GEOMETRV

WARM UP
Constellations
A group of stars which has certain recognisable shape is called a constellation. These
constellations form different shapes in the night sky.
Look at the some of the constellations shown below. You can see some polygons in them.
Complete the table.
Name of Number of Number of Number of
Constellation
polygon(s) sides angles vertices

Ursa
a. Major

+------
b. Orion

Leo
C.
Minor

d. Leo

Mathematics-5 109
BASIC GEOMETRICAL SHAPES
Plane
A smooth flat surface which extends endlessly in all the directions is called a plane. A
plane has no boundary.
The top of a table, the surface of a wall, the surface of a paper, the face of a blackboard
are parts of planes.

We draw figures such as a triangle, rectangle, circle, etc., in a plane. So, we call them
plane figures.

Point
A very small dot made with a sharp pencil or a pointed pen gives us a
point. It shows an exact position or location.
·A
A point has no length, breadth or thickness. It is represented by a capital
letter. For example, here A is a point.

Line Segment
Mark two points A and B on a sheet of a paper.
The shortest path from A to B is called the line segment AB. A B
It is denoted by AB. We may also call it the line segment BA, denoted by BA. The points
A and B are called the end points of AB.
A line segment has a definite length, which can be measured.

Ray
A line segment when extended endlessly in one direction, it is called a ray.
Given along side is a ray AB. It is denoted by AB. The
ray AB has one end point, namely A. The end point A A B
is called the initial point of AB.

Line
A line segment when extended endlessly in both directions, A B
it is called a line.
Given alongside is a line AB. It is denoted by AB or BA. ---------l
A line may be represented by a small letter such as Z, m, n, etc.
It has no end points, therefore, it does not have a definite length.

110 Mathematics-5
►
Intersecting Lines
If two lines meet at a point or tend to meet if extended, they are known
as intersecting lines. Here, lines l and m are intersecting lines meeting 0
at the point 0 .
Look at the two lines AB and CD shown here.
If we extend them towards left side, we find that they meet at the point 0 . m
We say that the lines AB and CD intersect at the point 0 .
Hence, AB and CD are intersecting lines.

Parallel Lines O' -------------- ..-

Look at the two lines PQ and RS shown alongside: C D
If we extend these lines on both sides, we find that they do not intersect, even when we
extend them to any extent. Such lines are called parallel ______ P Q ______ _
lines.
Thus, the lines which lie in the same plane and do not
intersect are called parallel lines.
-------------------------
R s
Two parallel lines are indicated by identical lines 11-

Two roads crossing each other are Railway tracks are examples of
examples of intersecting lines. parallel lines.

Exercise 7. 1
1. Name these geometrical shapes. One has been done for you.

Q
T
C. d.

p s F

Line AB or AB
Mathematics-5 111
 s
,c A/ p q

e. f. g. h.
0
m
/g D

2. Look at the closed figure and name the points that:

a. lie in the interior.
b. lie in the exterior.
c. lie on the boundary.
3. How many lines can be drawn passing from
. ? ____
a. one pomt. b . two points?
4. See the given figure and name all the
a. points
b. lines
c. line segments
d. rays
5. Tick ( ) the correct answer: A p B
a. Which of the following has no end points?
i. A line ii. A plane iii. A ray iv. A line segment
b. Which o f the following has one end point?
i. A line segment ii. A plane iii. A ray iv. A line
c. Which of the following has two end points?
i. A ray ii. A line segment iii. A line iv. A plane

ANGLE
Two rays having a common end point form an angle.
The two rays forming an angle are called the arms of the
angle. The common end point is called the vertex of the angle. Vertex arms
The symbol of an angle is L.
Naming an Angle A

To name an angle, we name any point on the ray, then the vertex and then any point on
the other ray.
In the above figure, the rays OA and OB form an angle at 0 , which is denoted by LAOB
or LBOA. Here, OA and OB are the arms and O is the vertex of this angle.
Interior and Exterior of an Angle
Consider an angle LAOB shown on the next page.
Take a point P o n ray OA and a point R o n ray OB.
112 Mathematics-5
►
We say that the points P and R lie on LAOB.
Mark two points Mand N inside LAOB, and two points Sand T
outside LAOB. We say that M and N lie in the interior of LAOB
and S and T lie in the exterior of LAOB.
The shaded region is the interior of LAOB. O,__.,____ _ _ _ _
p A

Exercise 7. 2
1. Which of the following figures shows an angle?

a. b. C. d.

