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Sausaiito, CA 94965 3 1111 01846 2000
(415) 289-4121
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Expressions
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World
Dictionary
o/Foreign
Expressions
by Gabriel G. Adeleye
with Kofi Acquah-Dadzie
edited by Thomas J. Sienkewicz
with James T. McDonough, Jr.
Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc. Wauconda, Illinois, USA

Sausalito Public Library
Sausalito. California 94965
General Editor
Laurie Haight
Contributing Editors
Aaron E. Baker
Georgia Irby-Massie
Allan Kershaw
Typesetting and Cover Design

Charlene Hernandez
© Copyright 1999 Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc.

1000 Brown Street, Unit 101
Wauconda, Illinois 60084 USA
http://www.bolchazy.com
Printed in the United States of America

by Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group
1999
Hardbound, ISBN 0-86516-422-3

Paperback, ISBN 0-86516-423-1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Adeleye, Gabriel, 1940-

World dictionary of foreign expressions : a resource for readers and writers / by
Gabriel G. Adeleye with Kofi Acquah-Dadzie ; edited by Thomas J. Sienkewicz and
James T. McDonough
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-86516-422-3 (alk. paper)
ISBN 0-86516-423-1 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. English language-Foreign words and phrases-Dictionaries. I. Acquah-Dadzie,
Kofi, 1939- II. Sienkewicz, Thomas J. III. McDonough, James T. IV. Title.
PE1582.A3A34 1999
422'.4'03-dc21 98-40788
CIP
Acknowledgments
From Aihe, D. O., and P. A. Oluyede. Cases and Materials on Constitutional Law in
Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria: University Press Limited and Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1979. Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press.
From Asante, S. K. B. Property Law and Social Goals in Ghana, 1844-1966. Accra: Ghana
Universities Press, 1975. Reprinted by permission of Ghana Universities Press.
From Greek Religion by Walter Burkert. Copyright © 1985 by Basil Blackwell and the
President and Fellows of Harvard College. Reprinted by permission of Harvard Univer-
sity Press.
From Eysenck, H. J. Psychology Is About People. (Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 1972)
copyright (c) H. Eysenck, 1972 (pp. 10, 26, 63, 67, 69, 69-70). Reproduced by Penguin
J.
Books Ltd. Reprinted by permission of Penguin Books Ltd.
From The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Group, Inc. (c) 1987. Reprinted with
permission.
From the Catholic News Service. August 18, 1997. Reprinted with permission.
From Freedland, M. R. The Contract ofEmployment. Oxford: Oxford University Press,

1976. Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press.
From Grant, Michael. Nero. New York: Dorset Press, 1970. Reprinted by permission of
Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Orion Publishing Group.
From The Guardian. Reprinted by permission of Guardian Newspapers Limited.
From Hart, H. L. A. Punishment and Responsibility Oxford:. Oxford University Press, 1978.
Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press.
Jaeger, Werner. Paideia: The Ideals of Greek Culture. Translated by Gilbert Highet. Ox-
ford: Oxford University Press, 1970. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishers
Ltd.
From Laistner, M. L. W. Greater Roman Historians. Copyright (c) 1947 Regents of the
University of California, (c) renewed 1975 Harry Caplan.
From Lesky, A. A History of Greek Literature. Translated by J. Willis and C. de Heer.
New York: Methuen & Co., 1966. Reprinted by permission of K. G. Saur Verlag.
From Major, W. T. The Law of Contract. Plymouth: Pitman Publishing, 1978. Reprinted by
permission of Financial Times Management.
VvomNewsweek 1978-1984© 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, Newsweek, Inc.
Reprinted by permission.
Robinson, C. E. A History of Rome. London: Methuen & Co., 1974. Reprinted by per-
mission of Routledge Ltd.
From Time International. Reprinted by permission of Time Life Syndication.
From West Africa. Reprinted by permission of West Africa Publishing Co.

To our parents
David and Victoria Adeleye
and
a
Kwesi Acquah and Mary Adwubi Twumasi

p
Contents
Acknowledgments ... v
Dedication vii
Table of Contents ix
Authors' Acknowledgments xi
Foreword xiii
Author's Preface xv
Editor's Preface xvii
Guide to the Entries xxi
Table of Abbreviations xxiii
Bibliography xxv
Words and Expressions 1

p
Authors' Acknowledgments
The completion of work brings a peculiar, almost inexplicable, feeling. It is a melange
of several elements which include pleasure, self-satisfaction, excitement, and exhilara-
tion, even if the achievement should be barely minimal. We would like to share this
inexplicable feeling with a number of personae who in one way or the other, consciously
or unconsciously, contributed to the completion of the work.
First, we need to express our profound gratitude to our immediate families — Ruth,
Vicky, Bisi, Dupe, and Alex (in the case of G. A.) and Ama and Kwesi (in the case of K. A.)
for their confidence in us and cooperation. Secondly, we must express our gratitude to two
colleagues, Dr. K. Opoku Agyeman and Dr. Tijjani El-Miskin, the former for vetting some
materials in French, the latter for going through some materials in Italian, Spanish, and
Arabic. We need also to thank Mr. Boateng, former Acting Head of the Department of
Business Studies, University of Maiduguri, for placing at our disposal his excellent library
of magazines and newspapers. We are also immensely grateful to the entire staff of the
faculty of the Law Library at the University of Maiduguri for placing at our disposal all the
law books from which we extracted the Latin expressions. We must also thank a number of
publishers for generously permitting us to use extracts from their publications.
Moreover, we must express our profound gratitude to the United States Information
Agency, The Center for International Exchange of Scholars (Washington), Monmouth
College (111.), and the University of Arkansas (Fayetteville) for G. A.'s opportunity to
work in the United States for eighteen months, which contributed immensely to the comple-
tion of the work. Furthermore, G. A. is very grateful to the Computer Center of Monmouth
College for scanning the two manuscripts and to the Department of Education Technology
(University of Arkansas, Fayetteville) especially Mr. Bart Cohen, for his exceptional
altruism, generosity, and patience in typesetting, combining, and preparing the manuscripts.
Finally, G. A. needs to say a big thank you to his good friend, Mr. Alfred Kojo Anderson,
for coming in at the right time to bring the typesetting and the printing to a successful end.
Foreword
This is a very useful book. The English of lawyers, physicians, academics, journal-
ists, and others is replete with foreign phrases, many of them traps for the unwary. For
example, how many intelligent people (for that matter, how many intelligent lawyers?)
think bona fides is plural? Or that there is such a thing as a causus belli! Even if one has
studied Latin and smiles at errors like these, no one can possibly master every language
from which English draws proverbial wisdom and bons mots; therefore, even the multi-
lingual can profit from World Dictionary ofForeign Expressions: A Resource for Read-
ers and Writers.
When confronted with a puzzling piece of Latin or of Law French, a lawyer usually
turns to Black 's Law Dictionary. But the World Dictionary ofForeign Expressions con-
tains many legal phrases not found in Black's, in addition to a wealth of nonlegal mate-
rial. In fact, this book is more comprehensive than any other dictionary of foreign phrases
with which I am acquainted: the compilations of Carroll, Guinagh, Jones, Mawson,
Phythian, and Tuleja are skimpy by comparison.
World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions offers more, however, than just abundant
material.The authors not only identify the language from which the phrase is drawn and
give a polished translation. They also provide a literal, word-for-word explication of
each phrase, which lets the reader know as exactly as possible what the phrase means and
facilitates memorization. Moreover, many entries provide quotations from recent scholar-
ship or journalism to give the reader an idea of how the phrases are and should be used.
The format is uncomplicated and easy on the eyes.
Busy professionals who need accurate information quickly will get exactly what they
require from World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions. Leisurely word-lovers will be
instructed and entertained. In short: this is a marvelous reference tool.
Aaron E. Baker, Ph.D., J.D.

f
Author's Preface
The idea of writing this book was conceived by my co-author, Mr. Kofi Acquah-
Dadzie. In his long career in the legal profession — as student, legal officer of a bank,
attorney, magistrate, —
and teacher of law he has been observing the difficulties encountered
by many students, teachers,and practitioners of law who have little or no knowledge of Latin.
Latin is so inextricably intertwined with the legal profession that there is hardly a textbook of
law which is not generously flavored with Latin expressions. To help alleviate the problems
of lawyers who have negligible knowledge of Latin, my co-author conceived the idea of
writing a dictionary of Latin legal expressions and enlisted my assistance.
—
The work began with a collection of both Latin maxims and expressions individual
—
words, phrases, and clauses which have been incorporated into the English language
and have become, so to speak, a distinguishing feature of the diction of educated people.
These expressions include de jure, de facto, ex cathedra, ad infinitum, ab initio, ante
quern, and sine qua non. We also included abbreviations and popular quotations.
We then considered how to present the translations in such a way that readers might
derive maximum benefit from the work. It seemed to us that mere translations of expressions
would only scratch the surface of the problem. We deemed it necessary, therefore, to
help readers to understand how the translations or meanings are obtained. Accordingly,
we decided to present both literal and polished or conventional translations. To facilitate
the process of understanding the literal translations, we put down the meanings of individual
words of an expression and indicated with numbers the sequence of their appearance in
each translation. In this way the reader becomes an active participant in the process, is not
reduced to the status of a mere receptor of our translations or views, and can even construct
alternative versions. In short, the translations are presented in such a way that a reader
may either read all sections of an entry or, if making a quick reference, read only the
polished translation. Moreover, to enhance the usefulness of the work, we deemed it
necessary to give examples of usage of many expressions by either constructing sentences
ourselves or quoting from authorities. Furthermore, in many cases we show the parts of
speech of expressions as well as the plural and singular forms of nouns.
We completed the work, to which we gave the title, A Dictionary ofLatin Expressions
for Lawyers and Men of Letters, in 1986. As we awaited acceptance of the work for
publication, I became more and more convinced of the need for another work covering not
only expressions from other foreign languages which have been incorporated into the
English language but also Latin expressions which had escaped our attention. Other foreign
languages which attracted my attention include French, German, Classical Greek, as well
as neologisms derived therefrom, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Hebrew,
Japanese, Chinese, Persian, Turkish, and Hindi. The work, to which I gave the title An
English Dictionary ofForeign Expressions for Lawyers, Scholars, Journalists, Etc., follows
the same format as the previous work and each entry shows, in addition, the language of
provenance or derivation. The work was completed in 1989.
x\i
Our efforts to get the two manuscripts published suffered various setbacks. Eventually we
accepted the suggestion of a publisher to merge the two works. Hence the birth of this book.
It goes without saying that foreign expressions which have been incorporated into the
English language serv e a useful purpose in enhancing the profundity, richness, and qual-
ity of scripts. Such expressions are used for various reasons. First, there may not be
suitable equivalent expressions in English. Second a writermay wish to avoid the use of
an English expression which seems obscene or indecent. Third, there may be the need to
portray and capture the true local associations and color of foreign institutions. Besides,
some expressions are used in certain contexts and their replacement with English transla-
would detract from their charm,
tions forcefulness. or succinctness. Furthermore, some are
technical terms used in certain professions. Finally, such expressions are the hallmark of
scholars of diverse and solid educational background.
Though foreign expressions serv e a useful purpose, they can be not only a nuisance
but also a cause of considerable embarrassment. For a reader who does not know their
meanings, such words and phrases can interrupt the continuity of comprehension, under-
mine the reader's self-confidence, and, as it were, embarrassingly expose some lacunae
in his her educational background. Nor are scholars who presume to be au fait with the
use of such expressions spared embarrassment. Thus it is not unusual to find in respectable
books, newspapers, and magazines foreign expressions used incorrectly. The following
is a random selection of such errors:
1. "this criteria" instead of "these criteria"

2. "It is for ... his lawyer to do allocutor" instead of "It is for ... his lawyer to do allocutus"
5. "... drawn from all the stratas of our society" instead of " drawn from all the
. . .
strata of our society"

4. "... a writ of habeus corpus" instead of "... a writ of habeas corpus"
5. "... are professors emeritus" instead of". are professors emeriti"
. .
6. "autrevois convict" instead of "autrefois convict"

7. "fieri faci" instead of "fieri facias" or "fieri feci"
8. "per res judicata" instead of "per res judicatas"
9. "ad nuseum" instead of "ad nauseam"
10. "suo moto" instead of "suo motu"
1 1 . "in pari delectio" instead of "in pari delicto"
12. "inter vives" instead of "inter vivos"
13. "nonemo dat quod non habet" instead of "nemo dat quod non habet"
14. "abinitio" instead of "ab initio"
15. "ex faciae curiae" instead of "ex facie curiae"
16. "Res ipsa locutur" instead of "Res ipsa loquitur"
17. "in durante ville" instead of "in durante vita"
This work cuts across the boundaries of disciplines. The legal practitioner, to be sure, is
generously provided for. but there is hardly a practitioner of any discipline — historian,
journalist theologian, linguist medical practitioner, natural scientist psychologist political
scientist sociologist archaeologist anthropologist etc. —who will not fmd something of
interest in the work. Above all, the book is written for those who have little or no knowl-
edge of Latin and other foreign languages and want to get reasonably good comprehension
of what they read in newspapers, magazines, journals, and books. If such readers should
fmd the book useful, we shall be immensely gratified.
Favetteville. Arkansas. 1993
G. A.
p
Editor's Preface
I first met Gabriel Adeleye in 1980 while he was a Fulbright-Hays Visiting Lecturer
atHoward University in Washington. D.C. We maintained a trans-atlantic correspondence

for many years until I was privileged to have Gabriel as a colleague for a second time in
1992 when he came to Monmouth College in Monmouth, Illinois, again as a Fulbright
scholar. Over the years I have come to know other members of his family, especially his
wife Ruth, and his daughters Victoria and Eugenia, both of whom are alumnae of
Monmouth College. It was a great loss when Gabriel died suddenly in 1 994. shortly after
his return to Nigeria following his second Fulbright sojourn in the United States.
Gabriel spoke often of this dictionary and worked studiously on it in his final years. I was
honored that his widow entrusted the unfinished manuscript to my care after his death and I
am very pleased that others will now be able to benefit from the meticulous scholarship that
this book represents.
Most of my editorialefforts have centered on standardizing the format of entries and
on preparing the manuscript for American users. For this reason, I have taken the liberty
of replacing British spellings with American ones ("honor" for "honour/' for example).
I have also attempted to neutralize gender wherever possible, by replacing "he" with
"one." "man" with "person," etc. Most of the content of the entries remains as Gabriel
vvTote it. although I have added a considerable number of new entries and explanations.
While Gabriel collected or wrote most of the usage citations which appear in individual
entries, a few of these are mine. The strong African focus of this material represents the
particular charm and value of this dictionary.
As Gabriel explains in his preface, this dictionary was originally intended to assist
scholars and professionals in understanding foreign-language words and expressions which
they might find in their reading. The emphasis is on legal, philosophical, historical, and literary
material. While some words are included especially a number of phobias, readers
scientific
are advised to consult specialized dictionaries like Taber 's Medical Dictionary (Philadelphia:
F. A. Davis, 1997) for vocabulary in the health care professions. Nor will the reader find the
vocabulary of scientific taxonomy here. Also excluded is the foreign vocabulary which has
enriched English language references to flora and fauna in words like tomato (Nahuatl),
rhinoceros (Greek), aardvark (Afrikans), and dachshund (German). Foreign words for
foods and drink like saki (Japanese) and clothing like sari (Hindi) are also not included here
unless they have other significance, especially religious, like yarmulke (Yiddish).
As editor, I am responsible for all the citations for the signs of the zodiac, for many
of the mottoes of U.S. and for rhetorical devices. In order to enhance the international
states,
flavor of this dictionary, I have also substantially increased the number of citations from
Hebrew, Hindi, Japanese, and Yiddish. I trust that users will find these useful additions
and not mere intrusions.
It was Gabriel's decision to provide both English and foreign language plurals for
entries only when both are used in English. So the English-formed plurals administrators
xviii
and aegises appeal id the entry but not the Latin admlnlstratorei or algldeii which
would nevei be used in an English context, When both foreign-language and Fnglish-
formed plurall appear, the foreign language plural usually appears first, so "anathemata
01 anathemas." have, however, added to the etymology information which Gabriel often
i
did not supply, such as more literal transliteration of Greek words like alon for Maeon. M
have resisted the impulse to spell aim legal phrases with more classical orthography.
I I
Instead, have retained the spelling commonly used in quotation but indicated in the word-
I
by-WOrd translation where such Spelling deviates from classical practice. So leave 1
lOlemniter in omnia praesumuntur solcmnitcr esse acta hut write sol(l)emniter in the
bracketed translation section So, too, the classical ob(o)edentla is spelled obedentla in
Obfdentia est legis essentia
llseis of this dictionary may, at times, note the absence of an occasional foreign
w oid 01 phrase Such lacunae are inevitable in an opus ol this scope. Linguists would call
the entries in this dictionary loan words or phrases, fhis means, technically, that the
enti ies Should appeal in English essentially as they appear in the original language. While
allowance must be made tor alphabetic transliteration, as in the case of C neck ami Russian,
and foi minoi \ ariations in orthography which result from pronunciation (English pug tor
1 1 nuti pag), words which ha\ e been significantly altered morphologically (English oblique
from I atin ohllqillis) arc derivatives rather than loan words and do not appear in this
dictionary ( fthet loan words, like major, minor, restaurant, and trombone, have been
so thoroughly anglicized that the} are included here only tor the sake of illustration.
Since the emphasis in this dictionary is on written rather than spoken materials, no
pronunciation guides tor foreign words and phrases are provided. Most of the words in
this dictionary have a wide variety of pronunciations, depending upon the context in
which and users' familiarity with the source language. While we could
the) aie used
ha\ e in some readers might
mail} cases indicated the foreign language pronunciation that
11
considei to be the "correct one, w e felt strongly that other pronunciations have legitimacy
The Strongest example ol this is the case of atin, w here the choice of a "correct" 1
pronunciation is highly problematic. Classicists do not agree upon how atin was pro- 1
nounced w hen oi iginall} spoken, and many other pronunciations have arisen and found
acceptance aftei atin ceased to be a spoken language and instead became the language
I
of the Catholic church and the legal, medical, and scientific professions. We therefore
did not feel that it was legitimate to choose, Say, the "Classical" pronunciation over the
"Restored Classical," of those ovei any of the multiple Continental Ecclesiastical
oi eithei
pronunciations 01 am
of the variety of legal pronunciations (e.g. American, British, Indian).
Anolhei faCtOl to consider is that the more a word or phrase is used in Lnglish, the more
Anglicized the pronunciation becomes w o examples w ill suffice: English speakers ha\ c
I
Anglicized the pronunciation of Wanderlust so that the w is pronounced as in Lnglish,

while the (iciman pronunciation would be "\ an dci loost" (with the "oo" as in book).
Similai \\ ,
hois d'oeu\ re (singular) and hors d'oeu\ res (plural) would be pronounced the
same m I u iu h, in English, the final s is pronounced in the plural form I 'sing the native
rathei than the Anglicized pronunciation in cither of these cases would be considered
Inappropi iate in main settings. he question then becomes, which pronunciation should
1
be olTered, the Cicrman or French pronunciation, or the Anglicized one.' Since any pro-
nunciation we chose WOUld be w rong in some circles, w e chose to assume that the user
should make the decision. Users desiring guidance on the correct pronunciation of lan-
guages m then counti ies ofoi igin should consult an appropriate foreign language dictio-
nary Hie use of macrons ov er foreign language vowels is intended only to serv e as an
Orthographic rathei than pronunciation guide, especially in the case of transliterated Greek
words like apostrophe
XIX
Gabriel intended this book to be called An English Dictionary ofForeign Expressions

for Lawyers, Journalists, Scholars, Etc. The publisher has wisely, I think, renamed it World
Dictionary of Foreign Expressions: A Resource for Readers and Writers. I would like to
express my gratitude here to Lou Bolchazy, Marie Bolchazy, Laurie Haight, Charlene
Hernandez, and others at Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers who have made this dream of
Gabriel Adeleye a reality. I also wish to thank the Monmouth College Faculty Development
Committee for its financial support of this project. Frances Stauffer and Michele Pasley
(MC '01) offered patient and valuable assistance in seeking permissions to reproduce copy-
righted material. Bill Urban was of help several times when it mattered most, and Aaron
Baker and Anne W. Sienkewicz devoted many hours of effort to proofreading the manuscript
in its various transformations. I am particularly grateful to my co-editor, James T.
McDonough, Jr., who spared the authors and me many embarrassing gaffes. Any that
remain are my own.
I have learned much from my modest efforts to edit such an impressive tome and
trust that those who open this book will find much of value inside. Vade mecum.
Monmouth College
Monmouth, Illinois
January, 1999
T. J. S.
*
Guide to the Entries
Each entry is organized in the following way:
1 . The foreign word or phrase in bold.

2. The part of speech, abbreviated in italics. Gender is also indicated here, where
appropriate.
3. The pluraland alternative gender forms of the foreign word in bold. Anglicized
plurals are also provided here, where appropriate.
4. The following information is provided within hard brackets:
a. Language of origin indicated in abbreviated form.
b. Translation of individual words or word elements. Numbers in parentheses

indicate the order in which the words are translated into English.
c. A literal, word-for-word English translation of the entire word or phrase.
5. A usage label, such as Law, Mecidine, etc., indicated in italics.

6. A fuller, more polished translation of the foreign word or phrase.
7. Phrases and sentences in italics illustrating the use of the word or phrase in
English. Many of these examples are cited from periodicals and books listed in the
bibliography. References to these materials is by author or journal title followed
by year of publication and page number.
8. If the word or phrase is used in English in a different part of speech, this is
indicated by a dash followed by the part of speech, abbreviated in italics, and an
appropriate definition.
9. In many entries "see also" and "cf." direct the reader to similar words or phrases
in other parts of the dictionary.
A Table of Abbreviations appears on pages xxiii-xxiv.

Table of Abbreviations
abbr abbreviation
adj adjective
adv adverb
Afr Afrikaans
Arab Arabic
Aram Aramaic
attrib attributive
cf. confer (L.) compare
Chin Chinese
constr construction
Dan Danish
e.g exempli gratia (L.) for example
Eng English
et al et alii or aliae or alia (L.) and others
etc et cetera (L.) and the rest, and so on
fern female, feminine
Fr French
Ger German
Gk Greek
Haw Hawaiian
Heb Hebrew
i.e id est (L.) that is
int international
interj interjection
intr „ intransitive
Ir Irish
It Italian
Japan Japanese
L Latin
masc male, masculine
Med medieval
n noun
neut neuter (L.) neither masculine nor
feminine
Neo-Gk neo-Greek
Neo-L neo-Latin
Norw Norwegian
Obs. Fr obsolete French
Obs. It obsolete Italian
xxiv
Pers Persian
pi plural
Port Portuguese
pref. prefix
prep preposition
pron pronoun
q.v quod vide (L.) which see
Russ Russian
Skt Sanskrit
sing singular
Sp Spanish
suf. suffix
Swed Swedish
tr transitive
Turk Turkish
U.S.A !
j United States of America
v verb
var variant
Yid Yiddish
Bibliography
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Longman.
Aihe, D. O., and P. A. Oluyede. 1979. Cases and Materials on Constitutional Law in
Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria: University Press Limited and Oxford: Oxford University
Press.
The American Heritage College Dictionary. 1993. 3 rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 1 976. 2 nd ed. Edited by William
Morris. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Asante, S. K. B. 1975. Property Law and Social Goals in Ghana, 1844-1966. Accra: Ghana
Universities Press.
Baker, Daniel B. 1992. Power Quotes: 4,000 Trenchant Soundbites on Leadership &
Liberty, Treason & Triumph, Sacrifice and Scandal, Risk & Rebellion, Weakness &
War, and Other Affaires Politiques. Detroit: Visible Ink.
Bartlett, John. 1980. Familiar Quotations. 15th ed. Boston: Little, Brown.
Bentsi-Enchill, K. 1964. Ghana Land Law. London: Sweet & Maxwell.
Betteridge, Harold T. 1962. The New CasselVs German Dictionary. New York: Funk &
Wagnalls.
Black, H. C. 1979. Black's Law Dictionary. 5th ed. St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Co.
Bliss, A. J. 1980. A Dictionary ofForeign Words and Phrases in Current English. Lon-
don: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Branyon, Richard A. 1997. Latin Phrases & Quotations. Rev. ed. New York: Hippocrene
Books, 1997.
Buckland, W. W., and P. Stein. 1966. A Textbook of Roman Law: From Augustus to
Justinian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Burke, J. 1976. Osborn 's Concise Law Dictionary. London: Sweet & Maxwell.
. 1977. Jowitt's Dictionary ofEnglish Law. London: Sweet & Maxwell.
Burkert, Walter. 1985. Greek Religion. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Cary, M. A. 1970. A History ofRome. London: Macmillan.
Cary, M. A., et al ., ed. 1968. The Oxford Classical Dictionary, Oxford University Press,
London, 1968.
Colinvaux, R. 1979. The Law of Insurance. London: Sweet &
Maxwell.
Cretney, S. M. 1976. Principles of Family Law. London: Sweet &
Maxwell.
Crystal, David. 1994. The Cambridge Biographical Encyclopedia. Cambridge and New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Curzon, L. B. 1979. Jurisprudence. Plymouth, England: Pitman Publishing (formerly
Macdonald & Evans).
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Dictionary
o/Foreign
Expressions
A
A.A.C. abbr. for anno ante Christum (q.v.). of the proposed reconciliation be consented to ab
A.A.C.N. abbr. foranno ante Christum natum (q.v.). ante was rejected by Adam.
a aver et tener [Obs. Fr. a to (1); aver to have (2); et ab antiquo adv. [L. ab from, by (1); antiquo ancient
and (3); tener to hold (4): to have and to hold.] Law. (2): from the ancient.] From old times. From ancient
To keep in one's possession. Used in former times times. The custom of exchanging gifts among mer-
for the conveyance or the transfer of property. chants has been in existence ab antiquo.
A.B. abbr. for Artium Baccalaureus (q.v.). a bas interj. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until (1);
ab absurdo adj. /adv. ab from, by ( ); absurdo the
[L. 1 bas low, below (2): toward below.] Down with! A
absurd (2): from the absurd.] From absurdity. Based bas all tyrants and despots!
on absurdity. Logic. Used to describe an assertion ab assuetis non fit injuria. [L.ab from, by ( ); assuetis
1
rendered false by its absurdity. She attempted to prove accustomed, familiar (things) (2); non not (4); fit is
her point by resorting to an ab absurdo argument. made, done (5); injuria injury, wrong (3): From ac-
ab abusu ad usum non valet consequentia. [L. ab customed things injury is not done.] Law. No legal
from, by (2); abusu an abuse (3); ad to, at, for, ac- injury arises from a situation to which one has long
cording to (4); usum use (5); non not (6); valet is been accustomed.
valid (7); consequentia consequence (1): A conse- abattoir n., pi. abattoirs [Fr. slaughterhouse.] 1. A
quence from abuse to use is not valid.] An inference place where goats, sheep, cattle, and other animals
of the use of a thing from its abuse is invalid. are killed and their flesh processed. 2. The site of the
a baculo adj. I adv. [L. a from, by ( 1 ); baculo rod (2): by slaying of a large number of living things. The street
the rod.] Relying on the stick. Logic. Applicable to an seemed like an abattoir after the terrorist attack.
argument which, far from appealing to reason, appeals a bene placito adv. [L. a from, by (1); bene well (3);
to force. The a baculo argument was unsuccessful. placito one pleased (2): by one well pleased.] At will.
ab aeterno adv. [L. ab from, by ( 1 ); aeterno everlasting, At one's pleasure.
eternal (2): from everlasting.] From time immemorial. ab extra adv. [L. ab from, by (1); extra outside of,
From a time in the past which supposedly has no beyond (2): from outside of.] From without. Not
beginning. This has been the custom in the village ab coming from the mind.
aeterno and so the people are unlikely to abolish it. a bientot interj. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until
abandon abandons [Fr. carelessness, neglect.]
n., pi. ( 1 ); bientot soon, shortly, before long (2): until soon
1. Giving oneself to natural impulses. Freedom from or before long.] So long! Bye-bye! See you again
inhibition or constraint. Absence of restraint. Though soon! Cf. adieu; adios; aloha; au revoir; auf
misfortune is unpleasant, when it does come, one Wiedersehen; ciao; hasta la vista; hasta luego;
should face it with fortitude and not succumb to it sayonara; and vale.
with abandon. 2. Carefree freedom, usually with no ab imo pectore adv. [L. ab from, by ( ); imo the deep- 1
regard whatsoever for possible consequences. Exu- est, the bottom (2); pectore chest, heart (3): from
berance. The indignation ofthe rioters was so intense the deepest heart.] With deepest affection. From the
that they destroyed property, both public and private, bottom of one's heart. / would like to thank you ab
with abandon. imo pectore.
ab ante adv. [L. ab from, by ( 1 ); ante before (2): from ab inconvenienti adj. /adv. [L. ab from, by (1);
before.] In advance. Sam 's suggestion that the terms inconvenienti unsuitable, inconvenient (thing) (2): from
3
ab incunabulis 4
an inconvenient thing.] From/based on unsuitability, ab ovo adv. [L. ab from, by ( 1 ); ovo egg (2): from the
inconvenience, or hardship. An argument ab egg.] From the beginning. The audience found it
inconvenienti is based on the difficulties, disastrous difficult to understand the lecture, since the speaker
consequences, or inconvenience involved in pursuing discussed the issues haphazardly instead of treating
a line of reasoning. No legal system couldfail to take the topic ab ovo. Cf. ab ovo usque ad mala.
cognizance ofthe argument ab inconvenienti in order ab ovo usque ad mala Horace (65-8 B.C.). Satires
to avoid a result that might involve a total destruction 1,3,6-7. [L. ab from, by (1); ovo egg (2); usque all
of society (Nwabueze 1982:176). See argumentum the way (3); ad to, at, for, according to (4); mala
ab inconvenienti, etc. apples (5): from the egg all the way to the apples.]
ab incunabulis adv. [L. ab from, by (1); incunabilis From soup to nuts. From the beginning to the end.
baby clothes, cradle (2): from the cradle.] From the All the way through. Cf. ab ovo.
beginning. From infancy. Cf. incunabulum. a bras ouverts adv. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until
ab initio adv. [L. ab from, by ( ); initio beginning (2):
1
(I) ; bras hands, arms (3); ouverts open, free (2): with
from the beginning.] From the inception or outset. open arms.] Gladly. Heartily. When the prodigal son
The investigator is assuming ab initio that the sus- returned home, hisfather welcomed him a bras ouverts.
pect is guilty. Since the court has no jurisdiction, the absens haeres non erit [L. absens absent, an absent
judgment is void ab initio. Cf. ex post facto and person (1); haeres heir (4); non not (2); erit (3): An
postea. absent person will not be heir.] Law. Someone who
ab initio mundi adv. [L. ab from, by ( ); initio begi:: is not present is unlikely to inherit. An absent person
1
ning (2);mundi of world (3). from the beginning of is not likely to be named as an heir.
the world.] From the very beginning. This has been absentem laedit cum ebrio qui litigat. [L. absentem
the situation ab initio mundi. absent (person) (6); laedit injures, harms (5); cum
ab intestato adv. [L. ab from, by ( 1 ); intestato intestate with, together (3); ebrio drunken (person) (4); qui
(2): from intestate.] From an intestate, from someone who (1); litigat disputes, quarrels, goes to law (2):
who dies with no legal will, a) There are laws govern- Who goes to law with a drunken person harms an
ing acquisition ofproperty ab intestato. b) [A heres absent person.] Law. Someone who brings legal ac-
is the] universal successor of a deceased person in tion against a person who is drunk injures a person
virtue of his rights under the jus civile. He might be who is not present.
appointed by will or take ab intestato (Burke absente reo abbr. abs. re. adv. [L. absente (with) being
1976:163). Cf. ex testamento. absent (2); reo (with) accused, defendant (1): with
ab intra adv. [L. ab from, by (1); intra within (2): the accused being absent.] Law. In the absence of
from within.] From inside. The confusion which dis- the accused/defendant. The defendant/accused being
rupted the court proceedings started ab intra. absent.
ab invito adv. I adj. [L. ab from, by (1 ;; invito unwill- absentia ejus qui reipublicae causa abest neque ei
ing (2): by an unwilling.] By an unwilling person/ neque alii damnosa esse debet. [L. absentia ab-
party. The transfer ofproperty was made ab invito. sence (1); ejus of him (2); qui who (3); rei publicae
ab irato adv. I adj. [L. ab from, by (1); irato angry (2): of the public affair, the state (6); causa for the sake
by an angry.] By a person who is angry. Law. Used (5); abest is absent (4); neque neither (10); ei to him
to describe a will or gift made under the influence of (II) ;
neque nor (12); alii to another (13); damnosa
anger or hatred, and detrimental to the interests of injurious (9); esse to be (8); debet ought, should (7):
relatives. The absence of him who is absent for the sake of the
a bon droit adv. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until state should be injurious neither to him nor to another.]
(1);bon good (2); droit right (3): with good right.] Law. A person's absence on a national assignment
With good reason. Rightly. Legitimately. Justly. should not have an adverse effect on his case or on
ab origine adv. [L. ab from, by (1); origine begin- that of another.
ning, commencement (2): from the beginning.] From absit n. [L. Let him/her be absent.] Permission for ab-
the beginning or creation of the world. // can be said sence, especially from school.
with a reasonable degree ofjustification that human absit omen inter/. [L. absit may it be away, absent (2);
nature has hardly changed ab origine. omen omen (1): May the omen be absent.] May it
aborigine n. [from L. ab origine, based upon a folk not happen! God forbid! The entirefamily is expecting
etymology for the unknown ancestors of the Romans Mr. Stone today and, ifhe does not come, absit omen,
believed to have lived on the Apennines.] The in- ignominy will be inevitable.
digenous inhabitants of a place, particularly those absolutum dominium n. [L. absolutum absolute (1);
natives who lived there before the arrival of condominium ownership, rule, dominion (2): absolute
quering invaders, colonizers, or settlers. The Ab- power.] Absolute power or sovereignty. The leader
origines ofAustralia, like those ofAfrica, have black ofthe junta claimed that they removed the President
skin pigmentation. because he was aiming at absolutum dominium.
5 accolade
abs. re. abbr. for absente reo (q.v.). characterized by the absence of instrumental or or-
abstractum n., pi. abstracta [L. abstract, diverted or chestral accompaniment. He passed a group singing
excluded thing.] Something which is abstract. An ab- a cappella, letting some high sweet harmonies drift
stract entity (e.g., a class name, a universal, etc.). Cf. up into the metropolitan air ( Time Int. 1 98 1 ). —adj.
concretum. Characterized by, or specializing in, music unaccom-

abundans cautela non nocet. [L. abundans abundant, panied by instruments or orchestra.
excessive (1); cautela caution, precaution (2); non accelerando adj. /adv. [It. accelerating.] Music. Increas-
not (3); nocet does harm, hurt, injure (4): Excessive ing the tempo little by little.
precaution does not hurt.] Abundant/excessive caution accessio cedit principali. [L. accessio increase, ad-
does not do harm. One cannot be too careful. dition (1); cedit yields, accrues (2); principali to
ab urbe condita abbr. A.U.C. adv. [L. ab from, by principal (3): An increase accrues to the principal.]
( ) urbe city (2); condita having been founded (3):
1 ; Law. An accessory thing belongs to the owner of
from the city having been founded.] From the founding the principal thing.
of the city of Rome, i.e., 753 B.C. Used for chronol- accessorium non ducit sed sequitur suum principale.
ogy. Ancient Romans dated events ab urbe condita, [L. accessorium accessory (thing) (1); non not (2);
from the traditional date ofthe foundation ofRome. ducit leads (3); sed but (4); sequitur follows (5);
See anno urbis conditae and post urbem conditam. suum its own (6); principale principal (thing) (7):
—Ab urbe condita From the Founding ofthe City, the An accessory does not lead but follows its own prin-
title of a history of Rome by Livy (59 B.C.-17 A.D.). cipal.] Law. An accessory thing does not lead but
abus de confiance n. [Fr. abus abuse, misuse (1); de follows its principal. See accessorium non trahit
of (2); confiance confidence, trust (3): abuse of con- principale; accessorius sequitur etc.; derivativa
fidence.] Law. Abuse/breach of confidence. Abuse/ potestas quae accession urn etc.; res accessoria
etc.;
breach of trust. Embezzlement. Fraudulent misuse, sequitur etc.; sublato fundamento etc.; sublato
i.e., of goods, funds, documents, contracts, etc., given principali etc.; terra transit etc.; and ubi non est
for a specific purpose. Cf.detournement principalis etc.
abusus non tollit usum [L. abusus abuse, ill-use (1); accessorium non trahit principale. [L. accessorium
non not (2); tollit takes away (3); usum use (4): accessory ( 1 );
non not (2); trahit drags (3); principale
Abuse does not take away use.] Law. Misuse does principal (4): An accessory thing does not drag a prin-
not, in itself, justify denial of use. cipal thing.] Law. An accessory does not take along
ab utili adv. [L. ab from, by (1); utili the useful (2): with it a principal; e.g., the release of a surety does
from the useful.] Logic. Based on usefulness. From not necessarily imply the release of a principal,
utility. though the release of the latter implies the release of
A.C. abbr. for 1. Anno Christi (q.v.). 2. Ante the former. See accessorium non ducit etc.
Christum (q.v ). accessorius sequitur naturam sui principalis. [L. ac-

academia n. [L. from Gk. akademia 1. The Greek ] cessorius accessory (1); sequitur follows (2);
grove where Plato taught his students. 2. University. naturam nature (3); sui of its own, one's own, his/her
Academic environment. Academic life, pursuit, in- own (4); principalis (of) principal (5): An accessory
terests, etc. Academia thrives best when there is no follows the nature of its own principal.] Law. An
or little governmental interference. accessory to a crime cannot be guilty of a crime higher
a caelo adv. I adj. [L. a from (1); caelo sky, heaven (2): than that of his/her principal. See accessorium non
from the sky.] From heaven. ducit etc.
a caelo ad centrum var. of a caelo usque ad cen- accidia from Gk. akedia carelessness, indif-
n. [L.
trum (q.v.). ference.]Acedia (q.v.).
a caelo usque ad centrum adv.ladj. [L. a from (1); accipere quid ut justitiam facias non est tarn accipere
caelo sky, heaven (2); usque (3) all the way; ad to, quam extorquere. [L. accipere to accept (1); quid
at, for, according to (4); centrum center (5): from something (2); ut in order that (3); justitiam justice
the sky all the way to the center.] From heaven all (5); facias you may do (4); non not (7); est is (6);
the way to the center of the earth. In former times it tarn so much (8); accipere to accept (9); quam as
was maintained that ownership of landed property- (10); extorquere to extort To accept something
( 1
1 ):
extends a caelo usque ad centrum, but this doctrine in order that you may do justice is not so much to
is obsolete, as evidenced by the flight of airplanes. accept as to extort.] Law. Accepting something in
a capite ad calcem [L. a from, away (1); capite head order to do justice is extortion rather than acceptance.
(2) ; ad to, at, for, according to (3); calcem heal, foot accolade n., pi. accolades [F. embrace, bracket, hug.]
(4): from head to heal.] From head to toe. All the 1 . A manner of greeting, especially one which involves
way through. Cf. ab ovo usque ad mala. embracing and kissing a person on both cheeks. Her
a cappella or a capella adv. [It. a at, in the manner of father drew her near and gave her the accolade. 2. A
( 1 ); cappella chapel (2): at chapel.] Music. In a style ceremony marking the bestowal or conferment of
accouchement 6
knighthood which consists of embracing, kissing, or ac etiam [L. ac and ( 1 ); etiam also (2): and also.] English
tapping the shoulder with the flat of a sword. 3. Mark Law. Formerly used for the introduction of a clause
of recognition or acknowledgment. Award. Approval. which states the actual cause of a legal action when
Praise, a) Michel 's Paris restaurant . . . won two a fictitious cause had previously been alleged for the
stars, while his lather Joseph's sumptuous La Bonne purpose of establishing jurisdiction.
Auherge was awarded three, the highest accolade
. . . a chacun son gout [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until
{Newsweek Int. March 3 1980: ). b) Through hard 1 , 1
1 ( 1 ); chacun each, each one (2); son gout his/her (3);
work, dedication and altruism he won the accolade taste, liking (4): to each one his/her
Each one taste.]
of his colleagues. Cf. kudos, or everyone to his/her taste/liking. "One man's meat
accouchement n., pi. accouchements [Fr. delivery, is another man's poison." See chacun a son gout;
labor.] Confinement. Childbirth. Labor. Parturition. de gustibus non etc.; homo mensura; homo
A woman's giving birth to a child. Law. It is a very mensura omnium; and panton chrematon etc.
important evidence for proving parentage, if given Achilles or Achilleus or Akhilleus [Gk. Akhilleus.]
by an eyewitness such as a medical practitioner or a Greek Mythology. Son of Peleus and Thetis, Achilles
midwife. was a very brave warrior who participated in the
accoutrement or accouterment n. [Fr. equipment ] Greek expedition against Troy, quarreled over a cap-
Accessories. Supplementary pieces of clothing or tive girl with Agamemnon, commander-in-chief of
equipment, such as gloves and hat for someone in the Greeks, and withdrew from battle, thus making
business or a canteen and compass for a soldiei/ it possible for the Trojan prince, Hector, to perform
Usually used in the plural. accoutrements or ac- — heroic deeds. Achilles was eventually placated and
couterments Superficial rather than real items of returned to the battlefield to kill Hector. According
identification. He displayed only the accoutrements to one legend, the only part of his body which was
of intelligence. vulnerablewas his heel, which was held by his mother
accusare nemo se debet nisi coram Deo. [L. accusare when she plunged him into the River Styx to secure
to accuse (3); nemo no one, nobody (1); se himself his invulnerability. — Achilles' heel One's vulner-
(4); debet ought, should (2); nisi unless, except (5); able or weak point, a) Jeko is a man of indisputable
coram before, in the presence of (6); Deo God (7): incorruptibility and probity but, even so. he has his
No one should accuse himself/herself except before Achilles ' heel: an inability to resist the allurements
God.] Law. An accused person is entitled to make a plea of the fair sex. b) The southern jlank of NATO has
of not guilty. Also, a witness is not obliged to give a long been regarded as the Achilles heel of the ' alli-
response or submit a document which will incrimi- ance, largely because ofthe unresolved Cyprus dispute
nate himself/herself. See nemo tenetur armare etc.; between Turkey and Greece (Newsweek Int. Feb. 8,
nemo tenetur edere etc.; nemo tenetur prodere 1982: 18). c) The Achilles heel ofthis ' was that various
seipsum; and nemo tenetur seipsum accusare. other local events might have taken place on that
accusator post rationabile tempus non est audiendus other day, so that Michael O 'Flaherty s funeral,
nisi se bene de omissione excusaverit. [L. accusator which had taken place on the Monday, might emerge
accuser ( 1 ); post after (5); rationabile reasonable (6); as part of the tale of events which, occurring in fact
tempus time (7); non not (3); est is (2); audiendus to on the Monday, were being sworn to Tuesday
be heard (4); nisi unless, except (8); se himself (10); (Megarry 1973:86).
bene well ( 1 1 ); de of, from, about, for (12); omissione acme n.,pl. acmes [Gk. akm£ highest point of anything,
delay, omission ( 1 3); excusaverit he will have excused culmination.] The culminating point of anything.
(9): An accuser is not to be heard after a reasonable Zenith. Highest stage of a thing's development. Peak.
time unless he will have excused himself well about Point of perfection. Apex. The very year which marked
the delay.] Law. After a reasonable length of time, an the acme of the power of the kingdom happened to be
accuser should not be given a hearing unless he/she a turning point in its fortunes. See apogee.
can satisfactorily explain the delay. A.C.N, abbr. for Ante Christum natum (q.v.).
acedia n. [Gk. akedia a- no (1); kedos care (2): no a coelo var. of a caelo (q.v.).
care, carelessness, indifference.] Spiritual indiffer- a coelo ad centrum var. of a caelo ad centrum (q.v.).
ence and apathy. See accidia. a coelo usque ad centrum var. of a caelo usque ad
acephalia n. [L. from Gk. akephalos: a- no (1); centrum (q.v.).
kephale head (2): no head, headless, without head.] a communi observantia non est recedendum. [L. a
Medicine. Headlessness. Applicable to a fetus. from (1); communi common (2); observantia ob-
acephalus pi acephali [L. from Gk. akephalos: a-
n., servance (3); non not (5); est is (4); recedendum
it
no ( 1 ); kephale head (2): no head, headless, without to be departed, withdrawn (6): From common obser-
head.] Medicine. A fetus with no head. Cf. amelus vance it is not to be departed.] There should be no
and amorphus. departure from common observance.
7 actio de dolo malo
a contrario adv. [L. a from, by ( 1 ); contrario the con- registration as a French ship (3): document of regis-
trary (2): from the contrary.] From, by, or based on tration as a French ship.] French Law. Certificate of
contraries or opposite points of view. Cf. au registration as a French ship.
contraire. acte d'heritier n., pi. actes d' heritier [Fr. acte action,
a contrario sensu adv. [L. a from, by (1); contrario deed ( 1 ); d' of (2); heritier heir, inheritor (3): act of
contrary, opposite (2); sensu sense (3): from the con- heir.] French Law. Act of inheritance. An action,
trary sense.] On the other hand. The statement of the whether explicit or implicit, on the part of an heir
accused person is ambiguous, for it could exonerate which indicates his intention to accept the inheritance.
him or, a contrario sensu, incriminate him. acte gratuit n.,pl. actes gratuits [Fr. acte action, deed
acromania n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. akromanes on the (2) ; gratuit gratuitous, uncalled for ( 1
): a gratuitous
verge of madness.] Medicine. Violent madness which act.] An act which is uncalled for. An impulsive act.
is usually incurable. An act with no rational motive.
acrophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. akro(n) height, peak actio n., pi. actiones [L. action, deed, legal suit.] Law.
(2); phob(os) fear (1): fear of height.] Abnormal or A legal action. A right of action. A suit at law.
excessive fear of being at a very high point, e.g., on actio bonae fldei n., pi. actiones bonae fidei [L. actio
the roof of a high building. action, deed, legal suit (1); bonae of /for good (2);
a cruce salus [L. a from, away (1); cruce cross (2); fidei (of/for) faith (3): legal suit for good faith.] Roman
salus safety, salvation (3): from the cross, salvation.] Law. A legal action in which the trial judge is given
Christianity. Salvation comes from the Cross. Cf. considerable discretion to take into consideration all
nullu salus extra ecclesiam. aspects of good faith, equity, and conscience.
acta pi. n.[L. things done, deeds.] Official acts. Trans- Cf. actio stricti juris.
actions. Recorded proceedings. The secretary informed actio calumniae n., pi. actiones calumniae [L. actio
the delegates that the acta ofthe conference would be action, deed, legal suit ( 1 ); calumniae of/for trickery,
published soon. misrepresentation, malicious prosecution (2): a legal
acta est fabula Suetonius. Augustus XCIX,1. [L. acta suit for misrepresentation.] Law. An action against
done (3); est is, has been (2); fabula story, play (1): misrepresentation or malicious prosecution.
The play has been done.] The play is finished. Ac- actio civilis n., pi actiones civiles [L. actio action,
cording to Suetonius, these were some of the last deed, legal suit (2); civilis civil (1): a civil action.]
words of the emperor Augustus. Cf. La com media Law. A civil suit. An actio civilis was commenced
etc. and La farce etc. against the driver for causing damage to property.
acta exteriora indicant interiora secreta. [L. acta Cf. actio criminalis.
acts, deeds, actions (2); exteriora outward, external actio communi dividundo n., pi. actiones communi
(1); indicant show, disclose, indicate (3); interiora dividundo [L. actio action, deed, legal suit (1);
inner, interior, deeper (4); secreta secrets, hidden communi forcommon (thing) (2); dividundo (for)
things (5): Outward actions show inner secrets.] A to be divided common thing to
(3): legal suit for a
person's actions indicate hidden intentions. For this be divided.] Roman Law. A legal action for secur-
reason, sometimes the law permits an inference of a ing division of property owned jointly. Similar to
person's former intention from subsequent acts. modern judicial process for partition.
acta jure gestionis n., sing, actum jure gestionis [L. actio confessoria n.,pl. actiones confessoriae [L. actio
acta acts, deeds ( 1 ); jure by right, law (2); gestionis action, deed, legal suit (2); confessoria confessing,
of managing, doing (3): acts by right of managing.] acknowledging ( 1 ): acknowledging legal suit.] Roman
Acts by right of business or commerce. Cf. acta jure Law. A legal action for establishing one's right to a
imperii. thing, such as usufruct or servitude. See vindicatio
acta jure imperii n., sing, actum jure imperii [L. acta servitutis and vindicatio ususfructus. Cf. actio
deeds, acts (1); jure by right, law (2); imperii of negatoria.
sovereignty, authority (3): acts by right of sover- actio criminalis /?., pi. actiones criminales [L. actio
eignty.] Acts by right of government. Cf. acta jure action, deed, legal suit (2); criminalis criminal (1):
gestionis. criminal act.] Law. A criminal suit. Unlawful harm to
acte authentique n., pi. actes authentiques [Fr. acte another can invite an actio criminalis. Cf. actio civilis.
deed, act (2); authentique legal, authentic (1): au- actio de dolo malo n.pl. actiones de dolo malo [L.
thentic or legal deed.] French Law. A deed executed actio action, deed, legal suit ( 1 ); de of, from, about,
in accordance with some laid down formalities and for (2); dolo fraud, deceit (4); malo bad, criminal
in the presence of a duly authorized official such as (3) legal suit for criminal fraud.]
: Law. A legal action
a mayor, notary, or huissier. for criminal fraud. A legal suit brought by a person
acte de francisation n., pi. actes de francisation [Fr. defrauded against the individual who committed
acte certificate, document ( 1 ); de of (2); francisation fraud and this individual's heirs. See dolus malus.
actio doli 8
actio doli n., pi. actiones doli [L. actio action, deed, actio in factum n., pi. actiones in factum [L. actio
legal suit (1); doli of /for fraud, deceit (2): legal suit action, deed, legal suit (1); in against (2); factum
for fraud.] Roman Law. A legal action for fraud or deed, act, fact (3): legal suit against a deed.] Law.
deceit. It may, for instance, be brought when a party A legal action adapted for the needs of a specific
to a contract interfered with it, thus frustrating the case.
efforts of the other party to perform it. actio injuriarum n., pi. actiones injuriarum [L. actio
actio empti n.,pl. actiones empti [L. actio action, deed, action, deed, legal suit (1); injuriarum of /for injuries,
legal suit (1); empti of/for purchase (2): legal suit wrongs, trespasses (2)! legal suit for wrongs.] Law.
for purchase.] Law. A legal action for purchase or A legal action respecting wanton interference with
for contract of purchase, i.e., a suit to force a seller the right of another person.
to fulfill his obligations or compensate the buyer. actio in jus n.,pl. actiones in jus [L. actio action, deed,
Cf. actio venditi legal suit (1); in against (2); jus right, law (3): legal
actio ex contractu pi. n. actiones ex contractu [L. suit against right.] Law. A legal action against a right
actio action, deed, legal suit ( 1); ex from, arising from or principle based on a recognized law.
(2); contractu drawing together, shrinking, contract, actio in personam n., pi. actiones in personam [L.
agreement (3): a legal suit arising from a contract.] actio action, deed, legal suit (1); in against (2); per-
Law. A legal action based on a contract. sonam person (3): legal suit against a person.] Law.
actio ex delicto n., pi. actiones ex delicto [L actio A legal action arising from a personal liability.
action, deed, legal suit ( 1 ); ex from, arising from (2); Non-payment ofa debt can provide the subject-matter
delicto offense, wrong (3): legal suit arising from of an actio in personam. Cf. actio in rem.
offense.] Law. Action of tort. A legal action arising actio in rem n„ pi. actiones in rem [L. actio action,
from misconduct or malfeasance. The actio ex delicto deed, legal suit ( 1 ); in against (2); rem matter, thing,
instituted against the police officer by Mr. Edet in property, business, affair (3): legal suit against a
connection with his arrest and detention was dismissed thing.] A legal action to recover a thing in the pos-
on the ground that the act was legally justified. session of another. Action to enforce a right. Whereas
actio ex stipulatu n.,pl. actiones ex stipulatu [L. actio an actio in personam is for the enforcement ofa right
action, deed, legal suit ( 1); ex from, arising from (2); against an individual violating that right, an actio in
stipulatu agreement (3): a legal action arising from rem is for a right to a thing, which right is enforce-
an agreement.] Law. A suit for enforcing a stipulation. able against the whole world. See in rem; in rem
The heavy damages awarded against the defendant actio etc.; jus in re and jus in rem. Cf. actio in per-
resultedfrom actio ex stipulatu. sonam; in personam; jus ad rem; jus in personam;
actio familiae erciscundae var. of actio familiae and personalis actio.
herciscundae (q.v ). actio negativa n., pi. actiones negativae See actio
actio familiae herciscundae or actio familiae negatoria.
erciscundae n.,pl. actiones familiae herciscundae actio negatoria n., pi. actiones negatoriae [L. actio
or actiones familiae erciscundae [L. actio action, action, deed, legal suit (2); negatoria denying (1):
deed, legal suit (1); familiae of /for estate, family denying legal suit.] Roman Law. A legal action deny-
property (2); herciscundae (of/for) to be divided (3): ing a right to something, such as usufruct or servitude.
legal suit for family property to be divided.] Roman Cf. actio confessoria.
Law. A legal action for dividing family property or actio negotiorum gestorum n., pi. actiones negotio-
an inheritance among the members of the family or rum gestorum [L. actio action, deed, legal suit (1);
heirs, respectively. negotiorum of/for businesses (2); gestorum (of/for)
actio finium regundorum regundorum

