 - Using For Loop to Print Multiplication Table
Step 16 - Using For Loop in Python - Puzzles
Step 17 - Using For Loop in Python - Exercises
Step 18 - Getting Started with Programming - Revise all Terminology

Python Shell Code

Last login: Mon May 14 10:20:03 on ttys002
Rangas-MacBook-Pro:~ rangaraokaranam$ 5 X 5 -bash: 5:

command not found

Rangas-MacBook-Pro:~ rangaraokaranam$ clear
Rangas-MacBook-Pro:~ rangaraokaranam$ python3
Python 3.6.5 (default, Mar 30 2018, 06:42:10)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 9.0.0 (clang-900.0.39.2)]
on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more

information.
>>> 5 X

5
File "<stdin>", line 1
5 X 5
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> 5 * 6
30
>>> 5 + 6
11
>>> 5 - 6
-1
>>> 10 / 2
5.0
>>> 10 ** 3
1000
>>> 5 + 5 + 5
15
>>> 5 + 5 * 5
30
>>> import os
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> 24 * 60

1440
>>> 24 * 60 * 60
86400
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> 5 + 6 + 10
21 >>> 5 *$

2
File "<stdin>", line 1
5 *$ 2
^

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> 5$2
File "<stdin>", line 1
5$2
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> 5+6+10
21
>>> 5/2
2.5
>>> 5 + 5 * 6
35
>>> 5 - 2 * 2
1
>>> (5 - 2) * 2
6
>>> 5 - ( 2 * 2 )
1
>>> os.system('clear')
0

>>> 5 * 6
30
>>> 5 * 6 = 30
File "<stdin>", line 1

SyntaxError: can't assign to operator

>>> Hello
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> NameError: name
'Hello' is not defined

>>> 5 * 6

30
>>> Hello
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'Hello' is not defined

>>> print Hello

File "<stdin>", line 1
print Hello
^
SyntaxError: Missing parentheses in call to 'print'. Did
you mean print(Hello)?
>>> print (Hello)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'Hello' is not defined
>>> print ("Hello")
Hello
>>> print("Hello")
Hello
>>> print("5 * 6 = 30")
5 * 6 = 30
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> print("5 * 6 = 30")
5 * 6 = 30
>>> print("5*6")
5*6
>>> print(5*6)

30
>>> print('5*6')
5*6 >>> abs 10.5
File "<stdin>", line 1
abs

10.5
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> abs(10.5)
10.5

>>> abs("10.5")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: bad operand type for abs(): 'str'
>>> pow 2 5
File "<stdin>", line 1
pow 2 5
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> pow(2 5)
File "<stdin>", line 1
pow(2 5)
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> pow(2, 5)
32

>>> pow(10, 3)
1000
>>> 10 ** 3
1000
>>> max(34, 45, 67)
67
>>> min(34, 45, 67)
34

>>> pow(2,5) 32
>>> Pow(2,5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

NameError: name 'Pow' is not defined

>>> print("Hello")

Hello
>>> print("hello")
hello
>>> print("hellO")

hellO
>>> print ( "hellO" )
hellO
>>> print ( "hellO World" )
hellO World
>>> print ( "hellO World" )
hellO World
>>> print("Hello"")
File "<stdin>", line 1
print("Hello"")
^
SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal
>>> print("Hello\"")
Hello"

>>> print("Hello\nWorld")
Hello
World
>>> print("Hello\tWorld")
Hello World
>>> print("Hello\\World")
Hello\World
>>> print("Hello\\\\\\World")
Hello\\\World >>> print('Hello"')

Hello" >>> print("Hello'World")

Hello'World
>>> print("Hello\"World")

Hello"World
>>> print("Hello\"World")
Hello"World
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> print("5 * 6 = 30")
5 * 6 = 30

>>> print("VALUE".format(5*2))
VALUE
>>> print("VALUE {0}".format(5*2))
VALUE 10
>>> print("VALUE {0}".format(10,20,30))
VALUE 10
>>> print("VALUE {1}".format(10,20,30))
VALUE 20
>>> print("VALUE {2}".format(10,20,30))
VALUE 30
>>> print("5 * 6 = {2}".format(5,6,5*6))
5 * 6 = 30
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,6,5*6))

5 * 6 = 30
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,7,5*7))
5 * 7 = 35
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,8,5*8))
5 * 8 = 40
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,8,5*8))
5 * 8 = 40
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,8,5*8,5*9,5*10))
5 * 8 = 40 >>> print("{0} * {1} =
{4}".format(5,8,5*8,5*9,5*10))
5 * 8 = 50

>>> print("{0} * {1} = {4}".format(5,8))

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

IndexError: tuple index out of range

>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(2.5,2,2.5*2))
2.5 * 2 = 5.0
>>> print("My name is {0}".format("Ranga"))
My name is Ranga
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,7,5*7))

5 * 7 = 35
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,1,5*1))
5 * 1 = 5
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,2,5*2))
5 * 2 = 10
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,3,5*3))
5 * 3 = 15
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,index,5*index))
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'index' is not defined

>>> index = 2
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,index,5*index))
5 * 2 = 10
>>> index = 3
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,index,5*index))
5 * 3 = 15
>>> index
3
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,index,5*index)) 5 * 3
= 15
>>> index = 5
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,index,5*index)) 5 * 5
= 25

>>> index = 1
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,index,5*index))

5 * 1 = 5
>>> index = 2
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,index,5*index))
5 * 2 = 10
>>> index = 3
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,index,5*index))
5 * 3 = 15
>>> a = 5

>>> b = 6

>>> c = 7
>>> print("5 + 6 + 7 = 18")
5 + 6 + 7 = 18
>>> print("5 + 6 + 7 = 18".format(a,b,c,a+b+c))
5 + 6 + 7 = 18
>>> print("{0} + {1} + {2} = {3}".format(a,b,c,a+b+c))
5 + 6 + 7 = 18
>>> a = 6
>>> b = 7

>>> c = 8
>>> print("{0} + {1} + {2} = {3}".format(a,b,c,a+b+c))
6 + 7 + 8 = 21
>>> os.system('clear')
0
>>> i = 1
>>> i
1 >>> print(i*2)
2
>>> i = 4 >>> print(i*2)
8
>>> count

Traceback (most recent call

last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'count' is not defined
>>> print(count)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'count' is not defined
>>> count = 4
>>> print(count)
4
>>> Count

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'Count' is not defined
>>> count
4
>>> Count
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

NameError: name 'Count' is not defined

>>> 1count = 5
File "<stdin>", line 1
1count = 5
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> count = 5
>>> _count = 5 >>> 1count
File "<stdin>", line 1
1count
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> 2count
File "<stdin>", line 1

2count
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> c12345 = 5
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> i = 5
>>> j = i
>>> j
5
>>> j = 2 * i
>>> j

10
>>> j = i
>>> j = 2 * i
>>> j = 3 * i
>>> j
15

>>> 5 = j
File "<stdin>", line 1
SyntaxError: can't assign to literal
>>> j = 10
>>> j
10
>>> num1 = 5 >>> num2 = 3
>>> sum = num1 + num2
>>> sum 8
>>> a = 5
>>> b = 6
>>> c = 7
>>> sum = a + b + c
>>> sum 18 >>> print("5 + 6 + 7 = 18")

5 + 6 + 7 = 18
>>> print("{0} + {1} + {2} = {3}", a, b, c ,sum)
{0} + {1} + {2} = {3} 5 6 7 18
>>> print("{0} + {1} + {2} = {3}".format(a, b, c ,sum))
5 + 6 + 7 = 18
>>> num1
5
>>> num1 = 10
>>> num1
10
>>> number_1
Traceback (most recent call

last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'number_1' is not defined
>>> number_1 = 15
>>> number_1
15
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> a = 1
>>> b = 2
>>> c = 3
>>> sum = a + b + c
>>> print("{0} + {1} + {2} = {3}".format(a, b, c ,sum))
1 + 2 + 3 = 6 >>> print(f"")
>>> print(f"value of a is {a}")
value of a is 1
>>> print(f"value of b is {b}")
value of b is 2 >>> print(f"sum of a and b is {a + b}")
sum of a and b is 3 >>> print(f"{a} + {b} + {c} = {sum}")
1 + 2 + 3 = 6

>>> os.system('clear')
0
>>> index = 1
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,index,5*index))
5 * 1 = 5
>>> index = 2
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,index,5*index))
5 * 2 = 10
>>> index = 3
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,index,5*index))
5 * 3 = 15

>>> index = 4
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,index,5*index))
5 * 4 = 20
>>> index = index + 1
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,index,5*index))
5 * 5 = 25
>>> index = index + 1
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,index,5*index))
5 * 6 = 30
>>> index = index + 1

>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,index,5*index))

5 * 7 = 35
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> range(1,10) range(1, 10)
>>> for i in range(1,10): ... print(i)
... 1
2
3 4
5
6

7
8
9
>>> print("{0} * {1} = {2}".format(5,index,5*index))
5 * 7 = 35
>>> print(f"{5} * {index} = {5*index}")
5 * 7 = 35
>>> for i in range(1,11):
... print(f"{i}")
...

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
>>> for i in range(1,11):
... print(f"5 * {i}")

...
5 * 1
5 * 2
5 * 3
5 * 4 5 * 5
5 * 6 5 * 7 5 * 8
5 * 9
5 * 10 >>> for i in range(1,11):
... print(f"5 * {i} = {5 * i}")
...
5 * 1 = 5

5 * 2 = 10
5 * 3 = 15
5 * 4 = 20
5 * 5 = 25
5 * 6 = 30
5 * 7 = 35
5 * 8 = 40
5 * 9 = 45
5 * 10 = 50

>>> 5 * 4 * 50
1000
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> for i in range(1,10):
... print(i)
...
1
2
3
4
5
6

7
8
9
>>> for i in range(1,10)
File "<stdin>", line 1
for i in
 range(1,10)
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> for i in range(1,10):
... print(i)
File "<stdin>", line 2
print(i)
^

IndentationError: expected an indented block

>>> for i in range(1,10):
... print(i)
...
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9
>>> for i in range(1,10):
... print(i)
... print(2*i)
...
1
2
2
4
3
6

4
8 5 10
6
12 7
14 8
16
9
18
>>> for i in range(2,5): print(i)
...