2. Name the following angles:

Pl

a. b. d.
F
Q R

3. Complete the table:

Angle Arms Vertex Name of the
angle

a.

b. u

Tt

C.

0 p

Mathematics-5 113
 4. You can see many angles in real life easily. Mark the angles in these figures.

a. b. C. d.

e. f. g. h.

MEASURING AN ANGLE
The measure of rotation between the arms of an angle gives the measure of the angle in
degrees (0) .
Observe the rotation of an arm of an angle and measure of the angle between them.
B
B B

.. I I ►
0 A 0 A 0 A B 0 A

(9
0 A A
• ► • ►
A B A

B
B B

A complete tum about a point is divided into 360 parts. Each part measures 1°. So, a
complete tum about a point measures 360 °.

Using Protractor
A protractor is an instrument used for measuring the size of an angle. It is semicircular in
shape (see here) having two edges - one Inner
semicircular and other a straight edge. The
semicircular edge has two scales that are
scale

?iXt --mmm--
called the inner and outer scales.
Angles from 0° to 180 ° are marked on Base
both the scales. We read the outer scale
clockwise and the inner scale anticlockwise.
The straight edge has a baseline. The mid-
point of the baseline is called its centre R
point.
Centre

114 Mathematics-5
To Measure an Angle using Protractor
Let us measure LBAC with the help of a protractor.
Place the protractor on it in such a way that the central point lies
on A, the vertex of LBAC and the ray joining the central point
to the mark 0 on the protractor coincides with side of LBAC as
shown in the figure. A C
Now, note the angle on the edge of the protractor
through which the other side AB of LBAC
passes.
Thus, LBAC = 70 ° .

• Start measuring an angle from the ray which

is aligned with the baseline of. the protractor.
• On the protractor, look at the numbers on
both the scales and read the measure of the
angle where the other arm crosses the scale.
Here, L. PQR = 125 ° .
p

Drawing an Angle Using a Protractor

Let us draw an angle of 60 ° . We follow the following steps:
Step 1. We draw a line segment AB with the help of a ruler.

A B

Step 2. We place the protractor on AB so

that its centre is at A and adjust the
protractor so that the baseline is along
AB.
B
Step 3. We see the scale's inner and outer
measure whose 0° is along AB.
Step 4. We mark a point C on the paper
against 60 ° of the scale. This locates
the position of dot C.
Step 5. Now, we remove the protractor.
Step 6. We join A and C with the help of a
ruler.
A B
Thus, we have LCAB = 60 ° .
Mathematics-5
� Exercise 7.3
1. Give the measure of the following angles by reading scales on protractor.

a. C.

d. e.

2. Use a protractor to measure each angle.

A S

a. b. C. d.

B C R T u D
LABC = LSTU =
3. Draw the following angles using a protractor.
a. 40 ° b. 50 ° c. 75 ° d. 125 ° e. 142 °
f. 25 ° g. 175 ° h. 120 ° l. 90
°
J. 165 °

TYPES OF ANGLES
Angles are of different types.
1. Acute angle: An angle whose measure 2. Right angle: An angle whose measure is
is less than 90 ° is called an acute angle. 90 ° is called a right angle.
In the following figure, LABC = 50 ° In the following figure, LABC = 90 °
A

50 ° 90 °
B C
Acute angle B C
Right angle
Thus, LABC is an acute angle. Thus, LABC is a right angle.

116 Mathematics-5
3. Complete angle: Angle around a point is 5. Straight angle: An angle which is of
360 ° and is called a complete angle. 180 ° is called a straight angle.
The following angle measures 360 ° . In the following figure, LABC = 180 °

.. .. .
180 °

B C
Complete angle Straight angle
It is a complete angle. Thus, LABC is a straight angle.
4. Reflex angle: An angle greater than 6. Obtuse angle: An angle whose measure
180 ° and less than 360 ° is called a reflex is more than 90 ° and less than 180 ° is
angle. Here, LROK = 250 ° . called an obtuse angle.
In the following figure, LABC = 120 °

K
°
250 B C
Reflex angle Obtuse angle
So, LROK is a reflex angle. Thus, LABC is an obtuse angle.