or finium done (3): legal suit for businesses done.] Roman Law.
actio n. pl. actiones finium regundorum or finium Legal action for claiming remuneration for work
regundorum actiones [L. actio action, deed, legal done. It could include claiming funeral expenses from
suit ( 1 ); finium of /for boundaries (2); regundorum a husband for burying his wife.
(of) to be determined (3): legal suit for boundaries actio non datur non damnificato. [L. actio action,
to be determined.] Law. A legal action for the de- deed, legal suit (1); non not (2); datur is given (3)
termination of boundaries. Action for redefining non not (4); damnificato to an injured, wronged
or regulating boundaries, i.e., settling boundary (person) (5): A legal suit is not given to an unwronged
disputes. The owner of the adjoining land is con- person.] Law. A legal action is not given to a person
templating bringing an actio finium regundorum. who is not wronged/injured; i.e., the injury suffered
actio furti n., pi. actiones furti [L. actio action, deed, should be deemed actionable; otherwise the doctrine
legal suit ( 1 ); furti of /for theft (2): legal suit for theft.] of damnum sine injuria becomes applicable.
Law. A legal action arising from theft. The accused See damnum absque injuria; damnum sine in-
person was imprisoned when he pleaded guilty to juria; damnum sine injuria esse potest; injuria
the actio furti brought against him. absque damno; and non omne damnum etc. Cf. lex
9 actus curiae neminem
semper dabit remedium; ubi jus ibi remedium; without reference to considerations of equity. See jus
and ubicunque est injuria etc. strictum. Cf. actio bonae fidei.
actio non facit reum, nisi mens sit rea. [L. actio action, actio venditi n., pi. actiones venditi [L. actio action,
deed, legal suit ( ); non not (2); facit makes (3); reum
1
deed, legal suit ( 1 ); venditi of /for sale (2): legal suit
guilty (4); nisi unless (5); mens mind, intention (6); for sale.] Law. A legal action for sale or contract of
sit be, is (7); rea guilty (8): A deed does not make sale, i.e., an action to force the purchaser to fulfill
guilty unless the intention be guilty.] Law. An action his obligations. Cf. actio empti.
does not make a person guilty unless the intention be actore non probante reus absolvitur. [L. actore with
evil/criminal. See actus non facit etc. prosecutor, plaintiff, complainant (1); non not (2);
actio noxalis or noxalis actio n., pi. actiones noxales probante (with) proving (3); reus accused, defen-
or noxales actiones [L. actio action, deed, legal suit dant (4); absolvitur is acquitted, discharged (5): With
( 1 ); noxalis relating to damage (2): legal suit relating the plaintiff not proving, the defendant is acquitted.]
to damage.] Roman Civil Law. A legal action arising Law. If the prosecutor/plaintiff fails to prove his case,
from damage or injury caused by somebody's slave the accused/defendant is acquitted. See actori
or animal to the person or property of another. The incumbit etc.
owner could either pay for the damage or hand over actori incumbit onus probandi. [L. actori plaintiff,
the slave or animal to the complainant. prosecutor (4); incumbit weighs upon, oppresses (3);
actio personalis n., pi. actiones personates [L. actio onus burden (1); probandi of proving (2): The bur-
action, deed, legal suit (2); personalis personal (1): den of proving weighs upon the plaintiff.] Law. The
a personal legal suit.] Civil and Common Law. A per- burden of proof lies on the plaintiff or prosecutor.
sonal legal action. An action in personam (q.v.), i.e., See actore non probante etc.; affirmanti, non
an action against a person. etc.; affirmantis est probare; ei incumbit probatio
actio personalis moritur cum persona. [L. actio etc.; ei qui affirmat etc.; factum negantis etc.; in
action, deed, legal suit (2); personalis personal (1); re dubia etc.; per rerum naturam etc.; probandi
moritur dies (3); cum with (4); persona person (5): necessitas etc.; semper necessitas etc.; and semper
A personal legal suit dies with the person.] The right praesumitur etc.
to pursue a personal legal action dies with the person. actor qui contra regulam quid adduxit non est
Law. The maxim was originally applicable to many audiendus. [L. actor plaintiff, prosecutor ( 1 ); qui who
forms of action, but it has been modified and is no (2) ; contra against, opposite (5); regulam rule (6);
longer applicable to a number of actions; e.g., actions quid something, anything (4); adduxit has adduced
based on contract or misappropriation of property. It (3) ; non not (8); est is (7); audiendus to be heard
is, however, still applicable to actions such as false (9):A plaintiff who has adduced something against the
imprisonment, slander, or libel. rule is not to be heard.] Law. A prosecutor/ plaintiff
actio pro socio n., pi. actiones pro socio [L. actio ac- who challenges a rule must not be given a hearing.
tion, deed, legal suit ( 1 ); pro for, as (2); socio partner, actor sequitur forum rei. [L. actor plaintiff (1); se-
associate (3): legal suit as partner.] Roman Law. A quitur follows (2); forum court (3); rei of the matter,
legal action brought in the capacity of a partner. Action thing, property, business, affair (4): The plaintiff fol-
brought by a partner against the remaining members lows the court of the thing.] Law. The plaintiff goes
of a partnership. to the court which has jurisdiction over the disputed
actio rei uxoricae n.,pl. actiones rei uxoricae [L. actio object.
action, deed, legal suit ( 1 ); rei (of/for) property (2); actum fideabbr. a.f. adj. [L. actum done, having been
uxoricae of /for wife (3): legal suit for the property done (1); fide in faith (2): done in faith.] Done in
of the wife.] Law. A legal action which asserts the good faith.
property of the wife. actus n.,pl. actus [L. a driving, a setting in motion, an
actiorerum amotarum n., pi. actiones rerum act.] 1. An act or action. Something done. 2. Roman
amotarum [L. actio action, deed, legal suit (1); re- Law. A right of way, specifically the right to drive
rum of /for matters, things, property (2); amotarum animals or a carriage over another's landed property.
(of/for) removed (3): legal suit for things removed.] actus curiae n. [L. actus act, deed ( 1 ); curiae of court
Law. A legal action for things removed. In cases of (2): an act of court.] An act of the court, i.e., an act
divorce, an action instituted by a husband against the such as delay caused by the court. As a general ride,
wife for removing property in anticipation of divorce, neither party in a suit can be inconvenienced or preju-
or vice versa. diced by an actus curiae.
actio stricti juris n., pi. actiones stricti juris [L. actio actus curiae neminem gravabit. [L. actus act, deed
action, deed, legal suit (1); stricti of /for tight, strict (1); curiae of court (2); neminem no one, nobody
(2) ; juris of/for right, law (3): legal suit of strict law.] (4) ; gravabit will oppress, inconvenience (3): An act
Roman Law. A legal action in which the judge is to of the court will inconvenience no one.] Law. No-
make a decision in accordance with strict legal rules body should suffer from an act of the court. An act
actus Dei 10
of the court should prejudice nobody. See actus legis; me being unwilling is not my act.] Law. An act of
actus legis nemini facit injuriam; actus legis mine which is contrary to my will is not my act.
nemini est damnosus; executio juris etc.; lex See nihil consensui tarn etc. and non videtur
nemini facit injuriam; and lex nemini operatur consensum etc.
iniquum. actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea. [L. actus act,
actus Dei [L. actus act, deed ( 1 ); Dei of God (2): an deed ( ); non not (2); facit makes (3); reum answer-
1
act of God.] Law. An extraordinary natural act of able, guilty (4); nisi unless (5); mens mind, intention
violence such as an earthquake, flood, or storm, which (6); sit be, is (7); rea answerable, guilty (8): An act
can be neither predicted nor prevented. The nonper- does not make one guilty unless the intention be
formance of an obligation attributable to actus Dei guilty.] Law. An act by itself does not make a person
is excusable. See actus Dei nemini est damnosus. guilty, unless done with evil intent. See actio non
actus Dei nemini ? c.t damnosus. [L. actus act, deed facit etc.; affectus punitur etc.; animus ad se etc.;
(1); Dei of God (2); nemini to nobody, no one (5); in atrocioribus etc.; in criminalibus sufficit etc.;
est is (3); damnosus injurious (4): An act of God is in criminalibus, voluntas etc.; in maleficiis etc.; non
injurious to no one.] Law. No one should suffer in est reus etc.; omne actum etc.; tolle voluntatem
consequence of an act of God. See actus Dei; actus etc.; voluntas et propositum etc.; voluntas in
Dei nemini facit injuriam; actus Dei nemini nocet; delictis etc.; and voluntas reputatur etc. Cf. les lois
vis divina; and vis major. etc. and officit conatus etc.
actus Dei nemini facit injuriam. [L. actus act. deed actus reus n. [L. actus act, deed (1); reus guilty, an-
(1); Dei of God (2); nemini to nobody, no one (5); swerable for (2): a deed or an act answerable for or
facit does, makes (3); injuriam injury (4): An act of guilty.] A wrongful deed. Actus reus must be com-
God does injury to nobody.] Law. Nobody's case bined with mens rea before a person can be said to
should be prejudiced by an act of God. See actus be criminally liable.
Dei nemini est damnosus. acumen n.,pl. acumina [L. a point, acuteness, sharp-
actus Dei nemini nocet. [L. actus act. deed ( 1 ); Dei of ness, keenness.] Acuteness of the mind. Sharpness
God (2); nemini to nobody, no one (4); nocet does ofjudgment. Keen perception or discernment. Ability
harm, hurts, injures (3): An act of God does harm to to comprehend or understand clearly. Shrewdness,
nobody.] Law. Nobody should suffer legally from especially in practical affairs, a) mental acumen;
an act of God. See actus Dei nemini est damnosus. b) critical acumen; c) intellectual acumen;
actus legis n. [L. actus act, deed (1); legis of law (2): d) commercial acumen; e) Financial acumen was
act of law.] An act of law, i.e., a change in a person's only one of Lee 's talents ( Time Int. 1 982).
legal status; e.g., an inability to fulfill an obligation A.D. abbr. for Anno Domini (q.v.).
which is solely attributable to the operation of law or A.D. or a.d. abbr. for ante diem (q.v.).
an act backed by judicial authority. See actus curiae ad absurdum adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to ( 1 );
neminem gravabit. absurdum absurd or silly (thing) (2): to an absurd

actus legis nemini est damnosus. [L. actus act, deed or silly thing.] Logic. To the point of silliness or
(1); legis of law (2); nemini to no one, nobody (5); absurdity, a) As a precaution against the abuse of
est is (3); damnosus injurious, hurtful (4): Act of omens by obstructive magistrates a practice which —
law is hurtful to nobody.] Law. An act of law is inju- Caesar 's colleague Bibulus had recently carried ad
rious or does injury to nobody; i.e., if one is unable absurdum (Cary 1970:390); b)
. . . the democratic . . .
to fulfill an obligation and the inability is caused by principle was bound to develop ad absurdum when-
the operation of law or supported by judicial authority, ever the democratic state really became the . . .
then one should suffer no legal harm. See actus curiae domination of the masses (Jaeger 1970:290).
neminem gravabit. ad abundantiorem cauteiam adv. [L. to, at, for, ac-
actus legis nemini facit injuriam. [L. actus act, deed cording to ( 1 ); abundantiorem fuller, more abundant
( 1 ); legis of law (2); nemini to no one (5); facit does (2); cauteiam caution (3): for more abundant caution.]
(3); An act of law does injury to
injuriam injury (4): For greater caution. By way of being more cautious.
no one.] See actus curiae neminem gravabit. See ad cauteiam ex superabundant!; ad majorem
actus legitimi non recipiunt modum. [L. actus acts, cauteiam; ex abundanti cautela; in majorem
deeds (2); legitimi legal (1); non not (3); recipiunt cauteiam; ob majorem cauteiam; per majorem
admit, welcome (4); modum limit, restriction (5): cauteiam; and pro majori cautela.
Legal acts do not admit restriction.] Legal acts are adagio adv.ladj. [It. ad at (1); agio ease (2): at ease.]
not subject to limitation. Music. In an easy manner or tempo. — n., pi. ada-
actus me invito factus non est meus actus. [L. actus gios 1. Music. A section or piece of music played in
act, deed (1); me with me (3); invito (with being) an easy manner, faster than a largo (q.v.). 2. Ballet.
unwilling (4); factus done (2); non not (6); est is That portion of a pas de deux (q.v.) which requires
(5); meus my (7); actus act (8): An act done with great control and skill in movement.
11 a deux
ad aliud examen adj. [L. ad to. at. for, according to bona is one who has been permitted to collect the
(1); aliud another (2); examen examination, con- property of a deceased person, particularly perish-
sideration (3): for another consideration.] Law. For able goods, when the normal administration cannot
another court or tribunal. Belonging to another be approved immediately.
court, tribunal, or jurisdiction. ad colligendum adj. [L. ad to. at. for. according to ( 1 ):
ad alium diem adv. [L. ad to. at. for. according to ( 1 ); colligendum collecting (2): for collecting.] Law. For
alium another (2): diem day (3): to another day.] To the purpose of collecting. Used for describing trust-
another day. Consideration of the rest of the matter ees and administrators.
was deferred ad alium diem. ad crumenam adj. [L. ad to. at. for. according to ( 1 ):
ad arbitrium adv. [L. ad to. at. for according to (1); crumenam money-bag. purse (2): for the money-bag.]
arbitrium will, pleasure (2): according to pleasure.] Logic. To the purse. Applicable to an argument de-
At will. The decision of the judge to remand the ac- signed to appeal to the audience's preoccupation with
cused person in custody w as taken ad arbitrium. monetary matters. See argumentum ad crumenam
ad astra per ardua [L. ad to. at, for. according to ( 1 ); add. abbr. for addenda See addendum
astra stars (2); per through (3); ardua steep things, addendum n.. pi addenda [L. that which must be
difficult things (4): to the stars through difficult added.] A thing that is to be added or is added. An
things.] To the stars through difficulties. Cf ad astra addition. An appendix. He submitted a fifteen-page
per aspera addendum to his original petition.
ad astra per aspera [L. ad to. at. for. according to ( 1 ); ad defendendum adv. [L. ad to. at. for. according to
astra stars (2): per through (3); aspera rough things, (1): defendendum defending (2): for defending.]
dangers (4): to the stars through dangers.] To the stars To defend.
through dangers. Mono of the State of Kansas. Cf. ad ad diem adv. [L. ad to. at. for. according to ( 1 ): diem
astra per ardua. day (2): at the day.] At the appointed day. The meeting
A.D.C. or .ADC or a.d.c. abbr. for aide-de-camp (q. v.). will certainly take place ad diem.
Ad Caesarem Senem de Re Publica Oratio [L. ad ad ea quae frequentius accidunt jura adaptantur.
to. at. for. according to (2): Caesarem Caesar (3): [L. ad to. for (3); ea those (things) (4): quae which
senem old man (4): of. from, about for (5); re matter, (5): frequentius rather often (7); accidunt happen,
thing, property, business, affair (7); publica public occur (6): jura rights, laws (1): adaptantur are
(6): oratio speech, oration ( 1 ): speech to Caesar (as) adapted (2):Laws are adapted to cases which occur
an old man about the public affair.] Speech to Caesar rather often.] Laws are adapted to usual rather than
as an Old Man Concerning the Republic, a w ork by unusal circumstances.
the Roman historian Sallust (86-35 B.C.). ad effectum abbr. ad effect [L. ad to. at. for. according
ad captandum vulgus or ad captandum adj. adv. to (1); effectum effect (2): to effect.] To the effect.
[L. ad to. for (1): captandum to be allured, to be To the end. Until effective.
enticed (3); vulgus crowd (2): for the crowd to be ad effectum sequentem [L. ad to. at. for. according to
enticed.] Logic. Designed to please the crowd. An (1) : effectum effect (3): sequentem following (2):
argument ad captandum \~ulgus is an argument in to the following effect.] To the following end.
which the speaker principally aims at arousing emo- adeste. fideles laeti triumphantes venite. venite in
tions. See argumentum ad captandum. Bethlehem. [L. adeste be present ( 1 ): fideles faithful
ad captum vulgi adj. [L. ad for. to ( 1 ): captum com- (2) laeti joyful,
; happy (3 ); triumphantes triumphant
prehension, capacity (2); vulgi of crowd (3): for the come (5): venite come (6); in into,
victorious (4): venite
comprehension of the crowd.] To be understood by to. against for (7); Bethlehem Bethlehem (8): Be
anybody with ordinary intelligence. present O faithful, joyful, triumphant (ones). Come,
ad cautelam ex superabundant! adv. [L. ad to. for come to Bethlehem.] O come, all ye faithful, joyful
(1); cautelam caution (2): ex from, out of (3): and triumphant. O come ye. O come ye. to Bethlehem.
superabundant! superabundant (thing) (4): for caution A Christmas carol.
out of a superabundant thing.] For greater caution. By ad eund. abbr. for ad eundem gradum (q.v ).
way of being more cautious. See ad abundantiorem ad eundem gradum or ad eundem ad

adj. adv. [L.
cautelam to. at. for. according to (1 ): eundemsame (2): the

ad certum diem adv. [L. ad to. for ( 1 ); certum fixed, gradum rank (3 ): to the same degree or class.] Used
definite (2): diem day (3): for a fixed day.] For a set particularly for the granting of an honorary degree by
date. In view of the impending transfer of the judge, a university to a person who actually studied elsewhere.
hearing of the murder case was set ad certum diem. a deux adj. [Fr. a to. toward, in. by. with, until ( 1 ): deux
ad colligenda bona adj. [L. ad to. for 1 ); colligenda ( two by two.] For only two persons. Done inti-
(2):
to be collected (3); bona the goods (2): for the goods mately or privately between two persons. Applicable
to be collected.] Law. In order to collect the goods. to meals, discussions, meetings, etc. a) Oblivious to
To collect the goods. An administrator ad colligenda the presence of others, the lovers devoted the whole
.
ad extremum 12
evening to conversation a deux, b) John and Mary particular occasion. At the meeting a special number
settled their differences during a quiet dinner a deux. of investigators were appointed ad hoc to consider
— among only two per-
adv. Intimately or privately the matter. —
adj. Made, appointed, established, con-
sons.John and Mary had a nice evening, dining and stituted for, or dealing with, a particular purpose. He
dancing a deux. Cf. a trois. urged the need to adopt a well considered policy
ad extremum adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); rather than ad hoc plans.
extremum the last, extreme (2): to the last.] To the ad hominem adj. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1);
very end. In the court, counsel for the accused hominem person (2): to the person.] Logic. Designed
dragged the same argument ad extremum. Cf. in to arouse emotions, or directed against a person. An
extremis. ad hominem argument is an argument in which the
ad filum aquae adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to ( 1 ); speaker attacks his opponent's character and concen-
filum thread (2); aquae of water (3): to the thread of trates on exploiting the audience's prejudices instead
the water.] Law. To the middle or central line of the of dwelling on issues or his opponent's contentions.
stream. When the boundary between the lands of No doubt, of the courts in the application of
the role
land-owners is formed by a non-tidal stream or river, law of disputes would be seriously
in the settlement
it is presumed that the boundary is an imaginary line whittled down if ad hominem legislation were to be
along the center of the stream or river. See ad me- made the general practice (Nwabueze 1982:212).
dium filum aquae; filum aquae; usque ad filum See argumentum ad hominem.
aquae; and usque ad medium filum aquae. Cf. ad ad hunc locum abbr. ad h. 1. or a. h. I. adv. [L. ad to,
filum viae; ad medium filum viae; filum viae; and at, for, according to (1); hunc this (2); locum place
usque ad filum viae. (3): at this place.] On this passage.
ad filum viae adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); ad idem adj. I adv. [L. to, at, for, according to (1); idem
filum thread (2); viae of way, road (3): to the thread the same (2): to the same.] Of the same mind. Agreed.
of the way.] Law. To the middle of the way/road. To In agreement. The expression is used with reference
the central line of the way/road. When the boundary to the making of contracts, a) The two sides were not
between the lands of land-owners is formed by a road, ad idem so ; the negotiation failed, b) The court held
it is presumed that the boundary is an imaginary line that the parties were never ad idem as to the subject
along the center of the road, subject, of course, to the matter of the proposed sale, and that the contract
rights of the local authorities and the public. Cf. ad was therefore void (Ezejiofor et al. 1982:54). See
filum aquae. assensio mentium; consensus ad idem; and idem.
ad finem abbr. ad fin. or a. f. adv. [L. ad to, at, for, adieu interj. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until (1);
according to (1); finem end (2): to the end.] Used in Dieu God: with God.] I entrust you to God. Go with
bibliographical citations to indicate that the reader God. Goodbye! Farewell! Adieu, Jamesl n., pi. —
should continue from a point to the end of a section. adieux or adieus 1. Farewell. Leave-taking, a) The
ad fundandam jurisdictionem adv. [L. ad to, at, for, memorable but painful ceremony was climaxed by
according to (1); fundandam to be founded (3); an emotional scene in which the final-year students
jurisdictionem jurisdiction (2): for the jurisdiction made their adieus, b) ... he bade adieu to film-making
to be founded.] In order to establish the basis of to work with video in 1972 (Newsweek Int. Nov. 12,
jurisdiction. Counselfor the plaintiffadvanced a pre- 1979: 59). 2. Law. Used for final and complete dis-
liminary point adfundandam jurisdictionem. missal from court. See a bientdt. Cf. adios.
ad Graecas Kalendas [L. ad to, at, for, according to ad impossibilia adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to
(2); Graecas Greek (3); Kalendas Calends (4): on (1); impossibilia impossible (things) (2): to impos-
the Greek Calends.] Never. // will come to pass ad sible things.] To the impossible. Generally, children
Graecas Kalendas. Cf. ad Graecas Kalendas should be encouraged to work hard, but they should
soluturos. not be urged on ad impossibilia.
ad Graecas Kalendas soluturos Augustus Caesar (63 ad infinitum adv.ladj. [L. ad to, at, for, according to ( 1);
B.C.- 14 A.D.). [L. ad to, at, for, according to (2); infinitum the infinite (2): to the infinite.] Without end.
Graecas Greek (3); Kalendas Calends (4); Endlessly. Indefinitely, a) The speaker kept talking
soluturos those about to pay (1): those about to pay ad infinitum, b) Theoretically, the consequences ofany
on the Greek Calends.] They will pay their debts on conduct may be endless, but no defendant is responsible
the Greek Calends; i.e., they will never pay their ad infinitum for all the consequences of his wrongful
debts, since in the Greek calendar there was no conduct . . (Rogers 1975:88). Cf. in infinitum.
Calends, the first Roman month and the
day of the ad initium abbr. ad init. adv. [L. ad to, at, for, accord-
traditional day for making debt payments. ing to (1); initium beginning (2): at the beginning.]
ad h. 1. abbr. for ad hunc locum (q.v.). At the beginning, from the start.
ad hoc adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); hoc ad inquirendum n. [L. ad to, at, for, according to
this (2): for this.] For this particular purpose. For this ( ); inquirendum inquiring (2): for inquiring.] For
1
13 administrator ad colligendum
investigation or inquiry. Law. A writ ordering that security (3): for greater caution.] For greater caution
inquiry be conducted into a matter. Cf. ad melius abundantiorem cautelam.
or security. See ad
inquirendum, ad majorem Dei gloriam abbr. A.M.D.G. [L. ad to,
ad interim abbr. A. I. or a. i. or ad int. adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to ( 1 ); majorem greater (2); Dei of
at, for, according to (1); interim meanwhile, in the God (4); gloriam glory (3): for the greater glory of
meantime (2): for the meanwhile.] Provisionally. God.] For the greater glory of God. Motto of the
Temporarily. In the meantime. The committee served Society of Jesus (the Jesuits).
ad interim. — adj. Temporary. Effective, pending a ad majorem patriae gloriam adv. [L. ad to, at, for,
permanent arrangement. An ad interim committee was according to (1); majorem greater (2); patriae of
appointed. fatherland, native land (4); gloriam glory (3 ): for the
adios or adios inter/. [Sp. adios from a to, toward, in, greater glory of the fatherland.] For the greater glory
by, with, until ( ); Dios God (2): with God.] I entrust
1
of the country. Victory had once glorified only
. . .
you to God. Go with God. Goodbye! Farewell! See a of the winner: but now, as the whole citi-
the family
bientot. Cf. adieu. zen community felt itself to be one family, victory
aditus n., pi. aditus or adituses [L. entrance, passage.] served ad majorem patriae gloriam (Jaeger
Entry. 1970:108).
ad lib. abbr. for ad libitum (q.v.). ad manum adj. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1);
ad libitum abbr. ad lib. adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according manum hand (2): at hand.] Handy. Ready to be used.
to ( 1 ); libitum pleasure (2): at pleasure.] In accordance ad manum mortuam adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according
with a person's wishes. As much as one pleases or to (1); manum hand (3); mortuam dead (2): to a
desires. — adj. Done, said, devised, etc. spontaneously. dead hand.] In mortmain.
An ad lib. discussion. — n., pi. ad libs Things done, ad medium filum aquae [L. ad to, at, for, according
said, devised, etc. spontaneously. The ad libs in the to (1); medium middle (2); filum thread (3); aquae
comedy routine were hilarious. v. To act sponta- — of water (4): to the middle thread of the water.] Law.
neously. He ad libbed the response. To the middle line of the stream. Applicable to own-
ad limina [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); limina ership of the soil of a river's bed when a running
thresholds (2): to the thresholds.] 1. Christianity. A stream separates landsowned by two persons. Each
pilgrimage to the tombs of St. Peter and St. Paul in owner owns the soil up to the middle of the stream.
Rome. 2. Christianity. A trip to Rome by a bishop to See ad filum aquae.
provide the Pope with a report on conditions in his ad medium filum viae [L. ad to, at, for, according to
diocese. 3. A trip to company headquarters or a report (1); medium middle (2); filum thread (3); viae of
or appeal to the board of directors, president, or some way, road, path (4): to the middle thread of the way.]
high authority in an organization. The district To the middle of the road. Cf. ad filum aquae.
manager 's appeal ad limina led to a policy change ad melius inquirendum n. [L. ad to, at, for, according
by the board of directors. to (1); melius better (3); inquirendum examining,
ad litem adj. Iadv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); investigating (2): for examining better.] For better
litem suit, action (2): for the suit.] Law. For the legal investigation or inquiry. Law. A writ asking a coroner
suit.A guardian ad litem is usually appointed to act to conduct an inquest again. Cf. ad inquirendum.
for a minor who is sued. See administrator ad litem. administrator oxfern, administratrix //.. pi adminis-
ad litem decidendam adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according trators or fern, administratrices The Latin masc.
to ( 1 ); litem suit, action (2); decidendam to be decided, pi. administratores is not common in English. [L.
to be determined (3): for the suit to be determined.] manager, conductor.] 1 . Law. A person legally appointed
Law. For the determination of the legal suit. by a court manage the estate of a deceased person.
to
ad litis decisionem adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according 2. A in administrative work as a) a
person engaged
to (1); litis of suit, action (3); decisionem determi- person empowered to govern a colony; b) an official
nation, settlement (2): for determination of the suit.] who directs the affairs of an institution, a business
Law. For the settlement/determination of the legal organization, a government agency, etc.; c) a priest
suit. authorized to manage temporarily the affairs of a
ad litis ordinationem adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according church.
to ( 1 ); litis of suit, action (3); ordinationem arrange- administrator ad colligendum bona defuncti n. [L.
ment, disposition (2): for the arrangement of the suit.] administrator manager, conductor ( 1 ); ad to, at, for,
Law. For the disposition of the legal suit. according to (2); colligendum collecting (5); bona
ad locum abbr. ad loc. [L. ad to, at, for, according to goods, property (3); defuncti of the deceased (4):
( 1 ); locum place (2): to the place.] At the place. Used manager for collecting the goods of the deceased.]
to indicate location in a book. Law. One who supervises the collection of the prop-
ad majorem cautelam adv. [L. ad to, at, for, accord- erty of a deceased person. Between the burial and
ing to (1); majorem greater (2); cautelam caution, the final obsequies, a period of two to three weeks
administrator ad litem 14
normally elapses. The head of the appropriate ex- Adonis n. [Gk.] 1 . Greek and Roman Mythology. A youth
tended family acts as a sort of administrator ad so handsome that he captured the love of Aphrodite
colligendum bona defuncti who supervises the proper (Venus), goddess of love. Very few women can resist
custody and preservation ofthe goods ofthe deceased Ademola 's sex appeal. He has ofAdonis and
theface
until a successor is appointed duly authorised to ad- the strength ofHercules. 2. A very handsome young
minister them (Bentsi-Enchill 1964:164). man. Mustapha, the Adonis ofthe campus, is pursued
administrator ad litem n. [L. administrator manager, by beautiful young ladies to such an extent that he
conductor (1); ad to, at, for, according to (2); litem hardly gets time for his studies.
action, suit (3): manager for the action.] Law. One adoptio n. [L. adoption.] Law. Legal process in which a
who supervises a legal suit. Applicable to one ap- child transfers his legal rights and duties from his natu-
pointed a special administrator to represent an estate ral parents to adoptive parents. Adoption in England
in an action because either there is no executor or is entirely the creature of statute. No provision for it
the executor is incapable of acting. See ad litem. was made until 1926. English law thus differs sharply
administrator pendente lite n. [L. administrator from civil law systems which, inheriting the Roman
manager, conductor (1); pendente (with) pending (3); concepts of adoptio and adrogatio, recognise legal
lite with suitmanager with a suit pending.] Law.
(2): transfers from one family group to another (Cretney
An administrator appointed to manage the estate of 1976:383). See adrogatio.
a decedent temporarily when a suit on intestacy has ad personam adj. /adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to
not been determined. (1); personam person (2): to the person.] Logic. Ad
administratrix fern, of administrator (q.v. ). hominem (q.v.). Designed to excite emotions and
ad misericordiam adj. Iadv. [L. ad to, at, for, according appealing to personal prejudices and sentiments, in-
to (1); misericordiam pity, compassion, mercy (2): stead of concentrating on issues. Applicable to an
for pity.] Applicable to an argument or a plea for argument.
mercy. The defense attorney 's arguments ad miseri- ad pios usus adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1);
cordiam had no effect whatsoever on the judge. pios religious (2); usus uses, benefits (3): for reli-
Admodum Reverendus or Reverendus Admodum gious uses.] For religious purposes. For charitable
abbr. Adm. Rev. adj. [L. admodum very, exceed- or pious purposes. Applicable to donations, bequests,
ingly (1); reverendus reverend (2): very reverend.] etc. The Deacon donated the sum of $500,000 ad
Very Reverend. Title applied to a member of the pios usus.
clergy. ad prosequendam adv., short form for ad litem
ad nauseam adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); prosequendam [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1);
nauseam disgust, seasickness (2): to disgust.] To the litem suit, case (2); prosequendam to be prosecuted
point of sickness. In a disgusting/sickening manner. He (3): for a suit to be prosecuted.] Law. In order to pros-
kept harping on one aspect ofthe matter ad nauseam. ecute a suit. To prosecute. // was such a crucial case
ad non executa adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to ( 1 ); that the Attorney General himselfappeared in court
non not (2); ex(s)ecuta (things) executed (3): for the with a team ad prosequendam.
things not executed.] Law. For the things which have ad punctum temporis adv. [L. ad to, at, for, accord-
not been executed by an executor. The Administrator ing to ( 1 ); punctum point (2); temporis of time (3):
of Estates was appointed ad non executa in regard at the point of time.] At an instant. At a moment. At
to the estate of the deceased. the smallest portion of time.