2
3
4
>>> for i in range(2,5):
... print(i)
...
2
3

4
>>> for i in range(2,5):
... print(i)
...
2
3
4
>>> for i in range(1,11):
... print(i)
...
1
2
3
4
5 6
7

8 9
10
>>> for i in range (1,11,2): ... print(i) ...
1
3
5
7
9
>>> for i in range (2,11,2):

... print(i)
...
2
4
6
8
10

>>> for i in range (10,0,-1):

... print(i)
...
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
>>> for i in range (1,11): ... print(i * i)
...
1
4
9

16
25
36 49 64
81
100
>>> for i in range (10,0,-1):
... print(i*i)
...
100

81
64
49
36
25
16

9
4
1
>>> for i in range (10,0,-2):
...
File "<stdin>", line 2

^
IndentationError: expected an indented block
>>> for i in range (10,0,-2):
... print(i*i)
...
100 64
36
16
4
>>> for i in range(1,11):
... print(f"5 * {i} = {5 * i}")
...
5 * 1 = 5

5 * 2 = 10 5 * 3 = 15
5 * 4 = 20 5 * 5 = 25
5 * 6 = 30
5 * 7 = 35
5 * 8 = 40
5 * 9 = 45
5 * 10 = 50
>>> for i in range (1,11):

... print(f"6 * {i} = {6 * i}")

...
6 * 1 = 6
6 * 2 = 12
6 * 3 = 18

6 * 4 = 24
6 * 5 = 30
6 * 6 = 36
6 * 7 = 42
6 * 8 = 48
6 * 9 = 54
6 * 10 = 60
>>> for i in range (1,11):
... print(f"8 * {i} = {8 * i}")
...
8 * 1 = 8
8 * 2 = 16 8 * 3 = 24
8 * 4 = 32
8 * 5 = 40
8 * 6 = 48
8 * 7 = 56
8 * 8 = 64
8 * 9 = 72
8 * 10 = 80
>>>
Introduction To Methods -
MultiplicationTable

Step By Step Details

Step 00 - Section 02 - Methods - An Introduction
Step 01 - Your First Python Method - Hello World Twice and Exercise Statements
Step 02 - Introduction to Python Methods - Exercises
Step 03 - Introduction to Python Methods - Arguments and Parameters
Step 04 - Introduction to Python Method Parameters - Exercises
Step 05 - Introduction to Python Method - Multiple Parameters
Step 06 - Getting back to Multiplication Table - Creating a method
Step 07 - Tip - Indentation is king
Step 08 - Introduction to Python Method - Puzzles - Named Parameters
Step 09 - Introduction to Python Method - Return Values
Step 10 - Introduction to Python Method - Return Values - Exercises

Python Shell Code

Last login: Mon May 14 15:45:09 on ttys003

Rangas-MacBook-Pro:~ rangaraokaranam$ python3
Python 3.6.5 (default, Mar 30 2018, 06:42:10)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 9.0.0 (clang-900.0.39.2)]
on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more
information.
>>> for i in range (1,11):
... print(f"8 * {i} = {8 * i}")
...
8 * 1 = 8
8 * 2 = 16 8 * 3 = 24

8 * 4 = 32
8 * 5 = 40
8 * 6 = 48
8 * 7 = 56
8 * 8 = 64
8 * 9 = 72

8 * 10 = 80 >>> for i in range (1,11):

... print(f"7 * {i} = {7 * i}")
...
7 * 1 = 7
7 * 2 = 14
7 * 3 = 21
7 * 4 = 28
7 * 5 = 35
7 * 6 = 42
7 * 7 = 49
7 * 8 = 56
7 * 9 = 63
7 * 10 = 70
>>> print_multiplication_table(7)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'print_multiplication_table' is not defined
>>> print_multiplication_table(8)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'print_multiplication_table' is not defined
>>> import os
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> print("Hello World")
Hello World
>>> print("Hello World")
Hello World

>>> def print_hello_world_twice():

... print("Hello World")
... print("Hello World")
... >>> print_hello_world_twice <function
print_hello_world_twice at 0x10a71ef28> >>>

print_hello_world_twice()
Hello World
Hello World
>>> print_hello_world_twice()
Hello World
Hello World
>>> def print_hello_world_thrice():
... print("Hello World")
... print("Hello World")
... print("Hello World")
...
>>> print_hello_world_thrice()
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
>>> def print_your_progress():
... print("Statement 1")
... print("Statement 2")
... print("Statement 3")
... print("Statement 4")
...
>>> print_your_progress()
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3

Statement 4
>>> def print_your_progress():

... print("Statement 1\nStatement 2\nStatement

3\nStatement 4")
...

>>> print_your_progress() Statement 1 Statement 2 Statement

3

Statement 4 >>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> print_hello_world_twice()
Hello World
Hello World
>>> def print_hello_world_twice():
... print("Hello World")
... print("Hello World")
...
>>> os.system('clear')
0
>>> print_hello_world_twice()
Hello World
Hello World
>>> print_hello_world_thrice()
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
>>> def print_hello_world(no_of_times):
... print("Hello World")
... print(no_of_times)
...
>>> print_hello_world()
Traceback (most recent call
 last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

TypeError: print_hello_world() missing 1 required

positional argument: 'no_of_times'

>>> print_hello_world(5)
Hello World
5

>>> print_hello_world(10) Hello World 10 >>>

print_hello_world(100) Hello World

100
>>> def print_hello_world(no_of_times):

... for i in Range(1,10)

File "<stdin>", line 2
for i in Range(1,10)
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> def print_hello_world(no_of_times):
... for i in Range(1,10):
... print("Hello World")
...
>>> print_hello_world(5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 2, in print_hello_world
NameError: name 'Range' is not defined
>>> def print_hello_world(no_of_times):
... for i in range(1,10):
... print("Hello World")
...
>>> print_hello_world(5)
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World

Hello World

Hello World
Hello World

Hello World
Hello World
>>> def print_hello_world(no_of_times):

... for i in range(1,no_of_times): ...

print("Hello World")
... >>> print_hello_world(5)

Hello World
Hello World
Hello World

Hello World
>>> def print_hello_world(no_of_times):
... for i in range(1,no_of_times+1):
... print("Hello World")
...
>>> print_hello_world(5)
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
>>> print_hello_world(7)
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
>>> os.system('clear')

>>> def print_numbers(n):

... for i in range(1, n+1)

File "<stdin>", line 2
for i in range(1,

n+1)
^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>>
def print_numbers(n):

... for i in range(1, n+1):

... print(i) ...

>>> print_numbers(5)
1
2

3
4
5
>>> def print_squares_of_numbers(n):
... for i in range(1, n+1):
... print(i*i)
...
>>> print_squares_of_numbers(5)
1
4
9
16
25
>>> def print_hello_world(no_of_times):
... for i in range(1,no_of_times+1):
... print("Hello World")
...
>>> def print_string(str, no_of_times):
... for i in range(1,no_of_times+1):
... print(str)
...

>>> print_string("Hello World", 3) Hello World

Hello World
Hello World
>>> print_string("Welcome to Python", 3)

Welcome to Python
Welcome to Python Welcome to Python >>>
print_string("Welcome to Python")

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: print_string() missing 1 required positional
argument: 'no_of_times'
>>> print_string("Welcome to Python", 4)

Welcome to Python
Welcome to Python
Welcome to Python
Welcome to Python
>>> def print_string(str="Hello World", no_of_times=5):
... for i in range(1,no_of_times+1):
... print(str)
...
>>> print_string()
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
>>> print_string("Welcome to Python")
Welcome to Python
Welcome to Python
Welcome to Python
Welcome to Python
Welcome to Python
>>> print_string("Welcome to Python", 8)

Welcome to Python Welcome to Python

Welcome to Python

Welcome to Python
Welcome to Python

Welcome to Python Welcome to Python

Welcome to Python >>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> for i in range (1,11):
... print(f"8 * {i} = {8 * i}")
...
8 * 1 = 8

8 * 2 = 16
8 * 3 = 24
8 * 4 = 32
8 * 5 = 40
8 * 6 = 48
8 * 7 = 56
8 * 8 = 64
8 * 9 = 72
8 * 10 = 80
>>> for i in range (1,11):
... print(f"7 * {i} = {7 * i}")
...
7 * 1 = 7
7 * 2 = 14
7 * 3 = 21
7 * 4 = 28
7 * 5 = 35
7 * 6 = 42
7 * 7 = 49
7 * 8 = 56
7 * 9 = 63 7 * 10 = 70

>>> def print_multiplication_table(table):

... for i in

range(1,11)
File "<stdin>", line 2
for i in

range(1,11)
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> def print_multiplication_table(table):

... for i in range(1,11):
... print(f"table * {i} = {table * i}")

...
>>> print_multiplication_table(7)
table * 1 = 7

table * 2 = 14
table * 3 = 21
table * 4 = 28
table * 5 = 35
table * 6 = 42
table * 7 = 49
table * 8 = 56
table * 9 = 63
table * 10 = 70
>>> def print_multiplication_table(table):
... for i in range(1,11):
... print(f"{table} * {i} = {table * i}")
...
>>> print_multiplication_table(7)
7 * 1 = 7
7 * 2 = 14
7 * 3 = 21
7 * 4 = 28 7 * 5 = 35

7 * 6 = 42
7 * 7 = 49

7 * 8 = 56
7 * 9 = 63
7 * 10 = 70
>>> def print_multiplication_table(table, start, end): ...
for i in range(start, end+1):

... print(f"{table} * {i} = {table * i}")

...

>>> print_multiplication_table(7, 1 , 6)
7 * 1 = 7
7 * 2 = 14
7 * 3 = 21
7 * 4 = 28

7 * 5 = 35
7 * 6 = 42

>>> def print_multiplication_table(table, start=1, end=10):

... for i in range(start, end+1):
... print(f"{table} * {i} = {table * i}")
...
>>> print_multiplication_table(7, 1 , 6)
7 * 1 = 7
7 * 2 = 14
7 * 3 = 21
7 * 4 = 28
7 * 5 = 35
7 * 6 = 42
>>> print_multiplication_table(7)
7 * 1 = 7
7 * 2 = 14
7 * 3 = 21
7 * 4 = 28 7 * 5 = 35
7 * 6 = 42

7 * 7 = 49

7 * 8 = 56

7 * 9 = 63
7 * 10 = 70
>>> os.system('clear')
0
>>> def method_to_understand_indentation():

... for i in range(1,11) :

... print(i)
...
>>> method_to_understand_indentation()
1
2
3
4

6
7
8
9
10
>>> def method_to_understand_indentation():
... for i in range(1,11) :
... print(i)
... print(5)
...
>>> method_to_understand_indentation()
1
2
3 4
5
6

7 8

9
10
5 >>> def method_to_understand_indentation():
... for i in range(1,11) :
... print(i)
... print(5)

...
>>> method_to_understand_indentation()
1
5
2
5
3
5
4

5
5
5
6
5
7
5
8
5
9
5
10
5 >>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> def print_string(str="Hello World", no_of_times=5):

... for i in range(1,no_of_times+1): ...

print(str)

...
>>> print_string() Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
Hello World

>>> print_string(6)
6
6
6
6
6
>>> print_string(no_of_times=6)
Hello World
Hello World

Hello World

Hello World
Hello World
Hello World
>>> print_string(7, 8)
7
7
7
7
7
7 7
7
>>> print_string(7.5, 8)
7.5 7.5

7.5
7.5

7.5

7.5
7.5 7.5
>>> print_string(7.5, "eight")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 2, in print_string

TypeError: must be str, not int

>>> print_string(7.5, 8)
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5

7.5
>>> print_string(7.5, "8")

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 2, in print_string
TypeError: must be str, not int
>>> def
 1_print():
File "<stdin>", line 1
def 1_print():
^ SyntaxError: invalid token
>>> def _1print(): ...
File "<stdin>", line

^
IndentationError: expected an indented block

>>> def _1print():

... print("test") ...

>>> for i in range(1,11)
File "<stdin>", line 1
for i in range(1,11)
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> for i in range(1,11):

... print(i)
...
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9
10

>>> def
 def():
File "<stdin>", line 1
def def():
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> def in():
File "<stdin>", line 1
def

in():
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> def for():
File "<stdin>", line

1
def

for():
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> def product_of_two_numbers(a,b)
File "<stdin>", line 1
def

product_of_two_numbers(a,b)
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> def product_of_two_numbers(a,b):

... print(a * b)
...
>>> product_of_two_numbers(1,2)
2
>>> product = product_of_two_numbers(1,2)
2
>>> product
>>> max(1,2,3)

3
>>> max(1,2,3,4)
4
>>> maximum = max(1,2,3,4)

>>> maximum
4
>>> maximum * 5

20
>>> def product_of_two_numbers(a,b):

... product = a * b;
... return product
...