�
Exercise 7.4
1. Look at the clocks shown below. Name the type of angles formed by hour and minute hands.

b. C. d.

1 12 1 11
2 10
e. f. 3 g. h. 9
4 8
6 5 7 6
6

2. Identify the types of angles.

a. b. C.

Mathematics-5 117
 3. Classify each angle according to its measurement.
a. 30° b. 95° c. 108° d. 180° e. 90°
f. 360° g. 80° h. 125° i. 25° j. 265°
4. Using protractor, determine which of the two angles in each of the following pairs is
greater and classify them as acute, right, obtuse, straight and reflex angles.
a. A o b.

◄ •
A B
. ..
C E F
B C E F
A d.
C.
tz

M 0
B C y

TRIANGLE
A triangle is a closed plane figure bounded by three line segments. The symbol 'il' is used
to represent the triangle. The triangle ABC shown below is written as ilABC.
A triangle has three sides, three angles and three vertices. The following table tells about
the parts (sides, angles, vertices) of ilABC.
A
Part Number Name
Sides 3 AB,BC,CA
Vertices 3 A,B,C
Angles 3 LBAC or LA, LABC or LB, LACB or LC B

Types of Triangles
We know that a triangle has three sides and three angles. Hence, triangles can be divided
on two basis:
i. on the basis of sides ii. on the basis of angles
Types of Triangles-on the basis of sides
Equilateral triangle: A triangle whose all three sides are equal is A
called an equilateral triangle.
In the -adjoining figure, ilABC is an equilateral triangle since AB =
-
B C = C A = 3 cm.
Equilateral triangles have all the angles equal. For example, in
LlABC, L A = L B = LC= 60 ° . B 3cm C

118 Mathematics-5
►
Isosceles triangle: A triangle whose two sides are equal is called an A
isosceles triangle.
In the adjoining figure, M B C is an isosceles triangle since AB = AC
= 3 cm but BC = 4 cm. In an isosceles triangle, the angles opposite
B 4cm C
to equal sides are also equal. For example, in M B C , LB = LC.
Scalene triangle: A triangle which has three unequal sides is called A
a scalene triangle.
('0
In the - adjoining figure,- M B C is a scalene triangle, since AB =
2 cm, BC = 6 cm and CA = 3 cm. All angles in a scalene triangle
B 6cm C
are of different measures.
Types of Triangles-on the basis of angles
Acute-angled triangle: A triangle is called an acute-angled
triangle if all its angles are less than 90 ° .
In the adjoining figure, ABC is an acute-angled triangle as LA,
LB and LC all are less than 90 ° .

Obtuse-angled triangle: A triangle is called an obtuse-angled A

triangle if it has one obtuse angle.
In the adjoining figure, ABC is an obtuse-angled triangle since
LABC = 105 ° (obtuse). C

Right-angled triangle: A triangle is called a right-angled triangle p

if it has one right angle (90 ° ). The side opposite to the right angle
Ote
is the longest side and is called the hypotenuse. 7J"se
In the adjoining figure, PQR is a right-angled triangle, since
LPQR = 90 ° and PR is the hypotenuse. R

Properties of Sides and Angles of a Triangle

1. The sum of three angles of a triangle is 180 ° .
In ABC ' L A = 60 ° ' LB = 50 ° ' LC = 70 °
So ' L A + LB + L C = 60 ° + 50 ° + 70 ° = 180 °

C
2. The sum of measures of any two side of a triangle is always p
greater than the measure of the third angle.
In QR, PQ = 2 cm, QR = 4 cm and PR = 3 cm.
Now, PQ + QR = 2 cm + 4 cm = 6 cm and PR = 3 cm
- - -
Clearly, PQ + Q R > PR
Q 4cm R
Check for the same other combinations of sides.