ad officium justiciariorum spectat. unicuique coram ad quaestionem facti non respondent judices; ad
eis placitanti justitiam exhibere. [L. to, at, for, ac- quaestionem juris non respondent juratores. [L.
cording to (2); officium duty (3); justi(t)iariorum ad to, at, for, according to (4); quaestionem question
of justices (4); spectat it pertains, relates (1); (5); facti of fact, deed (6); non not (2); respondent
unicuique to each individual, everyone (7); coram answer (3); judices judges ( 1 ); ad to, at, for, according
before, in the presence of (9); eis them (10); to (10); quaestionem question (11); juris of right,
placitanti pleading (8); justitiam justice (6); law (12); non not (8); respondent answer, respond
exhibere to deliver, administer (5): It pertains to the (9); juratores jurors (7): Judges do not respond to a
duty ofjustices to deliver justice to everyone pleading question of fact; jurors do not respond to a question
before them.] Law. It is the duty of justices to deliver of law.] Law. Judges do not answer to a question of
justice to every individual who pleads before them. fact; jurors do not answer to a question of law; i.e.,
See justitia nemini etc. jurors decide questions of fact, while judges decide
ad omnia tempora ad to, at, for, according to
adv. [L. questions of law. See ad quaestiones legis etc.; de
(1); omnia all (2); tempora times (3): at all times.] jure judices etc.; juratores sunt judices facti; and
For all times. Always. Judicial precedents are estab- quemadmodum ad quaestionem etc. Cf. Veritas
lished to assist the courts ad omnia tempora. habenda etc.
15 ad vitam aut culpam
ad quaestiones legis judices, et non juratores, respon- of the issue of adulterous unions. Its subsection (2),
dent. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (3); quaestiones therefore . . . deals with adulterini (Graveson
questions (4); legis of law (5); judices judges (1); et 1974:373).
and (6); non not (7); juratores jurors (8); respon- ad unum omnes n. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (2);
dent answer, respond (2): Judges respond to questions unum one (person) (3); omnes all ( 1
): all to one per-
of law, and not jurors.] Law. Judges, not jurors, de- son.] Everyone.
cide questions of law. See ad quaestionem facti etc. ad us. ext. abbr. for ad usum externum (q.v ).
ad quern adj. /adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); ad usum externum abbr. ad us. ext. adj. [L. ad for, to
quern whom, which (2): to which.] To which date or (1); usum use (3); externum external, outward (2):
time. Cf. dies a quo. for external use.] Medicine. For external application.
ad referendum adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to ( 1); Not to be taken internally.
referendum referring (2): for referring.] For further ad val. abbr. for ad valorem (q.v.).
consideration. The docket was sent back to the At- ad valorem abbr. adv. or ad val. adj. [L. ad to, at, for,
torney General ad referendum. according to ( ); valorem strength (2): according to
1
ad rem adv. I adj. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); strength.] According to, based on, or in proportion
rem matter, thing, property, business, affair (2): to to the value. Used with respect to taxation (1) of
the thing.] To the point. Without digression. To the goods on the basis of the value declared in the in-
purpose. Relevant to the matter being discussed. —adv. voice and (2) of property on the basis of the assessed
His shallow-mindedness is suggested by his inability value. The purchase tax on cars is usually ad valorem.
to speak ad rem. — adj. It is a very convincing ad adventitia bona pi. n. [L. adventi(c)ia accidental
rem argument. (1); bona goods (2): accidental goods.] Roman Law.
adrogatio n. [L. adrogation.] Civil Law. The adoption Applicable to goods which one acquires by one's
of a person who is under age (impubes), i.e., a boy own exertions, as distinct from goods obtained by
who is less than fourteen years old and a girl under inheritance.
twelve years of age. See adoptio. adventitia dos n., pi. adventitiae dotes [L. adventi(c)ia
adroit adj. [Fr. from a to, toward, in, by, with, until foreign, accidental (1); dos dowry (2): foreign
(1); droit right (2): toward the right.] Right-handed. dowry.] Roman Law. Dowry which is not derived
Skillful. Clever. from the property of the wife's father or paternal
ad sectam
ads. abbr. for (q.v.). grandfather, but from any other source such as the
adscriptus glebae n., pi. adscripti glebae [L. estate of the wife herself or of the wife's mother.
adscriptus added, assigned (1); glebae to land (2): See dos.
assigned to the land.] An ancient Roman slave at- ad ventrem inspiciendum [L. ad to, at, for, according
tached to, cultivating, and to be transferred with, the to (1); ventrem belly, womb (2); inspiciendum to
land. be inspected, to be examined (3): for a womb to be
ad sectam abbr. ads. [L. ad to, at, for, according to inspected. For examining a womb. A writ summoning
(1); sectam side, party (2): at the side.] Law. At the a jury of experienced elderly women to determine a
suit of. Used in the title of a case when the defendant's pregnancy.
name appears first (e. g., Smith ads. Jones, instead ad verbum adj. /adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to
of Smith v. Jones). (1); verbum word (2): to a word.] Verbatim. Word
adstante febre abbr. adst feb. [L. adstante (with) being for word.
at hand, existing (2); febre with fever ( 1 ): with fever ad verecundiam adj. /adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according
being at hand.] Medicine. When there is fever. to (1); verecundiam modesty, bashfulness (2): for
ad summam adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); modesty.] Applicable to an argument for the sake of
sum mam the top, summit (2): at the top.] On the modesty.
whole. Generally. In short. In a word. In conclusion. ad vitam adj. /adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1);
He submitted, ad summam, that he would not defend vitam life (2): for life.] For the duration of one's life.
the action. The privileges were conferred on her ad vitam.
ad terminum annorum adv. [L. ad to, at, for, accord- Cf. autre vie.
ing to (1); terminum term, end (2); annorum of ad vitam aut culpam adj. /adv. [L. ad to, at, for, ac-
years (3): for a term of years.] For a specific number cording to (1); vitam life (2); aut or (3); culpam
of years. A lease is usually granted ad terminum blame, fault (4): for life or fault.] For life or until
annorum. terminated on account of misconduct. Originally used
adulterinus n.,pl. adulterini [L. false, not genuine per- to qualify a feudal tenure and, subsequently, tenure
son.] An adulterine person. A person born to parents of office. Dictators who assume the title of "Presi-
who are not legally married to each other. Section I of dent for life
" could at least be gracious enough to
"
the Legitimacy Act 1959 applies only to legitimation make it "President ad vitam aut culpam.
ad vivum 16
ad vivum adj. [L. ad to, at, for, according to ( 1 ); vivum used by his divine daughter Athena (Minerva). 2. Pro-
alive, living (person) (2): according to a living person.] tection. Patronage. Sponsorship. Auspices. Shield.
Painting. Lifelike. Based on a living model. Favorable circumstances. Some criminals perpetrate
advocatus Dei n., pi. advocati Dei [L. advocatus under the unholy aegis of highly placed
atrocities
advocate, pleader ( 1 ); Dei of God (2): advocate of members ofthe community. 3. Leadership. Direction.
God.] God's advocate. Specifically, an official of the Control. Guidance. Optimists have been hoping that
Roman Catholic Church entrusted with the duty of under the aegis of the President the economy will
refuting arguments brought by the advocatus diaboli improve.
(q.v.) against the canonization or beatification of a aegrotat n., pi. aegrotats [L. He is sick.] 1. A medical
person. Cf. promotor fidei. certificate indicating that a student cannot attend lec-
advocatus diaboli «., pi. advocati diaboli [L. tures or perform any duty because of sickness. 2. A
advocatus advocate, pleader ( 1 ); diaboli of devil (2): degree awarded to a candidate by a university when the
advocate of the devil.] I. The devil's advocate. A student fails to take examinations for medical reasons.
person who looks for faults. 2. Roman Catholic aemulatio vicini n., pi. aemulationes vicinorum
Church. The advocate who argues against the can- [L. aemulatio rivalry, competition (1); vicini of
onization or beatification of a person. See promotor neighbor (2): rivalry of neighbor.] Civil and Scots
Fidei. Cf. advocatus Dei. Law. Exercising a legal right with the sole intention
ad voluntatem [L. ad to, at, for, according to (1); of annoying or harming another person.
voluntatem will, consent (2): at will.] At the consent. *
aenigma var. of enigma (q.v.).
ad voluntatem domini adv. [L. ad to, at, for, according aeon or eon n., pi. aeons or eons [Gk. aion age, gen-
to ( 1); voluntatem will, consent (2); domini of lord, eration, long space of time.] Age. A very long span
master (3): at the will of the master.] At the will or of time, a) Mr Mensah waited for what seemed like
consent of the lord, master, or owner. an aeon before the good news of the birth of a baby
adytum (L.) or adyton (Gk.) n., pi. adyta [L. from boy was brought to him. b) He still remembers that
Gk. aduton: a- no, not (1); duO enter (2): not to be day eons ago when he first met her.
entered.] The innermost recess of a temple, sanctu-
1. aequam servare mentem Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes
ary, or shrine which was accessible only to priests, and 11,3,1-2. [L. aequam even, level (2); servare to keep,
from which oracles were pronounced. 2. A private preserve ( ); mentem mind (3): to keep an even mind.]
1
chamber. A place of retreat. An inner sanctum. A To be level-headed. To remain undisturbed. Life can
holy place. // is nice to have an adytum, where one be very tempestuous but, whatever happens, one should
can and enjoy solitude, far away from the in-
retire golden rule ofaequam servare mentem.
stick to the
sanity of the crowd. See sanctum and sanctum aequior est dispositio legis quam hominis. [L.
sanctorum. aequior more equitable, fairer (4); est is (3);
A.E.D. abbr. for Artium Elegantium Doctor (q.v.). dispositio disposition, arrangement ( 1 ); legis of law
aedificare in tuo proprio solo non licet quod alteri (2); quam than (5); hominis of person, human being
noceat. [L. aedificare to build erect (3); in on, in (6): Disposition of law is fairer than (disposition) of
(4); tuo your (5); proprio own (6); solo soil, land, a person.] Law. The disposition of the law is more
ground (7); non not (1); licet it is allowed, lawful equitable than that made by an individual person.
(2); quod (that) which, what (8); alteri to another aequitas n. [L. equity, fairness, humanity.] Civil Law.
( 1 0); noceat would do harm, hurt, injure (9): It is not Equity. Justice which conforms to natural law or right.
lawful to build on your own land what would do harm See aequum et bonum; aequum et bonum est lex
to another.] Law. It is unlawful for a landowner to legum; ex aequitate; ex aequo et bono; and secun-
erect on his/her land a structure which infringes on dum aequum et bonum. Cf. apex juris; ex rigore
the rights of others. See sic utere tuo etc. juris; strictum jus and summum jus.
aedifica turn solo solo cedit. [L. aedificatum that which aequitas est correctio justae legis qua parte deficit
has been built (1); solo on ground, land (2); solo to quod generatim lata est. [L. aequitas equity (1);
ground, land (4); cedit accrues (3): That which has est is (2); correctio improvement, correction (3);
been built on the land accrues to the land.] Law. Any justae of just (4); legis (of) law (5); qua in which
building erected on the land belongs to the land. (6); parte (in) part (7); deficit it is wanting, defi-
See quicquid plantatur etc. cient, falls short (8); quod because (9); generatim
aedificia solo cedunt. [L. aedificia buildings, struc- generally, in general (11); lata est it was passed ( 0): 1
tures (1); solo to the land, soil (3); cedunt accrue Equity is a correction of just law in which part it is
(2): Buildings accrue to the land.] Law. Buildings wanting because it was passed generally.] Law. Equity
belong to the owner of the land. See quicquid serves the purpose of correcting deficiencies in a law
plantatur etc. which, though just, becomes deficient in a particular
aegis or aigis n., pi. aegises or aigises [Gk. aigis.] 1. situation, since it was passed to cover a general situ-
The goatskin shield of the god Zeus (Jupiter) usually ation. See aequitas est correctio legis etc.
17 affirm ant i
aequitas est correctio legis generaliter latae, qua (3); est is (4); lex law (5); legum of laws (6): The
parte deficit. [L. aequitas equity (1); est is (2); equitable and the good thing is the law of laws.] Eq-
correctio correction (3); legis of law (4); generaliter uity, i.e., what is equitable and good, is the law of
generally (6); latae (of) passed (5); qua in which laws. See aequitas.
(7); parte (in) part (8); deficit it is wanting, defi- Aesculapius n. [L. from Gk. Asklepios.] 1. Greek and
cient, falls short (9): Equity is a correction of the law Roman Mythology. Mortal son of the god Apollo by
passed generally in which part it is wanting.] Law. the unfaithful Koronis. The father of medicine. 2. A
Equity serves the purpose of correcting deficiencies medical practitioner. A physician.
in a law passed to cover a general situation. aetatis suae [L. aetatis (of) age (2); suae (of) one's
See aequitas est correctio justae legis etc. own, his/her (1): of one's own
At the age of. age.]
aequitas est perfecta quaedam ratio quae jus scrip- Used to indicate the age of the deceased on tomb-
turn interpretatur et emendat; nulla scriptura stones or the age of the subject on artwork. Cf. anno
comprehensa, sed sola ratione consistens. [L. aetatis suae.
aequitas equity, fairness ( 1 ); est is (2); perfecta per- a.f. abbr. for I. actum fide (q.v.). 2. ad finem (q.v.).
fect, excellent (3); quaedam a certain, a kind of, so affaire n.,pl. affaires [Fr. affair, matter, scandal.] 1. A
to speak (5); ratio reason (4); quae which (6); jus love affair or affaire d'amour (q.v.). Ever since the
right, law (11); scriptum written ( 1 0); interpretatur traumatic end ofher engagement to William, Comfort
interprets (7); et and (8); emendat emends, corrects has been flitting from one affaire to another. 2. A
(9); nulla in no (13); scriptura (in) writing (14); scandalous matter. An affair, episode, or matter which
comprehensa comprehended, perceived (12); sed arouses general dispute, anxiety, speculation, etc.
but (15); sola alone (18); ratione (with) reason ( 1 7); Usually used with names of persons, a) theAli affaire;
consistens consisting in, consistent with (16): Fair- b) the Jones affaire; c) the Ajadu affaire; d) the
ness is a perfect reason, so to speak, which interprets Monica Lewinsky affaire. See I'affaire.
and emends the written law; perceived in no writing affaire d'amour n., pi. affaires d'amour [Fr. affaire
but consistent with reason alone.] Law. Equity is a affair, matter (1); d' of (2); amour love (3): a matter
perfect kind of reason which interprets and corrects of love.] A love affair. A romantic attachment of a
written law; it is comprehended by no writing but man to a woman or vice versa, which is usually of a
consists in reason alone. short duration. An immoral sexual relationship.
aequitas non facit jus sed juri auxiliatur. [L. aequitas Cf. affaire de coeur.
equity, fairness ( 1 ); non not (2); facit makes (3); jus affaire de coeur n., pi. affaires de coeur [Fr. affaire
law (4); sed but (5); juri right, law (7); auxiliatur affair, matter (1); de of (2); coeur heart, soul (3):
assists (6): Fairness does not make law, but assists law.] affair of heart.] A romantic affair or a love affair,
Law. Equity does not make law, but it aids the law. usually of a short duration. Affaire d'amour (q.v.).
aequitas numquam contravenit leges. [L. aequitas affaire d'honneur n., pi. affaires d'honneur [Fr.
equity, fairness (1); numquam never (2); contravenit affaire affair, matter (1); d' of (2); honneur honor
contravenes, opposes (3); leges laws (4): Fairness (3): matter or affair of honor.] A matter which involves
never opposes laws.] Law. Equity never contravenes honor. A duel. An affaire d'honneur led to the pre-
or counteracts the laws; i.e., equity, supplements the mature death of Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804)
law by, for instance, giving full relief in cases where at the hands ofAaron Burr (1756-1836).
the law merely gives relief partially. affectus punitur licet non sequatur effectus. [L.
aequitas sequitur legem, or equitas sequitur legem. affectus disposition ( 1 ); punitur is punished (2); licet
[L. aequitas equity, fairness (1); sequitur follows even if, although (3); non not (5); sequatur may follow
(2); legem law (3): Fairness follows law.] Law. Eq- (6); effectus result, accomplishment (4): The dispo-
uity follows the law. Applicable to interpretation of sition is punished even if the result may not follow.]
statutes and the construction of legal instruments. Law. The intention is punished, even if the desired
Cf. lex aliquando etc. result is not accomplished. See actus non facit etc.
aequo animo adv. [L. aequo (with) fair, impartial (1); afficionado var. of aficionado (q.v.).
animo with mind (2): with fair mind.] With an equable affidavit n.,pl. affidavits [L. He has made an oath. He
mind. With equanimity. He arbitrated the dispute has pledged his faith.] A written statement, signed
between his wife and a neighbor aequo animo and and sworn to by the deponent in the presence of an
adjudged his wife blameworthy. authorized officer, such as a commissioner for oaths
aequum et bonum n. [L. aequum the equitable (thing) or magistrate. It usually shows the name and address
(1); et and (2); bonum the good (thing) (3): The eq- of the deponent as well as the statement. The President
uitable and the good thing.] Equity. Fairness. provided evidence in the case by means ofaffidavit.
See aequitas. affirmanti, non neganti, incumbit probatio. [L.
aequum et bonum est lex legum. [L. aequum the eq- affirmanti (on, to) the one affirming, asserting (3);
uitable (thing) ( 1 ); et and (2); bonum the good (thing) non not (4); neganti (on, to) the one denying (5);
affirmantis est probare 18
incumbit weighs upon, oppresses (2); probatio proof Christians. It included prayers, songs, readings from
(1): Proof weighs on the one affirming, not on the the Scripture, and donations for the poor. 2. Genuine
one denying.] The burden of proof lies on the one fraternal love among Christians. 3. Spontaneous and
who affirms, not on the one who denies; i.e., it is altruistic love, which considers neither the benefit to
incumbent upon a person who makes an allegation be derived nor the merit of the one loved. 4. God's
to prove it by adducing relevant evidence. See actori love for man. See caritas.
incumbit etc. agapemone n., pi. agapemones [Neo-Gk. from Gk.
affirmantis est probare. [L. affirmantis of the one agape love (1); mone station (2): love-station.] An
asserting, affirming (2); est it is ( 1 ); probare to prove institution or place where free love is practiced. De-
(3) : It is of the one asserting to prove.] It is the obli- rived from the name given to a settlement founded
gation of the one who makes an assertion to prove it. c.1849 at Spaxton in England which was notorious
See actori incumbit etc. for immorality or the practice of free love. Stella
affirmatio unius exclusio est alterius. [L. afTirmatio brought infamy to the respectable Drobu clan by con-
affirmation ( 1 ); unius of one (2); exclusio exclusion verting the mansion inherited from her father into
(4) est
; is (3); alterius of the other (5): Affirmation an agapemone.
of one is exclusion of the other.] Law: The affirma- agenda n.. pi. agendas (Agenda is plural in Latin but
tion of the one is or implies the exclusion of the other. is often used as a singular in English.) [L. things that
See designatio unius etc. must be done.] A list of matters to be discussed or
afflatus n.. pi afflatus or afflatuses [L. from ad to. at) things to be done, especially at a meeting. Program.
for, according to (2) and flatus blowing, breathing Memorandum book. Before each meeting the secretary
(1) : blowing to.] Inspiration. Strength, knowledge, despatches copies of the agenda to members.
or power supematurally imparted. Divine impulse or agenesia n. [Gk. a- no, not (1); genesis creation, begin-
revelation. He rarely contributes to discussions but, ning (2): no creation.] Medicine. Inability to reproduce,
w henever he does, his contribution seems to be fired whether in man or woman. See impotentia generandi.
by an inexplicable afflatus. See inflatus. Cf anaphrodisia.
aficionado or afficionado or fern, aficionada or agent de change n.. pi. agents de change [Fr. agent
afficionada n.. pi. aficionados or afficionados or agent (1); de of (2); change exchange (3): agent of
fern. aficionadasorafficionadas[Sp. amateur ] 1. An exchange.] A stockbroker. An exchange broker.
1.
enthusiastic admirer of bullfighting. 2. A fan. An en- A licensed broker who, in some European countries,
thusiastic admirer, supporter, follower, or champion. especially in France, is a member of the board con-
a) Michael Jackson aficionados, b) Diana Ross stituting the official bourse (q.v.). 2. A dealer in the
aficionados, c) Felix Liberty aficionados, d) Though exchange of currency.
the soccer match was scheduled to begin at 4.00 p.m.. agentes et consentientes pari poena plectentur. [L.
afficionados ofthe sport started entering the stadium agentes acting (1); et and (2); consentientes con-
as early as 10:00 a.m. e) For the aficionados, disco senting, agreeing (3); pari with/by equal (5); poena
fever isfar more than a Saturday night phenomenon (with/by) punishment (6); plectentur shall be punished
{Newsweek Int. Jan. 1, 1979:56). (4): Acting and consenting shall be punished with
a fond adv. [Ft. a to, toward, in, by, with, until (1); equal punishment.] Law: Acting and consenting par-
fond bottom (2): to bottom.] To the bottom. Thoroughly. ties suffer the same penalty. See qui non improbat,
Through and through. To the utmost. Up to the hilt. approbat.
Exhaustively, a) The lecturer knows his field a fond. agent provocateur n.. pi. agents provocateurs [Fr.
b) He is such a dedicated leader that his follow ers agent agent (2); provocateur provocative; provok-
support him a fond. ing (1): provocative or provoking agent.] A spy. An
a fortiori adv. [L. a from, by (1); fortiori the stronger undercover man. A secret agent. A professional or
(2) : from the stronger.] Much more. With a stronger hired agitator. A person employed to infiltrate an or-
or greater reason. All the more certainly. If a man is ganization or to associate with suspected persons and,
prejudiced, afortiori, his mental vision is limited. — adj. by pretending to be sympathetic, to collect evidence
More certain or conclusiv e, a) a fortiori proof, b) a against them or to incite them to illegal action which
fortiori argument. See a multo fortiori. would result in their arrest and punishment, a) One
Afrique Occidentale Francaise abbr. A.O.F. [Fr. of the reign of tyrants is the
characteristic feature
Afrique Africa (3); Occidentale West (2); Francaise covert appointment of agents provocateurs who.
French (1): French West Africa.] The French colo- pretending to be friends, collect incriminating in-
nies in West Africa or the areas of Africa once under formation from unwary citizens and report to the
French colonial control. authorities, b) . . . overeager investigators can become
agape /;.. agapae or agapai or agapes [Gk. agape
pi. agents provocateurs inciting crimes that otherw ise
love, love of God for man. love feast.] 1. Love feast w ould not have been committed (Newsw eek Int. Feb.
or common feast of fellowship observed by the early 18, 1980:26).
19 a la or a la
aggiornamento n.,pl. aggiornamentos [It. updating ] aide abbr. for aide-de-camp (q.v.).
The bringing up to date or modernization of an insti- aide-de-camp or aid-de-camp abbr. A.D.C. or ADC
tution or an organization, especially applied to the or a.d.c. or aide n., pi. aides-de-camp or aids-de-
Roman Catholic Church during the Second Vatican camp or aides [Fr. aide aide, assistant ( ); de of (2); 1
Council (1962-1965). camp camp (3): assistant of the camp.] A military 1 .
agitprop short form of otdel agitatsii i propagandy or naval officer who serves as a superior 'officer's
n. [Russ. (otdeJ) agency (3); agit(atsii) agitation ( 1 ); assistant or attendant. Mrs. Fobo resents the constant
(1) and (2); prop(agandy) propaganda (3): agitation intrusion upon the privacy of her family by her
and propaganda agency.] I. Political propaganda. husband's aide-de-camp. Captain Sawu. 2. A person
Communist propaganda in particular. 2. The govern- who serves as the confidential assistant of a higher
ment agency which disseminates such propaganda. officer, such as a President, Prime Minister, Minister,
agnomen n., pi. agnomina [L. from ad to, at, for, ac- or diplomat. Each morning . . . he . . . sits down to a
cording to (2) and nomen name (1): a name for, an working breakfast with his aides . . . (Newsweek Int.
additional name.] 1. An addition to the three normal June 11, 1979:10).
names of a Roman, e.g., Africanus in Publius aide-memoire n., pi. aide-memoires [Fr. aide aide,
Cornelius Scipio Africanus. 2. An epithet. A nick- assistant (2); memoire memory
memory aid.] (1):
name. Margaret Thatcher 's agnomen was the Iron 1. Something which aids the memory. A mnemonic
Lady. Cf. nomen. device. An aid or help to the memory. 2. An outline

agnosia n. [Gk. a- no, not (1); gnosis knowledge (2): or summary of significant aspects of a proposal or
no knowledge, ignorance, lack of acquaintance.] diplomatic communication. A memorandum. All that
Medicine. Inability, either complete or partial, to rec- seems to exist is an aide-memoire prepared by
ognize things through the senses of sight, hearing, or Crocker which has been seen and approved, but not
touching. It is usually caused by brain damage. even initialled, by Pretoria and Angola (New African
Agnus Dei n. [L. agnus lamb ( 1 ); Dei of God (2): lamb 1984). Cf. memoria technica.
of God.] 1 . Lamb of God. A reference to Jesus as the Aide-toi, le Ciel t'aidera. Jean de la Fontaine (1621-
sacrificial Pascal lamb and the first words of a prayer 1695). [Fr. aide help (1); toi yourself (2); le the (3);
for mercy and peace in many Christian liturgies. 2. A Ciel heaven; sky (4); t' you (6); aidera will help, aid
musical composition based upon this prayer. (5): Help yourself; heaven will help you.] Heaven
agora n., pi. agorae or agoras [Gk. assembly, a place helps those who help themselves. Cf. audentis
of assembly, a marketplace.] 1. An ancient Greek fortuna juvat; fortis fortuna adjuvat; and On dit
marketplace. 2. A place of assembly. A place where que etc.
people meet for social or political functions. The aikido n. [Japan, ai mutual ( 1 ); ki spirit (2); do art (3):
World Wide Web is quickly becoming an electronic mutual spirit art.] A Japanese form of self defense
agora. which takes advantage of an opponent's strength and
agoraphobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. agora market-place body weight.
(2) ; phob(os) fear ( 1 ): fear of the market-place.] Psy- ailurophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. ailuro(s) cat (2);
chology. Abnormal fear of being in, or crossing, open phob(os) fear (1): fear of cats.] Psychology. Inordi-
places or spaces. Cf. claustrophobia. nate fear of cats.
agrapha pi. n. (sing, agraphon) [Gk. a- no, not (1); a justitia (quasi a quodam fonte) omnia jura
grapha written, things written (2): not written, un- emanant. [L. a from, by ( 1 ); justitia justice (2); quasi
written things.] Sayings of Jesus Christ which are as if, as though (3); a from (4); quodam a certain
not recorded in the canonical gospels but can be found (5); fonte fountain, spring (6); omnia all (7); jura
in other Christian writings. Cf. apocrypha. rights, laws (8); emanant proceed, emanate, flow out
a gratia adj. /adv. [L. a by, from (1); gratia grace (2): (9): From justice, as though from a fountain, all rights
by grace.] Not by right. The tenant occupies the house flow.] All rights emanate from justice as from a spring
a gratia. or fountain.
A.H. abbr. for 1. Anno Hebraico (q.v.). 2. Anno A.L. abbr. for anno lucis (q.v.).
Hegirae (q.v.). a la or a la short form of a la mode de (q.v.). [Fr. a to,
a.h.l. abbr. for ad hunc locum (q.v.). toward, in, by, with, until ( 1 ); la the (2): in the (manner
A.H.S. abbr. for Anno humanae salutis (q.v ). of)-] After the manner of. Following the style of. In
a huis clos adv. /adj. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, un- accordance with the fashion of. In the fashion of. As
til ( 1 ); huis door (3); clos closed (2): in a closed door.] done by. a) The chefprepares dishes in a variety of
Behind a closed door. Secretly. In camera (q.v.). national styles, including a la chinoise, a la
Cf.Huis Clos. polonaise, a la russe, and a la florentine. b) She wore
A.I. abbr. for anno inventionis (q.v.). a suit a la Chanel and her hair a la Marie A ntoinette.
A.I. or a.i. abbr. for ad interim (q.v.). c) The computers were programmed to produce music
aid-de-camp var. of aide-de-camp (q.v.). a la Mozart and art a la Picasso, d) ... it appears
"
a la carte 20
the fireworks are "generating more light than heat Dutch (3): with the Dutch sauce.] In the Dutch way
a la Chinweizu (The Guardian 1986). Cf. a la or manner. In 1982 Holland elected the first gov-
. . .
francaise. ernment ofMr. Ruud Lubbers [ 939- ], who set out 1
a la carte abbr. a.l.c. adj. /adv. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, to give the country a dose ofThatcherism a la sauce
with, until ( 1 ); la the (2); carte card, bill, menu (3): by hollandaise (The Economist 1987).
the menu.] By the card. By or from the bill of fare. a latere adj. Iadv. [L. a from (1); latere side (2): from the
Applicable to a meal ordered dish by dish or course side.] Law. 1. Collateral. Collaterally. Descended from
by course, each of which is priced separately, a) Terry a common ancestor, but not on the same line. (Appli-
and Sarah went to a restaurant where they celebrated cable to inheritance.) 2. Incidental. Casual. Incidentally.
her birthday with an a la carte dinner, b) They dined Casually. Not following the legitimate or regular course.
a la carte. ,
(Applicable to a proceeding or process.) 3. Represent-
a la francaise adj /adv., short form of a la mode ing with full powers. Plenipotentiary. — legate a latere
francaise [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until (1); la a very high-ranking confidential legate in the Roman
the (2); mode way, manner (4); francaise French Catholic Church who is sent by the Pope on a particular
(3): in the French way.] In the French manner, style, mission. Cf. de latere.
or fashion. After the French fashion or manner, a) She albino n., pi. albinos [Port, white.] A human being or
prepared the sauce a lafrancaise. b) Leopold Senghor an animal which does not have natural pigment, the
[ 1 906- ] . . . had indeed always said thai there skin and hair being whitish, the eyes pink.
should be a commonwealth a la francaise . . . ( West a.l.c. abbr. for a la carte (q.v.).
Africa 1986). alea jacta est. Julius Caesar ( 1 00-44 B.C.). [L. alea a
alameda n.,pl. alamedas [Sp. alameda a grove of pop- die in a dicegame ( ); jacta thrown, cast (3); est is,
1
lar trees.] A boulevard or park, especially one which has been (2): The die has been cast.] The die is cast.
is tree-shaded. See alea jacta esto, jacta alea est, and Rubicon.
alamo n.,pl. alamos [Sp. alamo a poplar tree.] A popular alea jacta esto. Julius Caesar ( 1 00-44 B.C.). [L. alea
or cottonwood tree, common in the southwestern a die in a dice game (1); jacta thrown, cast (3); est
U.S.A. —the Alamo A religious building constructed let he/she/it be (2): Let the die be cast.] The die is
at a mission in San Antonio, Texas, after 1744. The cast.Quoted by Suetonius (born c. 69 A.D.) at I, 32.
site of a major battle in the war for Texas indepen- al fine adv. [It. al to the (1); fine end (2): to the end.]
dence in 1836. —Los Alamos pi. An area north of Music. To the end of the piece. Cf. da capo.
Santa Fe, New Mexico, where the first atomic bombs alfresco or al fresco adj. [It. in the open.] Done in
were created during World War II. fresco (q.v.). 1. A painting made outdoors.
a la mode adj. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until (1); 2. Open-air. Outdoor. Done or performed in the open
la the (2); mode fashion (3): in the fashion.] Fash- air or outdoors, a) We traveled to Lagos yesterday to
ionable. In fashion. In vogue. Chic. Stylish. He is a watch an alfresco dramatic performance, b) After a
dashing young man who always wears a la mode tiring session, we retiredfor an alfresco lunch. — adv.
French suits. — adv. 1. According to, or in accor- 1 . In the fresco style. 2. In the open air. a) People are
dance with, the latest fashion, conventions,or ideas. clamoringfor the performance ofthe drama alfresco.
2. American. With ice cream. Pie a la mode. b) We found the tourists as they were having lunch
a lamode de [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until ( ); la 1 alfresco.
the (2); mode way, manner (3); de of (4): in the manner algesia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. algeO feel pain: sense of
of] After the manner of. Following the style of. In pain.] Sensitivity to pain.
accordance with the fashion of. In the fashion of. As algolagnia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. algo(s) pain (1); la-
done by. They are cousins a la mode de Bretagne; gneia coition, sexual intercourse (2): painful sexual
i.e., they are distant or "kissing " cousins. intercourse.] Psychology. Deriving sexual pleasure
A la Recherche du temps perdu [Fr. a to, toward, in, from experiencing pain (i.e., masochism) or from
by, with, until (1); la the (2) recherche search, re- treating one's partner cruelly (i.e., sadism).
search (3); du of the (4); temps time, weather (5); algophilia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. algo(s) pain (2); philia
perdu lost, passed (6): in the search of the time lost.] fondness ( 1 ):
fondness of pain.] Psychology. Abnor-
Remembrance of Things Past, the collected novels mal pleasure in the pain suffered by either oneself or
of Marcel Proust (1871-1 922). Cf. fugit irreparibile another person.
tempus and temps perdu. algophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. algo(s) pain (2);
a la rigueur adv. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until phob(os) fear (1): fear of pain.] Abnormal or exces-
(1); la the (2); rigueur harshness, strictness (3): with sive fear of pain.
the strictness.] With full application of the rules. alias short form of alias dictus adv. [L. alias at another
Strictly by the rules. time, at other times, some other time ( 1 );
dictus called
a la sauce hollandaise adv. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, (2): at other times called.] Otherwise called or known
with, until ( 1 ); la the (2); sauce sauce (4); hollandaise as. The word is usually used in legal proceedings to
21 allegata et probata
establish a connection between the various names another (thing) (4); tacere to be silent (5): It is one
which a person Adamu, alias Tough Guy.
bears. n., — thing to conceal, another thing to be silent.] Law.
pi. aliases A false or assumed name. The notorious Concealment and silence are two different things.
criminal, who has been using many aliases, was Concealment is one thing, silence another. See unum
arrested yesterday. est tacere etc.
alibi adv. [L. elsewhere, in/at another place.] Elsewhere. aliud est possidere, aliud esse in possessione. [L. aliud
In/at another place. The accused person secured his one (thing) (3); est it is (2); possidere to possess ( 1 );
acquittal principally by proving himself alibi. — n., aliud another (thing) (7); esse to be (4); in in, on (5);
pi. alibis The plea that at the time the crime was
1. possessione possession (6): To possess is one thing,
committed one was not at the place of commission to be in possession another.] Law. Possession is one
but elsewhere. The accused person pleaded alibi thing, being in possession another.
when the charge was read and explained to him. 2. An aliunde adv.ladj. [L. from another source, from else-
excuse. This is the usual alibi which lecturers make where.] From elsewhere. From another person or
for their failure to publish articles. place, a) The witness who produced the document
alieni generis adj. [L. alieni of another, another's (1); was requested by the court to explain the contents
generis of kind, class, group (2): of another kind or by evidence aliunde, b) The party propounding a
class.] Of another sort. will is bound to call one of the attesting witnesses, if
alieni juris adj. [L. alieni of another (2); juris of right, available, to prove execution, even ifevidence ofdue
law (1): of the law of another.] Law. Subject to, or execution is forthcoming aliunde (Parry 1961:67).
under, the authority of another person. Controlled aliyah n., pi. aliyot or aliyoth or aliyahs [Heb. 'aliya
by another person. Used with reference to those who ascent.] 1. Ascending the platform in a Jewish syna-
are not legally qualified to act on their own behalf gogue in order to say a blessings at a reading of the
(e.g., minors). Cf. sui juris. Torah. 2. Jewish immigration to Israel.
A Timpossible nul n'est tenu. [Fr. a to, toward, in, Alki or Al-ki [Chinook by and by.] By and by. Hope
by, with, until (1); V the (2); impossible impossible for the future. The Motto of the State of Washington.
(3); nul ... n' no one, nobody (4); est is (5); tenu Allahu akbar [Ar. Allahu God (1); akbar great (2):
held (6): To the impossible no one is held.] Law. No God (is) great.] God is great. When the chartered Air
one is under obligation to do the impossible. France 747 jetliner appeared in the pink haze of
See impotentia excusat legem. Teheran 's morning sky, the rhythmic chant of "Allahu
alio intuitu adv. [L. alio with another, different (1); akbar" spread from the airport throughout the
. . .
intuitu (with) intuition, consideration (2): with a dif- city{Newsweek Int. Feb. 12, 1979:8).
With a motive different from
ferent consideration.] allegans contraria non est audiendus. [L. allegans
With a different object or view.
the ostensible one. one alleging (1); contraria conflicting (things) (2);
aliquando bonus dormitat Homerus. Horace (65-8 non not (4); est is (3); audiendus to be heard (5):
B.C.). Ars Poetica 359. [L. aliquando sometimes, One alleging conflicting things is not to be heard.]
occasionally (1); bonus good (2); dormitat sleeps, Law. A person who makes conflicting allegations
nods (4); Homerus Homer (3): Sometimes good must not be heard. Applicable to a witness who during
Homer sleeps.] Occasionally even the good Homer cross-examination contradicts himself/herself or
nods. Even the best sometimes err. blows "hot and cold."
aliquis non debet esse judex in propria causa quia allegans suam turpitudinem non est audiendus. [L.
non potest esse judex et pars. [L. aliquis anyone, allegans one alleging (1); suam his/her own (2);
someone (1); non not (3); debet ought, should (2); turpitudinem base act, infamy, turpitude (3); non
esse to be (4); judex judge (5); in in, on (6); propria not (5); est is (4); audiendus to be heard, must be
one's own personal (7); causa cause, case, reason heard (6): Someone alleging his own base act must
(8); quia because (9); non not (11); potest he/she not be heard.] Law. A person who alleges his/her own
can,is able ( 0); esse to be ( 1 2); judex judge ( 1 3);
1 turpitude is not to be heard; i.e., a person may testify to
etand (14); pars party (15): Someone should not be his/her own infamy, but not as a basis for a claim or right.
judge in one's own cause because he/she cannot be allegarinon debuit quod probatum non relevat. [L.
judge and party.] Law. One should not be a judge in non not (6); debuit should,
allegari to be alleged (7);
his/her own cause, because one cannot be judge and ought to have been (5); quod (that) which, what ( ); 1
party at the same time. See nemo debet esse etc. probatum having been proved (2); non not (3);
aliquot adj. [L. some, several.] 1 . Contained a definite relevat relieves, alleviates (4): That which, having
number of times in some other quantity. Three is an been proved, does not alleviate, should not have been
aliquot part of twenty seven. 2. Fractional. Each of alleged.] Law. An allegation, which, when proved,
the co-heirs received an aliquot part ofthe inheritance. is irrelevant, should not have been made.
aliud est celare, aliud tacere. [L. aliud one (thing) allegata et probata pi. n. [L. allegata alleged (things)
(2); est it is (1); celare to hide, conceal (3); aliud (1); et and (2); probata proved (things) (3): alleged
allegatio contra factum 22
and proved things.] Law. Allegations and proofs, i.e., the Alpha and the Omega (Revelations 1:8).
of a party to a suit. See secundum allegata et pro- Cf.omega.
bata. Also sprach Zarathustra [Ger. also thus ( ); sprach 1
allegatio contra factum non est admittenda. [L. spoke (2); Zarathustra Zarathustra (3): thus spoke
allegatio allegation ( 1 ); contra against, opposite (2); Zarathustra.] Thus Spoke Zarathustra, a four volume
factum deed, act, fact (3); non not (5); est is (4); treatise (1883) about the Ubermensch (q.v.) or super-
admittenda to be admitted, must be admitted (6): man by Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900). 2. A 1896
An allegation against a deed/fact is not to be admitted.] tone poem by Richard' Strauss (1864-1949) based
Law. An allegation which is contrary to a deed/fact upon Nietzsche's work.
is inadmissible. A rule of evidence excluding all false alt. dieb. abbr. for alternis diebus (q.v.).
statements. alter ego n., pi. alter egos [L. alter another, the second
allegro abbr. alio adj [It. glad, merry.] Music. Brisk. (1); ego I (2): another I, a second I.] 1. Second self.
Lively. — adv. In a lively and brisk manner or time. A trusted friend. Adebayo is Musa 's alter ego. 2. A
In quick time. — n. A piece, passage, dance, or ballet confidential representative. Law. The doctrine of alter
step performed in a lively and brisk manner. ego holds the individual member or members of a
alleluia inter/. [Gk. allelouia from Heb. hallellu praise corporation responsible, and not the corporation, for
(1); Yah God (2): Praise God.] Hallelujah (q.v.). — n., any unlawful act done in the name of the corporation,
pi. alleluias. A cry of "Praise God." but in reality to promote his/her or their own private
allemande fern. n.,pl. allemandes [Fr. German.] 1. A interests, a) . . .
if a company wanted to appoint an
1 6th-century dance "in the German style" in 2/2 time its members, regarded as the alter ego of the
agent,
or the music written to accompany such a dance. 2. A company, could rightly make the appointment
19th-century dance in 3/4 time. 3. A step in square (Olawoyin 1977:18). b) If the servant does not act
or contradance where dancers advance through the bona fide, presumably he is liable on the ground that
groups by taking the hand of first one and then he has ceased to be his employer 's alter ego (Rogers
another partner. 1975:452).
alio. abbr. for allegro (q.v.). alternatim adv. [L. one after another.] In alternation.
allocatur n., pi allocaturs [L. It is allowed.] Law. In 1. Music. A composition, especially ecclesiastical,
former times, a writ or order granting or allowing a which there is an alternation of choirs, of musical
in
request, such as an appeal or assessment of damages. of voice and instrumentation. 2. Any alter-
styles, or
allocutus n. [L. he having spoken, the speaker.] The nation of style or form. The writer used prose and
right given to a convicted person as to what he/she poetry alternatim.
has to say before judgment is passed on him/her. alternativa petitio non est audienda. [L. alternativa
A.1 locution. When

was timefor allocutus, the convict
it a different, alternative ( 1 ); petitio petition, claim (2);
informed the judge that he had nothing to say. non not (4); est is (3); audienda to be heard (5): A
allonge n., pi. allonges [Fr. extension piece.] A slip of different claim is not to be heard.] Law. An alterna-
paper affixed to a promissory note, bill of exchange, tive petition/claim must not to be heard.
or any such document to facilitate more endorsements. alternis diebus abbr. alt. dieb. [L. alternis on alter-
alma mater n., pi. almae matres or alma maters [L. nate (1); diebus (on) days (2): on alternate days.]
alma fostering, nourishing (1); mater mother (2): Medicine. Every other day. See diebus alternis.
nourishing or fostering mother.] A school, college, alternis horis abbr. alt. hor. [L. alternis in alternate
or university where one was educated and from which (1); horis (in) hours (2): in alternate hours.] Medi-
one graduated, a) According to records at her alma cine. Every two hours. Every other hour. The drugs
mater, Smith College, the First Lady 's celebration prescribed by the medical practitioner are to be taken
was two years overdue (Newsweek Int. July 18, alternis horis.
1 983: 1 5). b) he came to Ibadan to deliver a lecture
. . . alternis noctibus abbr. alt. noc. [L. alternis on alter-
early this year at his alma mater the University of nate ( 1 ); noctibus (on) nights (2): on alternate nights.]
Ibadan (Sunday Tribune 1986). Medicine. Every other night.
almemar n. [Heb. 'almemar pulpit ] Bema (q.v.). alt. hor. abbr. for alternis horis (q.v.).
alogia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. a- no, not; logos word, alt. noc. abbr. for alternis noctibus (q.v ).
speech: no speech, speechlessness.] Medicine. Inabil- alto n., pi. altos [It. high, tall.] The lower
Music. 1.
ity to speak, particularly when it is the result of a female singing voice. 2, The highest voice of a boy
brain lesion. or man. 3. A person who sings or an instrument which
aloha interj. [Hawaiian love, affection.] Greetings! plays such a part.
Goodbye! Farewell! Usual form of greeting in Hawaii. alumnus orfern, alumna n., pi. alumni orfern, alum-
alpha n. pi. alphas [Gk.]
,
The first letter of the Greek1 . nae [L. foster son/daughter, ward, pupil, disciple.]
alphabet which is the equivalent of "A" or "a." 2. The 1. A graduate of a particular school, college, institu-
first in an order or sequence. The beginning. / am tion, or university. A meeting of the alumni of the
23 ambrosia
University of Ghana, Legon, will be held on Friday. Amazon n., pi. Amazons [Gk. Amazon Greek and ]
2. A former member, employee, contributor, or in- Roman Mythology. A member of a mythological race
mate. Woodstock alumni were eager to participate of female warriors who were believed to live on the
in an anniversary experience. borders of the then known world and who frequently
A luta continua. [Port, a the (1); luta struggle (2); engaged in wars with the Greeks. — amazon A 1 .
continua continues (3): The struggle continues.] A female soldier or warrior. 2. A tall, vigorous, manly
political and military slogan in Portuguese colonies woman. A virago (q.v.).
in Africa. ambiance or ambience n. [Fr. atmosphere.] Environ-
A luta do povo e justa. [Port, a the (1); luta struggle ment. Circumstances. Surroundings. Cf. ambiente.
(2); do of the (3); povo people (4); e is (5); justa just ambidexter n.,pl. ambidexters [L. from ambi on both
(6): The struggle of the people is just.] A political sides (2) and dexter right, skillful (1): skillful with
and military slogan in Portuguese colonies in Africa. both (hands).] A lawyer (or jury) who takes remu-
Cf. O povo etc. neration (or bribes) from both parties. In 1673 it was
A.M. abbr. for I. Anno mundi (q.v.). 2. Annus established that one Simon Mason, an attorney, "had
mirabilis (q.v ). 3. Artium Magister (q.v ). 4. Ave been an ambidexter, viz. after he was retained by
Maria (q.v.). one side he was retained on the other side; ..."
A.M. or a.m. abbr. for ante meridiem (q.v.). (Megarry 1973:49).
ama et fac quod vis. [L. ama love (1); et and (2); fac ambiente n., pi. ambientes [It. and Sp. atmosphere,
do, make (3); quod that which, what (4); vis you environment.] Surroundings. Circumstances. Milieu
want, wish (5): Love, and do what you want.] Love (q.v.). Children should be brought up in a good social
and do whatever you wish. A variation of dilige et ambiente. Cf. ambiance.
quod vis fac (q.v.). ambigua responsio contra proferentem est
amantium irae amoris integratio est. Terence (c. 185- accipienda. [L. ambigua ambiguous (1); responsio
159 B.C.). Andria 555. [L. amantium of those loving response, answer (2); contra against, opposite (5);
(2); irae angers, indignations ( 1 ); amoris of love (5); proferentem the one uttering (6); est is (3);
integratio renewing, restoring (4); est is (3). The accipienda to be accepted (4): An ambiguous re-
angers of those loving is renewing of love.] Quarrels sponse is to be accepted against the one uttering it.]
among lovers tend to renew or strengthen their love. Law. An ambiguous response must be interpreted to
amateur n.,pl. amateurs [Fr. lover, fancier.] 1. A person the detriment of the respondent. Cf. quaelibet
who is devoted to, fond of, or an admirer of something. concessio etc.
Amateurs ofthe proscribed magazine were overjoyed ambiguitas contra stipulatorem est. [L. ambiguitas
when it reappeared on the newsstand. 2. A person ambiguity ( 1 ); contra against, opposite (3); stipulatorem
who engages in a pursuit, study, etc. as a pastime one making stipulation (4); est is (2): Ambiguity is
and not a profession. The celebrated archaeologist against the one making the stipulation.] Law. Ambiguity
could not conceal his excitement when an amateur is interpreted to the disadvantage of the party that makes
brought a skull and some objects found at the bank the stipulation. See quaelibet concessio etc.
of a river. 3. A person who engages in sports, plays ambiguum pactum contra venditorem inter-
a game, or performs as a musician, artist, etc. for plea- pretandum est. [L. ambiguum ambiguous (1);
sure and not for financial remuneration. To boost pactum agreement, contract (2); contra against,
competition the Tour also allowed amateurs to race opposite (5); venditorem seller, vendor (6);
for the first time this year. {Newsweek Int. July 25, interpretandum to be interpreted (4); est is (3): An
1983:49). 4. A person who engages in any activity ambiguous contract is to be interpreted against the
superficially or without due experience or compe- seller.] Law. An ambiguous contract must be inter-
tence. A glance at the painting clearly shows that it preted to the detriment of the seller. Cf. quaelibet
is the work of an amateur. — adj. Of, characteristic concessio etc.
of, relating to, or having the position of, an amateur ambiguum placitum interpretari debet contra
or a nonprofessional person, a) Amateur wrestling; proferentem. [L. ambiguum ambiguous (1);
b) amateur boxers; amateur athletes; d) amateur
c) placitum plea, pleading (2); interpretari to be in-
actors; e) in Japanese homes, bars and night clubs
. . . terpreted (4); debet ought, should (3); contra against,
where amateur singers are not the least bit shy about opposite (5); proferentem the one uttering (6): An
picking up a microphone to belt out a song . . . ambiguous plea should be interpreted against the one
(Newsweek Int. July 11, 1983:3). Cf. dilettante 2. uttering it.] Law. An ambiguous plea should be in-
a maximis ad minima [L. a from, by (1); maximis terpreted to the detriment of the party making it.
greatest (things) (2); ad to, at, for, according to (3); Cf. quaelibet concessio etc.
minima smallest, least (things) (4): from the greatest ambrosia n. [Gk. from a- no, not (1); brotos mortal,
to the least.] From the most important to the least human (2): not mortal.] Greek and Roman Mythol-
1 .
important. All-inclusive. ogy. The elixir of life used as food by the gods. Also,
'
ambulatoria est voluntas 24
the perfume used by the gods. 2. Something with a At discretion. The triumvirs exercised unlimited
very pleasant taste or scent. The bride was very rights ofconscription and taxed the Roman empire a
charming; she must have sprayed her clothes with merci (Cary 1970:430).
the best ambrosia on earth. amicus curiae abbr. am. cur. n., pi. amici curiae [L.
ambulatoria est voluntas defuncti usque ad vitae amicus friend (1); curiae of court (2): friend of
supremum exitum. [L. ambulatoria ambulatory (4); court.] Law. A friend of the court. 1 General. A by- .
est is (3); voluntas will ( 1 ); defuncti of the deceased stander who makes a suggestion or statement on a
(2); usque as far as (5); ad to, at, for, according to legal matter to assist the court. 2. Specific. A person
(6); vitae of life (9); supremum last (7); exitum end, (or government) who files a brief or argues orally
termination (8): The will of the deceased is ambula- before an appellate court on behalf of a party with
tory as far as to the last end of life.] A person's will interest in a pending case which, generally, concerns
is capable of alteration until the last point of life. matters of wide public interest.
See Legatum morte etc. amicus medicorum n.,pl. amici medicorum [L. am-
am. cur. abbr. for amicus curiae (q.v.). icus friend (1); medicorum of physicians, medical
A.M.D.G. abbr. for ad majorem Dei gloriam (q.v.). practitioners (2): a friend of physicians.] Physicians'
ame damnee/? .,pl. amesdamnees [Fr. ame soul, spirit friend. Thanks to the efficacy of modern medicine,
(2); damnee damned, condemned (1 ): a condemned gout, which used to be opprobrium medicorum, mainly
or damned soul.] A person who willingly and devot- because doctors could not treat it, has become amicus
edly serves as another's slave, stooge, instrument, or medicorum. Cf. opprobrium medicorum.
tool. Blado is a principled man who, in a world of amicus usque ad aras n. [L. amicus friend (1); usque
sycophants andpraise singers, has resolutely refused all the way (2); ad to, at, for, according to (3); aras
be the ame damnee of the powers that be.
to altars (4): a friend all the way to the altars.] A friend
amelus n., pi. ameli [L. from Gk. a- without (1) and in all matters but religion.
melos limb (2): without limb.] Medicine. A fetus amnesia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. a- no, not (1); mneme
which has no limbs. Cf. acephalus and amorphus. memory (2): no memory, forgetfulness.] Medicine
amende honorable n., pi. amendes honorables [Fr. and Law. Loss of memory which could be the result
amende amends, apology (2); honorable honorable, of injury to the brain, fatigue, hysteria, epilepsy, or
respectable (1): honorable apology or amends.] Full illness, or could be caused by anesthesia (q.v.). Am-
acknowledgment of, and apology for, an error, of- nesia generally involves loss of memory of personal
fense or insult. identity. There are three kinds. First, the patient, usu-
amen interj. [Hebrew, 'amen truly, verily. So be it.] ally an aged person, easily forgets new impressions.
The end of a prayer or a sign of approval. Forever Second, the patient cannot recall previous experi-
and ever. Amen. —
n., pi. amens A statement of as- ences. Third, the patient can remember only some
sent or approval. At the end ofthe speech enthusiastic periods of his/her life. Generally, amnesia does not
amens resounded throughout the hall. render a person incapable of standing trial.
amens n. [L. mindless, insane, frantic] A person who amor nummi n. [L. amor love ( 1 ); nummi coin, cash
is completely insane. A mentally deficient person. (2): love of coin.] Love of money.
An idiot. See amentia Cf. demens. amor omnia vincit [L. amor love (1); omnia all
a mensa et thoro adj. [L. a from (1); mensa table (2); (things), everything (3); vincit conquers (2): Love
et and (3); t(h)oro bed (4): from table and bed.] Law. conquers all things.] Love is stronger than everything
From bed and board. From board and bed. Used with else. Cf. labor vincit omnia.
reference to a kind of divorce or separation in which amor patriae n. [L. amor love (1); patriae country,
the couple, though remaining husband and wife, can- fatherland (2): love of country.] Love of one's own
not cohabit. Cruelty was one of the grounds for such country.
divorce or separation. amorphus n.,pl. amorphi or amorphuses [L. from Gk.
amens amans amentes amantes or amantes
n., pi. amorphos: a- no ( ) and morphe shape (2): no shape,
1
amentes Plautus (c.50-184 B.C.). Mercator 81. [L. shapeless, without form.] Medicine. A fetus which has
amens mindless, insane, mad (1); amans lover (2): no heart, head or limbs. Cf. acephalus and amelus.
insane lover.] Anyone in love is insane. amor sceleratus habendi Ovid (43 B.C.-l 7 A.D.). Meta-
amentia n. [L. ab from, away from, out of (1); mens morphoses 1, 3 [L. amor love (2); sceleratus wicked,
1 1 .
mind (2): out of mind, senselessness, want of rea- hated ( 1 );

habendi of having, of possessing (3): wicked
son, insanity.] Insanity. Mental deficiency. Idiocy. love of having.] The accursed desire for acquisitions.
Inadequate development of the intellect. See amens, amor vincit omnia. Cf. amor omnia vincit.
anoesia, anoia, and demens. amour n., pi. amours [Fr. love, affection, passion.]
a merci adv. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until ( 1 );
merci 1 . Courtship. 2. Love affair, especially one which is
mercy, pity, discretion (2): at mercy.] Mercilessly. illicit. After wading through a series ofamours, Semo
25 anathema
settled down and is now a respectable husband and analgesia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. anno, not ( 1 ); alg(os)
father. 3. Sexual love. Love-making. Film-making pain (2): no pain, insensibility, want of feeling.] In-
has desecrated the sanctity of amour. 4. A lover. A sensitivity to pain at a time when a person retains
person who is loved. A mistress. When will Bart put his/her consciousness.
an end to his habit of changing amours? analysandum n., pi. analysanda [L. that which must
amourette n.,pl. amourettes [Fr. a little love affair, a be analyzed.] Something to be analyzed. Something
passing love affair.] 1 . An ephemeral or transient love to be defined.
affair. 2. A woman who is engaged in an ephemeral analysans n.,pl. analysans [L. analyzing.] Something
or transient love affair. which serves the purpose of analyzing or defining.