>>> product_of_two_numbers(2,3)
6
>>> product_result = product_of_two_numbers(2,3)
>>> product_result
6
>>> product_result * 10
60
>>> def sum_of_three_numbers(a, b, c)
File "<stdin>", line 1
def sum_of_three_numbers(a, b,

c)
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> def sum_of_three_numbers(a, b, c):
... sum = a + b + c

... return sum

...
>>> sum_of_three_numbers(1,2,3)
6
>>> something = sum_of_three_numbers(1,2,3)
>>> something * 5
30
>>> def sum_of_three_numbers(a, b, c):
... return a + b + c

... >>> something = sum_of_three_numbers(1,2,3)

>>> something * 5
30
>>> def calculate_third_angle(first, second) :

... return 180 - ( first + second )

...

>>> calculate_third_angle(50, 20)

110
>>>
Introduction To PyCharm

PyCharm Code
/01-first-python-project/multiplication_table.py

def print_multiplication_table(table, start, end):

for i in range(start, end + 1):
print(f"{table} * {i} = {table * i}")

# print multiplication table 5

print_multiplication_table(5, 1, 10)

# TODO : Make sure I learn about if

/01-first-python-project/hello_world.py

print("Hello World")

# TODO : Make sure I learn about for in depth

Introduction To Python
Platform

Step By Step Details

Step 01 - Writing and Executing your First Python Script
Step 02 - Python Virtual Machine and bytecode
Basic Numeric Data Types and
Conditional Execution

Step By Step Details

Step 01 - Introduction to Numeric Data Types
Step 02 - Exercise - Calculate Simple Interest
Step 03 - Introduction to Numeric Data Types - Puzzles
Step 04 - Introduction to Boolean Data Type
Step 05 - Introduction to If Condition
Step 06 - Introduction to If Condition - Exercises
Step 07 - Logical Operators - and or not
Step 08 - Logical Operators - and or not - Puzzles
Step 09 - Introduction to If Condition - else and elif
Step 10 - if, else and elif - Menu Exercise - Part 1
Step 11 - if, else and elif - Menu Exercise - Part 2
Step 12 - if, else and elif - Puzzles

PyCharm Code

/01-first-python-project/simple_interest.py

def calculate_simple_interest(principal, interest,

duration) :
return principal * (1 + interest * 0.01 * duration)

print(calculate_simple_interest(10000,5,5))
/01-first-python-project/elif_examples.py
 i = 2
if

i==1:
print("i is 1")
elif i==2:
print("i is 2")
elif i == 3:
print("i is 3") else:
print("i is not 1 or 2 or 3")

/01-first-python-project/if_puzzles.py

number = 5
if number < 0:
number = number + 10
number = number + 5
print(number)

# m = 15
#
# if m>20:
# if m<20:
# print("m>20")
# else:
# print("Who am I?")

# l = 15
#
# if (l < 20):
# print("l<20")
#
# if (l > 20):
# print("l>20")
# else:
# print("Who am I?")
 # k = 15
# if (k > 20):

# print(1)
# elif (k > 10):
# print(2)
# elif (k < 20):
# print(3) # else:
# print(4)

/01-first-python-project/input.py

value = input("Enter a Value: ")

integer_value = int(value)
print("you entered ", integer_value)
print(type(integer_value))
/01-first-python-project/number_menu.py

number1 = int(input("Enter Number1: "))

number2 = int(input("Enter Number2: "))

print("\n\n1 - Add")
print("2 - Subtract")
print("3 - Divide")
print("4 - Multiply")

choice = int(input("Choose Operation: "))

# print(number1 + number2)
# print(choice)
if choice==1:
result = number1 + number2
elif choice==2:
result = number1 - number2
elif
 choice==3:
result = number1 / number2
elif

choice==4:
result = number1 * number2

else:
result = "Invalid Choice"

print(result)

Python Shell Code

Last login: Wed May 16 14:30:51 on ttys001

Rangas-MacBook-Pro:~ rangaraokaranam$ python3
Python 3.6.5 (default, Mar 30 2018, 06:42:10)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 9.0.0 (clang-900.0.39.2)]
on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more
information.
>>> number = 5
>>> value = 2.5
>>> type(number)
<class 'int'>
>>> type(5)
<class 'int'>
>>> type(2.5)
<class 'float'>
>>> type(2.55)
<class 'float'>
>>> type(5/2)
<class 'float'>
>>> type(4/2)
<class 'float'>
>>> 4/2
2.0
>>> 1 + 2
3

>>> i = 10

>>> j = 2
>>> i + j
12

>>> i - j
8

>>> i / j 5.0 >>> i * j

20
>>> i % 2

0
>>> value1 = 4.5
>>> value2 = 3.2
>>> value1 + value2
7.7
>>> value1 - value2
1.2999999999999998
>>> value1 / value2
1.40625
>>> value1 % value2
1.2999999999999998
>>> i + value1
14.5
>>> i - value1
5.5
>>> i / value1
2.2222222222222223
>>>
>>> import os
>>> os.system('clear')
0
>>> i = 1
>>> i = i + 1
>>> i

>>> i += 1
>>> i
3

>>>

i++
File "<stdin>", line 1
i++
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> ++i

3
>>> i += 1
>>> i
4
>>> i -= 1
>>> i
3
>>> i /= 1
>>> i *= 2
>>> i
6.0
>>> type(i)
<class 'float'>
>>> number1 = 5
>>> number2 = 2
>>> number1/number2
2.5
>>> number1//number2
2
>>> number1 //= 2
>>> number1
2
>>> 5 ** 3
125

>>> pow(5,3)
125

>>> 5.6
5.6

>>> int(5.6)
5

>>> round(5.6) 6
>>> round(5.4)
5
>>> round(5.5)
6

>>> round(5.67, 1)
5.7
>>> round(5.678, 2)
5.68
>>> float(5)
5.0
>>> os.clear('system')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: module 'os' has no attribute 'clear'
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> True
True
>>> False
False
>>> true
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'true' is not defined
>>> false
Traceback (most recent call

last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'false' is not defined
>>> is_even = True

>>> is_odd = False

>>> i = 10
>>> i > 15 False

>>> i < 15
True
>>> i >= 15
False
>>> i >= 10

True
>>> i > 10
False
>>> i <= 10
True
>>> i < 10
False
>>> i == 10
True
>>> i == 11
False
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> i = 5
>>> if i>3:
... print(f"{i} is greater than 3")
...
5 is greater than 3
>>> i = 2
>>> if i>3:
... print(f"{i} is greater than 3")

...
>>> if i<10:
... print(f"{i} is less than 10")
...

2 is less than 10
>>> i = 15 >>> if i<10:
... print(f"{i} is less than 10")
...

>>> if(False):
... print("False")
...
>>> if(True):

... print("True")
...
True
>>> a = 5
>>> b = 7
>>> if(a>b):
... print("a is greater than b")
...
>>> a = 9
>>> if(a>b):
... print("a is greater than b")
...
a is greater than b
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> a = 1
>>> b = 2
>>> c = 3
>>> d = 5
>>> if a+b > c+d :
... print("a+b > c +d")

...
>>> a = 9
>>> if a+b > c+d :
... print("a+b > c +d")

... a+b > c +d

>>> angle1 = 30
>>> angle2 = 20
>>> angle3 = 60
>>> if(angle1 + angle2 + angle3 =

180):
File "<stdin>", line 1
if(angle1 + angle2 + angle3 =

180):
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> if(angle1 + angle2 + angle3 == 180):
... print("Valid Triangle")
...
>>> angle2 = 90
>>> if(angle1 + angle2 + angle3 == 180):
... print("Valid Triangle")
...
Valid Triangle
>>> i = 2
>>> if(i%2==0):
... print("i is even")
...
i is even
>>> i = 3
>>> if(i%2==0):
... print("i is even")
...
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> True and False
False
>>> True and True
True

>>> True and False

False
>>> False and True
False
>>> False and False
False
>>> True or False

True

>>> False or True

True
>>> True or True
True
>>> False or False
False
>>> not True
False
>>> not(True)
False
>>> not False
True
>>> not(False)
True
>>> True ^ True
False
>>> True ^ False
True
>>> False ^ True
True
>>> False ^ False

False
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> i = 10 >>> j = 15

>>> if i%2==0 and j%2==0:

... print("i and j are even")
...
>>> j = 14
>>> if i%2==0 and j%2==0:
... print("i and j are even")
...
i and j are even

>>> if i%2==0 or j%2==0:

...
File "<stdin>", line 2

^
IndentationError: expected an indented block
>>> if i%2==0 or j%2==0:
... print("atleast one of i and j are even")
...
atleast one of i and j are even
>>> i = 15
>>> j
14
>>> if i%2==0 or j%2==0:
... print("atleast one of i and j are even")
...
atleast one of i and j are even
>>> j = 23
>>> if i%2==0 or j%2==0:
... print("atleast one of i and j are even")
...
>>> i

15
>>> if(True ^ False)
File "<stdin>", line 1
if(True ^ False)
^

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> if(True ^ False):
... print("This will Print")
...
This will Print
>>> if(False ^ True):
... print("This will Print")
...

This will Print

>>> if(True ^ True):

... print("This will Print")
...
>>> x = 5
>>> if not x == 6:
... print("This")
...
This
>>> x = 6
>>> if not x == 6:
... print("This")
...
>>> if x!=6:
... print("This")
...
>>> x=5
>>> if x!=6:
... print("This")
...
This

>>> if x=6:
File "<stdin>", line 1
if x=6:
^

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> int(True)

1
>>> int(False)
0
>>> x = -6
>>> if x:
... print("something")
...
something

>>> bool(6)
True

>>> bool(-6)
True
>>> bool(0)
False
>>> os.system('clear')
0
>>> i = 2
>>> if i%2 == 0:
... print("i is even");
... else:
... print("i is odd");
...
i is even
>>> i = 3
>>> if i%2 == 0:
... print("i is even");
... else:

... print("i is odd");

... i is odd
>>> if i==1:

... print("i is 1")

... elif i==2:
... print("i is 2")

... else:
... print("i is not 1 or 2")
...
i is not 1 or 2
>>>
Text in Python

Step By Step Details

Step 01 - Text in Python - Methods in str class ##EDIT
Step 02 - Data Type Conversion - Puzzles
Step 03 - Strings are immutable
Step 04 - There is no seperate Character data type
Step 05 - String module ##EDIT
Step 06 - Exercise - is_vowel, print lower case and upper case characters
Step 07 - String - Exercises and Puzzles
Step 08 - String - Conclusion

Python Shell Code

Last login: Thu May 17 09:41:15 on ttys002

Rangas-MacBook-Pro:~ rangaraokaranam$ python3
Python 3.6.5 (default, Mar 30 2018, 06:42:10)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 9.0.0 (clang-900.0.39.2)]
on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more
information.
>>> message = "Hello World"
>>> message = 'Hello World'
>>> message = 'Hello World"
File "<stdin>", line 1
message = 'Hello World"
^
SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal
>>> message = "Hello World" >>> type(message)
<class 'str'>
>>> message.upper()
'HELLO WORLD'
>>> message.lower()
'hello world'
>>> message = "hello"
>>> message.capitalize() 'Hello'