Mathematics-5 119
◄
�
Exercise 7.5
A
1. Write the name of the following from the adjoining figure:
a. Vertices _ _ _ _ b. Angles _ _ _ _
c. Sides ----
2. Name the following triangles with respect to their sides. B
B T
p
a. b. C.
§
0 I)<

Q 6cm
A
3cm C R u 4cm
s D

a sc V lo c
d. u ◊-, e. % f. J
/J

E
T 4cm u 4cm 9cm I
3. Classify the following triangles with respect to their angles:
A
p

a.
45 °
R C
D

87°
d. e.
40° 55°
E F s T
4. Identify the possible group of angles of a triangle.
a. 30 ° , 90 ° , 60 ° b. 65 ° , 35 ° , 90 ° C. go o, 75 ° , 35 °
d. 40 ° , go 0, 60 ° e. 25 ° , 120 ° , 45 ° f. 50 ° , 60 ° , 40 °
5. Identify the possible group of sides of a triangle.
a. 4 cm, 3 cm, 7 cm b. 4.5 cm, 2 cm, 4.5 cm C. 5 cm, 6 cm, g cm
d. 7 cm, 4 cm, g cm e. 6 cm, 12 cm, 9 cm f. 5 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm
6. Tick ( ) the correct answer.
a. The maximum number of acute angles a triangle can have is
i. 0 ii. 1 iii. 2 iv. 3
b. The right triangle can have _ _ _ _ right angle(s).
i. 0 ii. 1 iii. 2 iv. 3

120 Mathematics-5
 c. An equilateral triangles is also an/a _ _ _ _
i. isosceles triangle ii. acute-angled triangle
iii. right-angled triangle iv. obtuse-angled triangle
d. Which triangle can have all sides of different lengths?
i. Equilateral triangle 11. Isosceles triangle
iii. Scalene triangle 1v. None of these
e. Number of obtuse angles a triangle can have is
i. 0 ii. 1 111. 2 iv. 3
f. The number of parts a triangle can have is
1. 2 ii. 4 111. 6 iv. 3

CIRCLES
A circle is a simple closed curve whose each
point is equidistant from a fixed point in it. The
fixed point is called the centre of the circle.
Coins, bangles, CDs, etc. are some examples of
circles.
There are different parts in a circle with special names.
• Centre: The fixed point inside the circle
which is at equal distance from all points Circumference
on the circle is called the centre. Here, Centre
(0)
point O is the centre of the given circle.
• Radius: The distance from the centre
to any point on the circle is called the A - --'------1 B
Diameter
radius. A circle can have infinite radii (AB)
Q

of equal measure. Raddi is the plural of

radius. Here, OC is a radius of given
circle. Chord (PQ)
• Diameter: The distance between two
points on the boundary of the circle that passes through the centre 1s called its
diameter. Here, AB is a diameter of the given circle.
• Circumference: The distance around a circle is called its circumference.
• Chord: A line segment which end points lie on the circle is called a chord of the
circle. Here, PQ is a chord. Diameter is the longest chord of the circle.
• Semicircle: The diameter divides a circle into two equal halves. Each half is called
a semicircle.
• Interior of the circle: The area enclosed by the circumference is called the interior
of the circle. Here, point O lies in the interior of the circle.
• Exterior of the circle: The area outside the circumference of the circle is called the
exterior of the circle.
Mathematics-5 121
◄
 • Relation between Radius and Diameter: The diameter of a circle 1s twice the
radius, or, the radius of a circle is half the diameter.
Diameter
.____D_i_am_e_te_r_=_2_x_R_a_d_iu_s_ I I
--R_a_d_iu_s_=_-_-_-_-2_- ----
B
Example 1. Find the diameter of a circle whose radius is 6 cm.
Solution: Diameter = 2 x Radius
Therefore, Diameter = 2 x 6 cm = 12 cm.
Example 2. Find the radius of a circle whose diameter is 8 cm.
C
Diameter
Solution: Radius =
2
8cm
8 p Q
Therefore, Radius = = 4 cm
1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - t
O
E
2 u
"S"
I

Drawing a Circle using Compass R

Let us draw a circle of radius 3 cm.