amour propre n. [Fr. amour propre self-love.] analysis n„ pi. analyses [Gk. analusis releasing, dis-
Self-esteem. Self-respect. Self-pride. Vanity. Ego- solving.] Resolution or solution of a problem. Breaking
tism. Pride. Desire for admiration, a) In a second up or separating a whole thing into its constituent
swipe at Soviet amour-propre Carter encouraged parts as well as commenting on and assessing or judging
speculation that the U.S. might boycott the Summer it. A thorough, detailed, or comprehensive study of
Olympics in Moscow (Newsweek Int. Jan. 21,1 980:7). something that is complex, a) They did not subject
b)The chiefs amour propre was severely wounded the diaries to enough informed historical analysis
when most of his subjects refused to acknowledge (Newsweek Int. May 16, 1983:16). b) Devil on the
what he regarded as a great achievement. Cross is a striking piece of writing which combines
amparo n., pi. amparos [Sp. protection, refuge.] Spanish simplicity ofstory and theme with an extreme richness
Law. A certificate issued, as protection, to a person of texture and depth of analysis (Nicholas Owen in
claiming land, pending the surveying of the land and West Africa 1982).
the actual vesting of the full title. anamnesis n., pi. anamneseis or anamneses [Gk.
a multo fortiori adj. Iadv. [L. a from (1); multo much, anamnesis: ana up, back, again (2); mneme re-
far (2); fortiori stronger (3): from much the stronger.] membering ( ): remembering back, calling to mind,
1
With a much stronger reason. Much more certainly. reminiscence.] 1. Reminiscence. Recalling to mind
Much more certain/conclusive. A more emphatic a previous experience. 2. Medicine. Information on
form of a fortiori (q.v.). a patient's background used for analysis of his/her
anabasis n., pi. anabases [Gk. ana up, back (2); basis condition.
going (1): a going up, an expedition up from the anaphora n., pi. anaphorae or anaphoras [Gk. ana up,
coast.] Marching up. An advance by a military force. back, again (2); phora coming, rising (1): coming up,
—Anabasis The March Upcountry, an eye-witness repetition.] Rhetoric. Using the same word or phrase at
account by Xenophon (c.430-c.355 B.C.) of the jour- the beginning of a series of phrases or sentences; e.g.,
ney upcountry, i.e., back to the sea, by a group of "Thou shalt not . .
." in the Ten Commandments or
Greek mercenaries stranded in the heart of the Persian "Blessed are they who . .
." in the Beatitudes. Cf.
empire after their employer Cyrus was killed at the epistrophe.
battle of Cunaxa in 401. anaphrodisia n. [Gk. anno, not (1); Aphrodisia be-
anacoluthon n., pi. anacolutha or anacoluthons [Gk. longing to Aphrodite (2): not belonging to Aphrodite,
anno, not (1); akolouthon following (2); not fol- insensibility to love, inability to inspire love.] Medi-
lowing, inconsistent.] Rhetoric. An inconsistency in cine. Inability to engage in sexual intercourse,
sentence grammar caused by a sudden change of con- whether of a man or a woman. See dyspareunia and
struction from one phrase to the next; e.g., "All of us impotentia coeundi. Cf. agenesia.
face troubles in the distant future — the intervening anastrophe n., pi. anastrophae or anastrophes [Gk.
time is advantageous." anastrophe: ana up, back, again (2); strophe turn-
anacrisis n.,pl. anacrises [Gk. ana up, back (2); krisis ing (1): turning back.] Rhetoric. A reversal of nor-
judgment ( 1 ): judgment back, examination or inquiry, mal word order; e.g., "A song I sing."
particularly prior examination of parties to a suit.] anathema n., pi. anathemata or anathemas [Gk.
Civil Law. Investigation of truth in which torture is anathema: ana thema something
up, back, again (2);
usually applied. placed ( 1 ):
something placed up, anything dedicated, an
anaemia var. of anemia (q.v.). accursed person or thing.] 1 . Christianity. A punishment,
anaesthesia British var. of anesthesia (q.v.). imposed by the authorities of a church, which bans
anagenesis n., pi anageneses [Gk. ana up, back (2); the culprit from all intercourse with the church and its
genesis birth (1): birth back, regeneration.] Regen- members. A person cursed by a church. 2. Denouncing
eration or reproduction (e.g., of tissue). something as accursed. Curse. Imprecation. 3. A person
analecta pi. n. [Gk. selections.] A collection of liter- or something intensely hated, disliked, abhorred or
ary extracts, i.e., pieces chosen from a single literary detested. . . . those northern businessmen for whom
work or from several different works. An anthology. populism is anathema (The Economist 1987).
anathema sit 26
anathema sit [Gk. anathema accursed (2); L. sit let (3): male-slaying madness.] Law. Homicidal madness
him/her/it be ( 1): Let him/her/it be accursed.] Chris- or insanity.
tianity. Let this person or this belief be damned. A anemia or anaemia n. [Gk. from anno, not (1);
forumula used by ecclesiastical authorities to exclude (h)aim(a) blood (2): no blood, want or lack of blood.]
a person from the church community. Cf. anathema. 1. Medicine. Lack of adequate blood. 2. Absence or
ancienne cuisine n. [Fr. ancienne ancient, old, former want of vitality. Emptiness, debility, or lifelessness.
(1) ; cuisine cooking, cookery (2): ancient or old The erudite professor complained that academia was
cooking.] The old or outdated style of cooking. To dying slowly from the peculiar disease of intellec-
celebrate . . . the restaurant 's 400th birthday ... a tual anemia.
star-studded cast ofdiners sits down forfive memo- anesthesia or anaesthesia (British) n.,pl. anesthesias
rable meals ofancienne cuisine {Newsweek Int. Oct. or anaesthesias [Gk. anaisthesia: anno, not (1);
18, 1982:1). See cuisine. aisthesis feeling (2): no feeling, unconsciousness,
ancien regime n., pi. anciens regimes [Fr. ancien insensibility to pleasure or pain.] 1. Loss of feeling
ancient, old, former regime system, government
( 1 ); as a result of some abnormality or some injury to the
(2) old government.] I. The old or ancient system

: nervous system. 2. Medicine. Loss of feeling and,
of government, i.e., before a particular significant sometimes, consciousness induced by drugs so that
period. Specifically, in France, the socio-political the patient would not experience pain, especially
system which preceded the Revolution of 1 789. a) And during surgery.
'
in Spain, the vulnerable fledgling democracy is Angelus n. [L. angel from Gk. aggelos messenger.]
seeking a popular mandate at a time when it is Christianity. 1 . The first word of a prayer celebrating
threatened . . . by entrenched partisans ofFranco 's the annunciation and traditionally recited three times
ancien regime (Newsweek Int. Feb. 19, 1979:37). a day, at 6 A.M., at noon, and at 6 P.M. 2. The prayer
b) Recruitment was carried out partly on a volun- itself. 3. The bell rung to remind the faithful to recite
teer basis, but mainly by conscription. As in France this prayer.
under the ancien regime lots were drawn (Suret- angina pectoris n. [L. angina strangling (1); pectoris
Canale 1971:337). 2. An obsolete system or mode. of breast, chest (2): strangling of the chest.] Medicine.
ancilla n., pi. ancillae [L. a maidservant, handmaid.] A heart disease, characterized by spasm or sharp pain
1 . Accessory. Something which is an adjunct, par- in the chest and apprehension of imminent death. The
ticularly, to something big. 2. Helper. Something drugs offer their greatest promise in the treatment of
which assists in achieving or understanding some- the crushing, disabling chest pains ofangina pectoris
thing complicated or difficult. Knowledge of a (Newsweek Int. March 30, 1981:44).
people's language an indispensable ancilla to
is Anglomania n. [Neo-L. and Gk. from L. Angl(us)
meaningful research on their culture, history, etc. English (2); Gk. mania enthusiasm (1): enthusiasm
ancipitis usus adj. [L. ancipitis of twofold, double ( 1 ); for English.] Excessive desire for, fondness for, or
usus (of) use (2): of twofold or double use.] Interna- attachment to, English things, practices, customs and
tional Law. Applicable to something (e.g., coal) institutions on the part of a non-English person. Some
which can be used for civil or military purposes. citizens ofcountries which areformer British colonies
andante adj. /adv. [It. walking.] Music. In a walking are so carried away by their Anglomania that they
tempo. At a slow pace. —
n., pi. andantes A section travel often to Britain for shopping, medical atten-
of a composition played at a slow pace. tion, etc. See Anglophilia and Francophilia. Cf.
androgynus /;.,/;/. androgyni [L. from Gk. androgunos: Anglophobia, Francophobia, Gallophobia and
andr(os) male, man (1); gune woman (2): man- Germanophobia.
woman.] A hermaphrodite. An androgyne. An Anglophilia n. [Neo-L. and Gk. from L. Angl(us)
effeminate man. Cf. virago. English (2); Gk. philia fondness, liking for ( 1 ): fond-
andromania n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. andr(os) male, man ness or liking for English.] Excessive fondness, liking,
(2); mania fondness, enthusiasm for (1): fondness or admiration for England as well as English things,
for males.] Excessive desire by a woman for sexual practices, customs, institutions, etc., on the part of a
activity and pleasure. See aphrodisia, erotomania, non-English person. See Anglomania.
nymphomania, and uteromania. Cf. androphobia Anglophobia n. [Neo-L. and Gk. from L. Angl(us)
and satyriasis. English (2); Gk. phob(os) fear, dread (1): fear or
androphobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. andr(os) male, dread of English.] Excessive fear or hatred of England
man (2); phob(os) fear (1): fear of males.] Exces- as well as English things, practices, customs, institu-
sive fear of males, especially a woman's dread of tions, etc. on the part of a non-English person.
sexual relationship with a man. Cf. andromania. Cf. Anglomania.
androphonomania n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. andr(os) Angst or angst n., pi. Angste or angsts [Ger. Angst
male, man (1); phono(s) slaying (2); mania madness fear, dread, anguish.] A feeling of anxiety. Lack of
27 animus ad se omne
paternal attention and the conspicuous hostility of Law. With criminal intent. Although the suspect de-
their stepmother have combined to set upfor the mis- nies the offense, it is clear that he acted animofelonico
erable children an angst. and actually caused harm to the complainant.
anguis in herba n. [L. anguis snake, serpent ( 1 ); in in, animo furandi adv. [L. animo with mind, intention
on (2); herba grass (3): snake in the grass.] A draw- ( ); furandi of/for stealing (2): with a mind for steal-
1
back or defect. An unsuspected danger. See latet ing.] Law. With the intention of stealing. With intent to
anguis in herba. steal. The accusedperson clearly entered the premises

angulus terrarum n. [L. angulus corner, angle (1); animo furandi. See animus furandi.
terrarum of the world, lands (2): corner of the animo lucrandi adv. [L. animo with mind, intention
world.] A corner or angle in the world, i.e., a place ( 1 ); lucrandi of/for gaining, making profit (2): with a
where one feels most comfortable or at ease. Every mind for making profit.] With the intention of gaining
Friday evening the Jacksons departfrom the cityfor or making profit. With intent to gain or make profit. It
their angulus terrarum, a village about twenty miles goes without saying that a trader engages in business
away. animo lucrandi, but equity demands that whatever
anhedonia n. [Gk. anno, not ( 1 ); hedone pleasure (2): profit is made should be reasonable. See animus
no pleasure, lack of pleasure.] Inability to experience lucrandi.
pleasure or happiness. Insensitivity to pleasure or animo manendi adv. [L. animo with mind, intention
happiness. Peter 's anhedonia is such that his relatives (1); manendi of/for remaining (2): with a mind for
andfriends hesitate to invite him to parties. remaining.] With the intention of remaining. With
anima n.,pl. animae or animas [L. soul, person, life, intent to remain. See animus morandi.
a living being.] The animal soul, i.e., the soul which
1 . animo morandi adv. [L. animo with mind, intention
man shares with all animals. 2. Psychology. The inward morandi of/for staying, remaining (2): with a mind
( 1 );
personality or true inner self of an individual. for staying.] With the intention of staying/remaining.
anima mundi anima mind, soul (1); mundi of
n. [L. With intent to stay/remain. After a sojourn of thirty
the world (2):mind of the world.] World soul. An years in the U.S.A. he has returned home animo
organizing principle or power of the universe. Cf. morandi. See animus morandi.
atman. animo revertendi. adv. [L. animo with mind, inten-
anima vagula n. [L. anima soul, mind, spirit (2); tion (1); revertendi of/for returning (2): with mind
vagula small wandering ( 1 ): a small wandering soul.] for returning.] With the intention of returning. With
My little wandering soul! Attributed to the Roman He went to Lagos yesterday animo
intent to return.
emperor Hadrian as his dying words. revertendi. Cf.animus non revertendi.
animo cancellandi adv. [L. animo with mind, inten- animo revocandi adv. [L. animo with mind, intention
tion ( 1 ); cancellandi of/for destroying, canceling (2): (1); revocandi of/for summoning again, recovering,
with a mind for destroying.] Law. With the intention revoking (2): with a mind for summoning again.]
of destroying or canceling a will. For, in an affair at With the intention of summoning again/recovering/
Pisa, where for some time their quarters were, the revoking. With intent to summon again/recover/revoke.
lady appears to have torn it [i.e., the will] piecemeal See animus revocandi. Cf. sine animo revocandi.
animo (as lawyers say) cancellandi (L. J. Knight animo testandi adv. [L. animo with mind, intention
Bruce quoted in Megarry 1955:114). See animus ( 1 ); testandi of/for making a will, testifying (2): with
cancellandi. a mind for making a will.] Law. With the intention
animo et corpore or corpore et animo adv. [L. animo of making a will or With intent to make a
testifying.
with/by mind (1); et and (2); corpore with/by body For a will to be valid, the testator must
will or testify.
(3): with mind and body.] Law. By the mind and by have made it animo testandi. See animus testandi.
the body. By physical act and intention. Deliberately animus n., pi. animi or animuses [L. mind, intention.]
and physically. Used of an offense committed both 1. Mind. Spirit. Feeling. Objective. His animus was
by intent and by physical act. When a person com- not to murder the deceased but to defend himself.
mits an offense animo et corpore, he cannot escape 2. Animosity. Ill will. Grudge. Malice. Hostility, usu-
criminal liability. See animo et facto; animus et ally latent but deeply- rooted. The principal 's attitude
factum; and facto et animo. clearly shows that he bears animus against the
animo et facto adv. [L. animo in/with mind ( 1 ); et and teacher. 3. Psychology. The inner male drive, especially
(2); facto in/with deed, act, fact (3): in mind and in a female.
deed.] Law. By design and deed. Investigations re- animus ad se omne jus ducit. [L. animus mind, inten-
vealed that the crime was committed animo et facto. tion (1); ad to, at, for, according to (5); se itself (6);
See animo et corpore. omne all (3); jus right, law (4); ducit leads (2): Inten-
animo felonico adv. [L. animo (with) intention (2); tion leads all law to The law pays particular
itself]
felonico with felonious ( 1 ): with felonious intention.] attention to the intention. See actus non facit etc.
animus cancellandi 28
animus cancellandi //. [L. animus mind, intention ( 1 ); animus hominis est anima scripti. [L. animus mind,
cancellandi of/for canceling (2): a mind for canceling.] intention (1); hominis of a human, person (2); est is
Law. Intention of canceling or destroying a will. Intent (3); anima soul (4); scripti of what is written (5):
to cancel or destroy a will. Cf. animo cancellandi. The intention of a person is the soul of what is written.]
animus capiendi animus mind, intention (1);

n. [L. Law. A party's intention is the soul of the instrument;
capiendi of/for capturing, seizing (2): a mind for seiz- i.e., the intention of the person who executes an instru-
ing.] Intention of taking or capturing. Intent to take ment is the basis of its validity.
or capture. animus irritandi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1);

animus dedicandi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); irritandi of/for irritating, provoking (2): a mind for
dedicandi of/for dedicating, consecrating (2): a mind Law. Intention of irritating or provoking.
irritating.]
for dedicating.] Law. Intention of dedicating, conse- Intention of causing irritation or provocation. It was
crating, or donating. Intent to dedicate, consecrate, only an animus irritandi, which, happening to be exer-
or donate. Applicable to land used for highway. cised upon a genus irritabile, produced unexpected
animus defamandi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); violence of resentment (Ben Jonson in Megarry
defamandi of/for defaming (2): mind for defaming.] 1973:340). See genus irritabile.
Law. Intention of defaming. Intent to defame. The animus lucrandi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1);
false statement he made about his friend indicates Iucrandi of/for gaining, making profit (2): a mind
had animus defamandi.
that he for making profit.] Law. Intention of making profit
animus deferendi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1 )'; or gaining. Intent to make profit or gain. He had animus
deferendi of/for postponing, delaying (2): a mind lucrandi and this accounts for his full participation in
for postponing.] Law. Intention of securing postpone- the carriage of the goods. See animo lucrandi.
ment. Intent to secure postponement. Cf. animus animus manendi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1);
differendi. manendi of/for remaining (2): a mind for remaining.]
animus derelinquendi n. [L. animus mind, intention Law. Intention of remaining. Intent to remain; i.e.,
( 1 ); derelinquendi of/for abandoning, deserting (2): intent to establish domicile or permanent residence.
a mind for abandoning.] Law. Intention of deserting See animus morandi.
or abandoning. Intent to desert or abandon. A husband animus morandi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1);
who willingly absents himselffrom his matrimonial morandi of/for delaying, remaining (2): a mind for
home for a very long time clearly has animus der- delaying.] Law. Intention of remaining or delaying.
animus deserendi.
elinquendi. Cf. Intent to remain or delay; i.e., intention to establish
animus deserendi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); domicile or permanent residence. See animo
deserendi of/for abandoning, deserting (2): a mind manendi; animo morandi; animus manendi; and
for abandoning.] Law. Intention of deserting. Intent animus residendi.
to desert. Applicable, especially, to desertion of a animus non revertendi n. [L. animus mind, intention
husband or wife. Cf. animus derelinquendi. (1); non not (2); revertendi of/for returning (3): a
animus differendi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); mind for not returning.] Law. Intention of not returning.
differendi of/for postponing, delaying (2): a mind Intent not to return. Applicable to the loss of animals
for postponing.] Law. Intention of delaying or secur- such as homing pigeons which usually go out and
ing postponement. Cf. animus deferendi. return home. See sine animo revertendi. Cf. animo
animus donandi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); revertendi and animus revertendi.
donandi of/for giving (2): a mind for giving.] Law. animus possidendi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1);
Intention of giving. Intent to give. A gift is not valid possidendi of/for possessing (2): a mind for possess-
if the donor has no animus donandi. ing.] Law. Intention of possessing. Intent to possess.
animus et factum n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); Any person claiming ownership ofproperty must have
et and (2); factum deed, act, fact (3): the mind and animus possidendi.
the deed.] Law. The intention and the act. Intention animus quo animus mind, intention (1); quo
n. [L.
combined with the act. If one wants to change his with which mind with which.] Law. The inten-
(2):
domicile, there must be animus et factum before the tion with which. The intent with which.
exercise could be considered to be legally completed. animus recipiendi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1);
See animo et corpore. recipiendi of/for receiving (2): mind for receiving.]
animus furandi or furandi animus n. [L. animus Law. Intention of receiving. Intent to receive. In the
mind, intention (1); furandi of/for stealing, pilfering bribery case, the prosecution proved that the accused
(2) a : mind for stealing.] Law. Intention of stealing. had animus recipiendi and did receive the bribefrom
Intent to steal.The concealment of the money in his the applicant.
socks clearly suggests that Bob had animus furandi. animus recuperandi n. [L. animus mind, intention ( 1 );
See animo furandi. recuperandi of/for recovering (2): mind for recovering.]
29 anno Hegirae
Law. Intention of recovering. Intent to recover. The (4); quantilla with how little/small (5); prudentia
plaintiffbrought the action after informing the squat- (with) sagacity, intelligence (6); regitur is ruled, gov-
ters about his animus recuperandi. erned (8); orbis world (7): Do you not know, my
animus residendi animus mind, intention (1);
n. [L. son, with how little intelligence the world is ruled?]
residendi of/for residing, abiding (2): mind for resid- Do you not know, my son, with what little sagacity
ing.] Law. Intention of residing in a country. Intent to (orwisdom) the world is governed?
reside in a country. A person 's state of mind may be annexe n., pi. annexes [Fr. building attached to or
relevant to the issue [whether] he is present in a coun- adjoining a larger one.] 1. Annex. Outlying building
try as a traveler or as an inhabitant; but, subject to The man seems to have an annexe in the State
this point, residence may be established without any House (The Guardian 1986). 2. A rider; i.e., to a
. . .
mental element. There no requirement of animus

is bill. Schedule; i.e., to an act. 3. Appendix. Supple-
residendi (Morris 1973:96). See animus morandi. ment; i.e., to a report or book. With 320 articles and
animus restituendi n. [L.animus mind, intention (1); nine annexes, the draft treaty for an international
restituendi of/for restoring (2): mind for restoring.] "Law of the Sea " is a bewilderingly complex docu-
Law. Intention of restoring. Intent to restore. ment (Newsweek Int. March 23, 1981:22).
. . .
animus revertendi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); anni nubiles pi. n. [L. anni years (2); nubiles marriage-
revertendi of/for returning (2): mind for returning.] able (1): marriageable years.] The age of marriage,
Law. Intention of returning. Intent to return. Appli- i.e., of a woman. Ordinarily, a woman who has not
cable, especially, to domesticated animals which have reached anni nubiles must obtain the consent of her
the habit of going out and returning home. parents before contracting marriage.
Cf.animus non revertendi. anno aetatis suae adv. [L. anno in the year ( 1 ); aetatis
animus revocandi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); (of) age (3); suae (of) one's own, his/her (2): in the
revocandi of/for recalling, revoking (2): mind for year of one's own age.] At the age of. Used to indi-
recalling.] Law. Intention of recalling or revoking. cate the age of the deceased on tombstones or the age
Intent to revoke, a will. After the execution of
i.e., of the subject on artwork. Cf. aetatis suae.
the will, the testator had animus revocandi and he anno ante Christum abbr. A.A.C. adv. [L. anno in
invited his lawyer to prepare another. See animo the year (1); ante before (2); Christum Christ (3):
revocandi. Cf. sine animo revocandi. in the year before Christ.] In the year before the birth
animus signandi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); of Jesus Christ. B.C. See anno ante Christum
signandi of/for affixing a seal to (2): mind for affixing natum, ante Christum, and ante Christum natum.
a seal to.] Law. The intention to sign an instrument. Cf. anno Christi and anno post Christum natum.
animus testandi n. [L. animus mind, intention (1); anno ante Christum natum abbr. A.A.C.N. adv. [L.
testandi of/for making a will, testifying (2): mind anno in the year (1); ante before (2); Christum
for making a will.] Law. Intention of making a will Christ (3); natum having been born (4): in the year
or testifying. Intent to make a will or testify. // is before Christ having been born.] In the year before
very unfortunate that he died intestate, for he declared Jesus Christ's birth. B.C. See anno ante Christum.
his animus testandi only three days before the incident. anno Christi abbr. A.C. adv. [L. anno in the year ( 1 );
See animo testandi. Christi of Christ (2): in the year of Christ.] In the
animus vicino nocendi n. [L. animus mind, intention year of the birth of Jesus Christ. A.D. Cf. anno ante
(1) ; vicino neighbor (3); nocendi of/fordoing harm, Christum.
hurting, injuring (2): mind for harming a neighbor.] anno Domini abbr. A.D. adv. [L. anno in the year (1);
Law. Intention of harming a neighbor. Intent to hurt Domini of Lord (2): in the year of the Lord.] In the
a neighbor. The English law . . . presents us with no year of the birth of the Lord (Jesus Christ), as opposed
scientific analysis of the degree to which the intent to B. C. or Before Christ. Christian chronology, which
to harm or, in the language ofthe civil law, the animus is based on the date of the birth of Christ. — n. The
vicino nocendi, may enter into or affect the conception approach or advance of old age. Anno Domini has a
of a personal wrong (Weir 1974:479).
. . . way ofinstilling sobriety and sanity in even the most
an nee terrible n., pi. annees terribles [Fr. an nee year reckless man.
(2) ; terrible terrible, dreadful (1): terrible year.] A anno Hebraico abbr. A.H. adv. [L. anno in year (2);
dreadful year. It will take a long time before many Hebraico in Hebrew ( ): in the Hebrew year.] In the
1
Nigerians forget the annees terribles which came in Jewish year, calculated from the year of creation,
the wake of the fall of the First Republic. Cf. annus 3761 B.C.
terribilis. anno Hegirae abbr. A.H. adv. [L. anno in the year
an nescis, mi fili, quantilla prudentia regitur orbis? (1);Hegirae from Ar. Hijrah migration (2): in the
Swedish Count Oxenstierna (1583-1654). [L. an or year of the migration.] In the year of the Hegira.
(1); nescis do you not know (2); mi my (3); fili son Muslim chronology which is based on the Hijrah,
anno humanae salutis 30
the migration of the prophet Mohammed and his annuit coeptis [L. annuit he/she signifies approval,
followers from Mecca to Medina, in A.D. 622. approves (1); coeptis things begun, undertakings (2):
See Hegira. He approves undertakings.] He (i.e., God) approves
anno humanae salutis abbr. A.H.S. adv. [L. anno in our undertakings. Motto on the reverse of the great
year (1); humanae of human (2); salutis (of) safety, seal of the United States of America, reproduced on
salvation (3): in the year of human salvation.] In the the back of the one-dollar bill. This phrase is based
year of the salvation of humankind (by Jesus Christ). on Vergil's Georgics I, 40.
anno inventionis abbr. A.I. adv. [L. anno in year (1); annus horribilis n. [L. annus year (2); horribilis
inventionis of invention, discovery (2): in the year horrible ( 1 ): horrible year.] A disastrous year. A year
of discovery.] In the year of the invention or discovery. of great trial and tribulation. Because ofall herfamily
anno lucis abbr. A.L. adv. [L. anno in the year (1); difficulties the queen described 1992 as an annus
lucis of light (2): in the year of light.] In the year of horribilis. Cf. annee terrible.
light or creation. Chronology used by many Freema- annus inceptus pro completo habetur. [L. annus year
sons who take 4,000 B. C. as the year of the creation (1); inceptus begun (2); pro as (4); completo com-
of the world, roughly following the Book of Genesis. pleted (5); habetur is had, held, regarded (3): A
By their chronological computation, therefore, A.D. year begun is held as completed.] Law. A year begun
1989 should be anno lucis 5989. Cf. anno mundi is considered completed. Cf. dies inceptus etc.
and anno orbis conditi. annus luctus n. [L. annus year (1); luctus of grief,
anno mundi abbr. A.M. adv. [L. anno in the year (1); "
mourning (2): year of mourning.] Roman Law. A
mundi of the world (2): in the year of the world.] widow should not remarry during the year of
Chronology based on the date the world is supposed mourning. This was to obviate the possibility of
to have been created, e.g., 4,004 B.C. Cf. anno lucis the birth of a child with disputed parentage. The
and anno orbis conditi. practice is observed with variations in some African
anno orbis conditi abbr. A.O.C. adv. [L. anno in the societies.
year (1); orbis of the world (2); conditi (of) having annus mirabilis abbr. A.M. n.,pl. anni mirabiles [L.
been founded, founded (3): in the year of the world annus year (2); mirabilis wonderful, extraordinary
having been founded.] In the year of the creation (or ( 1 ) wonderful year.] A particularly notable year, a) For
:
foundation) of the world. In the year of the creation. the U.S.A., an annus mirabilis is 1 776. b) Nigeria 's
Cf. anno lucis and anno mundi. annus mirabilis is I960, while Ghana 's is 1957. c) For
anno post Christum natum abbr. A.P.C. adv. [L. Britain, 1666, the year ofthe greatfire in London as
anno in the year (1); post after (2); Christum Christ well as of the defeat of the Dutch fleet, is regarded
(3); natum having been born (4): in the year after as an annus mirabilis. d) As we celebrate our annus
Christ having been born.] In the year after Christ's mirabilis year by year, our leaders should endeavor
birth. A.D. (q.v.). Cf. anno ante Christum. to justijj' the significance ofthe occasion by improving
anno regni abbr. A.R. adv. [L. anno in the year (1); the quality of life in the country.
regni of reign (2): in the year of the reign.] Gener- annuus reditus n. [L. annuus yearly (1); reditus rev-
ally followed by the name of the king or queen and enue, income, return (2): yearly revenue.] A yearly
the number of years of the reign; e.g., anno regni 6, revenue, income, or return. A yearly rent.
i.e., in the 6th year of the reign. See anno regni anoesia n. [Gk. a- no, not (1); noesis understanding
reginae and anno regni regis. (2) : no understanding, want of understanding.] Idiocy.
anno regni reginae abbr. A.R.R. adv. [L. anno in the Mental deficiency. See amentia and anoia.
year ( 1 ); regni of the reign (2); reginae of the queen anoia n. [Gk. a- no, not (1); nous mind (2): no mind,
(3): in the year of the reign of the queen.] See anno want of understanding, folly.] Deficiency of the mind,
regni. especially idiocy. See amentia and anoesia.
anno regni regis abbr. A.R.R. adv. [L. anno in the anomia n. [Gk. a- no, not (1); nom(os) law (2): no
year ( 1 ); regni of the reign (2); regis of the king (3): law, lawlessness, lawless conduct, anomy.] 1 . A situ-
in the year of the reign of the king.] See anno regni. ation or state in which no laws or norms are observed.
anno salutis abbr. A.S. adv. [L. anno in the year (1); A societal situation in which accepted standards of
salutis of safety, deliverance (2): in the year of belief, behavior, conduct, etc. have been undermined
safety.] In the year of redemption or salvation. or weakened. 2. A state of normlessness in an indi-
anno urbis conditae abbr. A.U.C. adv. [L. anno in vidual, principally manifested by anxiety, isolation
the year (1); urbis of the city (2); conditae (of) having from society, and disorientation.
been founded (3): in the year of the city having been anomie n., pi. anomies [Fr. from Gk. anomia lawless-
founded.] In the year of the foundation (or founding) ness.] Anomy. Anomia (q.v.). Both the police and
of the city; i.e., 753 B.C., the traditional date of the the underworld are the involuntary victims of the
foundation of Rome. See ab urbe condita and post glaring contradictions in the unfolding Nigerian so-
urbem conditam. ciocultural anomie {The Guardian 1986).
31 antiphrasis
anorexia n. [Gk. anno, not (1); orexis appetite (2): are admissible to prove matters offamily pedigree
no appetite, want of desire or appetite.] Medicine. or legitimacy (Burke 1976:28). Cf. post litem
Prolonged loss of appetite. And the British released motam.
convicted bomber Dolours Price . . . because she was ante meridiem abbr. A.M. or a.m. adj. [L. ante before
"
"in imminent danger ofsudden collapse and death meridiem noon, midday (2): before noon.] Before
(1) ;
from anorexia (Newsweek Int. May 4, 198 1 :9). noon. In the morning. // was agreed that the parties
anorexia nervosa n. [Neo-Gk./L. from Gk. anorexia should meet at nine o 'clock ante meridiem. Cf. post
want of appetite (2); L. nervosa nervous (I): nervous meridiem.
want of appetite.] Medicine. Morbid loss of appetite ante mortem adj. [L. ante before ( 1 ); mortem death
due to psychological reasons, and usually accompanied (2) before death.] Occurring before death, a)
: an ante
by emaciation of the body. Growing despondent, she mortem diagnosis; b) ante mortem interest. Cf. post
began to show signs of anorexia nervosa, and her mortem.
weight plunged from 137 pounds to 87 pounds in ante natus or ante-natus n.,pl. ante nati or ante-nati
three months (Newsweek Int. July 1 1, 1983: 1 1). [L. ante before (2); natus born ( 1 ): born before.] 1 . A
Anschluss n., pi. Anschliisse or Anschlusses [Ger. person born before a momentous event and whose
AnschluS : an in, close to (2); Schlufe close, end legal status is affected by that event. 2. Britain. A
(1): close in, connection, political union.] An alli- person born before the union with Scotland. 3. U.S.A.
ance or union. A political or economic union of one A person born before the signing of the Declaration
country with another. Used especially of the of Independence. 4. A person born before the marriage
German-Austrian union of 1938. The Senegal- of the parents. Cf. post natus.
Gambia Anschluss, called Senegambia, seems to be ante-partum adj. [L. ante before (1); partum birth,
a union of two unequal parties. delivery (2): before birth.] Preceding childbirth. Per-
an sich adj. [Ger. an in (1); sich itself (2): in itself] taining to the period before the birth of a child. The
Potentially. In its essential or true nature. Cf. Ding baby 's sickness is probably attributable to ante-partum
an sich. infection.
ante prep. [L. before.] Used for chronology (e.g., ante ante rem adv. /adj. [L. ante before ( ); rem matter,
—
1
1960). adv. Mentioned previously. Above. Supra. thing, property, business, affairs (2): before the thing.]
Used for bibliographical reference. —pref. Prior. Philosophy. Existing before something else, espe-
Prior to. Preceding. Earlier than. In front of. a) ante- cially a general or universal concept existing before
natal, b) ante-bellum. a particular one. Cf. post rem.
ante-bellum adj. [L. ante before (1); bellum war (2): anti pref. [Gk. opposite, over against.] 1 . Opposing,
before the war.] 1. Existing or occurring before the disputing or challenging the claims of. Antichrist.
war. Nigeria should learn a lesson from the civil war 2. Opposite to. a) anticlimax; b) antigravity.
and take steps to rectify the socio-economic and po- 3. Hostile or opposed to in sentiment, opinion, sym-
litical ills of the ante-bellum period, which continue pathy, act, etc. a) antiapartheid; b). anti-communist;
to plague the nation. 2. American. Pre-Civil War. c) antisocial; d) anti-democratic. 4. Fighting against.
Alabama refurbished the entire exterior of its ante- Attacking, a) antiballistic; b) antiaircraft; c) anti-
bellum capitol in Montgomery in 1981 for roughly bacterial. — adj. Against or opposed to, especially a
$3 million (Time Int. 1982). Cf. post-bellum. proposal, motion, policy, etc. During the debate the
Ante Christum abbr. A.C. adv. [L. ante before (1); anti side was very vociferous. — n.,pl. antis A person
Christum Christ (2): before Christ.] (In the year) who is opposed or in opposition to something. The
before Christ. B.C. See anno ante Christum. matter generated considerable emotional controversy,
Ante Christum natum abbr. A.C.N, adv. [L. ante as the pros and antis seemed ready to resort to physical
before ( ); Christum Christ (2); natum having been
1 violence.
born (3): before Christ having been born.] Before antichresis n., pi. antichreses [Gk. antichresis: anti
the birth of Christ. B.C. See anno ante Christum. against, opposite (1); chresis use, employment (2):
ante diem abbr. A.D. or a.d. adj. I adv. [L. ante before opposite use, substitution of usufruct for interest.]
( 1 ); diem day (2): before the day.] Before the day Law. A kind of mortgage contract whereby the debtor
appointed. Early. The loan payments were completed pledges his/her property, and the creditor takes the
ante diem. income from the mortgaged property in lieu of inter-
ante litem motam adv. [L. ante before (1); litem suit est on the debt. In French law, the debtor could claim
(2) ; motam having been moved, set in motion (3): the excess, if the income exceeded the interest,
before a suit having been set in motion.] Before litiga- antiphrasis n., pi. antiphrases [Gk. anti against, op-
tion was in contemplation. Before the controversy posite (2); phrasis saying, speaking (1): saying the
arose, a) There is ample evidence that the parties opposite.] Rhetoric. Using a word, either ironically
lived under the same roofante litem motam. b) Decla- or humorously, in a connotation contrary to the usual
rations by deceased relatives made ante litem motam connotation; e. g., "a mountain 100 ft. high."
antithesis 32
antithesis n., pi. antitheses [Gk. anti against, oppo- the Union of South Africa. Nadine Gordimer, 58,
site (2); thesis putting, placing ( 1 ): putting opposite.] has won international acclaim for her sharp-edged
1 . Opposition. Counter-proposition. Substitution of portrayals of South African life under apartheid
the contradictory. 2. Contrary. Direct opposite. Only (Newsweek Int. Nov. 8, 1982:56). —adj. Of, relat-
themost gullible and naive person would expect a ing to, characteristic of apartheid, a) In recent and
regime which came to power through means that are separate elections the coloured and Indian commu-
the very antithesis ofdemocracy to be always preoc- nities . . . have confirmed their rejection ofthe apartheid
cupied with legal niceties {The Guardian 1987). system (South 1984). b) Critics ofPretoria 's apartheid
3. Rhetoric. Balanced contrast of ideas, concepts, etc., policies charge that the government 's indifference
which are directly opposite to each other; e.g., "The to blacks ' education perpetuates their second-class
regime, which promised democracy, has instituted a status (Newsweek Int. Nov. 24, 1980:22).
reign of terror" and "We want deeds, not words." apatheia n. [Gk. a- no, not (1); path(os) feeling (2):
antonomasia n., pi. antonomasias [Gk. anti against, no feeling.] Freedom from emotion. Freedom from
opposite (2); onoma name (1): name opposite, the excitement.
use of an epithet, patronymic or appellation for a A.P.C.N. abbr. for anno post Christum natum (q.v.).
proper name, and vice versa.] Rhetoric. 1 . Using an- apercu n.,pl. apercus [Fr. glimpse, idea, brief account,
other designation in place of one which is common statement] 1 A glimpse. An intuitive insight or under-
.
or normal; e.g., "Chief executive" for the "President" standing. An immediate impression. From the outside,
or "Vice-Chancellor." 2. Using an epithet or an offi-"- celebrity means receiving invitations to all the best
cial title instead of a proper name; e.g., "his honor" parties, swapping apercus with the noterati . . . (Time
instead of "Judge Anas." 3. Using a characteristic Int. 1980). 2. An outline. A summary. A brief sketch
proper name for a member of a class or group of or survey. She reduced her doctoral dissertation of
people; e.g., "a Methuselah" for "a very old man." 300 pages to an apercu offour pages.
4.Forming a verb or a common noun from a proper apex n.,pl. apices or apexes [L. extreme end or point,
name; e.g., "The government has Shugabaed a promi- summit, top, a projecting point the highest orna-
nent lecturer." ment] 1. Top. Summit. Peak. The apex ofMt. Everest.
A.O.C. abbr. for anno orbis conditi (q.v.). 2. Tip.The apex of the tongue. 3. The culmination;
A.O.F. abbr. for Afrique Occidentale Francaise climax. He reached the apex of his career in 1982
(q.v.). when he was appointed ChiefJustice. 4. Mining Law.
a outrance or a 1'outrance adv. [Fr. a to, toward, in, The edge of a vein of mineral.
by, with, until (1); outrance excess (2): to excess.] apex juris n. [L. apex summit, extreme point ( 1 ); juris
To the bitter end. In an exaggerated manner. To the of right, law (2): summit or extreme point of law.]
utmost. To the death. To a finish. Unsparingly. Un- Extreme application of a rule of law; i.e., a stricter
remittingly. Unmercifully. He is an evil-minded man application of a rule of law than that of summum jus.
who persecutes his rivals a outrance. Cf. guerre a Cf. aequitas.
outrance and outrance. aphasia n. [Gk. a- no (1); phasis speaking (2): no
apanage or appanage n., pi. apanages or appanages speaking, speechlessness.] 1. Inability to speak
[Fr. attribute, prerogative, lot, portion.] 1. Property, caused by perplexity or fear. 2. Medicine. A disease
allowance, revenue, office, etc., given to a prince or of the brain which involves the loss of the power to
a member of the royal family for his/her support. speak articulately. It may take the form of inability
2. Something which naturally or necessarily accom- to vocalize words and to write words as one desires
panies something else. John 's main defect is lack of (motor aphasia) or inability to understand language,
good character, the apanage of good upbringing. whether written or spoken (sensory aphasia). Cf.
3. A territory which is a principality or a dependency, aphonia.
a part entiere adv. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until aphonia n. [Gk. aphonia: a- no ( 1 );
phOn(e) sounding,
(1); part part (3); entiere entire, whole (2): by the voicing (2): no sounding.] Speechlessness. Medicine.
entire part.] Entirely. Wholly. Completely. Fully. In Inability to speak articulately as a result of defects in
all respects. The French schoolchild or elector . . . was the vocal organs. When partial, the patient is able to
given to believe that the policy ofdirect administration whisper. Cf. aphasia,
was aimed at gradually raising the blacks ofAfrica aphrodisia n. [Gk. belonging to Aphrodite (Venus),
to the condition of the French a part entiere (Suret- the goddess of love, sexual pleasures.] Violent sexual
Canale 1971:83). desire. See andromania
apartheid n. [Afr. apartness, separateness, separation, apices juris non sunt jura. [L. apices extreme points
segregation.] Racial separation or segregation, par- (1); juris of right, law (2); non not (4); sunt are (3);
ticularly the system of political, social and economic jura rights, Extreme points of law are not
laws (5):
segregation and discrimination between Europeans laws.] Extremes of law (or mere subtleties of law)
and non-Europeans practiced by the government of are bad rules of law.
33 apparatus criticus
apices litigandi n. [L. apices extreme points (1); Inductive. Deriving propositions from the observation
litigandi of that which must be disputed, of litiga- of facts. Relating to arguments based on observation.
tion (2): extreme points of litigation.] Subtle or very Deriving cause from effect. Relating to inductive rea-
fine points of litigation. soning. He attempted to prove his point by resorting to
aplomb n., pi. aplombs [Fr. a to, toward (1); plomb an a posteriori demonstration. adv. By argument —
lead, lead-weight (2): toward lead; i.e., nerve, based on deriving cause from effect. Inductively.
self-possession.] Self-possession. Self-confidence. Empirically. Cf. a priori.