>>> "hello".capitalize()
'Hello'
>>> 'hello'.capitalize()
'Hello'
>>> 'hello'.islower()
True
>>> 'Hello'.islower()
False
>>> 'Hello'.istitle()
True
>>> 'hello'.istitle()
False
>>> 'hello'.isupper()
False
>>> 'Hello'.isupper()
False
>>> 'HELLO'.isupper()
True
>>> '123'.isdigit()
True
>>> 'A23'.isdigit()
False
>>> '2 3'.isdigit()
False
>>> '23'.isdigit()
True
>>> '23'.isalpha()
False
>>> '2A'.isalpha()
False
>>> 'ABC'.isalpha()
True
>>> 'ABC123'.isalnum()
True >>> 'ABC 123'.isalnum()
False

>>> 'Hello World'.endswith('World')

True
>>> 'Hello World'.endswith('ld')
True
>>> 'Hello World'.endswith('old')
False
>>> 'Hello World'.endswith('Wo')
False
>>> 'Hello World'.startswith('Wo')
False
>>> 'Hello World'.startswith('He')
True
>>> 'Hello World'.startswith('Hell0')
False
>>> 'Hello World'.startswith('Hello')
True
>>> 'Hello World'.find('Hello')
0
>>> 'Hello World'.find('ello')
1
>>> 'Hello World'.find('Ello')
-1
>>> 'Hello World'.find('bello')
-1
>>> 'Hello World'.find('Ello')
-1
>>> os.system('clear')
Traceback (most recent call
 last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'os' is not defined
>>> import os
>>> os.system('clear')
0
>>> str(True)

'True'
>>> bool('True')
True
>>> bool('true')
True
>>> bool('tru')
True
>>> bool('false')
True
>>> bool('False')
True
>>> bool('')
False
>>> str(123)
'123'
>>> str(12345)
'12345'
>>> str(12345.45678)
'12345.45678'
>>> int('45')
45
>>> int('45.56')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '45.56'
>>> int('45dfsafk')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10:
'45dfsafk'
>>> int('45abc',16)
285372
>>> int('a',16) 10
>>> int('b',16)
11

>>> int('c',16)
12
>>> int('f',16)
15
>>> int('g',16)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 16: 'g'
>>> float("34.43")
34.43
>>> float("34.43rer")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: could not convert string to float: '34.43rer'
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> message = "Hello"
>>> message.upper()
'HELLO'
>>> message
'Hello'
>>> message = message.upper()
>>> message
'HELLO'
>>> message = "Hello"
>>> message.upper()
'HELLO'
>>> message_upper = message.upper()
>>> message = "ABC"
>>> message = message.lowercase()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'str' object has no attribute 'lowercase'
>>> message = message.lower()

>>> os.system('clear')
0
>>> message = "Hello World"
>>> message[0]
'H'
>>> type(message[0])
<class 'str'>
>>> type(message)
<class 'str'>
>>> message[0]
'H'
>>> message[1]
'e'
>>> message[2]
'l'
>>> message[3]
'l'
>>> message[100]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: string index out of range
>>> for ch in message:
... print(ch)
...
H
e
l
l
o

W o
r
l
d
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> import string
>>> string.
string.Formatter( string.ascii_uppercase
string.octdigits
string.Template( string.capwords(
string.printable
string.ascii_letters string.digits
string.punctuation
string.ascii_lowercase string.hexdigits
string.whitespace
>>> string.ascii_letters
'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
>>> string.ascii_lowercase
'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
>>> string.ascii_uppercase
'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
>>> string.digits
'0123456789'
>>> string.hexdigits
'0123456789abcdefABCDEF'
>>> string.punctuation
'!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~'
>>> 'a' in string.ascii_letters
True
>>> string.ascii_letters
'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'

>>> 'ab' in string.ascii_letters

True >>> 'abc' in string.ascii_letters
True
>>> 'a' in string.ascii_letters
True
>>> '1' in '13579'
True
>>> '2' in '13579'

False
>>> '4' in '13579'
False
>>> char = 'a'
>>> vowel_string = 'aeiouAEIOU'
>>> char in vowel_string
True
>>> char = 'b'
>>> char in vowel_string
False
>>> vowel_string = 'AEIOU'
>>> char.upper() in vowel_string
False
>>> char = 'a'
>>> char.upper() in vowel_string
True
>>> vowel_string = 'aeiou'
>>> char.lower() in vowel_string
True
>>> char = 'A'
>>> char.lower() in vowel_string
True
>>> import string
>>> string.
string.Formatter( string.ascii_uppercase
string.octdigits
string.Template( string.capwords(

string.printable string.ascii_letters
 string.digits string.punctuation
string.ascii_lowercase string.hexdigits
string.whitespace
>>> string.ascii_uppercase
'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
>>> for char in string.ascii_uppercase:
... print(char)

...
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

>>> for char in string.ascii_lowercase:

... print(char)
...
a
b
c
d
e

f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
>>> for char in string.
string.Formatter( string.ascii_uppercase
string.octdigits
string.Template( string.capwords(
string.printable
string.ascii_letters string.digits
string.punctuation
string.ascii_lowercase string.hexdigits
string.whitespace
>>> for char in string.digits:
... print(char)
...
0
1

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
>>> vowel_string = 'aeiou'
>>> char.lower() in vowel_string
False
>>> 'b'.lower() not in vowel_string
True
>>> 'a'.lower() not in vowel_string
False
>>> '1'.lower() not in vowel_string
True
>>> '1'.isalpha() and '1'.lower() not in vowel_string
False
>>> char.isalpha() and char.lower() not in vowel_string
True
>>> char
'b'
>>> char = '1'
>>> char.isalpha() and char.lower() not in vowel_string
False
>>> os.system('clear')
0

>>> string_example = "This is a great thing"

>>> string_example.
string_example.capitalize( string_example.join(
string_example.casefold( string_example.ljust(
string_example.center( string_example.lower(
string_example.count( string_example.lstrip(

string_example.encode( string_example.maketrans(
string_example.endswith( string_example.partition(
string_example.expandtabs( string_example.replace(
string_example.find( string_example.rfind(
string_example.format( string_example.rindex(
string_example.format_map( string_example.rjust(
string_example.index( string_example.rpartition(
string_example.isalnum( string_example.rsplit(
string_example.isalpha( string_example.rstrip(
string_example.isdecimal( string_example.split(
string_example.isdigit( string_example.splitlines(
string_example.isidentifier( string_example.startswith(
string_example.islower( string_example.strip(
string_example.isnumeric( string_example.swapcase(
string_example.isprintable( string_example.title(
string_example.isspace( string_example.translate(
string_example.istitle( string_example.upper(
string_example.isupper( string_example.zfill(
>>> string_example.split()
['This', 'is', 'a', 'great', 'thing']
>>> for word in string_example.split():
... print(word)
...
This
is
a
great
thing
>>> string_example = "This\nis\n\ngreat\nthing"
>>> print(string_example)

This
is

great
thing

>>> string_example = "This\nis\na\ngreat\nthing"

>>> print(string_example)
This
is
a
great
thing
>>> string_example.split
string_example.split( string_example.splitlines(
>>> string_example.splitlines()
['This', 'is', 'a', 'great', 'thing']
>>> 1 + 2
3
>>> "1" + "2"
'12'
>>> "1" + 1
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: must be str, not int
>>> "ABC" + "DEF"
'ABCDEF'
>>> 1 * 20
20
>>> '1' * 20
'11111111111111111111'
>>> 'A' * 10
'AAAAAAAAAA'
>>> str = "test"
>>> str2 = "test1"
>>> str == str2
False

>>> str2 = "test"

>>> str == str2
True
>>>
Python Loops

Step By Step Details

Step 01 - For loop basics
Step 02 - For loop exercise 1 - is_prime
Step 03 - For loop exercise 2 - sum_upto_n
Step 04 - For loop exercise 3 - sum of divisors
Step 05 - For loop exercise 4 - print a number triangle
Step 06 - Introduction to while loop in Python
Step 07 - While loop - Exercises
Step 08 - Choosing a Loop - Menu Exercise
Step 09 - Loops - Puzzles - break and continue

PyCharm Code

/01-first-python-project/while_exercises.py

# print_squares_upto_limit(30)
# //For limit = 30, output would be 1 4 9 16 25
#
# print_cubes_upto_limit(30)
# //For limit = 30, output would be 1 8 27

def print_squares_upto_limit(limit):
i = 1
while i * i < limit:
print(i*i, end = " ")
i = i + 1

def
 print_cubes_upto_limit(limit):
i = 1
while i * i * i < limit:
print(i*i*i, end = " ")
i = i + 1

print_cubes_upto_limit(80)
/01-first-python-project/number_menu_loop.py

number1 = int(input("Enter Number1: "))

number2 = int(input("Enter Number2: "))

print("\n\n1 - Add")
print("2 - Subtract")
print("3 - Divide")
print("4 - Multiply")
print("5 - Exit")

choice = int(input("Choose Operation: "))

while(choice != 5):

# print(number1 + number2)
# print(choice)
if choice==1:
result = number1 + number2
elif choice==2:
result = number1 - number2
elif choice==3:
result = number1 / number2
elif choice==4:
result = number1 * number2
else:
result = "Invalid
 Choice"

print(result)

choice = int(input("Choose Operation: "))

print("Thank You")

/01-first-python-project/loop_puzzles.py

# for i in range(1,11,2):
# print(i, end=' ')

# for i in range(11,0,-1):
# print(i, end=' ')

#
# i = 5
# while i*i < 10:
# print(i)
# print("done")
#
#
# i = 2
# while i*i < 10:
# print(i, end=' ')
# i = i + 1
# print("done")

# for i in range(1,11):
# if i==5:
# break
# print(i, end=' ')
# print("done")
 # for i in range(2,11):
# if i%2:
# break
# print(i , end=' ')
#

# print("done")
# for i in range(1,11):
# if i%2:
# continue
# print(i , end=' ')

#
# print("done")

for i in range(1,11):
if i%2!=0:
continue
print(i , end=' ')
print("done")
/01-first-python-project/for_exercises.py

# is_prime(9); //Is a number Prime?

# //H: 5 => True, 7 => True, 11 => True, 6 => False
def is_prime(number):

if(number < 2):

return False

# check if number is divisible by 2 to number - 1

for divisor in range(2,number):
if number % divisor == 0:
return False

return True
# print(is_prime(15));

# sum_upto_n(6)
# Sum of numbers upto n?
# 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6

def

sum_upto_n(number):

sum =

for i in range(1, number+1):

sum = sum + i

return sum

# print(sum_upto_n(6))
# print(sum_upto_n(10))

def calculate_sum_of_divisors(number):
sum = 0

if(number < 2):

return sum
for divisor in range(1,number+1):
if number % divisor == 0:
sum = sum + divisor

return sum

# print(calculate_sum_of_divisors(6))
# print(calculate_sum_of_divisors(15))

def
 print_a_number_triangle(number):
for j in range(1, number + 1):
for i in range(1, j + 1):
print(i, end=' ')
print()
print_a_number_triangle(6)

Python Shell Code

Last login: Thu May 17 09:53:08 on ttys002

Rangas-MacBook-Pro:~ rangaraokaranam$ python3

Python 3.6.5 (default, Mar 30 2018, 06:42:10)

[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 9.0.0 (clang-900.0.39.2)]
on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more
information.
>>> for i in range(1,11):
... print(i)
...
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
>>> for ch in "Hello World":
... print(ch)
...
H
e
l
l
o

W
o
r
l
d
>>> for word in "Hello World".split():
... print(word)
...