Step 1. Fix a sharp pencil in the pencil Step 3. Take a point O on the plane of
holding arm of compass firmly. the paper. Rest the metal tip of
Step 2. Put the metal tip of the compass the compass firmly at 0 .
on the ruler at O and open out Step 4. Now hold the head of the compass
the compass in such a way that firmly and move the pencil point
its pencil tip rests on 3 cm mark around to trace a circle of radius
on the ruler. 3 cm. The following figure is the
required circle.

3cm
-------1p
0

Measuring the Circumference of a Circle with Thread

We cannot measure the circumference of a circle by a ruler because it is a curved path.
Using a thread, the circumference can be measured easily.
Step 1. Draw a circle of suitable radius (say 3 cm).
Step 2. Mark a point A on the boundary of the circle.
Step 3. Place one end of a thread on A and hold it firmly. Gently, take the thread around
the circle till you reach the point A again.

122 Mathematics-5
Step 4. Make a mark on the thread which lies on A after the complete round.
Step 5. Now, measure the thread using a ruler. This gives the circumference of the circle.

1"""'"1"" 1" 1" """ " 1"'111i" I """"I"""" I""'"" l' "'ili l
1"' 1 1111"'
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
cm

Steps 1 and 2 Step 3 Step 4

The Relationship between the Diameter and Circumference of a Circle

The circumference of a circle is approximately 3.14 times the length of its diameter.
Thus, Circumference = Diameter x 3.14
If c denotes the circumference, d denotes the diameter and r denotes the radius, then
c = d x 3.14
This relationship helps to find the diameter when circumference of a circle is given and
vice-versa.
Further, c = d x 3.14
Also, d = 2r So, c = 2r x 3.14 = r x 6.28
Hence, Circumference = Radius x 6.28
Example 1. Find the circumference of a circle whose
a. diameter = 3.5 cm b. radius = 4 cm
Solution: a. c = d x 3.14 = 3.5 cm x 3.14 = 10.99 cm
b. c = r x 6.28 = 4 x 6.28 = 25 .12 cm

Exercise 7.6
1. Fill in the blanks.
a. The centre of the circle is _ _ _ P
b. The diameter of the circle is - - -
c. _ _ _ __ _ and _ _ _ are the radii of the circle.
d. The chords of the circle are - - - and - - -
e. The points _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _
are on the circle. C

f. The points - - - and - - - lie on the exterior of the circle.

g. The points and _ _ _ _ lie in the interior of the circle.
h. A B = - - - X OP.

1. CD is a of the circle.
J. The longest chord of the circle is _ _ _

Mathematics-5
 2. State whether the following statements are true or false:
a. The radius of a circle is double the diameter.
b. We can draw many diameters, radii and chords on a circle.
C. A circle can have many centres.
d. Every diameter of a circle is its chord.
e. Every chord of a circle is its diameter.
f. The circumference of a circle depends on its radius.
3. Using a compass, draw circles of the following radii:
a. 4 c m b. 3.2 cm C. 2.8 cm d. 5.4 cm
4. Find the diameter of a circle whose radius is:
a. 2.5 cm b. 3 cm C. 11 cm d. 8 cm
5. Find the radius of a circle whose diameter is:
a. 6 cm b. 9 cm C. 23 cm d. 16 cm
6. Find the circumference of a circle whose diameter is:
a. 7 cm b. 7.7 cm c. 2.1 cm d. 62.3 cm
7. Find the circumference of a circle whose radii is:
a. 14 cm b. 2.1 cm c. 3.5 cm d. 7 cm

Points to Remember
A point shows the exact location.
A line does not have an end point, a ray has one end point, and a line segment has two
end points.
Lines can be parallel or intersecting.
Angles are measured in degrees, denoted by O•

Angles are of different types-360 ° (complete angle), 90 ° (right angle), smaller than 90 °
(acute angle), between 90 ° and 180 ° (obtuse angle), 180 ° (straight angle) and between
180 ° and 360 ° (reflex angle).
When the three sides of a triangle are equal in length, it is an equilateral triangle. All its
angles are also equal.
An isosceles triangle has any two sides equal in length and the angles opposite to the
equal sides are equal.
When all the three sides of a triangle are unequal in length, it is a scalene triangle.
A triangle with one right angle is known as a right-angled triangle.
A triangle with one obtuse angle is known as an obtuse-angled triangle.
When all the three angles of a triangle are acute, it is known as an acute-angled triangle.
A circle is a closed curve such that all points on it are at equal distance from its centre.
The radius of a circle is half of its diameter.
A line segment whose end points lie on the circle is called a chord of the circle.
The length of the boundary of a circle is called its circumference.