Self-assurance. Poise. Assurance of manner, apostoli pi. n. [L. from Gk. apostoloi those sent away,
a) Throughout the interview he spoke and conducted messengers.] Civil Law. Apostles, i.e., dimissory let-
himselfwith remarkable aplomb, b) With a deft com- ters from an inferior to a superior court, granted to a
bination of diplomatic finesse and public relations party who makes an appeal.
aplomb, he has managed to focus the camera on him- apostrophe n., pi. apostrophes [Gk. apostrophe: apo
self {Newsweek Int. Aug. 9, 1982:1 1). from, away (2); strophe turning (1): a turning away.]
apocrypha pi. sometimes used as sing. [Gk. apo from, Rhetoric. Direct address of an absent person, an animal,
away (2); krupt(O) hide, conceal (1): things hidden or an inanimate object; e.g., "O death, where is thy sting?"
away or concealed.] 1 Statements, sayings, or writings
. apotheosis n., pi. apotheoses [Gk. apotheosis: apo
whose authorship or authenticity is doubtful. Among from, away (2); theOsis making a god ( ): making a 1
the apocrypha attributed to the author is a collection of god from.] Deification. Raising or elevating a human
risque poems. 2. Christianity. Books of Holy Scripture being to the status of a god. A person's or thing's
whose authorship and authenticity were considered ascension from mundane existence to celestial glory.
doubtful by the Jews and are, therefore, not included in The apotheosis ofAlexander the Great. 2. The highest
the canon; e.g., the Book of Tobit. Cf. agrapha. form or development of a thing. The quintessential
apodosis n., pi. apodoses [Gk. apo from, away (2); form. A glorified ideal. A perfect form, a) All com-
dosis giving (1): giving away.] Rhetoric. Clause munist regimes cling to power by relying on
. . .
answering to the The main clause or conclu-

protasis. variations of the coercive methods and totalitarian
sion of a conditional sentence; e. g., "I would have precepts that have attained their apotheosis in the
bought a pair of shoes [if my father had given me the U.S.S.R. (Time Int. 1982). b) For years the chief
money]." Cf. hypothesis 3 and protasis 3. staple of Broadway has been British imports; in
apogee or apogee n.,pl. apogees or apogees [Fr. from "Nickleby " that trend reaches its apotheosis
Gk. apo from, away ( ); ge earth (2): from the earth.]
1 (Newsweek Int. Oct. 12, 1981:57).
I. Climax. Apex. Zenith. Culmination. Peak. The app. abbr. for 1. apparatus 2. appendix (q.v.).
highest point. See acme. 2. Astronomy. The position in appanage var. of apanage (q.v.).
the orbit of the moon or any planet when it is farthest apparat n., pi. apparats [Russ. from L. apparatus
from the center of the earth. (q.v.).] A bureaucracy or political machine, especially
apologia n., pi. apologiae or apologias [Gk. apo from, that of the U.S.S.R. . House Military
. . the White
away (2); log(os) word, speech ( 1 ): a speech away, a Office, one of the most powerful and least known
defense speech.] A defense. A written or oral defense apparats of the modern Presidency (Newsweek Int.
of a person's deeds or views. This speech is not an May 26, 1980:29).
apologia, but a clear and unequivocal statement of apparatchik n., pi. apparatchiki or apparatchiks
facts. Cf. apologia pro vita sua. [Russ. agent of the apparat.] A Soviet bureaucrat.
apologia pro vita sua n. [L. apologia apology, defense A secret agent of the Communists.
( 1 ); pro for, on behalf of, in accordance with, as (2); apparatus abbr. app. n., pi. apparatus or appara-
vita life (4); sua one's own (3): a defense for one's tuses [L. preparation, equipment, tools, instruments.]
own life.] A formal defense, either written or oral, of 1 . A set of instruments, tools, machines, etc. designed
one's life and principles, such as those of Socrates to be used for a particular purpose (e.g., research). 2. A
and John Henry Newman. group of physical organs that unite to serve a specific
aposiopesis n.,pl. aposiopeses [Gk. becoming silent.] purpose. 3. A combination of processes which ensure
Rhetoric. A figure whereby, for emphasis, because the functioning of an organization such as a govern-
of modesty, or for some other reason, the writer or ment or a political party. China 's security apparatus
speaker breaks off the sentence abruptly; e,g, "His has finally begun to recoverfrom the organizational
conduct was, . . . but need I say it?" turmoil it suffered during the Cultural Revolution
a posse ad esse [L. a from, by (1); posse to be able, (Newsweek Int. July 25, 1983:23).
possibility (2); ad to, at, for, according to (3); esse apparatus belli n.. pi. apparatus belli [L. apparatus
to be, being (4): from possibility to being.] From equipment (1); belli of/for war (2): equipment for
possibility to reality. war.] The tools of war.
a posteriori adj. [L. a from ( 1 ); posteriori the latter, apparatus criticus n., pi. apparatus critici [L. appa-
later (2): from the latter/later.] Logic. Empirical. ratus equipment (2); criticus critical (1): critical
appendix 34
equipment.] Variant readings added to a main text to a priori adj. [L. a from ( 1 ); priori the previous, former
show its treatment in manuscripts, earlier editions, (2): from the former.] Logic. Deriving effect from
etc. The professor showed the students how to take cause. From the cause to the effect. Relating to de-
advantage ofthe apparatus criticus in order to estab- ductive reasoning. Based on assumption. Presumptive.
lish the text more firmly. Proofa priori consists in demonstrating the necessary
appendix abbr. app. or appx. or apx. n., pi. appendices agreement ofanything with a rational or social nature
or appendixes [L. addition, continuation, supple- (quoted by Curzon 1979:64). — adv. By argument
ment.] 1. Something added or appended to something based on deriving effect from cause, or on assumption.
else. An appendage. 2. Material, such as the tables Presumptively. Deductively. Intuitively. — n., pi. a
or bibliography added to a book, particularly after prions Something such as a belief, conception, doc-
the text. 3. Tube at the bottom of a balloon which is trine, or proposition which is a priori. Cf. a posteriori.
used for inflating or deflating it. 4. Medicine. A a propos or apropos adj. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with,
supplementary part or appendage of a bodily organ, until (1); propos purpose, matter, subject (2): to the
particularly the vermiform appendix, i.e., an append- purpose or matter.] Pertinent. Relevant. Ifyou do not
age of the large intestine which resembles a worm in have a propos comments, it would be wise for you to
shape. keep quiet. — adv. 1 . Pertinently. Just in time. In good
appetitus societalis n. [L. appetitus eager desire, pastime. To the purpose or point. It is not clear whether
sion (1); societalis for/of association; community, or not it is a mere coincidence, but his father always
fellowship (2): eager desire for fellowship.] Passion arrives a propos whenever he is impecunious. 2. Inci-
or eager desire for association/fellowship. Grotius dentally. By the way. A propos, have you heard the
believed that man was distinguishedfrom the animals good news? —prep. Concerning. With respect to. In
by his appetitus societalis, a "domestic instinct" which connection with. Regarding. He said that he had no
led him to desire "peaceful organised society . . . with comment to make a propos the matter.
those of his own kind" (Curzon 1979:64). apx. abbr. for appendix (q.v.).
applicatio est vita regulae. [L. applicatio application aqua cedit solo. [L. aqua water (1); cedit accrues (2);
(1); est is (2); vita life (3); regulae of rule (4): Appli- solo to land, ground (3): Water accrues to the land.]
cation is the life of a rule.] A rule has meaning in the Law. Water goes with the land; i.e., when land is
ways it is applied to particular situations and cases. sold, the water on it is included in the transaction.
applique n..pl. appliques [Fr. applied, fastened, attached.] aqua currit et debet currere, ut currere solebat. [L.
A technique in needlework or woodwork, in which aqua water (1); currit runs (2); et and (3); debet
pieces cut from one material are attached on the surface ought (4); currere to run (5) ut as (6); currere to
of another material. — v. To use such a technique, run (8); solebat it was accustomed Water runs (7):
especially for decorative purposes. and should run as it was accustomed to run.] Law.
appoggiatura n., pi. appoggiaturas [It. leaning on.] Water flows and should flow as it has flowed in the
Music. A note which leans on or is supported by an- past; i.e., if a running stream is common property, its
other note, usually just above or below it. course should not be diverted.
apports en nature pi. n., sing, apport en nature [Fr. aqua destillata n.,pl. aquae destillatae [L. aqua water
apports contributions (1); en in (2); nature kind, (2) ; destillata distilled, trickled (1): distilled water.]
nature (3): contributions in kind.] French Law. A Purified water.
partner's contributions to the partnership apart from aqua et igne interdictus adj. [L. aqua water (2); et and
cash; these include securities, stock, and personal ex- (3) ; igne fire (4); interdictus forbidden (1): forbidden
pertise. water and fire.] An ancient formula for banishment
appx. abbr. for appendix (q.v.). by denying the individual the basic elements of com-
apres prep. [Fr. after.] Following. After. Apres Thoeni, munal life, i.e., shared sources of water and fire.
Italy 's skiers, homegrown and foreign, doubled . . . aqua fortis or aquafortis n. [L. aqua water (2); fortis
(Newsweek Int. Feb. 19, 1979:56). — apres-ski A strong (1): strong water.] Nitric acid,
clothing style in winter holiday lodges. That which aqua pura n., pi. aquae purae [L. aqua water (2);
one wears after a day of skiing. pura pure, clean, unstained (1): clean water.] Pure
apres moi le deluge [Fr. apres after (1); moi me (2); water.
le the (3); deluge deluge, flood (4): After me the del- aqua regia n., pi. aquae regiae [L. aqua water (2);
uge.] After me comes the flood, the disaster. Cf. apres regia royal, kingly (1): royal water.] A liquid pro-
nous, etc. duced by mixing nitric acid and hydrochloric acid,
apres nous le deluge Mme de Pompadour (1721- and used for dissolving gold, platinum, etc.
1764). [Fr. apres after (1); nous us (2); le the (3); aquarium n.,pl. aquaria or aquariums [L. water car-
deluge deluge, flood (4): After us the deluge.] After we rier.] 1. A container, usually with glass sides, or an
are gone, there will come disaster. Cf. apres moi, etc. artificial pond in which living fishes or other aquatic
35 argentum Dei
animals are kept and displayed. 2. A building where rearing of sheep and goats. 2. Any place represent-
aquatic items are kept and displayed. ing the peace and simplicity of pastoral life. Rustic
Aquarius n. [L. the water carrier.] 1. Astronomy. A tranquillity. Cf. et in Arcadia ego.
constellation located just below the equator near Pisces arcana imperii pi. n. [L. arcana secrets, mysteries
and Aquila. 2. Astrology. The eleventh sign of the (1); imperii of empire, sovereignty (2): secrets of
zodiac dominant from January 20 through February 1 8. empire/sovereignty.] State secrets. Some civil servants
3. A person born when this constellation is dominant, frustrate journalists by putting even ordinary infor-
aqua vitae n. [L. aqua water ( 1 ); vitae of life (2): water mation in the category of arcana imperii.
of life.] 1. Alcohol, particularly one distilled from arcanum n., pi. arcana [L. a secret, mystery.] A secret.
the vine. 2. Strong alcoholic drink such as brandy or Confidential knowledge. Mysterious information
whisky. Cf. eau de vie. which should not be divulged to the uninitiated. Most
Aquila n. [L. eagle.] A constellation near Aquarius and African traditional medical practitioners regard their
Pisces. art as an arcanum.
a quo adj. [L. a from ( 1 ); quo which (2): from which.] arcanum arcanorum n. [L. arcanum secret (1);
Law. Used to indicate a court or judge from which/ arcanorum of secrets (2): secret of secrets.] The
whom a case is removed, a) the court a quo; b) the ultimate secret which, supposedly, is the foundation
judge a quo. See dies a quo. on which alchemy, astrology, and magic are built.
A.R. abbr. for anno regni (q.v.). arc de triomphe n.,pl. arcs de triomphe [Fr. arc arch
arabesque n., pi. arabesques [Fr. Arabian, in the ( 1 ); de of (2); triomphe triumph (3): arch of triumph.]
manner of an Arab.] 1. Ballet. A position in which Triumphal arch.
the dancer extends one foot behind and balances on Architecturae Magister abbr. Ar.M. n. [L.
the other. 2. Music. A very short, capricious piece, architecturae of architecture (2); magister master
usually written for the piano. 3. A complicated or (1) : Master of Architecture.] A predoctoral graduate
complex pattern or design. degree in architecture.
arbiter n., pi. arbitri or arbiters [L. judge, arbitrator, arcta et salva custodia adv. [L. arcta in close (1); et
umpire, mediator.] 1 . A judge or arbitrator appointed and (2); salva (in) safe (3); custodia (in) custody,
by parties or a court on behalf of the parties to de- imprisonment (4): in close and safe custody.] The
cide a dispute between them. 2. A person or an agency type of custody for people arrested on a capias ad
entrusted with absolute power to determine or judge satisfaciendum (q.v ). See in arcta etc.
a dispute. This consortium ofAmerican Universities arena n.,pl. arenas [L. harena sand, sandy place, sandy
isaccustomed to a situation where their Supreme ground used for entertainment.] 1 . Ancient Rome. The
Court is the final arbiter of law in the land (The area in the middle of the amphitheater used for gladi-
Guardian 1986). 3. A person who exercises com- atorial shows and other forms of entertainment. 2. The
plete control over something. His father is virtually area in the middle of an enclosed place which is used
a tyrant; he is the sole and unchallenged arbiter of for entertainment. 3. A building containing an area or
the fortunes of everybody in the family. areas used for entertainment. 4. A field of interest or
arbiter bibendi n.,pl. arbitri bibendi [L. arbiter judge activity. Scene of contest, struggle or competition,
( 1 ); bibendi of drinking (2): judge of drinking.] Master a) When it comes to astuteness in the political arena,
of ceremonies. Simon is second to none, b) // [i.e., the U.N.] has be-
arbiter elegantiarum or arbiter elegantiae n.,pl. arbitri come nothing more than an arena for politicking
elegantiarum or arbitri elegantiae [L. arbiter judge (Newsweek Int. Nov. 3, 1980:10).
(1); elegantiarum of tastes, refinements, elegance (2): a rendre adj. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until (1);
judge of tastes.] A judge or supreme authority in mat- rendre to yield, render (2): to yield or render.] What is
ters of taste and social behavior, a) Gaius Petronius, to be paid or rendered. Law. Used to describe "profits,"
attendant at the court ofthe Roman emperor Nero and and these cover services and rents.
author of the Satyricon, set the standards by which all Areopagus n.,pl. Areopaguses [L. from Gk. Areiopagos:
subsequent arbitri elegantiarum must bejudged, b) Mr. Areo(s) of Ares (2); pagos rock, hill (1): the hill of
Applegate has become a leading arbiter elegantiae, and Ares.] 1. -The hill of the god Ares in Athens. 2. The
there is hardly a socialite in the city who has not con- council which met on this hill was originally Athens'
sulted him on one thing or the other. principal and most influential governmental body,
arboretum n.,pl. arboreta or arboretums [L. a place but was ultimately reduced to the status of a court
of trees.] A garden where rare trees and shrubs are for the trial of homicides. 3. A tribunal or group of
cultivated and displayed or used for research and persons whose decisions are authoritative.
other educational purposes. arete n. [Gk. arete excellence.] Excellence. Virtue.
Arcadia [Gk. Arkadia.] I. The central, mountainous argentum Dei n.,pl. argenta Dei [L. argentum silver
region of the Peloponnesus noted especially for the (2) ; Dei God's, of God (1): God's silver.] Law. God's
argot 36
penny. God's money; i.e., a small sum of money prevails (4); in in, on (5); lege law (6): Reasoning
given as a token of good faith during or after the from the impossible prevails in law.] An argument
conclusion of a bargain. See denarius Dei and de- based on impossibility carries weight in law.
nier a Dieu. Cf. pot-de-vin. See impotentia excusat legem.
argot n., pi. argots [Fr. slang, jargon.] 1. A special argumentum ab inconvenienti est validum in lege;
language, jargon, vocabulary, etc. used by a particular quia lex non permittit aliquod inconveniens. [L.
group of criminals or a particular social class or argumentum argument, reasoning, inference ( 1 ); ab
group, a) the argot ofarmed robbers; b) the argot of from, by (2); inconvenienti the inconvenient (3); est
Nigerian students; c) the argot ofwrestling. 2. Slang. is (4); validum strong, valid (5); in in, on (6); lege
arguendi causa adv. [L. arguendi of arguing (2); causa law (7); quia because (8); lex law (9); non not (1 1);
for the sake, by reason (1): for the sake of arguing.] permittit permits, allows (10); aliquod any (12);
For argument's sake. For the sake of argument, a) If inconveniens inconvenient (thing) (13): Reasoning
I concede a point arguendi causa, it by no means from the inconvenient is valid in law because the law
signifies that it is the truth, b) Whilst granting does not permit any inconvenient thing.] An argu-
arguendi causa that a communication which went ment based on inconvenience is valid in law because
no further would, in general, not, in the absence of the law does not sanction any inconvenience. See ab
circumstances giving a particular significance, inconvenienti.
amount to a threat or intimidation, I am unable to argumentum ad captandum //., pi. argumenta ad
understand why it may not be an inducement (V. -ir captandum [L. argumentum argument, reason-
1974:528). ing, inference (1); ad to, at, for, according to (2);
arguendo adv. Iadj. [L. by arguing.] In the course of captandum alluring, enticing (3): reasoning for
arguing or in the argument, a) It often happens, ar- alluring.] Logic. Argument designed to please the
guendo, that a judge refers to some hypothetical crowd. Many successful politicians are adept at
cases, b) Mr. Justice Cave is reported as having said the use ofargumenta ad captandum. See ad captan-
'Chiswick is not the same place as London ',
to which dum vulgus.
Counsel answered 'It is the same postal district '. Mr. argumentum ad crumenam n., pi. argumenta ad
Cave therefore said that that was very different.
Justice crumenam [L. argumentum argument, reasoning,
These remarks were arguendo and obiter (Megrah inference (1); ad to, at, for, according to (2);
and Ryder 1972:139). crumenam money-bag, purse (3): reasoning to the
argumentum ab auctoritate est fortissimum in lege. purse.] Logic. Argument designed to exploit the
[L. argumentum argument, reasoning, inference ( ); 1 audience's preoccupation with financial consider-
ab from, by (2); auctoritate authority (3); est is (4); ations. By making good use of argumentum ad
fortissimum strongest (5); in in, on (6); lege law (7): crumenam, the Leader ofthe Opposition discredited
Reasoning from authority is the strongest in law.] the Ruling Party and paved the wayfor thefall ofthe
An argument supported by authority carries the great- government. See ad crumenam.
est weight in law. See argumentum ab auctoritate argumentum ad hominem n.,pl. argumenta ad hom-
plurimum etc. inem [L. argumentum argument, reasoning, inference
argumentum ab auctoritate plurimum valet in lege. ( 1); ad to, at, for, according to (2); hominem person,
[L. argumentum argument, reasoning, inference (1); human being (3): reasoning to the person.] Logic.
ab from, by (2); auctoritate authority (3); plurimum An argument designed to appeal to emotions rather
most, especially (4); valet is valid, prevails (5); in than to reason. Unprincipled and narrowminded
in,on (6); lege law (7): Reasoning from authority is people tend to resort to argumentum ad hominem.
most valid in law.] An argument supported by au- See ad hominem.
thority carries the greatest weight in law. argumentum ad ignorantiam n., pi. argumenta ad
See argumentum ab auctoritate est etc. ignorantiam [L. argumentum argument (1); ad to,
argumentum ab impossibili plurimum valet in lege. at, for, according to (2); ignorantiam ignorance (3):
[L. argumentum argument, reasoning, inference (1) argument to ignorance.] An argument based upon
ab from, by (2); impossibili impossible (3); ignorance; that is, one which attacks the logic and
plurimum most, especially (4); valet is valid, pre- intelligence of one's opponent.
vails (5); in in, on (6); lege law (7): Reasoning from argumentum ad verecundiam n., pi. argumenta ad
the impossible is most valid in law.] An argument verecundiam [L. argumentum argument ( ); ad to, 1
based on an impossibility carries the greatest weight at, for, according to verecundiam decency (3):
(2);
in law. See impotentia excusat legem. argument to decency.] An argument based upon
argumentum ab impossibili valet in lege. [L. decency or propriety.
argumentum argument, reasoning, inference (1); ab argumentum a silentio n., pi. argumenta a silentio
from, by (2); impossibili the impossible (3); valet [L. argumentum argument, reasoning, inference ( ); 1
1
37 ars longa vita brevis
a from, by (2); silentio silence (3): reasoning from indeed an aroma of the great days of the ancien
silenceArgumentum ex silentio (q.v.).
]
regime about Touba (D. B. Cruise O'Brien in West
argumentum a simili valet in lege. [L. argumentum Africa 1982).
argument, reasoning, inference ( 1 ); a from (2); simili arpeggio n., pi. arpeggios [It. like a harp.] Music. Singing
the like (3); valet is valid (4); in in, on (5); lege law or playing the notes in a chord in the manner of a harp,
(6): Reasoning from the like is valid in law.] An ar- i.e., in quick succession rather than at the same time.
gument based on analogy is valid in law. A.R.R. abbr. for 1 . anno regni reginae (q.v.). 2. anno
argumentum ex silentio n., pi argumenta ex silen- regni regis (q.v.).
tio [L. argumentum argument, reasoning, inference arriere-pensee n., pi. arriere-pensees [Fr. arriere
(1); ex from, arising from (2); silentio silence (3): back, after ( 1 ); pensees thoughts (2): after thoughts.]
reasoning from silence.] Logic. An argument based Mental reservation. An undisclosed thought. An undis-
on the failure of an authority, writer, source, etc. to closed intention. Hidden or ulterior motive. Prejudice.
mention or refer to something. He came to give testimony in the celebrated trial of
Argus n., pi. Arguses [L. from Gk. Argos shiny, the President without the slightest arriere-pensee.
bright.] I. Greek and Roman Mythology. A guard arrive adj. [Fr. having arrived.] Successful. Having
who could keep watch constantly with his many pairs achieved success. Having risen rapidly to a position
of eyes, some of which could sleep while the rest of fame, power, etc. — n., pi. arrives A person who
stayed awake. 2. A person who is very watchful. A has arrived, has achieved success or has risen rapidly
vigilant watchman. — Argus-eyed Vigilant. to a position of fame, power, etc. The village 's annual
Sharp-sighted. Observant. Though the criminal was festival is an occasion when many arrives come home
operating under the cover of darkness, the Argus- andflaunt their new positions.
eyed constable saw and arrested him. arriviste n., pi. arrivistes [Fr. go-getter, timeserver,
aria n.,pl. arias [It. air, melody.] Music. 1 . A solo sung climber, unscrupulous person.] Upstart. A person
with instrumental accompaniment, especially in an who attempts to achieve success or acquire wealth
opera. 2. A melody. by whatever means. A "get-rich-quick" person, a) The
Aries n. [L. ram.] 1. Astronomy. A ram-shaped constel- national bias against business careers is an odd
lation located near Pisces and Taurus. 2. Astrology. melange, combining elements ofthe landed gentry 's
The first sign of the zodiac dominant from March 2 contemptfor bourgeois arrivistes with socialist loathing
through April 19. 3. A person born when this constel- for the "bosses" (Newsweek Int. April 19, 1982:52).
lation is dominant. b) The difficult times have given birth to a number of
arioso adv. /adj. [It. like an aria.] Music. In the manner arrivistes who, though successful, lack the
of an aria. — n., pi. ariosos 1 . A speaking style halfway of the old aristocrats.
self-confidence
between recitative and sung. Used especially in opera. arrondissemcnt abbr. arron. n.,pl. arrondissements
2. A composition for a vocal soloist in this style. [Fr. roundness, district.] 1. The chief administrative
Ar.M. abbr. for Architecture Magister (q.v.). subdivision of a French department. 2. A municipal
armada n.,pl. armadas [Sp. navy.] 1. A large number ward or administrative district of a large French city,
of boats or ships. 2. A large fleet of warships, espe- a) He was living in Paris, Marx-Dormoy Street in 14
cially the Spanish Armada. Britain 's armada steamed the 18th arrondissement (New African 1978). b) If
slowly toward the Falkland Islands last week. each ofthe city 's twenty arrondissements had its own
(Newsweek Int. April 26, 1982:53). 3. A large number mayor, they argued, neighborhood services could be
of mobile things, especially vehicles. The protesters improved. (Newsweek Int. July 19, 1982:16).
arrived in anarmada of cars, buses, and trucks. Ars Amatoria n. [L. ars art, skill (2); amatoria loving,
arma in armatos sumere jura sinunt. [L. arma arms, amorous ( 1 ): loving art.] The Art of Love, a poem by
weapons (4); in against (5); armatos armed men (6); Ovid (43 B.C.-17 A.D.).
sumere to take up (3); jura rights, laws (1); sinunt ars est celare artem. [L. ars art (2); est it is ( 1 ); celare
allow, permit (2): The laws allow to take up arms to hide (3); artem art (4): It is art to hide art.] Genuine
against armed men.] It is lawful to take up arms or true art conceals art; i.e., the best art is the most
against armed men. natural. Cf. C'est une grande etc.
aroma n., pi. aromas [Gk. aroma aromatic herb or ars gratia artis [L. ars art ( 1 ); gratia for the sake (2);
spice.] 1 . Smell or odor. 2. Fragrance. A marked pleas- artis of art (3): art for the sake of art.] Art for art's
ant odor or smell. She came to the party wearing a sake. Art done only for the purposes of esthetics (as
perfume whose aroma won for her the admiration of opposed to financial gain, politics, religion, etc.). The
many guests. 3. Flavor. A peculiar, typical, or dis- motto of Louis B. Mayer, a founder of Metro-Gold win-
tinctive charm, quality, characteristic, atmosphere, Mayer (MGM) Studios. See Tart pour Part.
As we entered the dark room, we could feel
etc. a) ars longa vita brevis. [L. ars art (1); longa long (2);
the unmistakable aroma of danger, b) There is vita life (3); brevis short, brief (4): Art long, life
Ars Poetlca 38
short. I
Art is long, life is short; i.e., art endures long asylum /;., pi. asylums [L. from Gk. asulon: a- no,
beyond the span of an individual artist's life. not, without (1); sulon seizure, right of seizure (2):
Ars Poetica /;. [L. ars art, skill (2); poetica poetic (1): no right of seizure, a place of refuge, a sanctuary.] 1 . In
poetic art.] The Art of Poetry, a poem on poetry by antiquity a place of refuge, usually a temple,
where
Horace (65-8 B.C.). criminals and debtors went for protection and from
Artiiim Baccalaureus abbr. A.B. ;;. [L. artium of arts which it was sacrilegious to remove them forcibly.
(2) ; baccalaureus bachelor (1): Bachelor of Arts.] 2. International Law. A place of refuge for
Cf. Baccalaureus Artium. belligerents in neutral territory. 3. Shelter for the

Artium Elcgantium Doctor abbr. A.E.D. n. [L. persecuted or those fearing persecution. She fled to
artium (of) arts (3); elegantium of nice, fine, taste- Britain for political asylum. 4. An institution for pro-
ful (2); doctor teacher (1): teacher of tasteful arts.] tecting and helping the destitute, insane, afflicted, and
Doctor of Fine £rts. A terminal graduate degree in An asylum for the mentally disturbed.
unfortunate.
the fine arts. asyndeton n., pi. asyndeta or asyndetons [Gk.
Artium Magister abbr. A.M. if. [L. artium of arts (2); asundeton: a- no, not, without ( 1 ); sun with, together
magister master ( 1 ): Master of Arts.] See Magister (3) ; deton may be bound (2): that may not be
that
Artium. bound together.] An unconnected thing. Thing without

art nouveau [Fr. art an (2); nouveau new (1): new conjunctions. Rhetoric. A style in which conjunctions
art.] Art. An ornamental style popular in late 19th- are omitted; e.g., "He came, he complained, he was
century France and Britain. ignored." Cf. polysyndeton.
a rubro ad nigrum [L. a from (1); rubro red (2); ad ataraxia n., pi. ataraxias [Gk. a- no, not, without (1);
to, at, for, according to (3); nigrum black (4): from tarakhe disturbance (2): no disturbance.] Impassive-
red to black ] Law. From the title to the main body. ness. Calmness. State of being unperturbed. Calmness
Deducing the meaning of a statute from the title. In and freedom from emotional disturbance. Mental
ancient times, the title of a statute was written in red, detachment.
the statute itself in black letters. ataxia n.,pl. ataxias [Gk. a- no, not. without ( 1 ); taxi(s)
aruspex var. of haruspex (q.v.). order (2): no order.] Disorder. Confusion. Indiscipline.
A.S. abbr. for anno salutis (q.v.). The country 's political and socio-economic ataxia
a savoir adv. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until (1); is such that only a genius can solve the problems.
savoir know (2): to know.] To wit. Namely. That is Ate n. [Gk. Ate goddess of infatuation and reckless
to say. Videlicet (q.v.). ambition.] Delusion or spiritual blindness which
asiento or assiento n„ pi. asientos or assientos [Sp. prompts a person to commit the sin of hubris (q.v.),
agreement, contract, treaty ]
History. A contract be- resulting in his/her downfall.
tween Spain and another country or company for the atelier n..pl. ateliers [Fr. studio, workshop.] The studio
supply of slaves for her American dominions. or workshop, especially of an artist.
asphyxia ;/.. pi. asphyxias [Gk. a- no, (1); sphuxi(s) a tergo adv. [L. a from ( 1 ); tergo the back, rear (2):
heartbeat, pulse (2): no heartbeat, stoppage of pulse] from the back.] From the From behind. He rear.
Medicine. Suffocation. slipped and would have fallen down, had he not been
assensiomentium [L. assensio agreement (1); helped a tergo by his partner. See vis a tergo.
mentium of minds (2): agreement of minds.] Law. a terme adv. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until (1);
Mutual consent or assent. Assensio mentium is the terme term (2): for term.] Law. For a term. For the
most essential ingredient ofa contract. See ad idem. term. For an/the appointed time.
assets entre main [Obs. Fr. assets possessions, be- a terme de sa vie adv. [Obs. Fr. a to, toward, in, by,
longings (1); entre between, within, in (2); main with, until (1); terme term de of (3); sa his/her
(2);
hand (3): possessions in hand.] Law: Assets in hand. (4) vie life (5): for
; the term of his/her life. Law. For
Assets available to an executor or administrator for the rest of his/her life. For life. Cf. autre vie.
payment of debts. a terme que pass* est adv. [Obs. Fr. a to, toward, in,
assignatus utitur jure auctoris. [L. assignatus the as- by, with, until (1); terme term (2); que which (3);
signee (1); utitur uses, enjoys (2); jure right, law pass* passed (5); est is, has (4): for a term which has
(3) ; auctoris of assignor, principal (4): The assignee passed.] Law. For a term which has expired.
uses the right of assignor.] Law. The assignee enjoys athenaeum n.. pi. athenaea or athenaeums [L. from
the right of the assignor; i.e., when property is as- Gk. athenaion ]
1 . Temple of Athena. 2. An institute
signed, it carries with it to the assignee all the rights at Rome established by the emperor Hadrian and used
that the assignor had in it. See qui in jus etc. by orators as well as other men of letters for recita-
assoluta short form of prima ballerina assoluta (q.v). tions and lectures. 3. A club or association of scientists
asthenia n. [Gk. astheneia: a- no, without (1); and writers. 4. A library or reading-room. A place
sthen(os) strength (2): no strength.] Medicine. Weak- where books, journals, periodicals, magazines, news-
ness. Want of strength. Debility. Loss of strength. papers, etc. are kept to be used by readers, researchers.
39 auditor
etc. The Boston Athenaeum. 5. A periodical of litera- Fully familiar. Abreast. Cognizant or aware. Conver-
ture and belles-lettres. sant. In touch. In the know. One ofthe majorfunctions
atman atmans [Skt. atman breath, spirit.] Hin-
n., pi. of the mass media is to keep people au courant with
duism. The human soul or consciousness. Atman — developments in the country, in particular, and the
The world soul. Cf. anima mundi. world, in general. See au fait 2.
a tort adv. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until ( 1 ); tort auctoritate sua adv. [L. auctoritatc (by /on) authority (2);
wrong, fault, injustice (2): with fault.] Wrongfully. sua by his/her own ( 1 ):by his/her own authority.] On
Unjustly. Wrongly. his/her own authority. Done without being authorized
a tort et a travers adv. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, by anybody else; i.e., done without authorization.
until ( 1 ); tort wrong, fault, injustice (2); et and (3); a aucupia verborum sunt judice indigna. [L. aucupia
with (4); travers fault, defect (5): with wrong and catchings at (1);verborum of words (2); sunt are
with fault.] Thoughtlessly. Recklessly. At random. (3); judice judge (5); indigna unworthy (4):
With no consideration or discretion. Without rhyme Catchings at words are unworthy of a judge.] Law.
or reason. Heedlessly. Indiscriminately. Verbal quibbles (or quibblings) are below the dignity
a tort ou a droit adv. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, of a judge.
until (1); tort wrong (2); ou or (3); a to, toward, in, audaces fortuna iuvat. [L. audaces daring, bold (3);
by, with, until (4); droit right, law (5): with wrong fortuna fortune (1); iuvat helps, aids (2): Fortune
or with right.] Justly or wrongly. Rightly or wrongly. helps the daring.] Fortune aids the bold.
With good or bad reason. audentis fortuna juvat. Vergil (70-19 B.C.). Aeneid
atrium n.,pl. atria or atriums [L. central court.] I. The X,284. [L. audentis daring (persons) (3); fortuna
hall, forecourt or principal room of an ancient Roman fortune, luck, chance ( 1 ); juvat helps, aids (2): Luck
house. 2. A hall, ordinarily square in shape, of a modem helps daring persons.] Fortune helps the daring.
house or building, which is usually used as a sitting Cf. Aide-toi etc., fortis fortuna adjuvat and On dit
room or for entertainment. It was the hotel's weekly que etc.
tea dance, and in the glass-walled, four-story atrium audi partem alteram. Augustine of Hippo (354-430
. . . the Steve Miller Band was playing songs from A.D.). De Duabus Animabus XIV,2. [L. audi hear,
the swing era {Newsweek Int. July 27, 1981:33). listen to (1); partem side, part (3); alteram other
3. Medicine. A body cavity or compartment, such as (2): Listen to the other side.] Law. Both sides should
in the heart. be heard. Generally, nobody should be condemned
a trois adj. [Fr. a to, toward, in, by, with, until (1); or punished without being given the opportunity to
trois three (2): for three.] Designed for three persons. be heard. See audiatur et etc.; nemo inauditus etc.;
Shared by three persons or individuals. Applicable parte inaudita; and qui aliquid statuerit etc.
to meals, discussions, meetings, etc. The conjugal audiatur et altera pars. [L. audiatur let it be heard,
dispute between Bayo and Toyin was settled in the listened to (4); et also (3); altera the other ( 1 ); pars
course ofa discussion a trois at Gbadebo s apartment. part, side (2): Let the other side also be heard.] Law.
See menage a trois Cf. a deux. Both sides of a legal suit or case should be heard.
attache n., pi. attaches [Fr. attached.] A person, par- See audi partem alteram.
ticularly an expert, attached to his country's embassy audita querela n. [L. audita heard, having been heard
or high commission, a) commercial attache; b) military (2); querela complaint, accusation (1): complaint
attache; c) press attache; d) naval attache. having been heard.] An obsolete common law writ
aubain n., pi aubains [Fr. alien, foreigner.] French which formed the initial process in a suit that a judg-
Law. A resident alien who in former times was subject ment defendant brings, seeking relief against the results
to the droit d'aubaine (q.v.). of the judgment by reason of some subsequent devel-
auberge n., pi auberges [Fr. shelter, camp, inn.] A opment, if the defendant did not have the opportunity
public house or tavern. to raise the issues.The ancient remedy at common
A.U.C. abbr. for 1. ab urbe condita (q.v ). 2. anno law of a writ audita querela was abolished in 1875
urbis conditae (q.v ). but analogous reliefmay be founded on the remarks
au contraire adv. [Fr. au to the, toward the, in the, by of Lord Bramwell in Nouvion v. Freeman, "that the
the, with the, until the ( 1 ); contraire contrary, oppo- court may give relief. where the defendant would
. .
site (2): to the contrary.] On the contrary. "/ am not have got relief upon audita querela " (Graveson
miserable, " confided the beggar. "Au contraire, by 1974:627-628).
the end of a day I earn more than most of my bene- auditor n., pi. auditors [L. listener, hearer, pupil,
factors. " Cf. a contrario. scholar.] A person who is part of an audience. 2. A

1.
au courant adj. [Fr. au to the, toward the, in the, by disciple or pupil. 3. A student in a university who
the, with the, until the (1); courant current, stream, audits a course, e. who is not taking
i. for credit. 4. A it
run (2): in the current.] Fully informed. person who gives a judicial hearing (e.g., in some
Well-informed. Well posted. Up-to-date. Acquainted. European countries, an assessor to a court-martial).
auditorium 40
5. A person who audits, i.e., examines and verifies, a very pleasant man, and one of his assets is his au
financial accounts. naturel behavior. 3. Cooked with no dressing. Un-
auditorium n., pi. auditoria or auditoriums [L. a place cooked. Unseasoned. They enjoyed eating the fresh
for listeners, for an audience.] 1 . The part of a theater tomatoes au naturel.
set aside for the audience and spectators. 2. A large au pair n. [Fr. au to the, toward the, in the, by the,
building, hall, or room used for lectures, film shows, with the, until the (1); pair equal, even (2): on the
dramatic performances, recitals, concerts, etc. a) The equal.] 1 . An arrangement whereby people exchange
performance —the French premiere—took place . . . in services without making monetary payments as, for
an auditorium resembling a gymnasium (Time Int. instance, a person renders some domestic service and
1981). b) The press centre, a brand-new six-story receives, in return, free board and lodging, or "A"
building, includes a large auditorium for press con- teaches "B" Yoruba, while the latter teaches the
ferences. (Newsweek Int. July 14, 1980:54). former Hausa in return. 2. A person who renders such
au fait adj. [Fr. au to the, toward the, in the, by the, service and receives, in return, free board and lodg-
with the, until the ( ); fait act, point (2): to the point.] ing. Green is an au pair, a live-in 'family helper" in
—
1
1 . Capable. Very competent. The company wants to Paris (Newsweek Int. April 14, 1980:47). adj.
employ a person who is au fait in the management of Relating to, of, characteristic of, such an arrange-
offices. 2. Well-informed. Acquainted. Familiar. ment. Most agencies that place au pair maids have
Fully conversant. Instructed, a) A supposedly edu- recently begun accepting men (Newsweek Int. April
cated person who is not au fait with current af/'ai: s 14, 1980:47).
is no better than an illiterate, b) Most of those who au pied de la lettre adv. [Fr. au to the, toward the, in
speak this lingua are very much au fait with the the, by the, with the, until the (1); pied foot, base
proper way of speaking English (Thomas Cooke in (2); de of (3); la the (4); lettre letter (5): to the foot
West Africa 1985). 3. Proper. Socially acceptable. of the letter.] Literally. To the letter. The sentence, if
He is a very weird man who does not care whether taken au pied de la lettre, does not make sense.
his behavior is au fait or not. See au courant. Cf. litteratim.
Aufgabe n., pi. Aufgaben [Ger. auf up, to (2); Gabe aura n., pi. aurae or auras [Gk. and L. breeze, fresh air.]
gift, that which is given (1): that which is given out, A subtle, inexplicable force, stimulus or matter which
given to be done, task, assignment.] An exercise. A supposedly emanates from and, like an atmosphere,
task assigned as a test or an experiment. surrounds, a person, or thing. Aspect. Distinctive
Aufklarung n. [Ger. auf up, to (2); Klarung clearing, appearance, quality, impression or character, a) aura
lighting ( 1 ): clearing-up, enlightenment.] The Enlight- of aura ofsuccess; c) aura of danger;
unreality; b)
enment or the Age of Reason, i.e., a philosophic d) auraofmagnetism; 6) Serge Semenenko whose . . .
movement in the 18th century, which put emphasis flair as an arranger of controversial rescue loans
on reliance on reason, individualism, the questioning gave his career an aura of drama and mystery . . .
of traditional values and doctrines, the adoption of (Time Int. 1980).

the empirical method in scientific research, etc. aurea mediocritas n. [L. aurea golden (1);
Cf. Sturm und Drang 2. mediocritas mean, moderation (2): golden mean.]
au fond adv. [Fr. au to the, toward the, in the, by the, The golden mean. The safe or wise path between
with the, until the (1); fond bottom (2): to the bottom.] extremes. Moderation. The old man always admon-
At heart. To the bottom. At bottom. Deep down. At ishes his children to follow the safe path by observing
root. Essentially. Basically. Fundamentally. In reality. aurea mediocritas. Cf. juste-milieu; meden agan;
In the main. All things considered. On the whole, medio tutissimus ibis; quicquid in excessu etc.; and
a) 's neighbors shun his company, not knowing
Stephen via media.
that he au fond a very nice man. b) Prime Minister
is au revoir interj. [Fr. au to the, toward the, in the, by
Asquith once remarked, "Clemmie, of whom I am the, with the, until the (1); revoir seeing again (2):
quitefond, is aufond a thundering bore! " (Newsweek to the seeing again.] Until we meet again! Goodbye
Int. Dec. 3, 1979:58). for now (or for the present.)! Farewell! So long! See a
auf Wiedersehen interj. [Ger. auf on, at, upon, until bientot.
(1); wieder again (3): sehen to see, seeing (2): until auslander n., pi. auslanders [Ger. Auslander: aus
seeing again.] Until we meet again! Goodbye! Fare- from, away from ( 1 ); Land land (2): (one) away from
well! See a bientot the land.] Foreigner. Outsider,

au nature! adj. [Fr. au to the, toward the, in the, by auspex n., pi. auspices [L. from av(is) bird (1); -spex
the, with the, until the (1); naturel natural, natural- one who inspects (2): one who inspects birds, diviner,
ness (2): in the natural.] 1 . In the natural state. Nude. augur.] 1. An ancient Roman religious official who
Naked. The lovers had a lot offun, swimming au interpreted signs and omens, especially the flight of
naturel. 2. Done, performed, accomplished, etc. in a birds, in order to predict events. 2. Any prophet,
natural manner, condition or style. Natural. James is soothsayer, seer. Cf. haruspex.
41 avalanche
Aussage n. [Ger. aus out, from (2); Sage saying (1): a Superhighway. Freeway. Already trucks are restricted
saying out or from, statement.] Declaration. Assertion. to certain hours on the autoroutes . . . (Newsweek Int.
Used in the expression Aussage test, a procedure to Aug. 15, 1983:16). Cf. Autobahn and autostrada.
determine the reliability of a witness which the exam- autostrada n., pi. autostradas [It. auto automobile,
iner asks the respondent to describe something familiar car ( 1 ); strada path, way, road (2): car path.] Highway.
to the former. Expressway. Cf. Autobahn and autoroute.
aut amat aut odit mulier: nihil est tertium. [L. aut autre droit n. [Fr. autre another, other ( 1 ); droit right
either (1); amat loves (3); aut or (4); odit hates (5); (2): another right.] Law. Another's right. The right
mulier woman (2); nihil nothing (6); est is, has been of another. Applicable to a person who acts in right
(7); tertium third (thing) (8): Either a woman loves of another; e.g., a trustee for the cestui que trust
or hates; nothing is a third thing.] A woman either (q.v.). See auter droit; en autre droit; in autre
loves or hates; there is no third choice. droit; and in jure alterius.
aut Caesar aut nullus [L. aut either (1); Caesar Caesar autrefois adv. [Fr. autre another, other (1); fois time,
(2); aut or (3); nullus neither, not any, not at all: period (2): another time.] Formerly. In former times.
either Caesar or not at all.] Caesar or nothing. The Of old.] Law. Formerly. In the past. Before. At an-
motto of Caesare Borgia (1475 or 1476-1507). other time. Used to qualify "acquit" and "convict."
auter droit n. [Obs. Fr. auter another, other ( 1 ); droit —autrefois acquit n. Formerly acquitted. Plea of
right (2): another right.] Law. The right of another. an accused that he had previously been tried for the
Being vested in him [i.e., executor or administrator] same offense and acquitted. —autrefois convict n.
in auter droit, it will not merge in any estate or interest Formerly convicted. Plea of an accused that he had
vested in him, in his own right; . . . (Parry 1 96 1 :2 1 1 ).
previously been tried for the same offense and con-
See autre droit. victed. The connotation in either case is that the matter
Autobahn autobahn n., pi. Autobahnen or

or is a res judicata and so cannot be revived. See res
autobahns [Ger. Auto automobile, car (1); Bahn judicata.
way, road, path (2): car-path.] Expressway. Super- Autres temps, autres moeurs. [Fr. autres other (1);
highway, a) Congested cities and autobahns have temps times, periods (2); autres other (3); moeurs
created a needfor the kind ofcomfort European cars customs, manners (4): Other times, other manners.]
lack ( Time Int. 1 979). b) Japanese models ranked as Each age has its manners or customs. Cf. tempora
five ofthe top six most reliable cars on West German mutantur, et nos etc. and tempora mutantur; nos
autobahns (Newsweek Int. Oct 27, 1980:55). et etc.
Cf. autoroute and autostrada. autre vie n. [Fr. autre other, another (1); vie life (2):
autochthon n.. pi. autochthons or autochthones [Gk. another life.] Law. The life of another. Another's life.
auto(s) self (1); chthon land (2): self-land. Sprung Used to qualify tenancy of an estate. See per autre
from the land itself] Aborigine. An original inhabitant vie; pur autre vie; and pur terme d'autre vie. Cf. ad
of a place, region or country. An indigen. Something vitam; a terme de sa vie; and de sa vie.
such as a plant or animal that is indigenous. av. abbr. for avocat (q.v.).
auto-da-fe n., pi. autos-da-fe [Port, from L. auto act, A.V. or a.v. abbr. for ad valorem (q.v.).
deed da of the (2); fe faith, belief (3): act of the

(1); A vaincre sans peril, on triomphe sans gloire. Pierre
faith.] Pronouncement of judgment by the Inquisi- Corneille (1606-1684). Le Cidll,2. [Fr. a to, toward,
tion upon a heretic and the execution of the sentence, in, by, with, until ( 1 ); vaincre conquer, vanquish (2);
especially by public burning carried out by secular sans without (3); peril danger, hazard (4); on one,
authorities. man (5); triomphe triumphs, conquers (6); sans with-
automaton n.,pl. automata or automatons [Gk. self- out (7); gloire glory, pride (8): In conquering without
acting.] Acting of one's own will. A robot. A con- danger, one triumphs without glory.] Victory without
trivance which seems to be imitating the actions of peril is a triumph without glory.
men and animals. A mecha-
relatively self-moving aval n.,pl. avals [Fr. backing, guarantee, endorsement.]
nism. A creature, especially a human being, which French and Canadian Law. Subscribing a signature
acts automatically, mechanically, or involuntarily and at the bottom of a bill of exchange or a promissory
does not seem to apply intelligence. He is a tyrant of note to guarantee its acceptance at maturity.
the worst kind who hates independent, rational ac- avalanche n., pi. avalanches [Fr. a large snowfall down
tion and apparently wants all citizens to behave like a mountainside.] 1 . A large mass of ice, earth, snow,
automata. debris, or rock falling from the mountainside or preci-
autophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. auto(s) self (2); pice. 2. A large, overwhelming flood, shower, or mass
phob(os) fear (1): fear of self] Psychology. Patho- of something, a) . . . sifting through an avalanche of
logical fear of loneliness. applications . . . (The Guardian 1986). b) [The] com-
autoroute n., pi. autoroutes [Fr. auto automobile, car mission chairman was dumbfounded by the fact
. . .
(1); route path, way, road (2): car path.] Expressway. that an avalanche of memoranda had come from
avant-garde 42
Nigeria 's western half (Tunde Agbabiaka in West a verbis ad verbera [L. a from, by (1); verbis words
Africa 1986). (2);ad to, at, for, according to (3); verbera rods, whips,
avant-garde n., pi. avant-gardes [Fr. avant in front, floggings (4): from words to whips.] From a battle of
before (2); garde guard, corps ( 1
): the guard in front, words to a battle of blows. The encounter between the
vanguard, advanced guard.] 1 . People who create or rivals in love swiftly moved a verbis ad verbera.
apply original ideas, techniques, etc. in any field, a verbis legis non est recedendum. [L. a from ( 1 ); ver-
especially the arts. Pioneers. People in the forefront bis words (2); legis of law, statute (3); non no, not
of a movement or ahead of their times. 2. A group of (5); est it is (4); recedendum to be departed (6): From
people such as writers, artists, or scholars who adopt the words of statute it is not to be departed.] Law. There
an unorthodox approach. . . . the show would be should be no departure from the words of a statute;
worth seeing, if only for the glimpse it gives of an 1. e., a statute/law should be observed to the letter.
endangered species, the Soviet avant-garde a vinculo matrimonii adj. [L. a from ( 1) vinculo bond
(.Newsweek Int. Nov. 28, 1983:58). — adj. Character- (2); matrimonii of marriage (3): from the bond of
istic of, relating to, of, the avant-garde, a) Avant-garde marriage.] Law. From the bonds of matrimony or
artist; b) avant-garde composer, c) avant-gardefilm wedlock. Used with reference to complete divorce,
maker; d) avant-garde magazine; e) . . . the avant- a) Divorce a vinculo matrimonii, b) He was granted
garde troupe that shocked audiences in the late '60s a decree a vinculo.
with its taunts and onstage nudity is blossoming in avocat abbr. av. n., pi. avocats [Fr. lawyer.] Lawyer.
Paris {Newsweek Int. Aug. 2, 1982:41). Attorney. Counsel. Advocate. After a mere two hours
ave interj. [L. hail.] Hello. — n.,pl. aves 1. A greeting. ofwrangling among the avocats, however, the judge
2. Christianity. The Hail Mary, a prayer to Mary the threw the case out on technical grounds {Newsweek
Mother of Jesus. Cf. Ave Maria; ciao; and salve. Int. Dec. 17, 1979:21).
ave atque vale Catullus (c.84-c.54 B.C.). Carmina axioma medium n., pi. axiomata media [L. axiom a
CI, 10. [L. ave hail (1); atque and (2); vale farewell from Gk. axioma something worthy, honorable, fit-
(3): hail and farewell.] Hello and goodby. ting (2); medium middle, midway (1): something
Ave, Caesar, morituri te salutant. [L. ave hail (1) midway fitting.] Philosophy. A rule or principle
Caesar Caesar (2); morituri (those) about to die (3); which is midway between simple, empirical laws and
te you (5); salutant they salute (4): Hail, Caesar, natural laws.
those about to die salute you.] Greetings, Caesar. ayah n.,pl. ayahs [Hindi aya from Port, aia from Latin
Those who are about to die greet you. Greeting of avia: grandmother.] An Indian woman who serves
Roman gladiators as they entered the amphitheater. as amaid or nurse.
Ave Maria [L. ave hail (1); Maria Mary (2): Hail, ayatollah n. [Pers. from Ar. 'ayatullah: 'ayah a verse
Mary.] Christianity. The first words of a prayer to of the Koran, miracle (1); allah God (2): miracle of
Mary the —
The prayer itself.
Mother of Jesus. n. I. God.] Islam. 1. A male Shiite leader who gains po-
2. A musical composition based upon this prayer; litical status from his religious standing and virtue.
e.g. "Ave Maria" by Franz Schubert (1791-1828). 2. An honorific title for someone in this position.
B
b. abbr. for bis (q.v.). B.C.), produced in Athens posthumously (c.406 B.C.)
B.A. abbr. for Baccalaureus Artium (q.v ). about the conflict between Dionysus (Bacchus), the
babu or baboo n., pi. babus or baboos [Hindi babu god of wine, and his cousin Pentheus, king of Thebes.
father.] A title of courtesy used for males in Hindi-
1 . bacchanalia n.,pl. bacchanalias [L. things connected
speaking areas. Mister. 2. A Hindi-speaking clerk with Bacchus.] Greek and Roman Mythology.
1.
who understands English. 3. A derogatory term for Feast of Bacchus, the god of wine. Revelries cel-
a Hindi-speaker who has learned some English. See ebrated in honor of Bacchus. 2. Orgy. A feast in which
Herr; Monsieur; san; Senhor; Senor; and Signor. alcoholic drinks flow freely. A bacchanalian festival.
babushka n., pi. babushkas [Russ. little woman, Bacchus n. [L. Greek and Roman god of wine.] Greek
grandmother, head scarf.] A woman's head scarf tied and Roman Mythology. The deity Dionysus, god of
under the chin. wine, ecstatic religious celebration, fertility, and nature.
baccalaureat n. [Fr. high school diploma.] Baccalau- Intoxicated and inebriated, after taking an excessive
reate. The lycees at Dakar and Saint Louis were, in dose of the gift of Bacchus, he started misbehaving.
practice, only open to thesons of French or assimi- badinage n. [Fr. joking.] Joking, usually playful but
lated officials . . . whose parents could afford to pay sometimes critical. Flirtatious conversation.
theirfees up to the baccalaureat level (Suret-Canale bagatelle n., pi. bagatelles [Fr. trifle.] 1. Something
1971:388). Cf. lycee. trivial or unimportant. John rebuked Veronica for
Baccalaureus Artium abbr. B.A. n. [L. baccalaureus treating a serious matter as though it were a mere
bachelor (1); artium of arts (2): Bachelor of Arts.] bagatelle. 2. A short musical composition or poem
An undergraduate degree in the liberal arts. with a light tone. 3. A game similar to pool or billiards,
Cf. Artium Baccalaureus. played on a rectangular table with sticks and balls.
Baccalaureus Chirurgiae abbr. B.Ch. or B.Chir. n. bahuvrihi n. [Skt. bahu much ( 1 ); vrihi rice (2): much
[L. baccalaureus bachelor (1); chirurgiae of surgery rice, wealthy.] 1. Ancient India. A social class iden-
(2) : Bachelor of Surgery.] A undergraduate degree tified by their possession of much rice. 2. A member
in medicine with a specialization in surgery. of this social class. —bahuvrihi compound Linguis-
Cf. Chirurgiae Baccalaureus. tics. A compound word consisting of adjectival and
Baccalaureus Chirurgiae Dentalis abbr. B.Ch.D. n. nominal parts which a possession or characteristic
in
[L. baccalaureus bachelor ( 1 ); chirurgiae (of) surgery feature is used to identify and name the owner; e.g.,
(3) ; dentalis of teeth, dental (2): Bachelor of Dental "hard-hat" for a construction worker or "four-eyes"
Surgery.] An undergraduate degree for completion for someone who wears eyeglasses.
of a dental curriculum. baksheesh n.,pl. baksheesh [Pers. bakhshish present ]
Baccalaureus Utriusque Juris abbr. B.U.J, n. [L. A small gift, tip, or gratuity in the Near East.
baccalaureus bachelor ( ); utriusque of each of two 1 balalaika n., pi. balalaikas [Russ. stringed musical
(2); juris (of) right, law (3): bachelor of each of two instument.] A three-stringed musical instrument with
laws.] Bachelor of both Canon and Civil Law. An a triangular soundbox.
undergraduate degree in both canon and civil law. ballerina n., pi. ballerinas or ballerine [It. a female
Bacchae/?/. n. [Gk. female followers of Bacchus.] The ballet dancer.] A female ballet dancer, especially one
Bacchants, a tragedy by Euripides (c. 480-407/6 who plays the leading role. The 14-year-old ballerina
43
ballet blanc 44
from New York City- put on three strong performances or grotesque style of the seventeenth and eighteenth
and, to her astonishment, won the gold medal in the The asking price for a baroque castle can
centuries.
junior division. (Newsweek Int. Aug. 15, 1983:27). run into the millions (Newsweek Int. July 26,
ballet blanc n.,pl. ballets blancs [Fr. ballet ballet (2); 1982:25).
blanc white (1): white ballet.] A form of classical barrage n., pi. barrages [Fr. bar, dam, barrier.] 1. A
dance or ballet in which the female dancers wear barrier of uninterrupted artillery, mortar, or machine-
white clothing. gun fire. A barrier or concentration of mines or other
ballet bouffe n., pi. ballets bouffes [Fr. ballet ballet weapons. Behind a barrage ofl22-mm artilleryfire,
(2); bouffe comic (1): comic ballet.] A form of clas- the invaders took over the town of Massaka . . .
sical dance or ballet with a humorous or comic tone. (Newsweek Int. March 12, 1979:21). 2. A sustained
ballet d action n., pi. ballets d'action [Fr. ballet bal- discharge, flow, shower, or outpour of something, a) a
let (1); d' of (2V action plot action (3): ballet of barrage of words; b) a barrage of instructions; c) a
action or plot.] A form of classical dance or ballet barrage ofprotests; d) No sooner had the magazine
which has a plot or tells a story. hit the stands than a barrage ofabsolute denials shot
ballon d'essai n., pi. ballons d'essai [Fr. ballon bal- across international borders (Newsweek Int. April
loon (1); d' of (2); essai trial, test (3): balloon of 2, 1979:28). 3. An artificial dam built in a river to
trial.] Trial balloon. Pilot balloon. A feeler. A project store water for diversion into canals for either irriga-
designed to test public opinion. The project was can- tion or navigation. — v. tr. To attack with a shower
celed when it became clear that reaction to the ballon or flow of something. To deliver a shower or flow of
d 'essai was unfavorable. something. She barraged him with questions on every-
bambino n., pi. bambini or bambinos [It. infant or thing from working women to Vietnam (Newsweek
child.] 1. Baby. Child. Infant. 2. An image or picture Int. March 5, 1979:14).
of the infant Jesus. barrio n., pi. barrios [Sp. an open space.] 1 . A neighbor-
banc n. [Fr. bench, seat bar, dock.] Law. The bench hood or district in a Spanish-speaking city. 2. A Spanish-
used by the judge of a court. The permanent or regular speaking neighborhood, district, or community in a
site of a court. The seat of judgment. The full court. U.S. city.
See banc le common pleas, banc le roy. and en banc. bas bleu n., pi. bas bleus [Fr. bas stocking (2); bleu
banc common pleas n. [Obs. Fr banc bench
le le ( 1 ); blue (1): blue stocking.] A female pedant. A learned
the (2); common common (3); pleas pleas (4): bench or scholarly woman. A woman who has, or pretends
of common pleas.] The court of common pleas. Cf. to have, interest in literary and intellectual activities.
banc le roy. Africa now has many bas bleus who competefavorably
banc le roy n. [Obs. Fr. banc bench ( 1 ); le the (2): roy with their male counterparts.
king (3): bench of the king.] The king's bench or bas relief n., pi. bas reliefs [Fr. bas low (1); relief
court. Cf. banc le common pleas. relief (2): low relief.] Art. Figures sculptured not in
banzai interj. [Japan, from Chin, ten thousand years.] the round but only to a small depth on a flat back-
May you live ten thousand years. Used as a battle ground. Cf. mezzo relievo and relievo.
cry or patriotic shout basso n., pi. bassos [It low.] Music. A bass or low-
barathrum n., pi. barathra [L. an abyss, gulf, pit range voice or singer, especially in opera.
chasm.] An abyss. Hell. A bottomless pit Prisons basso buffo n., pi. bassos buffos [It. basso low, bass
are supposed to be correctional centers, but some of (2); buffo comic, buffoon (1): comic bass.] Music.
them are such filthy places that life there is like life A bass who sings a comic role, especially in opera.
in a barathrum. basso cantante n.,pl. bassos cantantes [It. basso low,