Hello
World
>>> for item in (3, 6, 9):
... print(item)
...
3
6
9
>>> os.system('clear')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'os' is not defined
>>> import os
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> i = 5
>>> if i == 5:
... print("i is 5")
...
i is 5
>>> i = 0
>>> while i < 5:
... print(i)
...
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
^CTraceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
KeyboardInterrupt

>>>
KeyboardInterrupt
>>> while i < 5:
... print(i)
... i = i + 1
...
0
1
2
3
4
>>> i = 0
>>> while i < 5:
... print(i, end=" ")
... i = i + 1
...
0 1 2 3 4 >>> for i in range(0,5): print(i)
...
0
1
2
3
4
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>>
Introduction To Object
Oriented Programming

Step By Step Details

Step 00 - Introduction to Object Oriented Programming - Section Overview
Step 01 - Introduction to Object Oriented Programming - Basics
Step 02 - Introduction to Object Oriented Programming - Terminology - Class,
Object, State and Behavior
Step 03 - Introduction to Object Oriented Programming - Exercise - Online
Shopping System and Person
Step 04 - First Class and Object - Country class
Step 05 - Create Motor Bike Python Class and a couple of objects
Step 06 - Class and Objects - a few Puzzles
Step 07 - Constructor for MotorBike class
Step 08 - Constructor for Book class - Exercise
Step 09 - Constructors - Puzzles
Step 10 - Class and Objects - Methods and Behavior
Step 11 - Exercise - Enhance Book class with copies
Step 12 - Class and Objects - Methods and Behavior - Puzzles on self
Step 13 - Advantages of Encapsulation
Step 14 - Everything is Object in Python

PyCharm Code

/02-oops/book.py

class
 Book:
def __init__(self, name, copies=0):
self.name = name
self.copies = copies

def increase_copies(self, how_much):

self.copies += how_much

def decrease_copies(self, how_much):

self.copies -= how_much # copies # increase_copies
# decrease_copies

the_art_of_computer_programming = Book('The Art of Computer

Programming')
learning_python = Book('Learning Python in 100 Steps', 100)
learning_restful_services = Book('Learning RestFul Service
in 50 Steps')

# print(the_art_of_computer_programming.name)
# print(learning_python.name)
# print(learning_restful_services.name)

learning_python.increase_copies(25)
learning_python.decrease_copies(10)
learning_python.copies = 50

print(learning_python.copies)
/02-oops/country.py

from operator import attrgetter

class Country:

def __init__(self, name, population,

 area):
self.name = name
self.population = population
self.area = area

def __repr__(self):
return repr((self.name,self.population,self.area))
countries = [Country('India',1200,100),
Country('China', 1400, 200),
Country('USA', 120, 300)]
countries.append(Country('Russia',80,900))

countries.sort(key=attrgetter('population'), reverse=True)
print(max(countries, key=attrgetter('population')))
print(min(countries, key=attrgetter('population')))
print(min(countries, key=attrgetter('area')))
print(max(countries, key=attrgetter('area')))

print(countries)
/02-oops/motor_bike.py

# Class
class MotorBike:
def __init__(self, speed):
self.speed = speed #State

# Behavior
def increase_speed(self, how_much):
self.speed += how_much

# Behavior
def decrease_speed(self, how_much):
if(self.speed-how_much>0):
self.speed -= how_much
 else:
print("Get a life")
# instance 1 or object 1
honda = MotorBike(50)

# instance 2 or object 2
ducati = MotorBike(250)
# print(honda)
# print(ducati) #

# State changes through behavior of the object

honda.increase_speed(150)
ducati.increase_speed(25)

# State changes through behavior of the object

honda.decrease_speed(50)
ducati.decrease_speed(25)

honda.decrease_speed(350)

print(honda.speed)
print(ducati.speed)

#
# honda.speed = 150
# print(honda.speed)
# print(ducati.speed)
/02-oops/planet.py

class Planet(object):
def rotate(self):
print("rotate")

def
 revolve(self):
print("revolve")

def rotate_and_revolve(self):
self.rotate()
self.revolve()
earth = Planet() earth.rotate_and_revolve()

Python Shell Code

>>> class Country:

... pass
...
>>> india = Country()
>>> usa = Country()
>>> netherlands = Country()
>>> india.name = 'India'
>>> india.capital = 'New Delhi'
>>> usa.name = 'USA'
>>> usa.capital = 'Washington'
>>> netherlands.name = 'Netherlands'
>>> netherlands.capital = 'Amsterdam'
>>> india.name
'India'
>>> class Planet: pass
...
>>> earth = Planet()
>>> earth = new Planet()
File "<stdin>", line 1
earth = new Planet()
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> earth = Planet('Earth')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: object() takes no parameters
>>> earth.name
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Planet' object has no attribute 'name'
>>> earth.name = 'The Earth' >>> earth.name
'The Earth'
>>> venus = Planet()
>>> venus.name
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Planet' object has no attribute 'name'
>>> venus.name = 'Venus'
>>> venus.name
'Venus'
>>> venus.do_something()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Planet' object has no attribute
'do_something'
>>> os.system('clear')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'os' is not defined
>>> import os
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> class Planet:
... def __init__(): pass
...
>>> Planet()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: __init__() takes 0 positional arguments but 1
 was given
>>> class Planet:
... def __init__(self): pass
...
>>> Planet() <__main__.Planet object at 0x10426bc88>
>>> class Planet:
... def __init__(self): pass
... def __init__(self, name): pass
... >>> Planet()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional
argument: 'name'
>>> class Planet:
... def __init__(self, name): pass
... def __init__(self): pass
...
>>> Planet()
<__main__.Planet object at 0x10426bdd8>
>>> Planet("Jupiter")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: __init__() takes 1 positional argument but 2
were given
>>> class Planet:
... def __init__(self, name="Earth"): pass
...
>>> Planet()
<__main__.Planet object at 0x10426beb8>
>>> Planet("Jupiter")
<__main__.Planet object at 0x10426bef0>
>>> class Planet:
... def __init__(self, name="Earth"):
... self.speed = 10

... self.name = name

... self.distance_from_sun = 10000
...
>>> earth = Planet() >>> earth.name
'Earth'
>>> earth.speed
10
>>> earth.distance_from_sun
10000 >>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> class Planet:
... def revolve(): pass
...
>>> earth = Planet()
>>> earth.revolve()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: revolve() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was
given
>>> class Planet:
... def revolve(self): pass
...
>>> earth = Planet()
>>> earth.revolve()
Revolve
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> 5
5
>>> type(5)
<class 'int'>
>>> type(True)

<class 'bool'>
>>> type('Hello')
<class 'str'> >>> 'Hello'.upper()
'HELLO'
>>> type(5.5)
<class 'float'>
>>> def do_something(): pass
...
>>> do_something <function do_something at 0x104275488>
>>> def do_something():
... print("something")
...
>>> do_something
<function do_something at 0x104275510>
>>> do_something()
something
>>> test = do_something
>>> test
<function do_something at 0x104275510>
>>> test()
something
>>>
Python Data Structures

Step By Step Details

Step 01 - Python Data Structures - Why do we need them?
Step 02 - Operations on List Data Structure ##EDIT
Step 03 - Exercise with List - Student class
Step 04 - Puzzles with Strings Lists ##
Step 05 - List Slicing
Step 06 - List Sorting, Looping and Reversing ##
Step 07 - List as a Stack and Queue ##
Step 08 - List with a custom class - Country and representation
Step 08 - List with a custom class - Part 2 - sorting, max and min
Step 09 - List Comprehension ##
Step 10 - Introduction to Set ##
Step 11 - Introduction to Dictionary ##
Step 12 - Exercise with Dictionary - Word and Character Occurances
Step 13 - Puzzles with Data Structures ##

PyCharm Code

/02-oops/Student.py

class Student:

def __init__(self, name, marks):

self.name = name
self.marks = marks

def get_number_of_marks(self):
return
 len(self.marks)

def get_total_sum_of_marks(self):
return sum(self.marks)

def

determine_maximum_mark(self):
return max(self.marks)

def determine_minimum_mark(self):
return min(self.marks)

def determine_average(self):
return
self.get_total_sum_of_marks()/self.get_number_of_marks()

def add_new_mark(self, new_mark):

self.marks.append(new_mark)

def remove_mark_at_index(self, index):

del self.marks[index]
student = Student ("Ranga", [23, 45, 56, 75])
number = student.get_number_of_marks()

sum_of_marks = student.get_total_sum_of_marks()
maximum_mark = student.determine_maximum_mark()
minimum_mark = student.determine_minimum_mark()
average = student.determine_average()
student.add_new_mark(35)
student.remove_mark_at_index(2)
print(student.marks)
print(f"""Student[
number_of_marks-{number}
 sum_of_marks-{sum_of_marks}
max-{maximum_mark}

min-{minimum_mark}
avg-{average} ] """)

/02-oops/word_count.py

str = "This is an awesome occasion. This has never happened

before."
# key:value

char_occurances = {} #[]

for char in str:

char_occurances[char] = char_occurances.get(char, 0) +
1

print(char_occurances)

word_occurances = {} #[]

for word in str.split():

word_occurances[word] = word_occurances.get(word, 0) +
1

print(word_occurances)

Python Shell Code

Last login: Fri May 18 14:08:00 on ttys004

Rangas-MacBook-Pro:~ rangaraokaranam$ python3
Python 3.6.5 (default, Mar 30 2018, 06:42:10)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 9.0.0 (clang-900.0.39.2)]
on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more
information.
>>> mark1 = 45 >>> mark2 = 54 >>> mark3 = 80 >>> mark1 +

mark2 + mark3

179
>>> (mark1 + mark2 + mark3)/3
59.666666666666664

>>> mark4 = 43 >>> (mark1 + mark2 + mark3 + mark4)/3

74.0
>>> (mark1 + mark2 + mark3 + mark4)/4
55.5
>>> marks = [45, 54, 80]
>>> sum(marks)
179
>>> sum(marks)/len(marks)
59.666666666666664
>>> marks.append(43)
>>> sum(marks)/len(marks)
55.5
>>> type(marks)
<class 'list'>
>>> import os
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> marks = [23,56,67]
>>> sum(marks)
146
>>> max(marks)
67
>>> min(marks)
23
>>> len(marks)
3
>>> marks.append(76)
>>> marks [23, 56, 67, 76]
>>> marks.insert(2, 60) >>> marks

[23, 56, 60, 67, 76]

>>> marks.remove(60)
>>> 55 in marks False
>>> 56 in marks
True

>>> marks.index(67)
2
>>> marks
[23, 56, 67, 76]
>>> marks.index(69)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: 69 is not in list
>>> for mark in marks:
... print(mark)
...
23
56
67
76
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> animals = ['Cat', 'Dog','Elephant']
>>> len(animals)
3
>>> sum(animals)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and
'str'
>>> animals.append('Fish') >>> animals
['Cat', 'Dog', 'Elephant', 'Fish']
>>> animals.remove('Dog')