124 Mathematics-5
►
LEARNING UPDATES __________ "' 4Q

1. Fill in the blanks.

a. When two rays form an angle, their common end point is called the _ _ _ of the angle.
b. Angles are measured in _ _ _ _
c. The measure of a _ _ _ _ angle is 180 ° .
d. An angle of measure 360 ° is called a - - - - angle.
e. The sides of a scalene triangle are of lengths.
f. Circumference of a circle = Radius x - - - -
g. Diameter of a circle = _ _ _ _ x Radius of the circle.
2. State whether the following are true or false:
a. Both end points of a radius lie on the circle.
b. The centre of a circle is at the same distance from any point on the circle.
c. If one angle of a triangle is obtuse, then the other two angles must be acute. _ _ _
d. A triangle having only two sides equal, is called an equilateral triangle.
e. When two lines intersect each other, they may or may not form an angle of 90 ° .

f. Two lines in a plane are either intersecting or parallel.

3. Measure the angles and write their names in ascending order.
s
D
A
R

B C s T E F

4. Different poses of yoga are shown below. Name the type of angle marked.

a. b. C.

d. e. f.

Mathematics-5 125
◄
 5. Draw an angle of 95 ° using a protractor. Name and classify it.
6. Which of the following cannot be measures of the three angles of a triangle?
a. L A = 80 ° , LB = 55 ° and LC = 45 ° b. LP = 75 ° , LQ = 60 ° and LR = 50 °
c. L X = 80 ° , L Y = 40 ° and LZ = 45 °
7. Answer the following:
a. How many acute angles can a triangle have?
b. How many right angles can a triangle have?
c. How many obtuse angles can a triangle have?
8. Find the circumference of a circle whose radius is:
a. 7 cm b. 6.3 cm c. 5.6 cm d. 4.2 cm

Tick ( ) the correct option.

□ □ □ □
1. How many degrees does the minute hand of a clock tum through in one hour?
a. 90 ° b. 180 ° c. 270 ° d. 360 °
2. Each of the following is smaller than a straight angle, except:
a. acute angle O b. obtuse angle O c. reflex angle O d. right angle 0

+ X
3. Which of the following sets of lines does not form an angle?

a LO b 0 c O d. ] - □
4. The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is:
a. always equal to the length of the third side 0
b. always greater than the length of the third side 0
c. always less than the length of the third side 0
d. None of these 0
5. Two angles of a triangle are 40 ° and 35 ° respectively. The third angle is:
a. 25 ° 0 b. 15 ° 0
c. 55 ° 0 d. 105 ° 0
□ □ □
6. How many chords can we draw in a circle?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 0 d. many

HOTS
1. When the hour hand of a clock moves 2. How many triangles are there m the
from 12 to 3 and 12 to 9, how many given figure?
right angles does the hour hand of the
clock moves?

126 Mathematics-5
MATHS LAB ACTIVITY
Objective: To establish the relationship between the diameter and circumference of a circle
Materials Required: Compass, pencil, threads, scale, sketch pen and paper sheets
Steps
1. Draw three circles with different radii.

0
2. Lable them 1, 2, 3.
3. Measure their circumference using
threads and scale.
4. Also measure the diameter of each.
Circle 1 Circle 2 Circle 3
5. Divide the circumference by diameter
for each circle.
6. Note down the observations in the following table:

Circle Circumference (c) Diameter (d) Relationship

c = d x 3.14
1
2
3

7. Students observe that in each case, the circumference of a circle is approximately

3 .14 times the length of its diameter.

Mathematics-5