barcarole or barcarolle n.. pi barcaroles or barca- bass (2); cantante singing ( 1 ): singing bass.] Music.
rolles [Fr. from It. barcaruolca boatman's song.] A high-range bass voice or singer.
Music. 1. The song of a Venetian gondolier with a basso continuo n., pi. bassos continuos [It basso low,
rowing rhythm. 2. Any musical composition which bass (2); continuo continuous ( 1
): continuous bass.]
uses the rhythms of a gondolier's song. Music. Figured bass or thoroughbass. A musical accom-
bar mitzvah or bar mizvah n., pi. bar mitzvahs or paniment for continuo (q.v.) or bass voice, in which
bar mizvahs [Heb. bar mishwa bar son (1); chords are indicated by a numerical shorthand and
mishwa command (2): son of command.] Judaism. the accompanist is expected to improvise. Used
1. The ceremony at which a thirteen-year-old Jewish especially in the baroque period ( 1 600- 1 750).
boy comes of age and takes responsiblity for his own basso ostinato n.,pl. bassos ostinatos [It basso low, bass
religious and ethical obligations. 2. A boy recognized (2): ostinato obstinate, persistent ( 1 ): obstinate bass ]
at such a ceremony. — v. To conduct such a cer- Music. A melodic line or passage, usually bass, which
emony. Cf. bat mitzvah. is repeated and varied in a composition. Cf. ostinato
baroque adj. [Fr. odd. quaint whimsical.] European basso profundo n., pi. bassos profundos [It. basso
Art and Architecture. Pertaining to the exaggerated low, bass (2); profundo profound, deep (1): deep
45 belles-lettres
bass.] Music. A deep bass or low-range voice or concept of abstract perfection. 3. A perfect model or
singer. type.
Basta! interj. [It. enough.] That's enough! beau monde n., pi. beaux mondes [Fr. beau lovely,
bathos n. [Gk. depth.] 1. Bottom. Nadir. The lowest beautiful, fair, handsome, good-looking (1); monde
point. When a person who holds a very responsible world, society (2): beautiful world or society.] Fash-
position descends to such a bathos ofpuerility and ionable society, set, The world of fashion
or world.
irrationality, then there is, indeed, cause for alarm. and high society. The best society. The smart set.
2. Rhetoric. Unexpected change from the sublime or Last week the beau monde of Houston and Austin
elevated to the commonplace or ridiculous. 3. Anticli- turned out at $1 ,000-a-crackfund-raisers to aid the
max. Ridiculous descent from a high to a low position. troubled Glen candidacy (Newsweek Int. Jan 2,
Humiliation. His career will undoubtedly provide 1984: 14). See haut monde and tout le haut monde.
useful material for a study in bathos, the fall of the beaux arts/?/, n. [Fr. beaux lovely, beautiful, fair, hand-
mighty. 4. Excessive pathos or sentimentality. The some, good-looking ( 1 ); arts arts (2): beautiful arts.]
novel has an admirable plot and it could have been The fine arts, including painting, sculpture, and music.
an outstanding piece of work, were it not for the Her love ofthe beam arts permeated everything she did.
author 's penchant for bathos. beaux yeux pi. n. [Fr. beaux lovely, beautiful, fair,
bat mitzvah or bat mizvah n., pi. bat mitzvahs or handsome, good-looking (1); yeux eyes (2): beauti-
bat mizvahs [Heb. bat mishwa: bat daughter (1); ful eyes.] The charm, beauty, and attraction which
mishwa command (2): daughter of command.] Juda- inspires love, fascination, faithfulness, and devotion.
ism. 1 . The ceremony at which a Jewish girl between Philip is undoubtedly a patriot, a man who entered
the ages of twelve and fourteen comes of age and politics not for personal aggrandizement but for the
takes responsiblity for her own religious and ethical beaux yeux of his country.
obligations. 2. A girl recognized at such a ceremony. behemoth n., pi. behemoths [Heb. behemot beasts ]
— v. To conduct such a ceremony. Cf. bar mitzvah. An object of enormous size and strength. The social
baton n., pi. batons [Fr. stick.] A short stick used by a welfare behemoth was ofmajor concern to the voters.
musical conductor, a band drum major, or a sports bel canto n. [It. bel beautiful, pretty (1); canto song
relay team. (2): beautiful song.] Music. A form of traditional Italian
Baton Rouge n. [Fr. baton stick (2); rouge red (1): vocal music, especially opera, which emphasizes a
red stick.] The red stick. The capital of Louisiana. refined and beautiful tone and careful technique. The
b.c.b.g. abbr. for bon chic, bon genre (q.v.). That's works ofRossini and Donizetti are perennialfavorites
very b.c.b.g. 1
.
of Italian bel canto.
B.Ch. abbr. for Baccalaureus Chirurgiae (q.v.). bel esprit n., pi. beaux esprits [Fr. bel beautiful, fine
B.Ch.D. abbr. for Baccalaureus Chirurgiae Dentalis ( 1 ); esprit spirit, mind (2): fine mind.] A wit. A witty
(q.v.). person. A person who is quick in perceiving and ex-

B.Chir. abbr. for Baccalaureus Chirurgiae (q.v.). pressing amusing points of view, especially one who
beatae memoriae abbr. B.M. adj. [L. beatae of is very skilled in banter. A highly intelligent person.
blessed, happy (1); memoriae (of) memory (2): of Hardly any intelligent person meets Mr. Cross, a bel
blessed memory.] Deceased, esprit, without being impressed.
beatus or fern, beata n., pi. beati or fern, beatae [L. belle n., pi. belles [Fr. a beautiful woman or girl.] A
blessed person.] Roman Catholicism. A beatified charming, beautiful, popular, and attractive girl or
person. woman. The most beautiful woman or girl of a group
beau beaux or beaus [Fr. lovely, beautiful, fair,
n.,pl. or locality. A beauty. // was a great party, attended
handsome, good-looking.] 1. Dandy. A man who by many pretty ladies, but Alice was easily the belle
pays excessive attention to his clothing, etiquette, and of the ball.
looks. 2. A man who escorts, goes out frequently belle dame n., pi. belles dames [Fr. belle beautiful,
with, or pays considerable attention to, a woman. 3. A fine-looking (1); dame woman, lady (2): beautiful
man who is in love with a woman. A lover. Sharon woman.] Beautiful, fair, or fine-looking lady.
and her beau intend to announce their engagement Catullus . . . obtained admission to high society at
by the end of the month. Rome and burnt his wings in the flame of a boyish
beau geste n.,pl. beaux gestes or beau gestes [Fr. beau passion for the belle dame Clodia (Cary 1 970:464).
lovely, beautiful, fair, handsome, good-looking (1); belle epoque n. [Fr. belle fine, lovely ( ); epoque epoch,
—
1
geste gesture, action, deed, exploit (2): beautiful ges- age (2): lovely age.] Fine age. adj. Characteristic of,
ture.] A noble or courteous gesture or deed. relating to, showing qualities of La Belle Epoque (q.v.).
beau ideal or beau ideal n., pi. beaux ideals or beau Maxim 's, the belle epoque restaurant on the Rue Royale
ideals [Fr. beau lovely, beautiful, fair, handsome, in Paris (Newsweek Int. Feb. 28, 1983:3).
good-looking (1); ideal ideal (2): beautiful ideal.] 1. A belles-lettres pi. n. [Fr. belles fine, beautiful ( 1 ); lettres
concept of perfect beauty. 2. Art. The Neoclassical letters, literature (2): beautiful literature.] Fine literature.
Bellum Gallicum 46
Sophisticated and serious literature, such as works of competency.] Roman and Civil Law. 1 . The right
on literary criticism or philosophy, studied more for of a judgment debtor to pay to his creditors as much
aesthetic value than for practical purposes. The medical as will leave him enough to live a decent life. 2. The
student saw little value in the study of belles-lettres. privilege, enjoyed by those under gratuitous obliga-
Bellum Gallicum n. [L. bellum war (2); Gallicum ( 1 ): tions, to retain enough for their livelihood in the event
the Gallic war.] The Gallic War, a commentary on of indigence.
his conquest of France (58-5 1 B.C.) by Julius Caesar beneficium discussionis n. [L. beneficium privilege,
(100-44 B.C.). right (1); discussionis of discussion (2): right of dis-
bema n. [Gk. bema step, platform.] 1. Judaism. The cussion.] Roman, Civil, and Scots Law. The right of a
platform used for services in a synagogue. 2. Orthodox surety to insist that the creditor sue the principal debtor
Christianity. The sanctuary. The place where the altar first and exhaust every facility before suing him.
is located. Cf. almemar. beneficium divisionis n. [L. beneficium privilege, right
Benedictus adj. [L. from bene well ( ); dictus spoken 1 (1); divisionis of division (2): right of division.] Roman
(2) well spoken, blessed.] The first word of a Latin
: and Scots Law. The right of a surety who is sued by
hymn based either on Matthew 21:9 ("Blessed is he the creditor to insist that the other co-sureties also be
who comes in the name of the Lord.") or Luke 1 :68 sued or that he/she pay only his/her proportionate
("Blessed be the Lord God of Israel.") — n. A prayer share of the debt.
based upon one of these sources. beneficium inopi bis dat, qui dat celeriter. Publilius
bene esse n. [L. bene well (2); esse to be (1): to be Syrus (c. 85-43 B.C.). Sententiae 6. [L. beneficium
well.] Well-being. Prosperity. A good, luxurious, or benefit, favor (2); inopi poor, needy, destitute (3);
comfortable life. Cf. bien-etre and esse. bis twice, doubly (4); dat he gives ( 1 ); qui who (5);
benefice n.,pl. benefices [Fr. benefit, advantage, privi- dat he gives (6); celeriter quickly (7): He gives a
lege, profit.] French Law. A privilege, advantage, or benefit to a poor person twice who gives quickly.] A
benefit derived from the law rather than from agree- person who gives quickly to the destitute gives him/her
ment concluded by parties. a double benefit. See bis dat etc. and qui cito etc.
benefice de discussion n. [Fr. benefice benefit, advantage Cf. minus solvit etc. and qui serius etc.
( de of (2); discussion discussion, deliberation (3):

1 ); beneficium inventarii n. [L. beneficium privilege,
advantage of discussion.] Law. Benefit of delibera- right ( 1 ); inventarii of inventory (2): privilege of in-
tion or discussion. Beneficium discussionis (q.v.). ventory.] Roman and Civil Law. The privilege of an
benefice de division n. [Fr. benefice benefit, advan- heir to have an inventory of the testator's property
tage (1); de of (2); division division, separation (3): made within the required time, and to be liable for
advantage of separation.] Law. Benefit of division. debts, charges, and legacies only to the value of the
Beneficium divisionis (q.v ). inheritance as indicated in the inventory.
benefice d'inventaire n. [Fr. benefice benefit, advan- beneficium invito non datur. [L. beneficium privilege,
tage ( 1 ); d' of (2); inventaire inventory, stocktaking right ( 1 ); invito to unwilling (person) (4); non not (2);
(3) : advantage of stocktaking.] Law. Benefit of inven- datur is given (3): a privilege is not given to an un-
tory. Beneficium inventarii (q.v.). willing person.] A privilege is not granted against the
beneficium n.,pl. beneficia [L. a favor, benefit, kind- wishes of the recipient. See invito beneficium etc.
ness, power, honor.] Roman and Civil Law. Right, beneficium non datur nisi officii causa. [L. benefi-
benefit, favor, privilege. cium privilege, benefit ( 1 ); non not (2); datur is given
beneficium abstinendi n. [L. beneficium privilege, (3); nisi except, unless (4); officii of duty; office (6);
right ( 1 ); abstinendi of abstaining, refraining (2): the causa for the sake of, on account of (5): Benefit is not
privilege of abstaining.] Roman Law. The power/ given except on account of duty.] Remuneration is only
privilege of refusing. The power granted an heir to awarded for duties which have been performed.
decline the inheritance. See potestas abstinendi. beneficium ordinis n. [L. beneficium privilege, right
Cf. tempus deliberandi. ( 1 ); ordinis of rank, order (2): privilege of rank.] The
beneficium cedendarum actionum n. [L. beneficium privilege of order. Beneficium discussionis (q.v.).
privilege, right (1); cedendarum (of) to be yielded, beneficium separationis n. [L. beneficium privilege,
yielding (3); actionum of suits, actions (2): privi- right ( 1 ); separationis of separation (2): privilege of
lege of actions/suits to be yielded.] Roman and Civil separation.] Roman and Civil Law. The right to have
Law. Right of yielding actions/suits. The right of a the estate of a deceased person separated from that
surety, before the payment of his principal's debt, to of the heir so that the former could be proceeded
insist that the creditor hand over to him the actions against in favor of the creditor.
against the debtor or any co-surety. bene quiescat. abbr. B.Q. [L. bene well (2); quiescat
beneficium competentiae n. [L. beneficium privilege, may he/she rest, repose (1): May he/she rest (or re-
right ( 1 ); competentiae of competency (2): privilege pose) well.] May he/she rest in peace.
.
47 biens immeubles
benigne faciendae sunt interpretationes chartarum, bethel n., pi. bethels [Heb. bet 'el: bet house (1); 'el
ut res magis valeat quam pereat; et quae libet God (2): house of God.] A holy place or religious
1 .
concessio fortissimo contra donatorem shrine, especially a chapel for sailors. 2. British. A
interpretanda est. [L. benigne liberally (5); meeting place for Non-conformists, especially Baptists
faciendae to be made (4); sunt are (3); and Methodists.
interpretationes interpretations (1); chartarum of betise n., pi. betises [Fr. stupidity, foolishness, absur-
writings, deeds (2); ut in order that (6); res thing, dity, piece of folly.] 1. Stupidity. Folly. Absurdity.
matter, property, business, affair (7); magis rather, Ignorance. Tactlessness. 2. An act of stupidity. An
more (9); valeat may prevail (8); quam than (10); act of folly. He is so notorious for his betises that his
pereat may perish (1 1); et and (12); quae libet any, colleagues pay no more attention to them.
all, every (13); concessio grant (14); fortissime most/ beziehungsweise abbr. bzw. adv. [Ger. Beziehung a
very strongly (17); contra against, opposite (18); connection, relation (2); weise by way of ( 1 ): by way
donatorem donor, grantor (19); interpretanda to of a connection or relation.] Respectively.
be interpreted (16); est is (15): Interpretations of b.f. abbr. for bonum factum (q.v.).
deeds are to be made liberally in order that the mat- bibliomania [Neo-Gk. from Gk. biblio(n) book
n.
ter may prevail rather than perish; and every grant is (1); mania enthusiasm, passion (2): book passion.]
to be interpreted most strongly against the grantor.] Excessive preoccupation with collecting, acquiring,
Law. Deeds must be interpreted liberally in order that and owning books. Bibliomania is an expensive ab-
their purpose may stand rather than fail; and every normality.
grant must be interpreted most strongly against the bibliotheca n., pi. bibliothecas or bibliothecae [L.
grantor. See quaelibet concessio etc. from Gk. biblio(n) book (1); theke case (2): book
benignius leges interpretandae sunt quo voluntas case.] A collection of books. A library. 2. A catalog
1.
earum conservetur. [L. benignius more liberally of books. A list of books. Cf. bibliotheque.
(4); leges laws (1); interpretandae to be interpreted bibliotheque //., pi. bibliotheques [Fr. bibliotheque
(3); sunt are quo by which,
(2); in order that (5); from Gk. biblio(n) book (1); theke case, place for
voluntas purpose, aim (7); earum their, of them (6); (1): bookcase.] A library. Cf. bibliotheca.
conservetur may be preserved (8): Laws are to be B.I.D. or b.i.d. abbr. for bis in die (q.v ).
interpreted more liberally in order that their aim may bidonville n., pi. bidonvilles [Fr. bidon a gas can, oil
be preserved.] Laws must be interpreted more liber- drum (1); ville town, city (2): an oil-drum town,
ally in order that their purpose may be preserved. shanty-town.] Suburbs consisting of buildings made
ben trovato or fern, ben trovata adj. [It. ben well (1); of boxes, wood, or other improvised material. Nomads
trovato found (2): well found.] Appropriate, though and peasants uprootedfrom the Senegal River valley
untrue. Ingeniously fabricated, devised or invented. haveflocked to the towns, swelling the bidonvilles . .
There are many stories about the hero 's exploits, most (New African 1978).
of them ben trovato. — n., pi. ben trovati A happy bienes comunes pi. n. [Sp. bienes property (2);
or ingenious fabrication, device or invention. Cf. Se comunes common (1): common property.] Spanish
non e vero etc. Law. Things like rain, water, air, and sea, which are
berceuse n., pi. berceuses [Fr. a woman who rocks a not the exclusive property of any individual, but are
cradle, a cradle song.] 1 . A lullaby. 2. Music. A com- tobe used by everybody. See bienes publicos; cosas
position which comforts like a lullaby. comunes; and juris publici.
bete noire n., pi. betes noires [Fr. bete animal, beast bienes publicos pi. n. [Sp. bienes property (2); publicos
(2); noire black, dark (1): black beast.] A bugbear. public (1): public property.] Spanish Law. Things such
An enemy. A pet aversion. Somebody or something as shores, public roads, rivers, and harbors which belong
which is intensely hated, feared, and scrupulously to the entire nation and can be used by every citizen or
avoided. The Cameroonian press . . . says the mea- inhabitant of the territory. See bienes comunes.
sures are the only alternative to the IMF which is bien-etre n., pi. bien-etres [Fr. bien well (1); etre to
"the bete noire of the Third World" {West Africa be, being (2): well-being.] Well-being. Prosperity.
1987). Cf. bete rouge. — pi. Material goods. Comforts. Cf. bene esse.
bete rouge n.,pl. bete rouges [Fr. bete animal, beast biennium n., pi. biennia or bienniums [L. bi(s) twice
(2); rouge red, purple (1): red/purple beast.] ( 1 ); ann(us) year (2): two years.] A period of two years.
Source of embarrassment, provocation, annoyance, Cf. decennium, quadrennium, quinquennium, and
or aversion. Applicable, particularly, to Russia or triennium.
the Russians. . . . a "wrong signal" to the Soviets biens immeubles pi. n. [Fr. biens belongings, goods,
so long as they remain a danger to Poland and the property (2);immeubles immovable, real ( ): immov- 1
bete rouge ofAmerican foreign policy (Newsweek able belongings.] French Law. Immovable property.
Int., May 4, 1981: 19). Cf. bete noire. Real estate. See immeubles. Cf. biens meubles.
biens meubles 48
biens meubles pi. n. [Fr. biens belongings, goods, prop- blagueur n., pi. blagueurs [Fr. joker.] One who tells
meubles movable ( 1 ): movable belongings.]

erty (2); tall tales.
French Law. Movable property. Movables. Personal blase orfern, blasee adj. [Fr. satiated, indifferent, tired.]
estate. See meubles, mobilia, and res mobiles. Satiated. Bored. Apathetic. Uninterested. Showing
Cf. biensimmeubles and immeubles. no signs of deriving pleasure or enjoyment from
bienvenida n. [Sp. bien well ( 1 ); venida come (2): wel- something. He is a difficult father, who is always
come.] Greetings. the bienvenida for Maria
. . . . . . blase about his son 's achievements.
{Newsweek Int. Dec. 19, 1983:3). Cf. bienvenue. blitz short form of blitzkrieg (q.v.) n., pi. blitzes [Ger.
bienvenue n. [Fr. bien well (1); venue come (2): wel- Blitz lightning.] 1 . An intensive full-scale aerial attack.
come.] Greetings. Cf. bienvenida. An air raid. 2. An intensive, fast, and full-scale war,
Bildungsroman n.,pl. Bildungsromans [Ger. Bildung characterized by surprise attack and close coordination
education (1); Roman novel (2): education novel.] between air and ground forces. Sovietforces continued
A novel about a young person's coming of age and their blitz through eastern Afghanistan, rolling over any
quest for personal identity; e.g., Charles Dickens' insurgents in theirpath (Newsweek Int. March 24, 1980).
David Copperfield. 3. A quick, intensive or overwhelming campaign,
billet-doux n., pi. billets-doux [Fr. billet note (2); doux military or nonmilitary. a) advertisement blitz;
sweet (1): sweet note.] A love letter. b) campaign blitz; c) communication blitz; d) media
bimbo n. [It. baby.] Slang. An offensive term for young blitz; e) promotional blitz; f) propaganda blitz. — adj.
woman who is very beautiful but not very smart. Of, characteristic of, to be expected in, being the con-
bis abbr. b adv. [L. twice, on two occasions.] 1 . Music. sequence of a blitz. The operations were conducted
Again. Used either to direct that a passage should be by a general who believes in blitz, not Fabian, tactics.
repeated or in requesting an encore. 2. Twice. Used, — v. tr.To launch a rapid, vigorous, or violent attack
1 .
especially, in an address or an account, to indicate against, a) On thefirst day ofthe war, our men blitzed
that something appears twice. the capital town of the enemy so continuously that it
bis dat qui cito dat. Publilius Syrus (c.85-43 B.C.). was almost captured, b) Kennedy 's current strategy
[L. bis twice (5); dat he gives (4); qui (one) who is to blitz the state, keeping his flame aglow
(1); cito quickly; speedily (3); dat gives (2): One {Newsweek Int. Nov. 26, 1979:39). 2. To destroy or
who gives quickly gives twice.] A person who gives damage through a rapid, vigorous, violent attack. The
quickly gives twice. See beneficium inopi etc. capital town of the enemy was blitzed on the very
bis in die abbr. B.I.D. or b.i.d. adv. [L. bis twice (1); first day of the war. 3. To push or stampede. The
in in, on (2); die day (3): twice in a day.] Medicine. dictatorial chairman blitzed the committee into ac-
Two times a day. Twice daily. cepting the recommendations.
bis peccare in bello non licet. [L. bis twice, two times blitzkrieg short form of blitz n., pi. blitzkriegs [Ger.
(4); peccare to sin (3); in in, on; (4); bello war (5); Blitzkrieg: Blitz lightning (1); Krieg war (2): lightning
non not (1); licet it is permitted (2): It is not permit- war.] See blitz n. . more careful
..I want to be But
ted to sin twice in war.] One does not have the luxury those guys want to make a blitzkrieg ( Time Int. 1 982).
of making a second error in war. Cf. sitzkrieg.
bis pueri senes [L. bis twice, for a second time (3); bloc n.,pl. blocs [Fr. block, lump, coalition.] 1. A tem-
pueri boys (2); senes old men ( ): Old men are boys
1 porary coalition of parties in the legislative assembly
for a second time.] Old men relive their youth. Cf. of a country, usually for support of the government.
senex bis puer. 2. A union or combination of persons, groups, or
bis vivit qui bene vivit. [L. bis twice, for a second countries which have common interests or objectives,
time (2); vivit he lives (1); who (3); bene (5);
qui a) anti-war bloc; b) Asian bloc; c) East bloc; d) Soviet
vivit lives (4): He lives twice who lives well.] A per- bloc.
son who lives life well lives two lives. Blut und Eisen n. Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898).
bitte schon adv. [Ger. bitte please (2); schon pretty [Ger. Blut blood (1); und and (2); Eisen iron (3):
(1): pretty please.] Please. Cf. bitte sehr; per favore; blood and iron.] Military power used for the achieve-
por favor; prego; and s'il vous plait. ment of a definite purpose. See Eisen und Blut.
bitte sehr adv. [Ger. bitte please (2); sehr very, much b.m. abbr. for 1. beatae memoriae (q.v.). 2. bonae
(1): very please.] Please. Cf. per favore; por favor; memoriae (q.v ).
prego; and s'il vous plait. bona pi. n. [L. goods, property.] 1. Roman Law. Appli-
bizarre adj. [Fr. from Sp. bizarro brave.] Odd. Weird. cable to all kinds of property, but specifically to real
Strange. Grotesque. Peculiar. Whimsical. Extraordi- estate. 2. Civil Law. Applicable to personal and real
nary. Fantastic. Outlandish. Nobody was interested property. 3. Common Law. Applicable to movables.
in culture . . . except as a curiosity and something bona adventitia pi. n. [L. bona goods, property (2);
bizarre (Suret-Canale 1971:369). adventi(c)ia foreign, accidental (1): accidental

49 bonanza
goods.] Roman Law. All the property which a person of deceit. Due to his unquestionable bona fides, his
acquires through his own efforts, as distinct from claim to the "lost and found" article was granted.
property received from the father. A son can keep such Cf. dolus malus.
property as his own, though his father can enjoy its usu- bona fides exigit ut quod convenit fiat. [L. bona good
fruct. See peculium adventitium. Cf. bona ma tern a (1) ; fides faith (2); exigit demands, requires (3); ut
bona confiscata pi. bona goods (2); confiscata
n. [L. that (4); quod (that) which, what (5); convenit is
confiscated (1)- confiscated goods.] Goods forfeited agreed on, settled (6); fiat may be done, happen (7):
to the national treasury. Cf. bona forisfacta. Good faith requires that what is agreed upon happen.]
bonae fidei adj. [L. bonae of good ( ); fidei (of) faith 1
Law. Good faith demands that what is agreed on be
(2): of good faith.] Civil Law. In good faith. Bonae done.
fidei contracts. bona fides non patitur ut bis idem exigatur. [L. bona
bonae fidei emptor n. [L. bonae of good (2); fidei good ( ); fides faith (2); non not (3); patitur allows,
1
(of) faith (3); emptor purchaser (1): a purchaser of permits (4); ut that (5); bis twice (8); idem the same
good faith.] Law. A purchaser in good faith; i.e., a (thing) (6); exigatur be demanded, exacted (7): Good
purchaser who sincerely believes that the vendor has faith does not allow that the same thing be exacted
the right to sell property or that the article does not twice.]Law. Good faith does not permit that pay-
belong to another person. ment be demanded on the same thing twice. Cf. jus
bonae fidei possessor n. [L. bonae of good (2); Fidei non patitur etc.
(of) faith (3); possessor holder, possessor ( 1 ): holder bona forisfacta pi. n. [L. bona goods, property, pos-
of good faith.] Law. A possessor in good faith; i.e., a made public
sessions (1); forisfacta that have been
person who sincerely believes that he/she has a better (2) Goods which have been made public] Forfeited
:
right to a possession than anybody else. Bona fide property. Cf. bona confiscata.
possessor (q.v.). bona fugitivorum pi. n. [L. bona goods, property,
bonae fidei possessor in id tantum quod ad se possessions (1); fugitivorum of fugitives, deserters
pervenerit tenetur. [L. bonae of good (2); fidei of (2): goods of fugitives.] Law. Property belonging to
faith (3); possessor holder, possessor ( 1 ); in into, to, fugitives.
against, for (5); id that (7); tantum only (6); quod bona gratia adv. [L. bona by good (1); gratia (by)
which (8); ad to, at, for, according to (10); se him- grace, harmony (2): by good grace/harmony.] By
self (11); pervenerit will have come (9); tenetur is mutual agreement/consent. Voluntarily. Roman Law.
A possessor of good faith is held for
held, liable (4): Applicable to a kind of divorce in which the parties
only that which will have come to himself] Law. A separated either without giving any reason or by
possessor in good faith is liable only for that which mutual agreement.
he himself has got. bona immobilia pi. n. [L. bona goods, property, pos-
bonae memoriae abbr. b.m. adj. [L. bonae of good, sessions (2); immobilia immovable ( 1 ): immovable
happy (1); memoriae (of) memory (2): of happy goods/property.] Land. Immovables. Cf. bona mo-
memory.] Pleasantly remembered. bilia.
bona fide adv. [L. bona with good ( 1 ); fide (with) faith, bona materna bona goods, property, pos-
pi. n. [L.
trust (2): with good faith.] In good faith. Honestly. sessions (2); materna of the mother (2): goods of
Sincerely. With sincerity. If the servant does not act the mother.] Roman Law. The goods which a depen-
bona fide, presumably he is liable (Rogers . . . dent son, i.e., one who is subject to his father's power,
1975:452). — adj. 1. Made without deceit or fraud. acquires from his mother. Cf. bona adventitia and
Bona fide agreement. 2. Legally valid. Legitimate, peculium adventitium.
a) Illegal aliens were deported to their bona fide bona mobilia pi. n. [L. bona goods, property, possessions
countries, b) The goods found in my house are my (2); mobilia movable (1): movable goods/property.]
bona fide property. 3. Sincere. Honest. A bona fide Movables. Possessions which can move or be moved
upholder of the principles of egalitarianism. from place to place. Cf. bona immobilia.
Cf. dolus malus. bona notabilia pi. n. [L. bona goods, property, pos-
bona fide possessor n. [L. bona in good (2); fide (in) sessions (2); notabilia noteworthy, remarkable (1):
faith (3); possessor holder, possessor (1): a holder noteworthy goods.] Law. Noteworthy or notable
with good faith.] Law. A possessor in good faith; i.e., property. Goods of a decedent which are valuable
a person who owns property which he/she can trans- enough to be accounted for. Goods which are worthy
fer and is ignorant of any defect in his/her right of of notice.
possession, bonae fidei possessor (q.v.). bonanza bonanzas [Sp. fair weather, prosperity,
n., pi.
Cf. possessor mala fide. success.] mass of ore rich in gold and silver. A
1 . A
bona fides n. [L. bona good (1); fides faith (2): good mine with such rich ore. The product of such a mine. A
faith.] Sincerity. Honest or sincere intention. Lack very prosperous gold mine or oil well. The company 's
bona paraphernalia 50
team ofexplorersfound a bonanza estimated to be worth boni judicis est lites dirimere. [L. boni of good (2);
billions of dollars. 2. An enterprise which unexpect- judicis (of) judge (3); est it is (1); lites litigations,
edly turns out to be very profitable. 3. A very large suits (5); dirimere to frustrate, prevent (4): It is of a
amount of money, a) Fred is one of the beneficiaries good judge to frustrate litigations.] It is the mark of a
who put the back-pay bonanza to good use. b) The real good judge to prevent litigations.
bonanza will come from the estimated $70 million
. . . bon mot n., pi. bons mots or bon mots [Fr. bon good
earned by the sale oftour T-shirts, posters,
that will be (1) mot word (2): good word.] Witticism. A clever,
;
programs, buttons {Newsweek Int. March 5,

. . . witty saying or remark. Wisecrack. The bon mots
1984:49). — adj. Characterized by or producing flowed at the dinner in Beverly Hills, honor-
. . . . . .
great wealth. Sam 's wealth is mostly derivedfrom the ing . . . Alfred Hitchcock (Time Int. 1979). Cf. mot.
bonanza contract he obtainedfrom the government. ,
Bonne Annee! inter/. [Fr. bonne good (1); annee year
bona paraphernalia pi. n. [L. bona goods, property, (2) : good year.] Happy New Year!
possessions (2); paraphernalia paraphernal, along- bonorum emptio n. [L. bonorum of goods, property
side the dowry (1): paraphernal goods, property (2); emptio purchase (1): purchase of goods.] Civil
alongside the dowry.] Civil Law. The goods of a wife Law. The purchase of an insolvent debtor's estate,
other than those which form part of the dowry (e.g., the purchaser being under obligation to settle the li-
jewels, clothes, etc.). Cf. conquets. See also para- abilities and debts up to a portion agreed upon during
phernalia. the purchase. Cf. bonorum venditio and distractio
bona peritura pi. n. [L. bona goods, property, posses- bonorum.
sions (1); peritura about to perish, going to perish bonorum venditio n. [L. bonorum of goods, property
(2): goods going to perish, that will perish.] Law. (2); venditio sale (1): sale of goods.] Sale of prop-
Perishable property or goods. The court had to expedite erty. Cf. bonorum emptio.
the trial in view ofthe fact that the subject matters of bonsai n. [Japan, from bon pot, basin (1); sai to plant
dispute were bona peritura. (2): a pot to plant, a potted plant.] 1 . The art of dwarfing
bon appetit bon good (1); appetit appetite
interj. [Fr. ornamental trees and growing them in small containers.
(2): good appetite.] Happy dining! Cf. buon appetito. 2. An artificially-dwarfed ornamental tree grown in
bona vacantia or vacantia bona pi. n. [L. bona goods, a small container.
property, possessions (2); vacantia vacant, unoccu- bon ton n., pi. bons tons [Fr. bon good (1); ton form,
pied, empty (1): vacant/unoccupied goods.] Civil manners, breeding (2): good form, manners, or breed-
Law. Goods which have no apparent owner or claimant ing.] Good taste. Stylishness. The fashionable thing.
(e.g., shipwrecks). Goods whose legitimate owners The proper thing. Every age has its bon ton and thus
are unknown or cannot be determined. Goods of an it comes about that a bon ton which has been rejected
who has no next of kin. An inheritance which
intestate by one generation is, surprisingly, adopted by a sub-
no competent man has accepted or claimed. The court sequent generation.

held that land alienated absolutely will escheat to bonum factum abbr. b.f. n. [L. bonum good (1); fac-
the grantor in the event of it becoming bona vacantia tum deed, act, fact (2): good deed.] An approved act.
through the death ofthe grantee without a successor bonum necessarium extra terminos necessitatis non
(James 1982:149). est bonum. [L. bonum good (thing) (2); neces-
bon chic, bon genre n. [Fr. bon good
abbr. b.c.b.g. sarium necessary ( 1 ); extra outside of, beyond (6);
bon good (3); genre type, kind
(1) ; chic stylish (2); terminos bounds, limits (7); necessitatis of compul-
(4): good style, good type.] Someone or something sion, urgency, necessity (8); non not (4); est is (3);
stylish and in good social standing. Cf. chic. bonum good (5): A necessary good thing is not good
bonhomie n. [Fr. bon good (1); horn me man, person outside of the limits of compulsion.] Law. A good
(2) good nature, amiableness, easy temper.] Good-
: measure born of necessity ceases to be good when it
natured friendliness. Warm spontaneous geniality. leaves the limits of necessity.
Sincere atmosphere or air of good cheer. Pleasantness bonum publicum abbr. b.p. n. [L. bonum good (thing)
of manner. Joviality. His bonhomie is so infectious (2);publicum public (1): public good thing.] The
that wherever he goes everybody becomes cheerful. public good. Government exists primarilyfor bonum
boni judicis est judicium sine dilatione mandare publicum.
executioni. [L. boni of good (2); judicis (of) judge bonus n., pi. bonuses [L. good.] 1. Something given
(3) ; est it is (1); judicium judgment (5); sine without or received beyond what is ordinarily expected. Mrs.
(7); dilatione delay (8); mandare to assign, entrust Adelabu gave each ofher children a bonus of$l 0. 00
(4) ; ex(s)ecutioni to execution (6): It is of a good pocket moneyfor their good conduct. 2. Money given
judge to entrust judgment to execution without delay.] in addition to the regular salary to reward meritorious
Law. It is the mark of a good judge to see to the execu- service or as an inducement. At the end-of-year party,
tion of judgment without delay. the Managing Director gave each employee a bonus
51 bourgeois
of $200. 3. A subsidy given by government to an bordereau n.,pl. bordereaux [Fr. memorandum, account,
industry. The government pays the firm a bonus of docket.] 1. A detailed memorandum. 2. Insurance. A
$400, 000 per annum to keep it in operation. 4. Money summary or description of transactions between an agent
which, apart from interest or royalties, is paid for a and a company, or one prepared by a former under-
loan, for the grant of a charter to a company, or for writer for the benefit of a reinsurer.
the lease or transfer of property such as oil lands. borne or fern, bornee adj. [Fr. limited, restricted.]
5. A sum which is paid to a professional athlete by a Limited in outlook, intelligence, depth of percep-
team in addition to the salary. Samuel is the only tion, variety of interests, scope, etc. Narrow-minded.
bonus player of the team. Provincial. Parochial, a) a bornee girl; b) a borne
bonus judex secundum aequum et bonum judicat, official.
et aequitatem stricto juri praefert. [L. bonus good boudoir n., pi. boudoirs [Fr. a sulking room, a woman's
(1); judex judge (2); secundum according to (4); private chamber.] A room which a lady can use as
aequum the fair (5); et and (6); bonum the good her private bedroom, as dressing room, and as a place
(7); judicat judges, decides (3); et and (8); to entertain her friends. In public, Mrs. Bods behaves
aequitatem equity (10); stricto to strict (11); juri as though her husband is her lord, but in the privacy
(to) right, law ( 1 2); praefert prefers (9): A good judge ofher boudoir, roles are reversed. — adj. Of, charac-
judges according to the fair and the good, and prefers teristic of, relating to, used in, a boudoir. A boudoir
equity to strict law.] Law. A good judge passes judg- lamp.
ment in accordance with equity, and prefers equity boulevardier n., pi. boulevardiers [Fr. frequenter of
to strict law. the boulevards.] Man-about- town. Man with sophis-
bonus paterfamilias n. [L. bonus good (1); paterfa- ticated taste in fashion. Bon vivant (q.v.). Cf. bon
milias father of the family (2): a good father of the viveur.
family.] Roman Law. A good head of the family, fin bouleversement n., pi. bouleversements [Fr. an
Roman law the usufructuary] owed a duty to con- overturning.] Complete confusion, disruption. She
duct himself as a bonus paterfamilias in the care of underwent a bouleversement in herfeelings when she
the res (Asante 1975:8). saw her husband with another woman.
bon vivant n., pi. bons vivants or bon vivants [Fr. boulimia var. of bulimia (q.v.).
bon good (1); vivant living (person) (2): good liv- bouquiniste n.,pl. bouquinistes [Fr. a person who sells
ing person.] A jolly fellow. A person who enjoys the second-hand books.] A used-book merchant, espe-
pleasures of life. A person who likes good living. An cially in a small street stall. They made a habit of
epicure. An easygoing person. A person with sophisti- frequenting the bouquinistes along the Seine every
cated tastes, especially in drinks and food. A gourmet, Sunday afternoon.
a) A bon vivant who dressed exquisitely, chainsmoked bourgeois or fern, bourgeoise adj., pi. bourgeois or
elegantly, kept a wife, a mistress, a secretary/lover fern, bourgeoises [Fr. adj. middle-class, common,
and a stablefill ofexpensive automobiles. {Newsweek . . plain; citizen, civilian, commoner, townsman.]
Int. Jan. 31, 1983:48). b) He was a charming, . . . 1 . Characteristic of the middle classes or the townsman.
multilingual bon vivant who always found time for 2. Belonging to, characteristic of, the classes which
foreign visitors, especially journalists (Time Int. engage in trade and own property. . . . it now confronts
1982). Cf. bon viveur and boulevardier. such bourgeois problems as sagging exports, runaway
bon viveur n., pi. bons viveurs or bon viveurs [Fr. labor costs and middle-class malaise . . . (Newsweek
bon good ( 1 ); viveur fast/free liver (2): a good fast/free Int. Nov. 12, 1979:35). 3. Pejorative. Tending to be
liver.] A person who lives a high and fast life. A person preoccupied with selfish materialism, accumulation
who is socially active. A person who frequents sophisti- of wealth and property as well as respectable position
cated places of resort, such as theaters, dancing halls, in society. Exhibiting mediocre views and tastes.
or clubs. Cf. bon vivant and boulevardier. Narrow-minded. The gaudy decor ofthe room revealed
bon voyage n. [Fr. bon good (1); voyage journey
(2): the bourgeois tastes of its inhabitants. 4. Politics.
good journey.] A happy, good, or pleasant journey. Capitalistic. Preoccupied with commerce and indus-
Rose and Elizabeth went to the airport to wish Timothy try. According to Marxist theory, the interests of the
a bon voyage. —
inter/. Have a good trip. "Bon voyage,
"
proletariat are in constant conflict with bourgeois
Anita said tearfully. concerns. — n. 1 . An inhabitant of a bourg. 2. A mem-
bordello n., pi. bordellos [It. a brothel.] A house where ber of the middle classes. A businessman. A person
prostitutes ply their trade. Hookers from all around who derives his/her wealth from trade and industry.
France arrived in Paris last week to protest legislation A capitalist. A person whose socio-political views
that would get them off the and into munici-street are dominated by the interests of private property
pally controlled bordellos (Newsweek Int. Feb. 5, ownership. 3. A philistine. A narrow-minded person.
1979:15). Cf. lupanar. A person preoccupied with materialism and showing
.
bourgeoisie 52
negligible interest in intellectual values. He is such a or dignity. 2. Military. A commission which gives
bourgeois that he cares little about art beyond its an officer promotion to a higher rank, though he/she
resale value. See bourgeoisie;
grande bourgeoisie; does not receive the corresponding salary or authority,
haute bourgeoisie; petit bourgeois; and petite brevet d invention n. [Fr. brevet patent, license (1);
bourgeoisie. d' of (2); invention discovery, invention (3): a patent
bourgeoisie n. [Fr. the social class of the bourgeois.] for a discovery.] Patent for an invention. Letters
The middle classes. A society dominated by the patent.
middle classes. See bourgeois. bric-a-brac n., pi. bric-a-bracs [Fr. curios, bits and
bourree n.,pl. bourrees [Fr. stuffed, crammed, packed, pieces, odds and ends.] Curios. A miscellaneous col-
packed sticks, a dance.] 1 . A traditional French dance lection of small decorative articles, art objects, antiques,
of the Auvergne believed to have originated in dances etc., which have sentimental value. The townhouse
around piles of fagots. 2. Music played for this dance. was filled with a life-long accumulation of antiques
3. Ballet. A dance step also called pas de bourree and bric-a-brac.
(q.v.). brigatista n. pi.
, brigatisti [It. a member of a brigade.]
bourse n., pi. bourses [Fr. purse, stock exchange, A member of the Red Brigade. The authorities also
money market, scholarship, grant.] 1. Market. An stumbled upon a possible link with the abduction by
exchange. A stock exchange. A place where merchants, brigatisti of U.S. Brigadier General James Dozier . .
brokers, and bankers meet for business transactions. (Time Int. 1982).
In just one session of trading last week, shares on brochure n.,pl. brochures [Fr. booklet, pamphlet.] A
the Paris Bourse dropped more than 2 per cent, . . . small book or pamphlet.
(Newsweek Int. May 1 1, 1981:12). 2. A scholarship brontophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. bronto(s) thunder
or grant to pursue academic activities. (2); phob(os) fear (1): fear of thunder.] Psychology.
boustrophedon n. [Gk. boustrophedon: bous ox (1); Excessive fear of thunder.
strophedon turning (2): ox-turning.] Writing the way brouhaha n.,pl. brouhahas [Fr. uproar, din, commo-
a field is plowed by an ox, i.e., from left to right then tion, hubbub.] 1. Hubbub. A confused mixture of
right to left, etc. sounds, particularly voices. 2. Hullabaloo. Furor. Uproar.