>>> animals
['Cat', 'Elephant', 'Fish'] >>> animals[2] 'Fish' >>>

animals[1]
'Elephant'
>>> animals[0] 'Cat'

>>> animals[4]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range
>>> del animals[2]
>>> animals
['Cat', 'Elephant']
>>> animals.extend('Fish')
>>> animals
['Cat', 'Elephant', 'F', 'i', 's', 'h']
>>> animals.append('Fish')
>>> animals
['Cat', 'Elephant', 'F', 'i', 's', 'h', 'Fish']
>>> animals.extend(['Giraffe', 'Horse'])
>>> animals
['Cat', 'Elephant', 'F', 'i', 's', 'h', 'Fish', 'Giraffe',
'Horse']
>>> animals = animals + ['Jackal','Kangaroo']
>>> animals
['Cat', 'Elephant', 'F', 'i', 's', 'h', 'Fish', 'Giraffe',
'Horse', 'Jackal', 'Kangaroo']
>>> animals += ['Lion','Monkey']
>>> animals
['Cat', 'Elephant', 'F', 'i', 's', 'h', 'Fish', 'Giraffe',
'Horse', 'Jackal', 'Kangaroo', 'Lion', 'Monkey'] >>>
animals.append(10)
>>> animals
['Cat', 'Elephant', 'F', 'i', 's', 'h', 'Fish', 'Giraffe',

'Horse', 'Jackal', 'Kangaroo', 'Lion', 'Monkey', 10] >>>

os.system('clear')
0 >>> numbers =

['Zero','One','Two','Three','Four','Five','Six','Seven','E
ight','Nine'] >>> len(numbers)
10

>>> number[2]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'number' is not defined
>>> numbers[2]
'Two'
>>> numbers[2:6]
['Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']
>>> numbers[:6]
['Zero', 'One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five']
>>> numbers[3:]
['Three', 'Four', 'Five', 'Six', 'Seven', 'Eight', 'Nine']
>>> numbers[1:8:2]
['One', 'Three', 'Five', 'Seven']
>>> numbers[1:8:3]
['One', 'Four', 'Seven']
>>> numbers[::3]
['Zero', 'Three', 'Six', 'Nine']
>>> numbers[::-1]
['Nine', 'Eight', 'Seven', 'Six', 'Five', 'Four', 'Three',
'Two', 'One', 'Zero']
>>> numbers[::-3]
['Nine', 'Six', 'Three', 'Zero']
>>> del numbers[3:] >>> numbers
['Zero', 'One', 'Two']
>>> numbers =
 ['Zero','One','Two','Three','Four','Five','Six','Seven','E
ight','Nine']

>>> del numbers[5:7]

>>> numbers =
['Zero','One','Two','Three','Four','Five','Six','Seven','Ei
ght','Nine'] >>> numbers[3:7] = [3,4,5,6]
>>> numbers ['Zero', 'One', 'Two', 3, 4, 5, 6, 'Seven',

'Eight', 'Nine'] >>> os.system('clear')

>>> numbers =
['Zero','One','Two','Three','Four','Five','Six','Seven','Ei
ght','Nine']
>>> numbers.reverse()
>>> numbers
['Nine', 'Eight', 'Seven', 'Six', 'Five', 'Four', 'Three',
'Two', 'One', 'Zero']
>>> numbers =
['Zero','One','Two','Three','Four','Five','Six','Seven','Ei
ght','Nine']
>>> numbers
['Zero', 'One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five', 'Six',
'Seven', 'Eight', 'Nine']
>>> reversed(numbers)
<list_reverseiterator object at 0x109560ba8>
>>> for number in reversed(numbers):
... print(number)
...
Nine
Eight
Seven
Six
Five Four
Three
Two
One
Zero
>>> numbers
['Zero', 'One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five', 'Six',
'Seven', 'Eight', 'Nine'] >>> numbers.sort()
>>> numbers
['Eight', 'Five', 'Four', 'Nine', 'One', 'Seven', 'Six',
'Three', 'Two', 'Zero'] >>> numbers =

['Zero','One','Two','Three','Four','Five','Six','Seven','E
ight','Nine']
>>> for number in sorted(numbers):
... print(number)

...
Eight
Five
Four
Nine
One
Seven
Six
Three
Two
Zero
>>> numbers
['Zero', 'One', 'Two', 'Three', 'Four', 'Five', 'Six',
'Seven', 'Eight', 'Nine']
>>> for number in sorted(numbers, key=len):
... print(number)
...
One
Two Six
Zero
Four
Five
Nine
Three
Seven
Eight
>>> for number in sorted(numbers, key=len, reverse=True):
... print(number)
...
Three Seven
Eight Zero Four

Five
Nine
One
Two

Six
>>> numbers.sort(key=len)
>>> numbers
['One', 'Two', 'Six', 'Zero', 'Four', 'Five', 'Nine',
'Three', 'Seven', 'Eight']
>>> numbers.sort(key=len, reverse=True)
>>> numbers
['Three', 'Seven', 'Eight', 'Zero', 'Four', 'Five', 'Nine',
'One', 'Two', 'Six']
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> numbers = []
>>> numbers.append(1)
>>> numbers.append(2) >>> numbers.append(3)
>>> numbers.append(4)
>>> numbers.pop()
4
>>> numbers
[1, 2, 3]
>>> numbers.pop()

3
>>> numbers
[1, 2] >>> numbers.append(10)
>>> numbers.pop()
10
>>> numbers [1, 2]
>>> numbers = []
>>> numbers.append(1) >>> numbers.append(2)
>>> numbers.append(3) >>> numbers.append(4) >>>
numbers.pop(0)

1
>>> numbers
[2, 3, 4]
>>> numbers.pop(0)

2
>>> numbers
[3, 4]
>>> numbers.append(10)
>>> numbers.pop(0)
3
>>> numbers.pop(0)
4
>>> numbers.pop(0)
10 >>> numbers
[]
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> numbers = ['Zero',
'One','Two','Three','Four','Five','Six','Seven',
'Eight','Nine']
>>> numbers_length_four=[]

>>> for number in numbers:

... if len(number)== 4:
... numbers_length_four.append(number) ...
>>> numbers_length_four
['Zero', 'Four', 'Five', 'Nine']
>>> numbers_length_four = [ number for number in numbers ]
>>> numbers_length_four ['Zero', 'One', 'Two', 'Three',
'Four', 'Five', 'Six', 'Seven', 'Eight', 'Nine']
>>> numbers_length_four = [ len(number) for number in
numbers ] >>> numbers_length_four
[4, 3, 3, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 5, 4]
>>> numbers_length_four = [ number.upper() for number in
numbers ]
>>> numbers_length_four

['ZERO', 'ONE', 'TWO', 'THREE', 'FOUR', 'FIVE', 'SIX',

'SEVEN', 'EIGHT', 'NINE']
>>> numbers_length_four = [ number for number in numbers if
len(number)==4 ]

>>> numbers_length_four
['Zero', 'Four', 'Five', 'Nine']
>>> values = [3, 6, 9, 1, 4, 15, 6, 3]
>>> values_even = [ value for value in values if
value%2==0]
>>> values_even [6, 4, 6]
>>> values_odd = [ value for value in values if value%2==1]
>>> values_odd
[3, 9, 1, 15, 3]
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> numbers = [1,2,3,2,1]
>>> numbers

[1, 2, 3, 2, 1]
>>> numbers_set = set(numbers)
>>> numbers_set {1, 2, 3}
>>> numbers_set.add(3)
>>> numbers_set
{1, 2, 3}
>>> numbers_set.add(4)
>>> numbers_set {1, 2, 3, 4}
>>> numbers_set.add(0)
>>> numbers_set
{0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
>>> numbers_set.remove(0) >>> numbers_set
{1, 2, 3, 4}
>>> numbers_set[0] Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'set' object does not support indexing

>>> 1 in numbers_set
True
>>> 5 in numbers_set
False

>>> min(numbers_set)
1 >>> max(numbers_set)
4
>>> sum(numbers_set)
10
>>> len(numbers_set)
4
>>> numbers_1_to_5_set = set(range(1,6))
>>> numbers_1_to_5_set
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
>>> numbers_4_to_10_set = set(range(4,11))

>>> numbers_4_to_10_set
{4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
>>> numbers_1_to_5_set + numbers_4_to_10_set Traceback
(most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'set' and
'set'
>>> numbers_1_to_5_set | numbers_4_to_10_set
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} >>> numbers_1_to_5_set &
numbers_4_to_10_set
{4, 5}
>>> numbers_1_to_5_set - numbers_4_to_10_set
{1, 2, 3}
>>> numbers_4_to_10_set - numbers_1_to_5_set {6, 7, 8, 9,
10}
>>> os.system('clear')
0
>>> occurances = dict(a=5 b=6 c=8)
File "<stdin>", line 1
occurances = dict(a=5 b=6

c=8)
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> occurances = dict(a=5,b=6,c=8)

>>> occurances {'a': 5, 'b': 6, 'c': 8}

>>> type(occurances)
<class 'dict'>
>>> occurances['d'] = 15
>>> occurances
{'a': 5, 'b': 6, 'c': 8, 'd': 15}
>>> occurances['d'] = 10
>>> occurances
{'a': 5, 'b': 6, 'c': 8, 'd': 10}
>>> occurances['d']
10

>>> occurances['e']
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> KeyError: 'e'
>>> occurances.get('d')
10
>>> occurances.get('e')
>>> occurances.get('e', 10)
10
>>> occurances {'a': 5, 'b': 6, 'c': 8, 'd': 10}
>>> occurances.keys()
dict_keys(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
>>> occurances.values()
dict_values([5, 6, 8, 10])
>>> occurances.items() dict_items([('a', 5), ('b', 6),
('c', 8), ('d', 10)]) >>> for (key,value) in
occurances.items():
... print(f"{key} {value}") ...
a 5
b 6
c 8

d 10 >>> occurances['a']=0
>>> occurances
{'a': 0, 'b': 6, 'c': 8, 'd': 10}
>>> del occurances['a']

>>> occurances
{'b': 6, 'c': 8, 'd': 10}
>>> os.system('clear'
... )

0
>>> str = "This is an awesome occasion. This has never
happened before."