boutique n., pi. boutiques [Fr. shop, stall, booth.] A Fuss. Unwarranted excitement, publicity, or atten-
small shop, particularly one which specializes in fash- tion. . . . a legal brouhaha over the film 's worldwide
ionable clothes and accessories for ladies. distribution rights delayed the premiere for four
b.p. abbr. for bonum publicum (q.v ). months (Newsweek Int. March 12, 1979:57).
b.q. abbr. for bene quiescat (q.v ). brutum fulmen n., pi. bruta fulmina [L. brutum
brava fern, for bravo (q.v.). heavy, inert, irrational (1); fulmen thunderbolt (2): a
bravo or fern, brava adj., pi. bravi or bravos or fern. heavy thunderbolt.] An empty threat or noise, a) Since
brave [It. courageous, excellent.] (You are) excellent! the court has no jurisdiction, the quit order issued
— interj. Excellent! Well done! a) Bravo to Richard against the tenant is no more than a brutum fulmen.
Schickelfor his incisive review o/"Star Trek . . . {Time b) One of the reasons for applying the lex situs is
Int. Bravo for a job well done

1980). b) (The . . . that any adjudication which was contrary to what
Guardian 1986). c) The opera house was filed with the lex situs had decided or would decide would be
shouts of "Brava "after the sopranofinished her aria. in most cases a brutum fulmen, since in the last resort
— n. 1. Shout of approval, commendation, approba- the land can only be dealt with in a manner permitted
tion or sanction. The outstanding performance was by the lex situs (Morris 1 973 :6 1 ).
greeted with wild bravos. 2. Villain. Assassin. Thug. buffet n.,pl. buffets [Fr. sideboard, refreshment room,
Cutthroat. — v. tr. To show approval, approbation, refreshment table.] 1 . A counter where refreshments
or admiration by shouting bravo. The entire audi- are sold, as in a railway station, a train, a hotel, or
ence, with no exception, bravoed the performance. theater. 2. A meal, usually a light refreshment, served
bravura n., pi. bravuras [It. bravery.] 1. Exhibition informally on a sideboard to guests who stand or sit
of brilliance or daring. He slips with stunning bravura casually and eat. a) a buffet luncheon; b) a buffet supper.
in and out of the parts of the egomaniacal Richard B.U.J. abbr. for Baccalaureus Utriusque Juris (q.v ).
III, the self-pitying Lear and, stripped nearly naked, bulimia or boulimia n.,pl. bulimias or boulimias [Gk.
Timon ofAthens (Newsweek Int. May 30, 1983:64). being ox-hungry.] Medicine. Abnormal hunger. Ab-
2.Music. A piece or passage which demands con- normal craving for food. A disease characterized by
siderable spirit and skill on the part of the performer. binge-eating followed by purging. See polyphagia.
— attr. Performing or behaving in a brilliant, daring, Bundesbank n. [Ger. Bund association, federation ( 1 );
or spirited manner. Bank bank (2): federation bank.] The federal bank
brevet n., pi. brevets [Fr. certificate, patent, commis- of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Bundesbank
sion.] 1 . French Law. A document from a government, is holding interest rates high to protect the
giving a private individual a title, privilege, benefit, Deutschmark (Newsweek Int. Dec. 15, 1980:47).
bzw.
Bundeskanzleramt n. [Ger. Bund association, writing desk which has drawers. 2. A low chest of
federation ( 1 ); Kanzleramt office of chancellor (2): drawers, fitted with a mirror, usually used in a bed-
federation office of chancellor.] Office of the Federal room. 3. A unit of the administrative or executive
Chancellor, i.e., of Germany. And he still feels the division of a government, a) State research bureau;
glow ofadmiration when meeting with foreign states- b) planning bureau; c) weather bureau; d) The Fed-
men, either in his drab modernistic Bundeskanzleramt eralBureau of Investigation (F.B.I.); e) Bureau of
or abroad {Newsweek Int. April 26, 1982:35). Labor Statistics; f) Bureau ofLand Management. 4. A
Bundesstaat n., pi. Bundesstaaten or Bundesstaats business agency which coordinates activities and
[Ger. Bund association, federation (1); Staat state serves as the center for making contacts and exchang-
(2): federation state.] A federated state. A federation. ing information, inter alia. 5. A branch of a news
Bundestag n., pi. Bundestage or Bundestags [Ger. media or wirecommunication organization in an im-
Bund association, federation (1); Tag meeting, diet, Bonn Bureau.
portant city. Times
assembly (2): federation assembly.] Federal Diet. bureau de change n., pi. bureaux de change [Fr.
Lower House. Lower House of Parliament, specifi- bureau office ( 1 ); de of (2); change change, exchange
cally in the Federal Republic of Germany. . . . the (3): office of change.] Foreign exchange office.
Bundestag approved a measure designed to encour- Office of the money-changer. Office of currency
age some of the 4.5 million foreign workers in the exchange.
country to return home {Newsweek Int. Dec. 12, burlesque n.,pl. burlesques [Fr. comic] 1 . A dramatic
1983:14). performance or written work which uses a tone in-
Bundeswehr n. [Ger. Bund association, federation (1); appropriate to the subject matter to create ridicule or
wehr defense (2): federation defense.] Defense forces humor. So a serious topic is presented humorously
of the Federal Republic of Germany established in or a light subject is presented seriously.2. A distorted
1954/5 by the Treaty of Paris. With 500,000 troops, or absurd imitation. A mockery. 3. A motley theatrical
the Bundeswehr is by far the largest single military performance combining ribald humor, striptease,
force in Western Europe (Newsweek Int. Nov 17, song, and dance. — v. To mock, to imitate in a distorted,
1980:36). humorous manner. — adj. 1. Mocking. Distorted.
buon appetito buon good
interj. [It. ( 1 ); appetito ap- Humorous. 2. Pertaining to a motley theatrical perfor-
petite (2): good appetite.] Happy dining! Cf. bon mance combining ribald humor, striptease, song, and
appetit dance, a) a burlesque dancer; b) a burlesque theater.
bureau n., pi. bureaux or bureaus [Fr. desk, writing bzw. abbr. for beziehungsweise (q.v.).
table, office, department, committee, board.] 1. A
V
c
c. abbr. for 1. circa (q.v.). 2. circiter (q.v.). 3. circum cache-cache with their eyes from opposite sides of
(q.v.). the room.
ca. abbr. for circa (q.v.). cache-pot n., pi. cache-pots [Fr. cache hiding place
C.A. abbr. for 1. charge d'affaires (q.v ). 2. corps (2); pot pot, vessel (1): a pot hiding place.] A con-
d'armee [Fr. corps body (1); d' of (2); armee army tainer for a flower pot.
(3): body of the army.] Army Corps. cachet n., pi. cachets [Fr. seal, mark, stamp.] 1. A
cabala or cabbala or kabala or kabbala n. [Heb. stamp, seal, or sign indicating official sanction or
qabbala tradition, doctrine.] 1. Judaism. Mystical approval. The much-rumored project has now re-
teachings based upon rabbinical tradition and eso- ceived the cachet ofthe board ofdirectors. 2. Prestige.
teric interpretation of scripture. 2. Any collection of Reputation. Recognition. Mark of excellence. A dis-
secret teachings. tinct quality or feature which confers prestige, respect,

caballero n., pi. caballeros [Sp. horse groom.] A 1. or honor. Kinski now has international cachet as a
Spanish knight or gentleman. A skilled horseman.
2. serious actress . . . (Newsweek Int., Feb. 23, 198 1 :53).
cabana n., pi. cabanas [Sp. cabana hut.] A beach- c.-a-d. abbr. for c'est-a-dire (q.v.).
house or shelter. cachexia n. [Gk. kakhexia: kak(os) bad, evil ( 1 ); hexis
cabaret n., pi. cabarets [Fr. restaurant, tavern, night- condition, state (2): bad condition.] A debilitating loss
club, pub, wineshop.] 1. A shop which sells wine of weight and muscle tone as a result of prolonged
and liquor. 2. A restaurant which, in addition to its disease.
normal services, provides entertainment in the form cadastre or cadaster n., pi. cadastres or cadastrers
of music and dancing. 3. The floor show provided at [Fr. land survey, register.] A register of land owner-
such a restaurant. ship for tax purposes.
cabotinage n., pi. cabotinages [Fr. third-rate acting, cadaver n., pi. cadavers [L. a dead body, a corpse.]
barn-storming, self-advertisement.] Playing to the Dead human body.
gallery. Exaggerated or extravagant acting with the cadeau n., pi. cadeaux [Fr. gift, present.] A gift. A
deliberate intention of attracting the attention of the present.
audience. cadenza n., pi. cadenzas [It. falling.] 1. A showy in-
cache n.,pl. caches [Fr. hiding-place.] 1 . A hiding place terpolation by a vocal soloist. 2. An elaborate solo
where explorers, campers, etc. store provisions and section intended to demonstrate the virtuosity of an
tools. A place for storage. 2. Something concealed instrumental performer in a concerto.
or preserved in a hiding place. . . . they found a cadet n., pi. cadets [Fr. younger, junior, youngest,
cache offirearms and ammunition, bomb-making young fellow.] Younger brother, son or division
1.
equipment (Newsweek Int. Nov. 2, 1981:39). 3. A

. . . of a family. Youngest son. A person belonging to a
place where a group of insects hibernate. 4. A group younger division of a family. 2. A person undergoing
of insects hibernating in the same hiding place. training in the armed forces to become a commis-
5. Computer Science. An area of the central processing sioned officer. 3. A junior person who is undergoing
unit of a computer used for temporary storage and training in an occupation or business.
quick retrieval of data. cadit quaestio. [L. cadit falls (2); quaestio inquiry,
cache-cache n. [Fr. cache hiding-place.] Hide-and- question (1): The inquiry/question falls.] There is no
seek. Peekaboo. The flirtatious young couple played more room for argument. The discussion comes to
54
55 Camorra
an end. If the tribunal recommended that the ques- milk, especially hot milk. White coffee. . . . crowds
tion should not be so referred, then cadit quaestio lined up for steaming cups of cafe au lait ....
(Nwabueze 1982:114). {Newsweek Int. May 18, 1981:52). Cf. cafe noir.
cadre n.,pl. cadres [Fr. framework, skeleton, nucleus, cafe noir n., pi. cafes noirs [Fr. cafe coffee (2); noir
manager, executive.] I. Framework. Skeletal orga- black (1): black coffee.] Coffee without cream or
nization. 2. A nucleus of trained members of an milk. Cf. cafe au lait.
organization who have the capacity of becoming lead- £a ira. [Fr. ca it ( 1 ); ira will go (2): It will go.] It will
ers and training others in the field. A small group of happen without doubt. 1 . The first words of a French
important people. . . as cadres ofqualified scientists
. revolutionary song. 2. Any song or slogan urging
have been built up, more advanced training has been revolutionary violence,
undertaken at selected institutions (Peter Collins in caldera n., pi. calderas [Sp. caldron.] A large volcanic
West Africa 1985). crater.
caduceus n., pi. caducei [L. from Gk. karukeion Calliope n. [Gk. Kalliope: kalli- beautiful (1); op(s)
herald's staff] 1. A herald's staff, especially the one voice Greek Mythology. She
(2): beautiful voice.]
carried by Hermes, the Greek messenger god. This of the beautiful voice. The muse of epic poetry.
staff is 2. Hermes'
topped by a circle and a half circle. —calliope n.,pl. calliopes Music. A steam-operated
staff with wings and entwined serpents added. Asso- pipe organ used especially at circuses, parades, and
ciated with medicine and physicians. merry-go-rounds. Often transported on wagons.
cael. abbr. for caelavit (q.v.). calumniandi animo adv. [L. calumniandi of accus-
caelavit abbr. cael. [L. He/she engraved it.] Engraved ing falsely, slandering (2); animo with intention ( 1 ):
by. Used to indicate the author of an engraving. with the intention of accusing falsely.] Law. With
Cf. delineavit; fecit; invenit; invenit et delineavit; the intention of slandering. With intent to slander.
pinxit; and sculpsit. With a malicious design. It cannot be disputed that
Caesar n., pi. Caesars [L. a Roman gens or tribe name.] he made the statement against hisfriend calumniandi
1. Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.), the famous animo.
general and statesman of Rome, who was assassinated cam. abbr. for camouflage (q.v.).
on the Ides of March, 44 B.C. 2. A Roman emperor. camaraderie n., pi. camaraderies [Fr. comradeship.]
3. An emperor, dictator, despot, or autocrat. The Good fellowship. Spirit of familiarity, friendship,
country 's Caesar is becoming more irresponsible mutual cooperation, trust, loyalty and goodwill which
than the notorious Nero. 4. A temporal or earthly exists among comrades. . . . in the disco and game
ruler. Christians, in due compliance with the instruc- rooms, the village comes alive with the sort of inter-
tionsofJesus, pay allegiance to both God and Caesar. national camaraderie that is supposed to make the
Cf. czar and Kaiser. hassles of the Olympics worthwhile {Newsweek Int.
Caesar non supra grammaticos [L. Caesar Caesar Feb. 25, 1980:46-47).
(1) non (2); supra above (3); grammaticos gram-
; camarilla n., pi. camarillas [Sp. small or little room.]
marians (4): Caesar (is) not over the grammarians.] Clique. Cabal. A group of scheming advisers who
The power of a Caesar, i.e., a political ruler, does not usually surround a potentate. The new boss is sur-
include power over grammar. Political power has its rounded by a camarilla comprising people who are
limits. primarily interested in obtaining undeserved promo-
caesura n., pi. caesurae or caesuras [L. a cutting.] 1 . Any tions and settling old scores.
break or interruption, but especially a pause in a line camera n.,pl. camerae [L. room, chamber.] A judge's
of verse or a breathing point in a musical melody. chamber. Cf. in camera. pi. cameras A piece — 1 .
2. Greek and Latin Poetry. A word which ends in of equipment used for taking photographs. 2. A piece
the middle of a metrical foot. of equipment used for transmitting television images.
caetera desunt. var. of cetera desunt (q.v.). 3. Camera obscura (q.v.).
caeteris paribus var. of ceteris paribus (q.v ). camera lucida n., pi. camerae lucidae or camera
caeteris tacentibus var. of ceteris tacentibus (q.v ). lucidas [L. camera room, chamber (2); lucida light
caeterorum var. of ceterorum (q.v ). (1): light room.] A piece of equipment which uses a
caf£ or cafe n., pi. cafes or cafes [Fr. coffee, coffee prism to project an image on a flat surface for the
house, coffee shop.] 1 . Coffee. 2. A room where cof- purpose of tracing.
fee and light refreshments are served. Coffee house. camera obscura n., pi. camerae obscurae or camera
Coffee shop. 3. A restaurant. A barroom. A saloon obscuras [L. camera room, chamber (2); obscura
. . . the seedy cafes can offer only coffee and the oc- dark ( 1
): dark room.] A darkened enclosure through
casional beer {Newsweek Int. July 7, 1980: 12). which an image is projected through a small opening
cafe au lait n., pi. cafes au Iait [Fr. cafe coffee ( 1 ); au onto the back of the enclosure.
to the, toward the, in the, by the, with the, until the Camorra n. [It. a shirt, a secret organization.] A clan-
(2) lait milk (3): coffee with the milk.] Coffee with
; destine organization founded in Naples in the early
camouflage 56
19 ,h -century for the purpose of blackmail and extor- brigand (5); viator traveler (2): An empty traveler
tion. — camorra pi. camorras Any clandestine will sing in the presence of a brigand.] A traveler
criminal organization. Cf. dacoit; mafia; petit who has no money will sing when confronted by a
truand; and yakuza. brigand.
camouflage abbr. cam. n., pi. camouflages [Fr. dis- cantata n., pi. cantatas [It. sung.] Music. A composi-
guise, makeup.] {.Military. Disguising an object so tion, originally religious in context, for both voice
that the enemy may not discover what it is, its nature, and instruments in various combinations of solos,
and its position. 2. Using disguise to conceal some- choruses, and recitatives.
thing. 3. A disguise. Conduct, behavior, or device cantatrice n., pi. cantatrices or cantatrici [It. and Fr.
which aims at deception or concealing something. a female singer.] A woman or girl who is a profes-
False pretense. —
v. tr. To disguise or conceal. They sional singer, especially an operatic singer.
camouflaged their guilt behind a mask of bravura. cantor n., pi. cantors [L. singer.] One who leads the
campanile n., pi. campaniles [It. belltower.] A tall congregation of a church or synagogue in singing.
building with bells, especially one adjacent to a church. . . . cantors with splendid voices are still in demand
campesino n., pi. campesinos [Sp. a field worker.] A for the High Holidays, and some are hired for the
Latin-American rustic, farm laborer, or farmer. Tens weekend by wealthy congregations (Newsweek Int.
ofthousands ofcampesinos who once streamedfrom June 1, 1981:41).
farms to Mexico City to find $200-a-month construc- cantus firm us n., pi. canti firmi [L. cantus song (2);
tion jobs are staying home this year {Newsweek Inf firm us fixed, set ( 1 ): fixed song.] Music. The melody
Oct. 18, 1982:46). around which other, i.e. counter, melodies are
campus n., pi. campi or campuses [L. field, plain.] worked, especially in medieval religious chant.
1 The site of a university, college or school. Ben is capax doli adj. [L. capax capable (1); doli of willful
.
traveling to his home-town today, but hopes to return wrong (2): capable of willful wrong.] Law. Capable
to campus next week. 2. A school, college or division of committing a crime. Intelligent enough to be held
of a university which has almost every necessary criminally liable. At the age of eighteen, a person is
facility and can operate independently, but is linked deemed to be capax doli.
to, and administered by, a university. The University capax negotii adj. [L. capax fit for, capable of (1);
of Jos was formerly a campus of the University of negotii (of) business (2): capable of business.] Ca-
Ibadan. 3. The world of academia. The university as pable of transacting business. Competent to transact
a social and educational entity. Politicians seem to business. An infant is not deemed to be capax negotii.
expect too much from the campus and, if they had Capelle var. of Kapelle (q.v.).
their own way, universities would become technical Capellmeister var. of Kapellmeister (q.v ).
schools. capias n., pi. capiases [L. You may take. You should
canaille n., pi. canailles [Fr. rabble, mob, riffraff, seize.] Law. That you take. A legal writ which em-
populace.] The general populace. The masses. The powers the officer to arrest the one who is named in
proletariat. There can be no meaningful political it or to seize his/her goods. See fieri facias.
stability until the problems ofthe urban canaille have capias ad audiendum judicium n. [L. capias you may/
received the necessary attention. See demos 2; hoi should seize (1); ad to, at, for, according to (2)
polloi; sans-culottes; and vulgus. Cf. la creme de audiendum to be heard (4); judicium judgment (3):
la creme. You should seize for judgment to be heard.] You

canard n.,pl. canards [Fr. duck, deceiving story.] 1. An should seize for the hearing ofjudgment. Law. A writ
intentionally false story. The police report published ordering that an accused in a case of misdemeanor
in the newspaper was merely a canard intended to be brought to hear judgment.
deceive the perpetrators ofthe crime. 2. A wing-like capias ad respondendum abbr. ca. resp. n. [L. capias
stabilizer attached to the fuselage of some aircraft. you may/should seize (1); ad to, at, for, according
Cancer n. [L. crab.] 1 . Astronomy. A crab-shaped con- to (2); respondendum answering (3): You should
stellation located nearGemini and Leo. 2. Astrology. seize for answering.] Law. A writ, usually used for
The fourth sign of the zodiac dominant from June 22 commencing action, which orders that an accused
through July 22. 3. A person born under this constel- person be arrested, kept in custody, and brought to
lation. —cancer 1. An abnormal, malignant growth court on a specified day to answer the complaint of
of cells. 2. The disease caused by such abnormal the plaintiff.
growth. 3. A spreading evil. The cancer of drug capias ad satisfaciendum abbr. ca. sa. n. [L. capias
abuse. you should/may seize (1); ad to, at, for, according to
cantabit vacuus coram latrone viator. Juvenal c.60- ( (2); satisfaciendum satisfying (3): You should seize
1 17 A.D.). Satires X,22. [L. cantabit will sing (3); for satisfying.] Law. A writ ordering that a party be
vacuus empty, devoid (1); coram in the presence arrested, kept in custody, and brought to court on a
of, in the face of (4); latrone highwayman, robber, specified day to make satisfaction for debt or damages.
57 carpe diem
Capischi? v. [It. Do you understand?] Slang. It is clear? caput n., pi. capita [L. head, life.] 1. The three funda-
Do you get the point? mental rights, namely freedom, citizenship and family
capitatim adj. [L. by/of the head.] So much per head. rights. 2. The head of a person. 3. Personality.
By the head. Applicable to taxes or levies calculated caput mortuum n.,pl. capita mortua [L. caput head
per head. A capitatim tax. (2); mortuum dead (1): dead head.] Worthless resi-
capite minutus or capite deminutus n. [L. capite by due. The residue after something had been distilled.
head (2); minutus diminished, reduced (1): dimin- carabiniere n.,pl. carabinieri [It. a soldier armed with
ished by the head.] One who has lost status. Civil a musket.] A member of Italy 's national police force.
Law. A person who has lost some civil rights, such Legions of carabinieri pressed on with the manhunt
as citizenship, freedom, or membership in a family. but most of their tips and leads took them up blind
A person who has suffered capitis diminutio. See alleys (Newsweek Int. Jan. 982: 5). 1 1 , 1 1
capitis diminutio. career ad homines custodiendos, non ad puniendos,

capitis diminutio or capitis deminutio n. [L. capitis dari debet. [L. career prison (1); ad to, at, for, ac-
of head, life (2); diminutio forfeiture, loss (1): loss/ cording to (4); homines humans, people (5);
forfeiture of life/head.] Loss of civil rights. Roman custodiendos to be kept (6); non not (7); ad to, at,
Law. A citizen's loss of legal status which may infor, according to (8); puniendos to be punished (9);
clude loss of freedom, membership in a family, and, dari to be applied, devoted (3); debet ought, should
even, citizenship. See capite minutus; capitis (2): A prison ought to be devoted to people to be
diminutio maxima; capitis diminutio media; capi- kept, not to people to be punished.] Law. Imprison-
tis diminutio minima; and diminutio. ment should serve the purpose of keeping individuals
capitis diminutio maxima or capitis deminutio away from society, not that of punishing them.
maxima n. [L. capitis of head, life (3); diminutio cardialgia n.,pl. cardialgias [Neo-Gk. from kardi(a)
loss (2); maxima greatest (1): the greatest loss of (1); alg(os) pain, suffering (2): heart pain.] Medicine.
head/life.] Roman Law. The highest form of loss of Heartburn. Cardiac pain. Pain in the heart.
civil rights; i.e., losing freedom and becoming a slave. cardiophobia n.,pl. cardiophobias [Neo-Gk. from Gk.
See capitis diminutio. kardi(a) heart (2); phob(os) fear (1): fear of heart.]
capitis diminutio media or capitis deminutio media Medicine. Morbid, abnormal, or excessive fear of
n. [L. capitis of head, life (3); diminutio loss (2); heart disease.
media middle, moderate ( 1
): moderate loss of head/ ca. resp. abbr. for capias ad respondendum (q.v ).
life.] Roman Law. A moderate loss of status; i.e., losing cargo n.,pl. cargoes or cargos [Sp. charge, load, burden,
citizenship and family rights but retaining personal responsibility.] The freight, load, or goods conveyed
freedom. See capitis diminutio. by a ship, vehicle, or airplane. Usually applicable to
capitis diminutio minima or capitis deminutio only the goods. Animals and persons are not included.
minima n. [L. capitis of head, life (3); diminutio carillon n., pi. carillons [Fr. bells.] Music. 1. A set of
loss (2); minima least, lowest (1): the least/lowest bells arranged chromatically so that tunes can be
loss of head/life.] Roman Law. The least loss of status, played from a keyboard or electronically. 2. A com-
1. e., membership in a family, but retaining
losing position for such bells.
personal freedom and citizenship. See capitis carillonneur n., pi. carillonneurs [Fr. bell player ]
diminutio. Someone who plays a carillon (q.v.).

capriccio n., pi. capriccios [It. whimsical.] 1. Music. carissima adj. [It. dearest.] A term of affection.
A lively instrumental composition written in a free- caritas n. [L. love, regard, esteem.] Christianity. Charity.
flowing style. 2. A joke. A trick. 3. A sudden change Christian love. A human's special love for God and
in intention or thought. A whim. Cf. capriccioso and a human's love for others for the sake of God. A
caprice. human's love for others as brothers and sisters, since
capriccioso adj. /adv. [It. whimsical.] Music. In a whim- all persons are the sons and daughters of God. God's
sical style. Cf. capriccio and caprice. love for mankind. See agape.
caprice n., pi. caprices [Fr. from It. capriccio whim- carmen n., pi. carmina [L. a song, poem, verse,
sical.] 1. Music. A capriccio (q.v.). 2. A sudden prophecy, or incantation.] A song or poem. —Carmen
change in intention or thought. A whim. Their deci- A first name for either a man or a woman. —Carmina
sion to attend the concert was a caprice which they a collection of poems, especially those by Catullus
regretted. (c.84-c.54 B.C.).
Capricornus n. [L. from capr(i) goat (1); cornu horn carousel or carrousel n., pi. carousels or carrousels
(2): goat horn.] 1 . Astronomy. Capricorn. A goat-shaped [Fr. a knight's tournament.] 1 . A merry-go-round. 2. A
constellation located near Aquarius and Sagittarius. piece of equipment which carries articles around in
2. Astrology. The tenth sign of the zodiac, dominant a circle, especially luggage in an airport.
from December 22 through January 19. 3. A person carpe diem. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes 1,2,8. [L. carpe
born under this constellation. take, snatch, seize (I); diem day (2): Seize the day.]
'
carptim 58
Seize the opportunity. Make use of the day. — n.,pl. work Histoire de ma vie (Story of My Life), won for
carpe diems Enjoying the pleasures of the day with him the notorious reputation of a philanderer. 2. A
no regard for the future. Their carpe diems were male lover who is not only promiscuous but also un-
transformed into dies iraes as a result of the stock scrupulous. His reputation as a Casanova preceded
market crash. Cf. dum loquimur etc. him and his arrival was not welcome in her eyes.
carptim adv. [L. in pieces, in different places, at dif- Casbah or casbah n.,pl. Casbahs orcasbahs [Fr. from
ferent times.] Piecemeal. Selectively. In parts. One Ar. qasbah fortress.] A castle in North Africa.
school of thought believes that historiography can- cas de conscience n. [Fr. cas case, matter (1); de of
not be completely objective, since most historians (2); conscience principles, conscience (3): a case of
write carptim. principles.] A matter of conscience or morality.
carte blanche n., pi. cartes blanches [Fr. carte chart, Cf. crise de conscience.
card (2); blanche white, blank, clean (1): a white or cas fortuit n. [Fr. cas circumstance, matter (2); fortuit
blank card.] 1. A document signed and given to the accidental, fortuitous (1): an accidental circum-
other party for him/her to fill in whatever he/she may stance.] Insurance Law. An unavoidable accident.
deem fit. 2. Free hand. Unrestricted delegated au- An accidental or fortuitous event. An act of God.
thority. Full power of discretion. Unlimited freedom See casus fortuitus.
of action. Full power to act for the best. Unlimited casino n., pi. casinos [It. a little or small house.] A
authority, a) The order was only a carte blanche for building where public entertainment is provided, the
the thugs and bullies to have their own revenge ow principal item of amusement being gambling.
the Ghanaians who had been considered threats to Cassandra n., pi. Cassandras [Gk. Kassandra ]
their own existence (John Mensah in West Africa Mythology. The beautiful daughter of Priam, king 1 .
1983). b) ... he gave me carte blanche to take of Troy, who was destined never to be believed even
. . .
"
the necessary measures against certain "leopards, when accurately predicting misfortunes like the birth
among them Litho and his businesses (New African of Paris (whose amorous escapade led to the Trojan
1983). c) John Pistone, director ofthe U.S. bishops war) and the consequences of accepting the gift of
Secretariat for the Diaconate and himselfa deacon, the wooden horse. 2. A prophet or prophetess of mis-
said the rules changes should not be viewed "as a fortune, doom, or disaster, a) Recent developments
carte blanche "for widowed deacons to remarry and clearly show that Emily is a veritable Cassandra.
stay in active ministry (Jerry Filteau in Catholic News b) the trend has become sufficiently clear to in- . . .
Service, August 24, 1997:2). dicate that the Cassandras might have been wrong
carte d'entree n., pi. cartes d'entree [Fr. carte card after all. (Newsweek Int. March 26, 1979:21). . .
(1); d' of (2); entree entry, admission (3): card of castrato n.,pl. castrati [It. an emasculated or castrated
entry or admission.] Ticket. Card for admission. Ad- man or boy.] Music. A singer castrated at an early
mission ticket or card. Cf. entree. age to preserve his soprano voice. . . . in the nine-
carte de visite abbr. c.d.v. n., pi. cartes de visite [Fr. teenth century . . . castrati finally disappeared from
carte card ( 1 ); de of (2); visite visit, call (3): card of Europe's stages . . . (Newsweek Int. March 8,
visit.] Calling card. 1982:56).
carte d'identite n.,pl. cartes d'identite [Fr. carte card casus belli n ,
pi. casus belli [L. casus occasion, event,
( 1 ); d' of (2); identite identity (3): card of identity.] case (1); belli of war (2): occasion of war.] Excuse,
Identity card. ID card. ID. grounds, or cause for war. An event or action which
cartel n., pi. cartels [Fr. coalition, combine, trust.] 1. A justifies the declaration of war. Britain and France
letter of challenge, as for a duel. 2. An agreement regarded Hitler 's invasion ofPoland as a casus belli.
between belligerent powers respecting prisoners, de- casus foederis n., pi. casus foederis [L. casus occa-
serters, intercommunications, etc. 3. A voluntary sion, event, case ( 1 ); foederis of treaty (2): occasion
combination of independent enterprises engaged in of the treaty.] A case which is, or is considered to be,
the production and distribution of similar commodities, governed by the provisions of an agreement or treaty.
aimed at limiting competition by controlling produc- The movement ofcitizens ofECOWAS countriesfrom
tion, pricing, and sales. The enterprises could also one to another is a casus foederis.
cooperate by standardizing products and exchang- casus fortuitus n., pi. casus fortuiti [L. casus occasion,
ing knowledge, patents, trademarks, etc. . . . the U.S. event, case (2); fortuitus accidental (1): accidental
government . . . is to be found among those urging event.] Law. An accidental event. An inevitable
OPEC to behave like a cartel (O. Ugochukwu in West accident. A fortuitous event or occurence. Something
Africa 1986). Cf. zaibatsu. such as a loss which happens in spite of every pre-
Carthago delenda est. See delenda est Carthago. caution taken. See cas fortuit.
ca. sa. abbr. for capias ad satisfaciendum (q.v.). casus fortuitus non est sperandus, et nemo tenetur
Casanova n.,pl. Casanovas [It.] 1. Giacomo Girolamo divinare. [L. casus occasion, event, accident, case
Casanova, an Italian adventurer ( 1 725-1 798) whose (2); fortuitus accidental (1); non not (4); est is (3);
59 causa causans
sperandus to be expected, looked for (5); et and (6); catastrophe n., pi. catastrophes [Gk. katastrophe
nemo no one (7); tenetur is obligated, bound (8); kata down, from, complete (2); strophe turning ( 1
):
divinare to foresee, predict (9): An accidental event turning down, denouement, ruin, undoing, end, con-
is not to be expected and no one is obligated to fore- clusion.] 1. The climax of the unraveling of the plot
see it.] Law. An accidental event is an unexpected in a drama or a novel. Denouement (q.v.). 2. A di-
event and no one is obligated to foresee it. The saster. A sudden occurrence that brings considerable
maxim, though generally valid, is not applicable to agony or suffering. A very serious calamity. a . . .
cases where the liability is the consequence of a chronic balance ofpayments deficit, famine and refu-
party's act. See impotentia excusat legem. gee problems, renewed insurgency in the south and
casus major n.,pl. casus majores [L. casus occasion, acute social unrest have brought the country to the
event, accident, case (2); major major (1): a major brink of catastrophe (South 1985).
event.] Law. An extraordinary accident or casualty. catechesis n., pi. catecheses [Gk. katechesis: kata
casus non praestatur. [L. casus occasion, event, ac- down, from, complete (2); eche(o) to sound (1):
cident, case (1); non not (2); praestatur is vouched sound from, verbal instruction.] Basic oral instruc-
for (3): An accident is not vouched for.] Law. Nobody tion in a subject, especially in Christianity.
should be held responsible for an accidental occurrence; catharsis n.,pl. catharses [Gk. katharsis purification,
i.e., a party to a contract cannot be held responsible cleansing from guilt or defilement.] 1 . Medicine. Pur-
for accidental non-fulfilment of the contract. gation. Emptying of the bowels as by the use of a
casus omissus n.,pl. casus omissi [L. casus occasion, purgative. 2. Purgation, release, or purification of
event, accident, case (2); omissus left, out, omitted one's emotions, especially through drama or voluntar-
(1): an omitted event.] Law. An omitted case. Used ily recounting one's deep feelings to another person.
with reference to a case which no statute has made Any purgation or purification which effects release from
provisions for and is thus governed by common law. tension or produces spiritual rejuvenation. . . . /
Also applicable to a circumstance for which a treaty needed to write something; something that would
has made no provision. See casus omissus et serve, perhaps, as a catharsis to help relieve me of
oblivioni etc. the burden ofnow terrible memories {The Guardian
casus omissus et oblivioni datus disposition! com- 1986).
munis juris relinquitur. [L. casus occasion, event, cathedra n., pi. cathedras [L. from Gk. kat(a) down,
accident, case (1); omissus left out, omitted (2); et from, complete (2); (h)edra chair, stool (1): a seat
and (3); oblivioni to forgetfulness, oblivion (5); datus down, chair, stool.] The official throne or chair of a
given (4); dispositioni to disposition (7); commu- bishop or the Pope. See ex cathedra.
nis of common (8); juris (of) right, law (9); cathedraticum n.,pl. cathedratica [L. cathedra chair,
relinquitur is left (6): A case omitted and given to stool (2); -aticum thing related to, (1): thing related
oblivion is left to the disposition of common law.] to the chair.] Roman Catholic Church. A sum of
Law. A case not covered by statute and consigned to money paid annually by a parish for the sustenance
oblivion should be decided according to common of the bishop.
law. See casus omissus. catholicon n., pi. catholica or catholicons [Gk.
catabasis var. of katabasis (q.v.). katholikos from kat(a) down, from, complete (2);
catachresis /?.,/?/. catachreses [Gk. katachresis: kata (h)ol(os) whole ( 1 ): completely whole, entire, general,
down, from, complete ( 1 ); chresis a use (2): complete universal.] Panacea. Cure-all. A remedy for every
use, excessive use, misuse of language.] Rhetoric. problem. Though this drug is for a specific malady,
Misuse or misapplication of words or figures of it is being advertised as a catholicon.
speech; e.g., "blind legs or arms." caudillo n., pi. caudillos [Sp. small or little head.] Spain
catalogue raisonne n„ pi. catalogues raisonnes [Fr. and Latin-America. A leader or captain of military
catalogue list (2); raisonne controlled, reasoned, troops, usually guerrilla forces. A political leader,
measured ( 1 ): measured list.] A list of items, such as him personally. In

boss, or ruler with troops loyal to
artwork and books, collected in a single volume along 1928 Alvaro Obregon, who had emerged from the
with commentary and detailed description, especially civil war as Mexico 's strongest caudillo, was mur-
for a show or public exhibition. dered . . . (The Economist 1987). See el Caudillo.
catalysis n., pi. catalyses [Gk. kata down, from, com- Fuhrer and II Duce.
Cf. duce;
plete (1); lusis loosening, destruction (2): complete causa calumniae adv. [L. causa for the sake (1);
loosening, dissolution, dismissal, termination, settlement calumniae of misrepresentation, false accusation (2):
of dispute.] Science. 1 . The process whereby a substance for the sake of misrepresentation.] For the sake of
accelerates or facilitates a chemical reaction without misrepresentation, false accusation, or blackmail.
being affected. 2. The process or situation whereby an causa causans n. [L. causa cause, case, reason (1);
agent or force provokes an action or reaction between a causans alleging as a cause, making a pretext (2):
number of forces or persons without being affected. cause making a pretext.] Cause alleging a reason. The
causa data 60
immediate cause. The precipitating cause. The last the nearest cause.] Law. The proximate, immediate,
factor in a chain of causes, a) The harm inflicted on primary, or efficient cause; i.e., a cause directly re-
the victim head was the causa causans ofhis death.
's sponsible for an occurrence. See causa causans.
b) In Payne v. Railway Executive (1952) I.K.B. 26, causa proxima non remota spectatur. [L. causa
Bradbum 's case was followed and applied to the proxima immediate, nearest
cause, case, reason (4);
plaintiffs pension from the Royal Navy. The . . . (1); non not (2); remota remote (3); spectatur is
causa causans of the receipt by the plaintiff of his looked at, considered (5): The nearest, not the re-
disability pension was his service in the Royal Navy; mote, cause is looked at.] Law. The immediate, not
the injury was but the causa sine qua non (Weir the remote, cause is considered; i.e., the immediate
1974:542). See causa proxima; causa proxima non cause carries more weight than the remote. See causa
etc.; causa sine qua non; and in jure, non remota causans.
etc. Cf. causa remota. causa rei n.,pl. causae rei [L. causa cause, case, reason
causa data et non secuta n. [L. causa cause, case, reason ( 1 ); rei of matter, thing, property, business, affair (2):
(1); data given (2); et and (3); non not (4); secuta cause of a thing.] Civil Law. Fruits of a thing. All the
having followed (5): cause given and not having fol- things which would have been derived from prop-
lowed.] Law. An action for claiming something, if the erty, if it had not been unlawfully taken away from
condition on which it was given was not satisfied. the rightful owner.
causa frigiditatis naturalis adv. [L. causa by rea- causa remota n., pi. causae remotae [L. causa cause,
son, because ( 1 ); frigiditatis (of) frigidity, coldness, case, reason (2); remota remote ( ): a remote cause.]
1
sterility (3); naturalis of natural (2): because of A cause which is not immediate or proximate. A
frigidity.] Law and Medicine. By reason of natural cause which is not directly responsible for an occur-
frigidity/coldness. Because of natural sterility. Thus rence. Cf. causa causans.
in one case or 1561, after a sentence of causa sine qua non n..pl. causae sine quibus non [L.
in J 560,
divorce causa frigiditatis naturalis had been pro- causa cause, case, reason (1); sine without (2); qua
nounced, both husband and wife married other which (3); non not (4): cause without which not.] A
persons and later had children (Megarry 1 955: 1 2 1 ). cause without which the occurrence would not have
causa justa n.,pl. causae justae [L. causa cause, case, taken place.A butfor cause. The immediate or proxi-
reason (2); justa just ( 1 ): a just cause.] Law. A true/just mate cause. The barrel in the middle of the road was
cause, ground, or motive. The judge ruled that the the causa sine qua non of the motor accident.
suit was based on causa justa and asked counselfor See causa causans.
plaintiff to proceed with presentation
of the case. causa testamentaria n.,pl. causae testamentariae [L.
causa matrimonialis n., pi. causae matrimoniales causa cause, case, reason (2); testamentaria testa-
[L. causa cause, case, reason (2); matrimonialis mentary, relating to wills ( 1 ): a case relating to wills.]
matrimonial, of/for marriage ( 1 ): reason for marriage.] Law. A testamentary case. In a causa testamentaria,
Law. Matrimonial cause. A causa matrimonialis is the courts usually attempt to ascertain whether or
always a delicate matter, particularly where the not the testator was sanae mentis et bonae memoriae.
couple have children. causa turpis n., pi. causae turpes [L. causa cause,
causa mortis abbr. CM. or cm. var. of mortis causa case, reason (2); turpis base, disgraceful (1): a base
(q.v.). cause.] Law. A disgraceful cause or consideration.
causa mortis donatio or donatio mortis causa n.,pl. No valid agreement can be founded on causa turpis.
causa mortis donationes or donationes mortis See ex turpi causa etc.
causa [L. causa on account of, by reason (2); mor- causa vaga et incerta non est causa rationabilis. [L.
tis of death (3); donatio gift, donation (1): a gift by causa cause, case, reason (4); vaga vague ( 1 ); et and
reason of, or on account of, death.] Law. A donation (2) ; incerta uncertain (3 ) non not (6); est is (5); causa
or gift made in anticipation of death. A gift of per- cause, case, reason (8); rationabilis reasonable (7):
sonal goods made by a sick person in anticipation, A vague and uncertain cause is not a reasonable
fear, or contemplation of death. Such a gift becomes cause.] Law. A cause which is vague and uncertain is
the absolute property of the donee on the death of not considered to be a reasonable cause; it is worthless.
the donor. On the other hand, the donor may get back cause celebre n.,pl. causes celebres [Fr. cause cause,
the gift, if he/she recovers from the sickness, or the case, reason (2); celebre famous ( 1
): a famous case.]
donee dies before him/her, or if for any reason the 1 . Law. A famous or celebrated case, trial, or lawsuit.
donor decides to withdraw the gift. A case which arouses considerable public interest.
causa movens n. [L. causa cause, case, reason (2); A case famous because of the parties involved or the
movens moving (1): moving cause or reason.] Law. sensational and interesting nature of the revelations.
The reason which prompts one to institute legal action. But when the presiding judge finally handed down
causa proxima n., pi. causae proximae [L. causa the verdict last week, even Spanish liberals andfemi-
cause, case, reason (2); proxima nearest, next (1): nists who had made the trial a national cause celebre
61 cedant arma togae
were stunned and smiling (Newsweek Int. April 5, marriage ofMr. Adaku to Mi*s Cecilia Audu. 3. Used
1982: 13). 2. An episode, affair or incident so notori- in books to warn readers about other interpretations.
ous that it attracts attention. One recent incident caveat actor [L. caveat let him/her beware/be careful
quickly became a cause celebre (Newsweek Int. April (2); actor doer, actor, agent ( 1 ): Let the doer beware.]
20. 1981:18). Law. A person acts at his/her own peril.
cause illicite n .. pi. causes illicites [Fr. cause cause, caveat emptor abbr. C.E. or c.e. [L. caveat let him/her
consideration (2); illicite unlawful, illicit ( 1 ): an unlaw- beware/be careful emptor buyer ( ): Let the buyer
(2); 1
ful cause.] French Law. Unlawful, base, illicit, or beware.] Law. Buyer beware. A warning principle
scandalous cause or consideration. Turpis causa (q.v.). observed in purchases, particularly auctions, whereby
causerie n.. pi. causeries [Fr. chat, gossip.] 1. An init is the buyer who must ensure that he/she gets his/her
formal conversation, particularly about intellectual money's worth for what he/she buys in both quality
matters. They spent the evening in causerie and never and quantity. Generally, unless there is fraud in the
dealt wtih the business at hand. 2. A short piece written transaction, a purchaser has no remedy against the
in such a conversational manner. vendor for defective goods which are not covered bv
cautio n . pi. cautiones [L. precaution, security, bond, warranty. The principle ofcaveat emptor applies outside
bail, surety.] Roman, Scots, and Civil Law. An agree- contracts ofsale (per Lord Atkin in Bell v. Lever Broth-
ment of guarantee or indemnity, such as A written 1 . ers Ltd., 1932 A.C. 161). See caveat emptor, qui etc.
assurance which serves as evidence of money re- and simplex commendatio etc. Cf. caveat venditor.
ceived, or acknowledges a promise made. 2. An caveat emptor, qui ignorare non debuit quod jus
agreement by one providing a pledge or security. alienum emit. [L. caveat let him beware (2); emp-
3. An agreement, usually imposed by a judge, which tor purchaser, buyer (1); qui who (3); ignorare to
requires one to guarantee to protect another from be ignorant, not to know non not (5); debuit
(6);
harm or loss likely to be caused by either the one or should, ought to have been (4); quod which, what,
a person for whom the one is responsible. that (7); jus right, law (9); alienum of another (10);
cautio pro expensis n., pi. cautiones pro expensis [L. emit he/she buys (8): Let the purchaser be careful,
cautio precaution, security, bond, bail, surety (1); who should not have been ignorant that he/she is buying
pro for (2); expensis costs, expenses (3): security another's right.] Law. Let the purchaser be careful,
for expenses.] Law. Warranty for costs or expenses. for he/she is presumed to be not unaware that what
Usually a defendant in a suit has to provide cautio he/she is buying belongs to another. For instance, in the
pro expensis whenever he/she intends to travel out case of purchase of land, the purchaser is expected to
of the jurisdiction. inspect the land and the title deeds. See caveat emptor.
cautio usufructuaria n.,pl. cautiones usufructuariae caveat venditor [L. caveat let him/her beware/be care-
[L. cautio precaution, security, bond, bail, surety ( 1 ); ful (2); venditor seller (1): Let the seller beware.]
usufructuaria for of usufruct (2): security for usu- Seller beware. A warning principle of the civil law
fruct.] Roman Law. Warranty given by a life tenant, which is applicable to goods which are to be pro-
or a tenant enjoying usufruct of an estate, to keep it duced, to executory sales or to sales in which the
in good condition. purchaser does not have the opportunity to inspect
cav. abbr. for caveat (q.v.). the goods. Cf. caveat emptor.
C.A.V. abbr. for curia advisari vult (q.v ). caveat viator [L. caveat let him/her beware (2); viator
Cavallieria Rusticana n. [It. cavallieria cavalry, wayfarer, traveler (1): Let the traveler beware.] Law.
chivalry (2); rusticana rustic, country (1): rustic Traveler beware. Warning to travelers on the highway
chiv airy.] "Rustic Chivalry," an 1 888 opera by Pietro to avoid defects on the way by using due care and
Mascagni (1863-1945). attention.
Ca va sans dire. [Fr. ca that (1); va goes (2); sans cave canem [L. cave beware of, be careful of (1);
w ithout (3); dire to say. saying (4): That goes without canem dog (2): Beware of the dog.] 1 . Watch out for
saying.] It goes without saying. It stands to reason. It the dog. 2. A warning sign at houses where there are
is too obv ious to say. vicious dogs. Theyfoolishly ignored the cave canem
caveat abbr. cav. n.. pi. caveats [L. Let him be careful. as they approached the front door of the house.
Let him beware.] Generally, a warning to be careful. C.C. abbr. for cepi corpus (q.v.).
1. Caution. A warning against certain things. In his C.C. & C. abbr. for cepi corpus et committitur (q.v.).
address, the evangelist gave a caveat against certain CD. abbr. for corps diplomatique (q.v ).
practices. 2. A notice given to a court or an official C. de G. abbr. for Croix de Guerre (q.v ).
by an interested party against the performance of an Cdt. abbr. for Commandant (q.v ).
act until the said party had been given a hearing. c.d.v. abbr. for carte de visite (q.v.).
a) Miss Vera Okafor has entered a caveat in a High C.E. or c.e. abbr. for caveat emptor (q.v.).
Court to halt the probating of her late father 's will. cedant arma togae. Cicero ( 106-43 B.C.). DeOfficiis
b) Mr. Sam Oke has entered a caveat against the 1,22,82. [L. cedant let . . . yield, give place ( 1 ); arma
censor morum 62
weapons, arms (2); togae to toga, citizen's cloak (3): would where an administrative tribunal has not
lie
Let arms yield to the citizen's cloak.] Let wars yield yet reached a decision, certiorariis the proper rem-
to peace. Let military government make room for (or edyfor actions already completed ( Aihe and Oluyede
give place to) civil government. 1974:167).
censor morum n. [L. censor censor, critic, severe judge certum est quod certum reddi potest. [L. certum sure,
( 1 ); morum of morals (2): censor or critic of morals.] certain (6); est is (5); quod (that) which (1); certum
Severe judge of morals. Agnes has practically assumed sure, certain (4); reddi to be rendered (3); potest can,
the role ofcensor morum and makes herselfa nuisance is able (2): That which is able to be rendered sure is
by criticizing whatever her friends do. sure.] Law. That which can be rendered certain is
census n.,pl. censuses [L. a registering of citizens and certain. Apparent vagueness may be cured ... by .
property.] 1. Ancient Rome. Counting of the male application of the maxim certum quod certum est
citizens and evaluation of property conducted regularly reddi potest . . . (Newton 1983:227). See id certum
every fifth year. 2. Official counting of the popula- est etc., both the shorter and fuller forms.
tion of a country, state, nation, city, district, or any cessante causa, cessat effectus. [L. cessante (with)
political unit, usually accompanied by compilation casing (2); causa with cause, case, reason (1); cessat
of vital statistics of socio-economic significance. ceases (4); effectus result, effect (3): with the cause
See lustrum. ceasing, the result ceases.] Law. When a cause ceases,
cepi corpus abbr. C.C. n. [L. cepi I have taken (1); the result/effect ceases. See sublata causa etc. and
corpus body (2): I have taken the body.] Law. I have ubi aliquid impeditur etc.
the defendant. Return to a writ of capias when the cessante ratione legis, cessat et ipsa lex. [L. cessante
defendant has been arrested. (with) ceasing (3); ratione with reason (1); legis of
cepi corpus et committitur abbr. C.C.&C. n. [L. cepi law (2); cessat ceases (7); et also (6); ipsa itself (5);
I have taken corpus body (2);
(1); et and (3); com- lex law (4): With the reason of a law ceasing, the law
mittitur he/she is committed (4): I have taken the itself also ceases.] Law. When the reason for a law
body and he/she is committed.] Law. I have arrested ceases, the law itself also ceases. Thus, the protection
the defendant and he/she is being held in prison. Re- enjoyed by an ambassador, by a member of parliament,
turn to a writ of capias when the defendant/accused or by a judge performing judicial duties, respectively,
has been arrested and placed in prison. lapses when the officials are no longer performing
Cerberus n., pi. Cerberi or Cerberuses [L. from Gk. the functions for which the protection was given.
Kerberos name of a three-headed watchdog, mean- Similarly, the protection enjoyed by the property-
ing "Spot."] 1. Greek and Roman Mythology. A owner lapses when the property no longer belongs
three-headed dog which guarded the entrance to Hades to him/her. See lex plus laudatur etc.
or the Lower World and was temporarily dragged cessante statu primitivo, cessat derivativus. [L.
out of its abode by Heracles (Hercules). 2. A gate cessante (with) ceasing (3); statu with condition,
keeper, watchdog, or custodian. Her parents stood estate (2); primitivo with primitive, original (1);
at the door like Cerberuses in order to keep the young cessat ceases (5); derivativus the derived (4): With
man out of the house. —
a sop to Cerberus A bribe the primitive estate ceasing, the derived ceases.] Law.
or concession to conciliate a person who is likely to When the original estate ceases, whatever is derived
be troublesome. from it also ceases.
cercle n., pi. cercles [Fr. circle, sphere.] History. An cesset executio n. [L. cesset let it cease, stay (2);
administrative subdivision of a French colony. ex(s)ecutio execution ( 1 ):
Let execution cease/stay.]
cerebellum n., pi. cerebella or cerebellums [L. little Law. An order for a stay of execution.
or small brain.] The rear lower portion of the brain cesset processus n. [L. cesset let it cease, stay (2); pro-
which coordinates the muscles, maintains equilibrium cessus process (1): Let process stay /cease.] Law. A
of the body, and is believed to contribute immensely formal order for stay of proceedings. Record of a
toward mental ability. / may not tax the old cerebel- stay of proceedings.
lum much. But I don 't need to {Newsweek Int. June cessio n.,pl. cessios [L. surrendering, giving up.] Civil
20, 1983:44). Law. A cession, an act of ceding or surrendering.
cerebrum n., pi. cerebra or cerebrums [L. the brain.] bonorum n. [L. cessio cession, surrender (1);
cessio
The anterior and upper part of the brain which con- bonorum of goods, property (2): surrender of goods.]
trols functions such as memory, intellectual ability, Roman and Civil Law. Surrender of property; e.g.,
sensation, movement, and speech. by debtor to creditor. Voluntary bankruptcy. A process
certiorari n., pi. certioraris [L. to be shown, to be made whereby the debtor could voluntarily surrender his
more certain, to be informed of] A writ from a superior property to his creditors. Though it does not discharge
to an inferior court, directing the latter to produce the the debtor from liability for his debts, it obviates more
records of a case for the sake of determining whether serious penalties, such as arrest and imprisonment.
or not there were irregularities. Whereas prohibition cessio in jure var. of in jure cessio (q.v ).
63 chagrin
cession des biens n. [Fr. cession transfer, surrender, conceal (9); son one's ( 1 0); habilete cleverness, skill
assignment (1); des of the (2); biens goods, belong- (1 1) : It is a great cleverness that of knowing how to
ings (3): transfer of belongings.] French Law. Trans- hide one's cleverness.] Knowing how to conceal
fer, surrender, or assignment of goods. Cessio one's cleverness is a great cleverness. Cf. ars est etc.
bonorum (q.v.). The surrender of goods by an in- Cet animal est tres mechant. Quand on l'attaque il
solvent debtor to his creditors. se defend. [Fr. cet this ( ); animal living thing, animal
1
c'est-a-dire abbr. c.a-d. adv. [Fr. c' it, that (1); est is (2); est is (3); tres (4); mechant naughty, mean,
very
(2) ; a to, toward, in, by, with, until (3); dire to say bad (5); quand when, whenever (6); on one (7); 1' it
(4) that
: is to say.] In other words. Namely. Id est (q.v.). (9); attaque attacks, assaults (8); il it (10); se itself
C'est double plaisir de tromper le trompeur. Jean (12) defend defends, protects (11): This animal
; is
de la Fontaine (1621-1695). Fables 11,15. [Fr. c' it very mean; when one attacks it, it defends itself]
(1); est is (2); double double, twofold (3); plaisir This animal is so vicious that, when attacked, it defends
pleasure, enjoyment (4); de of, in (5); tromper to itself. A self-evident and ironic truth applicable to an
deceive, cheat, trick (6); le the (7); trompeur de- animal or person which defends itself under attack.
ceiver, cheat (8): It is a double pleasure to cheat the cetera desunt. [L. cetera the rest, the other things ( 1 );
cheat.] Cheating the cheat (or tricking the trickster) desunt are missing The other
(2): things are miss-
is doubly pleasant. ing.] The rest is missing. Used to indicate that the
C'est la guerre. [Fr. c' it, that ( 1 ); est is (2); la the (3); remaining portions of a manuscript cannot be found.
guerre war (4): That is war.] That is what usually Cf. desunt cetera and desunt nonnulla.
happens in war. cetera quis nescit? Ovid (43 B.C.- 17 A.D.). Amores
C'est la vie. [Fr. c' it, that ( 1 ); est is (2); la the (3); vie V,25. [L. cetera the rest, remaining (3); quis who
life (4): That is life.] That is what usually happens in (1); nescit does not know (2): Who does not know
real life. The first shall be the last and the simpleton the rest?] Need I say the rest?
shall be preferred to the genius. C 'est la vie. ceteris paribus or caeteris paribus abbr. cet. par. adv.
C'est le crime qui fait la honte, et non pas l'echafaud. [L. ceteris with the rest (1); paribus (with being)
[Fr. c' it (1); est is (2); le the (3); crime crime (4); equal (2): with the rest being equal.] Other things
qui which, that (5); fait makes, causes (6); la the (7); being equal/the same. If all other factors remain un-
honte shame, disgrace (8); et and (9); non pas not changed. All other things being equal. Ceteris paribus,
(10); echafaud scaffold, gallows (12): It
1' the (1 1); it is better to live in one 's own country than in a
is the crime which causes disgrace, and not the gal- foreign country.
lows.] Law. It is the crime, not the punishment, which ceteris tacentibus or caeteris tacentibus adv. [L.
causes disgrace. See ex delicto non etc. and Le crime ceteris with the rest (1); tacentibus (with) being si-
fait etc. lent (2): with the rest being silent.] The others saying
cestui que adj. [Obs. Fr. cestui he ( 1); que for whom (2): nothing. The other judges expressing no opinion.
he for whom.] A person for whom/whose/who. Used ceterorum or caeterorum adj. [L. of the rest.] Law. A
to qualify trust, use and vie (lifetime, life). — cestui que type of administration granted when a previously
trust [A person for whom the trust.] Law. A person granted limited administration has proved to be in-
for whom the trust is held. A beneficiary of trust. A adequate.