>>> squares_first_ten_numbers = [ i*i for i in range(1,11)

]
>>> type(squares_first_ten_numbers) <class 'list'>
>>> squares_first_ten_numbers_set =
set(squares_of_first_10_numbers)
>>> squares_first_ten_numbers_set = { i*i for i in
range(1,11)}
>>> type(squares_first_ten_numbers_set)
<class 'set'>
>>> squares_first_ten_numbers_dict = { i:i*i for i in
range(1,11)}
>>> type(squares_first_ten_numbers_dict)
<class 'dict'>
>>> squares_first_ten_numbers_dict
{1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36, 7: 49, 8: 64, 9:
81, 10: 100} >>> type([])
<class 'list'> >>> type({})
<class 'dict'> >>> type(set())
<class 'set'> >>> type({1})
<class 'set'>
>>> type({'A':5})
<class 'dict'>

>>> type(())
<class 'tuple'>
>>> type((1,2,3))
<class 'tuple'>

>>>
Object Oriented Programming
Again

Step By Step Details

Step 01 - OOPS Basics Revised
Step 02 - Designing a Fan Class
Step 03 - Object Composition - Book and Reviews
Step 04 - Why do we need Inheritance
Step 05 - All classes in Python 3 inherit from object
Step 06 - Multiple Inheritance ##
Step 07 - Creating and Using an Abstract Class
Step 08 - Template Method Pattern with Recipe Class
Step 09 - A Quick Revision

PyCharm Code

/06-oops-advanced/amphibian.py

class LandAnimal:
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.walking_speed = 5

def increase_walking_speed(self, how_much):

self.walking_speed += how_much

class WaterAnimal:
def
 __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.swimming_speed =

10

def increase_swimming_speed(self, how_much):

self.swimming_speed += how_much
class Amphibian(WaterAnimal, LandAnimal):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
amphibian = Amphibian()
amphibian.increase_swimming_speed(25)
amphibian.increase_walking_speed(50)
print(amphibian.swimming_speed)
print(amphibian.walking_speed)
/06-oops-advanced/animal.py

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class AbstractAnimal(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def bark(self): pass

class Dog(AbstractAnimal):
def bark(self):
print("Bow Bow")

print(Dog().bark())
/06-oops-advanced/book_reviews.py

class Book(object):
def __init__(self, id, name, author):
self.id = id
self.name =
 name
self.author = author
self.reviews =

[]

def __repr__(self):
return
repr((self.id,self.name,self.author,self.reviews))

def add_review(self, review):

self.reviews.append(review)
class Review:
def __init__(self, id, description, rating):
self.id = id
self.description = description
self.rating = rating

def __repr__(self):
return repr((self.id,self.description,self.rating))
book = Book(123, 'Object Oriented Programming with Python',
'Ranga')

# book.add_review()
book.add_review(Review(10, "Great Book", 5))
book.add_review(Review(101, "Awesome", 5))

print(book)
/06-oops-advanced/fan.py

# State

# make
# radius
# color
# speed

# is_on

# Behavior

# switch_on
# switch_off
# increase_speed # decrease_speed
class Fan:
def __init__(self, make, radius, color):
self.make = make
self.radius = radius
self.color = color
self.speed = 0
self.is_on = False

def __repr__(self):
return
repr((self.make,self.radius,self.color,self.speed,self.is_o
n))

def switch_on(self):
self.is_on = True
self.speed = 3

def switch_off(self):
self.is_on = False
self.speed = 0

# increase_speed
# decrease_speed
fan = Fan('Manufacturer 1', 5, 'Green')
fan.switch_on()
print(fan)
fan.switch_off()
print(fan)
/06-oops-advanced/person_inheritance.py

class Person:
def __init__(self,name,

email):
self.name = name
self.email = email

def __repr__(self):
return repr((self.name,self.email))
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, name, email, college, cls):
super().__init__(name,email)
self.college = college
self.cls = cls

def __repr__(self):
return repr((super().__repr__(),
self.college,self.cls))

person = Person('Ranga','[email protected]')
print(person)

student = Student('Ranga','[email protected]',
'Stanford', 'Algorithms' )
print(student)
# Person
# name, email
# Student
# college, class
# Employee
# title, employer
/06-oops-advanced/recipe.py

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class

AbstractRecipe(ABC):

def execute(self):
self.prepare()

self.recipe()
self.cleanup()

@abstractmethod
def prepare(self): pass

@abstractmethod
def recipe(self): pass

@abstractmethod
def cleanup(self): pass

class Recipe1(AbstractRecipe):

def prepare(self):
print('do the dishes')
print('get raw materials')

def recipe(self):
print('execute the steps')

def cleanup(self): pass

class MicrowaveRecipe(AbstractRecipe):

def prepare(self):
print('do the dishes')
print('get raw materials')
print('switch on
 microwave')

def

recipe(self):
print('execute the steps')

def cleanup(self):
print('switch off microwave')
MicrowaveRecipe().execute()

Python Shell Code

Last login: Fri May 18 15:27:46 on ttys003

Rangas-MacBook-Pro:~ rangaraokaranam$ python3
Python 3.6.5 (default, Mar 30 2018, 06:42:10)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 9.0.0 (clang-900.0.39.2)]
on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more
information.
>>> class Animal:
... def bark():
... print("bark")
...
>>> animal = Animal()
>>> animal.bark()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: bark() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was
given
>>> class Animal:
... def bark(self):
... print("bark")
...
>>> animal = Animal()
>>> animal.bark()
bark
>>> class Pet:
... def bark(self):

... print("bark")
... def groom(self):
... print("groom")
...
>>> pet = Pet() >>> pet.bark()
bark

>>> pet.groom()
groom
>>> class Pet(Animal):
... def groom(self):
... print("groom")
...
>>> dog = Pet()
>>> os.system('clear')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'os' is not defined
>>> import os
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>>
Error Handling with Python

Step By Step Details

Step 01 - Introduction to Error Handling - Your Thought Process during Error
Handling
Step 02 - Basics of Exception Hierarchy
Step 03 - Basics of Error Handling - try except
Step 04 - Handling Multiple Errors with Multiple except blocks
Step 05 - Error Handling - Puzzles - Exception Details and
Step 06 - Error Handling - finally and else
Step 07 - Error Handling - Puzzles 2
Step 08 - Raising Exceptions
Step 09 - Raising Custom Exceptions
Step 10 - Exception Handling Best Practices

PyCharm Code

/04-exception-handling/currency.py

#USD 20
#USD 30
#USD 50
#INR 500
class CurrenciesDoNotMatchError(Exception):
def __init__(self,message):
super().__init__(message)
class Currency:
def __init__(self, currency, amount):
self.currency = currency
self.amount =
 amount

def __repr__(self):
return repr((self.currency,self.amount))

def __add__(self, other):

if self.currency != other.currency:
#raise Exception("Currencies Do Not Match")
raise CurrenciesDoNotMatchError(self.currency +
" " + other.currency)
total_amount = self.amount + other.amount
return Currency(self.currency, total_amount)
value1 = Currency("USD", 20)
value2 = Currency("INR", 30)
print(value1 + value2)
/04-exception-handling/exception_handling_basics.py

# Open File/Resource

try:
# Business Logic to read
i = 0 # Not hardcoded, getting a input from user
j = 10/i
values = [1,2]
sum(values)
except TypeError:
print("TypeError")
j = 10
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("ZeroDivisionError")
j = 0
except:
print("OtherError")
j = 5
 else:
print("Else")

finally:
# Close
print("Finally")
print(j)
print("End")
/04-exception-handling/exception_handling_puzzles.py

# try:
# 10/0
# except TypeError:
# print("TypeError")
# except ZeroDivisionError:
# print("ZeroDivisionError")
#
# print("End")

# try:
# 10/0
# except object:
# print("ZeroDivisionError")
# # catching classes that do not inherit from BaseException
is not allowed
# print("End")

# try:
# 10/0
# except BaseException:
# print("BaseException")
#
# print("End")

# try:
# 10/0 # except Exception:

# print("Exception")

# try: # sum([1, '1'])

# except (ZeroDivisionError, TypeError): #

print("Exception")
#
# print("End")
# try:
# sum([1,'1'])
# except (ZeroDivisionError, TypeError):
# print("Exception")
#
# print("End")

try:
sum([1,'1'])
except TypeError as error:
print(error)
print("End")

Python Shell Code

Last login: Sat May 19 09:06:10 on ttys000

Rangas-MacBook-Pro:~ rangaraokaranam$ python3
Python 3.6.5 (default, Mar 30 2018, 06:42:10)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 9.0.0 (clang-900.0.39.2)]
on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more
information.
>>> 1/0
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero >>> i = 0
>>> j = 10/i
Traceback (most recent call

last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> ZeroDivisionError:

division by zero
>>> 2 + '2'
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError:
unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
>>> values = [1,'2']
>>> sum(values)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and
'str'
>>> value
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'value' is not defined
>>> values.non_existing
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute
'non_existing'
>>> values.non_existing()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute
'non_existing'
>>> import builtins
>>> help(builtins)

>>> help(builtins)
>>> k = 10/non_existing_variable
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'non_existing_variable' is not defined >>>

10/0

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
>>> values = [1,'1']
File "<stdin>", line 1
values = [1,'1']
^
IndentationError: unexpected indent
>>> sum(values)
File "<stdin>", line 1
sum(values)
^
IndentationError: unexpected indent
>>> values = [1,'1']
>>> sum(values)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and
'str'
>>> import builtins
>>> help(builtins)

>>>
Python Tips

Tips For Beginners

Tip 1 - Using Predefined Python Modules
Tip 2 - Loop - Getting Index Element
Tip 3 - Python is Strongly Typed and Dynamic Language
Tip 4 - Beginners Mistakes - Shadowing
Tip 8 - Defining Equality for Classes
Tip 5 - Beginners Mistakes - Indentation
Tip 6 - PEP8 - Python Style Guide
Tip 7 - PEP20 - Zen of Python

More Tips

Tip 1 - Math Module and Decimal Class

Tip 2 - Statistics Module - find mean and median
Tip 3 - Collections Module - deque for Queue and Stack
Tip 4 - Methods and Arguments - Basics
Tip 5 - Methods and Arguments - Keyword Arguments
Tip 6 - Methods and Arguments - Unpacking Lists and Dictionaries
Tip 7 - Creating Custom Modules and Using Them

PyCharm Code
/05-tips/all_about_methods.py

def example_method(mandatory_parameter,
default_parameter="Default"
, *args, **kwargs):
 print(f"""
mandatory_parameter = {mandatory_parameter}
{type(mandatory_parameter)}
default_parameter = {default_parameter}
{type(default_parameter)}
args = {args} {type(args)}
kwargs = {kwargs}

{type(kwargs)}
""")

# example_method() #example_method() missing 1 required

positional argument
# example_method(mandatory_parameter=15)
#example_method(15) # example_method(25,"Some String") #
example_method(25,"String 1","String 2","String 3") #
example_method(25,"String 1","String 2","String 3","String
4","String 5")
# example_method(25,"String 1","String 2","String
3",key1='a', key2='b')
#example_method(25,"String 1",key1='a', key2='b')
# example_method(key1='a',
key2='b',mandatory_parameter=25,default_parameter="String
1")
# example_method(25,"String 1",key1='a', key2='b')
example_list = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
# example_method(*example_list)
example_dict = {'a':'1', 'b':'2'}
example_method(*example_list, **example_dict)
/05-tips/module_1.py

def method_1():
print("method 1")

class ClassA:
def class_method_1(self):
print("class_method_1 method 1")
 # print(__name__)

if __name__ == '__main__':
method_1()
ClassA().class_method_1()
/05-tips/module_2.py

import

module_1
module_1.method_1()
module_1.ClassA().class_method_1()

Python Shell Code

Last login: Sat May 19 09:06:12 on ttys001

Rangas-MacBook-Pro:~ rangaraokaranam$ python3
Python 3.6.5 (default, Mar 30 2018, 06:42:10)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 9.0.0 (clang-900.0.39.2)]
on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more
information.
>>> print(4.5 - 3.2)
1.2999999999999998
>>> value1 = Decimal('4.5')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'Decimal' is not defined
>>> import decimal
>>> from decimal import Decimal
>>> value1 = Decimal('4.5')
>>> value2 = Decimal('3.2')
>>> value1 - value2
Decimal('1.3')
>>> import math
>>> math.
math.acos( math.erf( math.inf math.pi
math.acosh( math.erfc( math.isclose(

math.pow(

math.asin( math.exp( math.isfinite(

math.radians( math.asinh( math.expm1( math.isinf(
math.sin(

math.atan( math.fabs( math.isnan(

math.sinh( math.atan2( math.factorial( math.ldexp(
math.sqrt(
math.atanh( math.floor( math.lgamma(
math.tan(
math.ceil( math.fmod( math.log(
math.tanh( math.copysign( math.frexp( math.log10(
math.tau
math.cos( math.fsum( math.log1p(
math.trunc(
math.cosh( math.gamma( math.log2(
math.degrees( math.gcd( math.modf(
math.e math.hypot( math.nan
>>> math.pi
3.141592653589793
>>> math.e
2.718281828459045
>>> help(math.factorial)

>>> help(math.ceil)

>>> math.ceil(5.5)
6
>>> math.ceil(-5.5)
-5
>>> import os
>>> os.system('clear')
0
>>> import statistics

>>> statistics.

statistics.Decimal( statistics.mean(
statistics.Fraction( statistics.median(
statistics.StatisticsError( statistics.median_grouped(

statistics.bisect_left( statistics.median_high(
statistics.bisect_right( statistics.median_low(
statistics.chain( statistics.mode(
statistics.collections statistics.numbers
statistics.decimal statistics.pstdev(
statistics.groupby( statistics.pvariance(
statistics.harmonic_mean( statistics.stdev(
statistics.math statistics.variance(
>>> marks = [1, 6, 9, 23, 2] >>> statistics.mean(marks) 8.2
>>> statistics.median(marks)
6
>>> marks = [1, 6, 9, 23, 2, 7]
>>> statistics.median(marks)
6.5
>>> statistics.median_high(marks)
7
>>> statistics.median_low(marks)
6
>>> statistics.variance(marks)
63.2
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> from collections import deque
>>> queue = deque(['Zero','One','Two'])
>>> queue.pop()
'Two'
>>> queue.append('Three')
>>> queue
deque(['Zero', 'One', 'Three'])
>>> queue.append('Four')
>>> queue.append('Five')

>>> queue.appendLeft('Minus One')

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

AttributeError: 'collections.deque' object has no attribute

'appendLeft' >>> queue.append queue.append(
queue.appendleft(
>>> queue.appendleft('Minus One')
>>> queue
deque(['Minus One', 'Zero', 'One', 'Three', 'Four',
'Five']) >>> queue.pop()
'Five' >>> queue.popleft()
'Minus One'
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> import datetime
>>> datetime.datetime.today()
datetime.datetime(2018, 5, 21, 9, 59, 57, 450683)
>>> today_date = datetime.datetime.today()
>>> today_date
datetime.datetime(2018, 5, 21, 10, 0, 39, 732463)
>>> today_date.year
2018
>>> today_date.month
5
>>> today_date.day
21
>>> today_date.hour
10
>>> today_date.minute
0
>>> today_date.second
39
>>> some_date = datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 27)
>>> some_date

datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 27, 0, 0)
>>> some_date = datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 27, 9, 5,25)
>>> some_date

datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 27, 9, 5, 25) >>> some_date =

datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 27, 9, 5,25, 234567) >>>
some_date
datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 27, 9, 5, 25, 234567)
>>> some_date.date() datetime.date(2019, 5, 27)
>>> some_date.time()
datetime.time(9, 5, 25, 234567) >>> some_date
datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 27, 9, 5, 25, 234567)
>>> day = some_date
>>> day
datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 27, 9, 5, 25, 234567)
>>> day + time.timedelta(day=90)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'time' is not defined
>>> day + datetime.timedelta(day=90)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'day' is an invalid keyword argument for this
function
>>> day + datetime.timedelta(days=90)
datetime.datetime(2019, 8, 25, 9, 5, 25, 234567)
>>> day
datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 27, 9, 5, 25, 234567)
>>> day + datetime.timedelta(days=90)
datetime.datetime(2019, 8, 25, 9, 5, 25, 234567)
>>> day + datetime.timedelta(weeks=3)
datetime.datetime(2019, 6, 17, 9, 5, 25, 234567)
>>> day + datetime.timedelta(hours=48)
datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 29, 9, 5, 25, 234567)
>>> os.system('clear')

>>> import math

>>> math.
math.acos( math.erf( math.inf math.pi

math.acosh( math.erfc( math.isclose(

math.pow( math.asin( math.exp( math.isfinite(
math.radians(
math.asinh( math.expm1( math.isinf(
math.sin( math.atan( math.fabs( math.isnan(
math.sinh(
math.atan2( math.factorial( math.ldexp(
math.sqrt(
math.atanh( math.floor( math.lgamma(
math.tan(
math.ceil( math.fmod( math.log(
math.tanh(
math.copysign( math.frexp( math.log10( math.tau
math.cos( math.fsum( math.log1p(
math.trunc(
math.cosh( math.gamma( math.log2(
math.degrees( math.gcd( math.modf(
math.e math.hypot( math.nan
>>> math.floor(4.5)
4
>>> help(math.floor)

>>> help(math)

>>>
>>> from math import *
>>> floor(5)
5
>>> gcd(34,56)
2
>>> from math import gcd

>>> gcd(56,68)
4

>>> os.system('clear')
0

>>> numbers = [1,4,6,3,4] >>> for number in numbers: ...

print(number)
...
1 4
6
3
4
>>> for index,number in enumerate(numbers):
... print(f'{index} - {number}')
...
0 - 1
1 - 4
2 - 6
3 - 3
4 - 4
>>> values = list('aeiou')
>>> values
['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']
>>> for index, vowel in enumerate(values):
... printf(f'{index} - {vowel}')
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
NameError: name 'printf' is not defined
>>> for index, vowel in enumerate(values):
... print(f'{index} - {vowel}')
...
0 - a
1 - e
2 - i
3 - o

4 - u
>>> import os

>>> os.system('clear')
0

>>> number = 5 >>> if(number%2==0):

... isEven = True
... else: ... isEven = False
...
>>> isEven = True if number%2==0 else False
>>> isEven
False
>>> number = 6
>>> isEven = True if number%2==0 else False
>>> isEven
True
>>> isEven = number%2==0
>>> isEven = "Yes" if number%2==0 else "No"
>>> isEven
'Yes'
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> a = 1
>>> len(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: object of type 'int' has no len()
>>> type(a)
<class 'int'>
>>> str = "Value"
>>> str.upper()
'VALUE'
>>> a.upper()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>

AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute 'upper'

>>> type(1) <class 'int'> >>> type(1.5)

<class 'float'>
>>> type("1.5") <class 'str'>

>>> type(True) <class 'bool'>

>>> type(str)
<class 'str'>
>>> str = 1
>>> type(str)
<class 'int'>
>>> str = True
>>> type(str)
<class 'bool'>
>>> str = [1,2]
>>> type(str)
<class 'list'>
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> def create_ranga():
... return 'Ranga',1981,'India'
...
>>> ranga = create_ranga()
>>> type(ranga)
<class 'tuple'>
>>> name, year, country = ranga
>>> ranga
('Ranga', 1981, 'India')
>>> name
'Ranga'
>>> year
1981 >>> country
'India' >>> len(ranga)

3 >>> ranga[0]
'Ranga'
>>> ranga[1]

1981 >>> ranga[2] 'India'

>>> ranga[1] = 1991

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
>>> person = ('Ranga', 5, 'India')
>>> person = 'Ranga', 5, 'India'
>>> type(person)
<class 'tuple'>
>>> name, age, country = person
>>> name, age = person
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 2)
>>> x = 0
>>> y = 1
>>> x, y = 0, 1
>>> x, y = y, x
>>> x
1
>>> y
0
>>> x = (0)
>>> type(x)
<class 'int'>
>>> x = (0,)
>>> x = 1,
>>> type(x)
<class 'tuple'> >>> os.system('clear') 0
>>>

>>> sum
<built-in function sum>
>>> sum([12,34,56])
102 >>> number1 = 10 >>> number2 = 20

>>> sum = number1 + number2

>>> sum

30
>>> sum([12,34,56])
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'int' object is not callable
>>> sum_ = number1 + number2
>>> del sum
>>> sum
<built-in function sum>
>>> sum([12,34,56])
102
>>> os.system('clear')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'os' is not defined
>>> import os
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> None
>>> type(None)
<class 'NoneType'>
>>> def email(subject, content, to , cc , bcc):
... print(f" {subject}, {content}, {to}, {cc}, "
... ) ...
>>> email("subject", "great work", [email protected])
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'in28minutes' is not defined

>>> email("subject", "great work", "[email protected]")

Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: email()
missing 2 required positional arguments: 'cc' and 'bcc'

>>> def email(subject, content, to , cc=None , bcc=None):

... print(f" {subject}, {content}, {to}, {cc}, {bcc}");

...
>>> email("subject", "great work", "[email protected]")
subject, great work, [email protected], None, None
>>> email("subject", "great work", "[email protected]",
None, None)
subject, great work, [email protected], None, None
>>> email(None, "great work", "[email protected]",
None, None)
None, great work, [email protected], None, None
>>> var = "123"
>>> if var is None : print ("do something");
...
>>> var = None
>>> if var is None : print ("do something");
...
do something
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> class Student: pass
...
>>> student1 = Student()
>>> student2 = Student()
>>> id(student1) 4554811768
>>> id(student2) 4554811992
>>> student1 is student2
False
>>> student3 = student1

>>> id(student3)
4554811768 >>> student1 is student3
True >>> student1 == student2
False

>>> student1 == student3

True

>>> class Student:

... def __init__(self, id):
... self.id = id
...
>>> student1 = Student(1)
>>> student2 = Student(2)
>>> student3 = Student(1)
>>> student4 = student1
>>> id(student1)
4554812160
>>> id(student4)
4554812160
>>> student1 is student4
True
>>> student1 is student2
False
>>> student1 is student3
False
>>> student1 == student3
False
>>> class Student:
... def __init__(self, id): ... self.id = id
... def __eq__(self, other):
... return self.id == other.id ...
>>> student1 = Student(1)
>>> student2 = Student(2)
>>> student3 = Student(1)
>>> student4 = student1

>>> student4 == student1 True

>>> student2 == student1 False
>>> student3 == student1
True

>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> i=1
File "<stdin>", line 1
i=1
^
IndentationError: unexpected indent
>>> i=3
File "<stdin>", line 1
i=3
^
IndentationError: unexpected indent
>>> i=1
>>> if(i==3):
... print('somethin')
File "<stdin>", line 2
print('somethin')
^
IndentationError: expected an indented block
>>> if(i==3):
... print('something') ... print('')
File "<stdin>", line 3
print('')
^
IndentationError: unindent does not match any outer
indentation level
>>> os.system('clear')

0
>>> import this

The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters

Beautiful is better than ugly.
Explicit is better than implicit.
Simple is better than complex.

Complex is better than complicated.

Flat is better than nested.

Sparse is better than dense.

Readability counts.
Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.
Although practicality beats purity.
Errors should never pass silently.
Unless explicitly silenced.
In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way
to do it.
Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're
Dutch.
Now is better than never.
Although never is often better than *right* now.
If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good
idea.
Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of
those!
>>>
Become an expert on Spring Boot, APIs, Microservices and Full
Stack Development

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