person who has the equitable or beneficial interest in cet. par. abbr. for ceteris paribus (q.v ).
an estate, and accordingly enjoys the rent and profits cf. abbr. for confer (q.v.).
from it, although the legal title to the estate is vested chachka or tchotchke or tsatske n. [Yid. tshatshke
in a trustee. — cestui que use [A person for whom from Polish czaczka a showy trinket.] A piece of
use of something is held.] Law. A person for whose gaudy jewelry or ornament.
use property is held by another. He accordingly enjoys chaconne n., pi. chaconnes [Fr. from Sp. chacona a
the benefits and profits from the property, although dance.] Music. 1 . A slow dance marked by a repetitious
the possession of, and legal title to, the property are bass melodic line, usually in triple meter, popular in
vested in the other person. que vie [a person — cestui the 18th century. 2. Music for such a dance or based
for whose life-time.] Law. A person on whose life a upon the melodic bass line associated with this type
contract of insurance is made. A person whose life is of dance.

coterminous with the duration of an estate, gift, trust, Chacun a son gout. [Fr. chacun each, each one ( 1 ); a
or a contract of insurance. to, toward, in, by, with, until (2); son his (3); gout
C'est une grande habilete que de savoir cacher son taste, liking (4): Each one to his taste.] Everyone to
habilete. Francois, Due de La Rochefoucauld (1613- his/her taste. Each one and his/her own taste. See A
1680). Maximes 245. [Fr. c' it (1); est is (2); une a chacun son gout.
(3) grande great, high (4); habilete cleverness, skill
;
chagrin n., pi. chagrins [Fr. grief, vexation, sorrow,
(5) que that (6); de of (7); savoir to know, know-

; annoyance, worry.] Annoyance or mental distress
ing, to know how, knowing how (8); cacher to hide, caused by disappointment, wounded pride, humiliation.
,
chagrin d'amour 64
or awareness of mistake or failure. Grace flew to rank who handles diplomatic affairs in the absence
London to visit her brother butfound, to her chagrin, of the ambassador. A member of the diplomatic corps
that he had leftfor Singapore. v. To cause someone — with a rank lower than that of an ambassador who
to feel a sense of sorrow or regret. Cf. La Peau de directs the affairs of his country's embassy, a) This
Chagrin. led to the summoning by President Eyadema of Victor
chagrin d'amour n., pi. chagrins d'amour [Fr. cha- Djisan, Ghana 's charge d 'affaires in Togo ( West
grin grief, worry ( 1 ); d' of (2); amour love (3): grief Africa 1986). b) Now a case has come to light in-
of love.] Distress caused by an unpleasant love-affair. volving the Burundi charge d 'affaires in Nairobi . . .
Unhappy love-affair. Heartbreak. Theresa is yet to (New African 1980).

recover from her chagrin d 'amour. charis n. [Gk. kharis charm, grace.] Elegance. Style.
chanoyu n. [Japan, from cha tea (1); no 's (2); yu hot Sophistication. In spite ofhis renunciation ofthe poli-
water (3): tea's hot water.] The Japanese tea ceremony. tics ofhis native city, Plato remained an Athenian at
A ritual for the preparation and serving of tea. heart. The charis ofhis dialogues is only imaginable
chanson de geste n.,pl chansons de geste [Fr. chanson in these surroundings (Lesky 1966:547).
. . .
song (1); de of, by, from (2); geste gesture, action, charisma «., pi. charismata or charismas [Gk.
deed, exploit (3): song of exploit.] 1 . A medieval epic kharisma grace, favor.] 1. Talent or spiritual gift
poem about the exploits of a chivalrous hero. The bestowed as a divine favor or grace, which among
Chanson de Roland. 2. Any tale of valor and heroic early Christians was believed to be manifested in the
deeds. ability to prophesy, to heal, or to speak in tongues.
chantage n.,pl. chantages [Fr. blackmail, blackmailing, 2. A special talent inherent in some persons, especially
extortion by threats.] Blackmail. Extortion through leaders, whereby they can command enthusiastic
threatening to reveal scandalous information. popular support and, as though by magnetism, lead
chanteur or fern, chanteuse n., pi. chanteurs or fern. people without any opposition, complaints, or
chanteuses [Fr. a singer.] A singer or vocalist, espe- murmurings. a) The pontiffwas counting on his per-
ciallyone who sings ballads. the Belgian . . . sonal charisma to entice some central Americans
chanteur ofsolitude and love {Newsweek Int. Jan. 1 back to the Roman Catholic Church from Protestant
1979:68). fundamentalist sects (Newsweek Int. March 14,
Chanukah See Hanukkah. 1983:25). b) In contrast to Walesa, the balding,
chaos n. [Gk. khaos the first state of the universe, infinite stern-faced general projected no charisma (Time Int.
darkness, any vast chasm or gulf] 1. The confused, 1982). c) Apart from his youth, good looks and
disordered condition of the primeval universe before crowd-pulling charisma, Sankara belonged to that
orderly and distinct objects were formed. 2. A state almost extinct species in Africa, leaders genuinely
of complete confusion in which there is no order or committed to raising the quality oflife oftheir people
organization, nor can any rational prediction be made. (The Guardian, 1987).
. . . despite subtle designs by foreign elements to Charybdis n.,pl. Charybdises [Gk. Kharubdis ] 1. A
cause chaos, the OA TUU centre still holds ( West mythological whirlpool off the northeastern coast of
Africa 1986). Cf. cosmos. Sicily, opposite the monster Scylla. Charybdis suppos-
chaperon or chaperone n., pi. chaperons or chaper- edly sucked in and vomited water thrice a day. Sailors
ones [Fr. hood or hooded cape, elderly or responsible who tried to escape Scylla were lost to Charybdis and
person accompanying a young girl.] 1. A person, those escaping Charybdis fell victim to Scylla. 2. A
usually a matron, who accompanies one or several serious danger. A Faced with a
devastating peril.
girls or unmarried women in public or to a social choice between the Charybdis of an I.M.F. loan and
function such as a dance or party to protect them or the Scylla ofoperating SFEM, Nigeria 's military gov-
ensure propriety. Mrs. Smart served as chaperon to ernment optedfor the latter. Cf. Scylla.
the girls who attended the dance. 2. A person assigned chasseur de tetes n., pi. chasseurs de tetes [Fr.
the responsibility of ensuring propriety. — v. tr. To chasseur hunter, huntsman ( 1 ); de of (2); tetes heads,
escort, guide, serve as an attendant or chaperon. brains (3): hunter of brains or heads.] A recruiting or
See duenna. placement agency or firm which specializes in the
charade n., pi. charades [Fr. riddle.] 1. A guessing search for high-ranking experts in various fields. A
game which uses gestures and actions as clues for head-hunter. . . . while there were only a handful of
words and phrases. 2. A farce. A parody. European chasseurs de tetes a few years ago, there
charge abbr. for charge d'affaires (q.v ). are now over 1 70 establishedfirms with a combined
charge d'affaires or charge des affaires abbr. c.a. or income ofover $100 million annually (Newsweek Int.
charge n., pi. charges d'affaires or charges des July 14, 1980:45).
affaires [Fr. charge charged ( 1 ); d' with (2); affaires cha(s)sid See hasid.
affairs (3): charged with affairs.] Envoy or diplomatic chassis n., pi. chassis [Fr. chassis frame.] The frame
agent. A member of the diplomatic corps of inferior of an automobile, airplane, radio, TV, etc., upon
65 cheval de bataille
which the body and the working parts are mounted. cuisine kitchen, cooking (3): head of the kitchen.]
. . . in dusty rural communities, potholes batter chassis Cook. A male cook. Head cook. A cook who is the
andjangle motorists' nerves {Newsweek Int. Aug. 2, head of the kitchen staff in an establishment such as
1982:22). a hotel or restaurant and, among other duties, orders
chateau n.,pl. chateaux orchateaus [Fr. castle, palace, foodstuffs, plans the menu, and directs the cooks.
mansion, country-residence.] 1 . A French feudal fortress See cuisinier.
or castle. 2. A French mansion or large country-house. chef de subdivision n., pi. chefs de subdivision
chatelaine n., pi. chatelaines [Fr. lady of the manor; [Fr. chef head, chief, leader, founder (1); de of (2);
landowner's wife.] 1 . Mistress of a household, espe- subdivision subdivision (3): leader of a subdivision.]
cially of a large household, chateau, castle, or large History. Chief of a subdivision. Chief executive of a
country house. 2. A woman's chain, worn at the waist, subdivision of a circle in French colonial tropical
to which is attached a bunch of keys, trinkets, scissors, Africa.
purse, etc. chef de village /?., pi. chefs de village [Fr. chef head,
chauffeur oxfern, chauffeuse n.,pl. chauffeurs orfern. chief, leader, founder (1); de of (2); village village
chauffeuses [Fr. a driver.] A person employed by (3): chief of the village.] Village chief. History. The
another to operate a motor vehicle for the transpor- third or lowest in the hierarchy of chiefs in French
tation of the employer, other persons or goods. — v. colonial tropical Africa.
tr. and intr. To drive. To operate a motor vehicle in chef d'oeuvre n., pi. chefs d'oeuvre [Fr. chef head,
the capacity of an employed driver. Every day Mr. chief, leader, founder ( 1 ); d' of (2); oeuvre work (3):
Treus is required to chauffeur the children to school chief (piece) of work.] Masterpiece; i.e., in art, lit-
before attending to other duties. erature, etc.

chazan or hazzan or chazzen n. [Late Heb. hazzan chef d'orchestre n., pi. chefs d'orchestre [Fr. chef
cantor, singer.] Judaism. A cantor at a synagogue. head, chief, leader, founder (1); d' of (2); orchestre
Ch.B. abbr. for Chirurgiae Baccalaureus (q.v.). orchestra (3): chief of orchestra.] Music. Leader or
chef n., pi. chefs [Fr. head, chief, leader, founder.] 1. A conductor of an orchestra. Bandmaster.
chief, chieftain or leader of a group of people. 2. short chef superieur de province n., pi. chefs superieurs
form for chef de cuisine (q.v.). de province [Fr. chef head, chief, leader, founder
chef d'agence n., pi. chefs d'agence [Fr. chef head, (2); superieur superior, higher ( 1 ); de of (3); province
chief, leader, founder (1); d' of (2); agence agency, province (4): superior chief of province.] Superior
office, bureau (3): chief or head of the agency.] Chief or paramount chief in a province. History. The first
official of the agency. Chief clerk. Executive officer. or highest in the hierarchy of chiefs in French colonial
Office manager. Ifthe chefd 'agence at Yaounde had tropical Africa.
simply looked at the ticket, he would have realised chemise de nuit n., pi. chemises de nuit [Fr. chemise
that the return date was incorrect (Vincent Che in shirt (1); de of (2); nuit night (3): shirt of night.] A
West Africa 1986). man's nightshirt. A woman's nightdress or nightgown.

chef de cabinet n.,pl. chefs de cabinet [Fr. chef head, Cherchez la femme. Joseph Fouche ( 1 763- 820). [Fr. 1
chief, leader, founder ( 1 ); de of (2); cabinet cabinet, cherchez look for, search for, find (1); la the (2);
office, ministry (3): chief of office or ministry.] In femme woman (3): Find the woman.] 1. Look for
France, the principal or chief private secretary of a the woman; i.e., behind (or at the bottom of) every-
minister or prefect, a) . . . he was . chefde cabinet
. . thing there must be a woman. 2. Look for the hidden
of the minister for the colonies, Lebrun (Suret- . . . causes.
Canale 1971:137). b) . . . Yves Chalier [the chefde cher maitre n. [Fr. cher dear (1); maitre master,
cabinet ofthe previous minister Christian Nucci] who teacher (2): dear master.] Beloved master or teacher.
fled the country . . . (Kaye Whiteman in West Africa Usually used as a form of address to a person who is
1986). an acknowledged expert, model, or master in a pro-

chef de canton n., pi. chefs de canton [Fr. chef head, fession, or a person from whom one has learned a
chief, leader, founder (1); de of (2); canton canton, lot. It may also be used ironically.
district, region (3): chief of the district.] Canton chief. cherub n. [Heb. kerub supernatural creature.] 1. A
Cantonal chief. History. The second in the hierarchy heavenly winged creature. 2. An angel depicted as a
of chiefs in French colonial tropical Africa. small, chubby child. 3. A term of endearment for a
chef d'ecole n., pi. chefs d'ecole [Fr. chef head, chief, young child.
leader, founder (1); d' of (2); ecole school, sect (3): Che sara sara. [It. che what ( ); sara will be (2); sara 1
founder or chief of school.] Leader or founder of a will be (3): What will be will be.] Whatever we do,
school; i.e., of musicians, philosophers, writers, artists, things will happen the way they will happen. Ex-
etc. An
whose work is imitated.
artist pressive of the view of predestination.
chef de cuisine shortform chef n. pi. chefs de cuisine , cheval de bataille n.,pl. chevals de bataille [Fr. cheval
[Fr. chef head, chief, leader, founder (1); de of (2); horse ( 1 ); de of (2); bataille battle (3): horse of battle,
chevalier 66
warhorse.] A favorite argument or subject. Stock argu- document(1); apud with, in the possession of (3);
ment, subject or answer. An overworked argument debitorem debtor (4); repertum found (2);
or subject. Please do not attempt to use that old cheval praesumitur is presumed (5); solutum paid (6): A
de bataille again! document found in the possession of the debtor is
chevalier n. [Obs. Fr. horseman.] 1. A knight. 2. A presumed paid.] Law. When an acknowledgment of
chivalrous person. 3. France. A member of the no- debt is found in the debtor's possession, it is pre-
bility of the lowest rank. sumed that the debt has been paid.
chez prep. [Fr. with, among, at the house of, at the home chirographum non extans praesumitur solutum. [L.
of.] In the home/house of. At the home/house of. At chirographum writing, document (1); non not (2);
the business establishment of. a) Things are so bad extans existing, being found (3); praesumitur it is
chez Fishpaw that the family dog commits suicide presumed (4); solutum paid (5): A document not ex-
(Newsweek Int. June 1, 1981:59). b) The Neizers isting is presumed paid.] Law. When there is no evi-
camefor dinner yesterday chez nous (i.e., at our residence, it is presumed that the debt has been paid.
dence), c) The famous writer is to have lunch chez Chirurgiae Baccalaureus abbr. Ch.B. n. [L.
Hanson tomorrow. chirurgiae of surgery (2); baccalaureus bachelor
chiaroscuro n.,pl. chiaroscuros [It. from chiaro clear, (1): Bachelor of Surgery.] An undergraduate degree
bright ( 1 ); oscuro obscure, dark (2): bright dark.] Art. in surgery. Cf. Baccalaureus Chirurgiae.
The use of dark and light in painting. Chirurgiae Magister abbr. Ch.M. n. [L. chirurgiae
chiasmus n.,pl. chiasmi [L. from Gk. khiasmos placing of surgery (2); magister master (1): Master of Sur-
crosswise or in the form of the capital letter Chi, X- gery.] A predoctoral graduate degree in surgery.
shaped.] Rhetoric. 1 . A figure of speech which involves Cf. Magister Chirurgiae.
inverting the order of the sequence of elements or ideas Ch.M. abbr. for Chirurgiae Magister (q.v.).
in the latter of two juxtaposed and parallel clauses or Choephoroi pi. n. [Gk. Khoephoroi: khoe libation
phrases. 2. An instance of this figure of speech; e.g., (1) ; phoroi female bearers (2): female libation bear-
'initially a friend but an enemy eventually." ers.] The Libation Bearers, the second play of
chic n. [Fr. style, elegance.] Style. Sophistication. Aeschylus' (525/4-456/5 B.C.) trilogy Oresteia, pro-
Charm. Elegance. Fashion. Vogue. — adj. Fashionable. duced in 458 B.C. This tragedy deals with the mur-
Stylish. Having elegance, charm or sophistication. der of Clytemnestra by her son Orestes. Cf.
In vogue. The couple hadfun at a chic new nightclub. Eumenides.
Cf. bon chic; bon genre; and chichi. chop n. [Hindi chap seal.] 1. An official stamp, seal,
chicane n.,pl. chicanes [Fr. chicanery, deception, quib- or permit in southeast Asia. 2. A mark of quality on
bling.] Deception through using legalistic subterfuge. merchandise. First chop.
Pettifoggery. Swindling. Using tricks. Scheming. chose n., pi. choses [Fr. a thing, object, case, matter,
Quibble.— v. To trick or deceive. affair.] A thing. A part of personal property. —chose
chichi pi. n. [Fr. pretentious manners.] Exaggerated in action Law. A right to a personal property, such
manners. — adj. Overly stylish. Consciously chic as debts, damages arising from contract, stocks, a
(q-v.). personal chattel, or shares, not actually in one's pos-
Chimera orChimaera n., pi. Chimeras or Chimae- session but recoverable through legal proceedings.
ras [L. from Gk. Khimaira 1. Greek and Roman ] Also the subject of a chose in action such as a note
Mythology. A fire-breathing she-monster, usually or bond. A policy certainly must be transferred for
represented as triple-bodied, having a lion's head, though a chose in action cannot in law be assigned,
goat's body and a snake's tail. 2. An imaginary mon- yet in equity it may; ... (J. Ashhurst in Delaney v.
ster like the original chimera. Something horrible or Stoddart [1785], quoted by Colinvaux 1979: 165). —
frightening. A fantastic fabrication made up of in- chose in possession Law. A personal thing which is
congruous parts. . . . such secrecy suggests to some actually in one's possession. Thus taxes which have
that those who know but keep silent have something been paid are a chose in possession, but taxes which
to hide, surely some chimera (West Africa 1982). 3. A are yet to be paid are a chose in action.
mental illusion. An impossible fancy or idea. A Utopia. chose jugee n., pi. choses jugees [Fr. chose a thing,
A dream or an objective which cannot be achieved. object, case, matter, affair (1); jugee judged (2): a
A figment of one's fertile imagination. The thing judged.] A matter which has been settled con-
stock-in-trade ofsome politicians is promises which clusively and is thus not worth discussing. Res judi-
turn out to be chimeras. cata (q.v.).
Chi-Rho Chi-Rhos [Gk. the letter chi (X) and

n., pi. chronique scandaleuse «., pi. chroniques
The first two letters of the Christ
the letter rho (P).] scandaleuses [Fr. chronique report, history, news
in Greek. Used as a monogram for the name. scandaleuse scandalous, disgraceful (1): scan-
(2) ;
chirographum apud debitorem repertum dalous report.] A report, account, memoir, history,
praesumitur solutum. [L. chirographum writing, or biography which puts undue emphasis on scan-
,
67 cire perdue
dalous details or gossip. One may commend him . . . circuitus est evitandus; et boni judicis est lites
for his apparent neglect of those chroniques dirimere, ne lis ex lite oriatur. [L. circuitus cir-
scandaleuses that drag their sordid and wearisome cling, circuitry ( 1 ); est is (2); evitandus to be avoided
length through the pages of later writers (Laistner (3); et and (4); boni of good (6); judicis (of) judge
1966:798). (7); est it is (5); lites suits, litigations (9); dirimere
chutzpah n. [Yid. khutspe nerve, daring.] Effrontery. to bring to end (8); ne in order that not, lest (10); lis
Boldness. suit, litigation ( 1

1 ); ex out of ( 1 3); lite suit, litigation
ciao interj. [It. from ciau a shortened dialect form of (14); oriatur may arise (12): Circling is to be
schiavo slave: (I am your) slave. At your service. avoided; and it is of a good judge to bring suits to an
Hello! Greetings! Goodbye!] Hi! An informal greeting. end lest suit arise out of suit.] Law. Circling must be
Cf. a bientot. avoided; and it is the duty of a good judge to termi-
ciborium n., pi, ciboria or ciboriums [L. from Gk. nate suits in order that one litigation may not give
ciborion drinking cup.] Christianity. 1. A covered birth to another. See infinitum in etc.
cup used to store consecrated hosts or Eucharistic circulus in definiendo n. [L. circulus circle ( 1 ); in in,
wafers. 2. A fixed covering over an altar. on (2); definiendo defining (3): circle in defining.]
cicerone n.,pl. ciceroni or cicerones [It. derived from Logic. A vicious circle in the process of definition.
Cicero (106—43 B.C.), the famous Roman orator, on Cf. circulus inextricabilis and circulus in
account of the talkativeness of guides.] A guide who probando.
leads tourists or sightseers to places of interest and circulus inextricabilis n. [L. circulus circle (2);
explains antiquities or interesting objects. Cf. valet inextricabilis inextricable, that cannot be unraveled
de place. (1): inextricable circle.] Logic. An insoluble problem.
ci-devant adv. [Fr. ci here ( 1 ); devant before (2): here A solution which brings one back to "square one."
before, previously, formerly.] Rhetoric. At a former or Vicious circle. Defining law is a classical example
previous place. On this point consult point 3 ci-devant of circulus inextricabilis for, as in the case of the
in the outline. — adj. Late. Ex-. One-time. Former. egg and the hen, law cannot be defined without ref-
Quondam (q.v.). Heretofore, a) A ci-devant senator; erence to law courts. Cf. circulus in definiendo and
b) a ci-devant President, c) a ci-devant director. — n. circulus in probando.
pi. ci-devants A person or thing which belongs to the circulus in probando n. [L. circulus circle (1); in in,
past. A has-been. A retired person. A person who no on (2); probando proving, to be proved (3): circle in
longer exercises power or wields influence. The divorcee proving.] Logic. Fallacious argumentation in which
nudged her friend as her ci-devant passed by. what is to be proved is assumed or taken for granted.
cinematheque n., pi. cinematheques [Fr. Instead ofproving the point, he resorted to circulus
cinematheque: cinema film, cinema (2); -theque in probando and was practically begging the ques-
place for ( 1 ): place for cinema.] A movie theater. Cf. tion. Cf. circulus in definiendo and circulus
bibliotheque. inextricabilis.
cinema verite n. [Fr. cinema-truthfulness.] Realism in circum abbr. c. prep. [L. around, surrounding.] All
the making of films. France did away with big studios around, about. Approximately.
when the new wave and cinema verite arrived . . . circus n., pi. circuses [L. a circular line, circle.]
(Newsweek Int. Oct. 11, 1982:53). 1. Ancient Rome. A round, oval, or oblong place en-
cinerarium n. [L. from cinis ashes.] A place to keep circled by seats, used for public games such as athletic
the ashes of a cremated person. games, horsemanship, exhibition of wild beasts, or
cinquecento n. [It. cinque five (1); cento hundred (2): gladiatorial shows. The Circus Maximus, for instance,
the five hundreds.] The 1500s. The 16th century. could accommodate c. 100,000 spectators. 2. A spec-
Used especially in reference to Italian history, litera- tacular traveling show, usually given in a large tent
ture, and art. Cf. quatrocento; seicento; and and including performances by acrobats, clowns,
trecento. gymnasts, wild beasts, fire-eaters, etc. The company,
circa abbr. c. or ca. or cir. prep. [L. about, nearly, i.e., persons and animals, giving such a show. The
almost.] About. Around. Approximately.Used for children are excited because the circus is coming to
dates and numerals when the exact number is un- town. 3. A lively entertainment or activity which is
known, a) Mrs. Buraimoh was born circa 1943. comparable to a circus. The political debate deterio-
b) Circa 700,000 persons attended the rally. rated until it became little more than a circus of
circiter abbr. c.prep. [L. about, near.] Approximately. accusation and counter-accusation. 4. British. An
Around. Circa (q.v.). open circular area where several streets meet.
circuitus est evitandus. [L. circuitus circling, circuitry London 's Piccadilly Circus.
( 1 ); est is (2); evitandus to be avoided; shunned (3): cire perdue n. [Fr. cire wax (2); perdue lost, destroyed
Circling is to be avoided.] Law. Circling must be ( ): lost wax.] A method of metal, especially bronze,
1
avoided. Circular arguments must not be used. casting which consists of using wax to make a model,
.
citatio ad reassumendam 68
casting it with clay, forming a mold, heating and melt- ordinarily cannot be seen. — adj. Having the talen
ing out the wax, and then replacing it with metal. of a clairvoyant. Clear-sighted. Perceptive. Discerning
citatioad reassumendam causam n. [L. citatio See voyant.
summons, citation (1); ad to, at, for, according to clam adv. [L. stealthily.] Civil Law. By stealth. Secretly
(2); reassumendam to be taken up, revived (4); Covertly.
causam cause, case, reason (3): summons for the case claque n., pi. claques [Fr. applauders.] I. People or j
to be taken up/revived.] Summons for taking up or group hired to applaud during a show musical, theat
reviving a case. Civil Law. A process whereby, if a rical, etc. The claque almost ruined the show witl
party dies before the determination of a case, the their inexplicable land constant applause. 2. A group
plaintiff could proceed against the heir of the defen- of self-seeking followers or supporters who are al way:
dant or the plaintiffs heir could proceed against the ready to sing the praises of their "master" or leader
defendant. The process is similar to bill of revivor. The claque of obsequious friends, who used to ac-
cithara n., pi. cit haras [L. from Gk. kithara a lyra, a company him wherever he went, have disappearet
stringed musical instrument.] A multi-stringed musical unceremoniously.
instrument similar to a modern guitar. Cf. zither. claqueur n.,pl. claqueurs [Fr. hired applauderorclap
civilis actio n.,pl. civiles actiones [L. civilis civil (1); per.] A person who belongs to a claque. A persor
actio action, deed, legal suit (2): a civil legal suit.] who employed to applaud.
is
Law. Any legal process dealing with the rights of claustrophobia n. [Neo-L. and Gk. from L
private individuals as opposed to criminal, military, claustr(um) lock, bolt (2); Gk. phob(os) fear (1)
ecclesiastical, or foreign actions. fear of lock or bolt.] Psychology. Abnormal fear o
civilis et politica adj. [L. civilis civil (1); et and (2); being in a confined or closed place, such as a cave
politica political (3): civil and political.] That which small room, elevator or academic discipline. Africai
is concerned with citizens and the political commu- writers often complain of being trapped in a ghettc
nity rather than that which is natural and internal. labeled African literature, . . . It is a position tha
With such a conscience as is only naturalis et interna, can lead to a peculiar sense of claustrophobia . .
this court has nothing to do; the conscience by which (Robert Fraser in West Africa 1982). Cf. agoraphobia
I am to proceed is merely civilis et politica, and tied clausulae inconsuetae semper inducunt suspicionem
to certain measures . . . (per Lord Nottingham L.C., [L. clausulae closings, clauses, sentences (2)
Cook v. Fountain ( 676) 3 Swans. 585 1 at 600, quoted inconsuetae unusual (1); semper always (3)
by Megarry 1955:140). Cf. interna. inducunt excite, arouse (4); suspicionem suspicior
civiliter mortuus adj. [L. civiliter civilly (1); mort- Unusual clauses always arouse suspicion.] Law
(5):
uus dead (2): civilly dead.] Having lost civil rights. Unusual sentences or parts of sentences in lega
Dead as far as the law is concerned. The punishment instruments always induce suspicion; i.e., they warran
inflicted on people convicted of serious crimes in dona clandestina etc.
careful examination. Cf.
certain places, including some states of the U.S.A. It clausula quae abrogationem excludit ab initio nor
involves forfeiture of all privileges and rights. valet. [L. clausula closing, clause, sentence ( 1 ); quae
civis Romanus sum. Cicero (106-43 B.C.). Against which (2); abrogationem repeal (4); excludit prevents
Verres 11,5,162. Also Acts 22:25-29. [L. civis citi- excludes (3); ab from, by (7); initio beginning (8)
zen Romanus Roman (2); sum I am
(3); (1): I am a non not (5); valet is valid (6): A clause which forbids
Roman citizen.] I am a citizen of Rome. its repeal is not valid from the beginning.] Law. A
civitas n.,pl. civitates [L. the state, citizenship.] 1. Citi- sentence in a legal instrument which excludes repea
Membership in the
zenship. Responsible citizenship. of the instrument is invalid from the very beginning
community. His labors have been to build in clausula rebus sic stantibus [L. clausula closing
Singaporeans a sense ofcivitas . . {Time Int. 1982). clause, sentence (1); rebus with matters, things, prop-
2. State. City-state. Community of citizens. erty, business, affairs (2); sic thus, so (4); stantibus
civitas Dei n. Augustine of Hippo (354-430 A.D.). [L. (with) standing (3): a clause with things standing
civitas state (1); Dei of God (2): state of God.] The thus.] Law. A clause affirming the validity of a con-
city of God. Heaven. Civitas Dei The title of a theo- tract as long as the situation remains unchanged. Ar
logical treatise by Augustine. implicit or explicit clause signifying that a contrac
clairvoyance n. , pi. clairvoyances [Fr. clear-sightedness, remains valid if the circumstances under which it was
perspicacity, vision.] Ability to see, discern, or per- concluded remain unchanged, but subject to modifica-
ceive objects or matters which ordinarily are beyond tion if they change. Applicable, for instance, to situations
human sight, discernment or perception. Clearness where there is inflation or depreciation of currency.
of sight or insight. clausum fregit [L. clausum enclosure, inclosed parce
clairvoyant or fern, clairvoyante n., pi. clairvoyants of land (2); fregit he broke ( 1 ): He broke the enclosure/
or fern, clairvoy antes [Fr. clear-sighted, perspica- Old Legal Pleading. He broke the close. Technical
cious, shrewd.] A person who can see matters which expression used in some actions of trespass. The
69 collage
expression is still preserved in quare clausum fregit Adetunji is the cognomen in the name, James
(q.v.). See de clauso fracto. Gbadebo Adetunji. Cf. nomen.

cleptomania var. of kleptomania (q.v.). cognoscente n., pi. cognoscenti [Obs. It. for
cliche n., pi. cliches [Fr. stereotype, a hackneyed, conoscente a knower, a knowledgeable person.] One
worn-out, or stock expression.] A stereotyped
1. who claims to, or does, have expert knowledge in
phrase, expression, or idea. 2. Arts. A hackneyed or fashion or the fine arts. A connoisseur (q.v.).
overworked theme, idea, situation, or plot. She amply cognovit actionem or cognovit n. [L. cognovit he has
substantiates the old cliche about the deadliness of acknowledged, recognized actionem action (2): ( 1 );
the femaleof the species {Newsweek Int. Nov. 12, He has acknowledged/recognized the action.] Law.
1979:9). —
Hackneyed. Stereotyped. Worn-out.
adj. He has confessed the action. A written confession
She produced a paper devoid of originality and by defendant of the accusation against him. The de-
mainly concerned with obvious and cliche matters. fendant thus avoids paying for the costs of the trial.
clientele or clientele n.,pl. clienteles or clienteles [Fr. coheredes una persona censentur, propter unitatem
patronage, customers.] A body of clients, patrons, or juris quod habent. [L. coheredes coheirs (1); una
customers, a) The success ofSheikh Hamallah deprived one (3); persona person (4); censentur are thought,
the traditional marabouts oftheir clientele and their held, (2); propter on account of (5); unitatem unity
income ... (Suret-Canale 1971:435-436). (6); juris of right, law (7); quod which (8); habent
b) Luciano . . . often spends weeks or months decid- they have, hold, regard (9): Coheirs are thought one
ing which storefront will attract the most desirable person on account of the unity of right which they
clientele. {Newsweek Int. Aug. 22, 1983:39). have.] Law. Coheirs are considered one person on
clique n., pi. cliques [Fr. gang, clan, set.] A small ex- account of the unity of right which they have.
clusive group of persons bound together by some coiffeur or fern, coiffeuse n., pi. coiffeurs or fern.
common interests, views, or objectives, a) Govern- coiffeuses [Fr. hairdresser.] Hair-stylist.
ment does not existfor itself norfor the clique around coiffure n.,pl. coiffures [Fr. hairstyle.] A way of styling
the centreofpower, butfor the entire society {Sunday or arranging the hair. . . . the fetchingly simple coiffure
Tribune 1986). b) The group that seized the Holy of the blue-blooded lass . . . {Newsweek Int. March
Mosque was a clique of deviants who had misinter- 23, 1981:46).
preted Islam {Newsweek Int. March 3, 1980:23). coitus n. [L. joining, union, coming together, coition,
cloture n., pi. clotures [Fr. cloture end, closure, termi- copulation, sexual intercourse.] The act of inserting
nation, adjournment.] A procedure whereby debate, the penis into the vagina. Sexual intercourse. Extroverts
especially unreasonable debate, in a legislative body start having coitus earlier [i.e., than introverts] . . .
is brought to an end by taking the vote or adopting (Eysenck 1982:69). See pareunia.
some other permissible method. coitus coram testibus n. [L. coitus joining, union, com-
CM. or cm. abbr. for causa mortis (q.v.). ing together, coition, copulation, sexual intercourse
cocotte n., pi. cocottes [Fr. hen, darling.] A prostitute, (1); coram before, in the presence of (2); testibus
harlot, or tart. A woman of easy virtue. A loose girl witnesses (3): sexual intercourse before witnesses.]
or woman. Cf. femme libre; meretrix; and succuba. Antiquity. A procedure for disproving a charge of
codex n.,pl. codices [L. tree trunk, tablet.] 1 . A medieval impotency. See le congres.
manuscript. 2. A collection of laws or rules. 3. A coitus interruptus n., pi. coitus interrupti [L. coitus
collection of pharmaceutical formulas and information. joining, union, coming together, coition, copulation,
cogitationis poenam nemo patitur. [L. cogitationis sexual intercourse; (2); interruptus interrupted ( 1
):
of thought, imagination (4); poenam punishment (3); interrupted sexual intercourse.] Law. Deliberate in-
nemo no one ( 1 ); patitur suffers (2): No one suffers terruption of sexual intercourse to prevent the
punishment of thought.] Law. A person is not pun- semen's ejaculation into the vagina and to avoid preg-
ished for his/her thoughts. nancy. It is tantamount to cruelty if done against the
cogito n. [L. I think, I ponder.] Philosophy. The principle wife's will, and could be adequate ground for sepa-
that the fact that a person thinks is an indication of ration or divorce. Cf. coitus reservatus.
his existence. See cogito, ergo sum. coitus reservatus n.,pl. coitus reservati [L. coitus join-
cogito, ergo sum. Rene Descartes (1596-1650). ing, union, coming together, coition, copulation, sexual
Discours de la Methode. [L. cogito I think, ponder intercourse (2); reservatus reserved, kept back (1):
( 1 ); ergo therefore, consequently (2); sum I am, exist, reserved sexual intercourse.] Coitus interruptus (q.v.).
live (3): I think; therefore, I am.] I know I exist because cojones pi. n. [Sp. from cojon testicle.] Slang. Tes-
know I
I think. See cogito. ticles. Balls. Guts. Bravery.
cognomen n., pi. cognomina or cognomens [L. sur- collage n., pi. collages [Fr. pasting, gluing, sticking,
name, family name.] 1 . Roman Law. A family name. gumming.] Art. A picture made of fragments of papers,
Cato is the cognomen in the name Marcus Porcius photographs, and other materials glued to a card-
Cato. 2. A surname or a family name. In Nigeria, board, canvas, etc. Such a style of portraiture.
collatio bonorum 70
collatio bonorum n., pi. collationes bonorum [L. caused by injury, disease, or poison. The old man
collatio bringing together, collation, contribution ( 1 ); lay in a coma for over six months before he was offi-
bonorum of goods, property (2): contribution of cially pronounced dead. 2. A state of physical or
goods.] 1. Civil or Scots Law. The obligation of an mental lethargy or sluggishness. Torpor. Unless a
heir or legatee to return to the testator's or ancestor's great leader emerges to arouse the nation from the
estate the gifts received from the latter during his/her prevalent coma, it will be impossible to save it from
lifetime to ensure equitable distribution of the inher- imminent catastrophe.
itance. 2. The practice of contributing advances from Comdt. abbr. for Commandant (q.v ).
the father into a hotchpot, or a blending of property comedienne n.,pl. comediennes [Fr. an actress in com-
belonging to a group of indiv iduals, in order to ensure edy.] A comic actress or, by extension, any actress.
equitable distribution of the common fund after the Cf. tragedienne.
father's death. comitas n. [L. friendliness, courtesy, civility.] Cour-
collectanea pi. n. [L. collected things.] Literary items, teousness. Affability. Comity. A favor granted to
such as notes, passages, or quotations, collected from another country or nation not as a right but purely
a number of sources. as an indulgence.
collegium n.. pi. collegia or collegiums [L. a joining comitas gentium n. [L. comitas friendliness, courtesy,
together, a collection of professional colleagues, a civility (1); gentium of nations, peoples (2): friend-
guild.] 1. Association, board, society, corporation, liness of nations.] Comity of nations. See comitas
guild, company, or college. 2. Roman and Civil Law. inter gentes.
An association formed by individuals of the same rank, comitas inter communitates n. [L. comitas friend-
class, or station to promote a business or an enterprise. liness, courtesy, civ ility ( 1 ); inter among, between
col legno adr. [It. col with the (1); legno wood (2): (2);communitates communities (3): friendliness
with the wood.] Music. Playing a violin or other between communities.] Comity between, or of.
stringed instrument with the back of the bow rather communities.
than with the cord. comitas inter gentes n. [L. comitas friendliness, cour-
colloquium n., pi. colloquia or colloquiums [L. a tesy, civility ( 1 ); inter between, among (2): gentes
speaking together, conversation, discourse.] 1. Con- nations (3): friendliness between nations.] Interna-
versation. 2. Conference, particularly a seminar in tional Law. Comity between nations. Informal courtesy
which a number of lecturers take turns in leading. among nations whereby a nation even within its
3. Legal Pleading. The part of a lawsuit accusing territory respects the laws and judicial decisions of
someone of slander in which the plaintiff avers that the another nation and gives due consideration to persons
defendant uttered the slanderous words about him from other nations. Peace in the world depends largely
her or the matter in question at a particular time. on comitas inter gentes. See comitas gentium.
colon n.. pi. colons [Fr. colonist, farmer, planter, set- comitatus n., pi. comitatus or comitatuses [L. an es-
tler.] A farmer, settler, or owner of a plantation in a cort, a train, retinue, band.] 1 . The retinue of a king,
French colony. chieftain, prince, or high official. 2. County. County
coloratura n. [It. colored.] Music. The elaborate use court. Cf. posse comitatus.
of trills and scales in vocal performance especially comitia calata pi. n. [L. comitia assembly (2); calata
to demonstrate the skill of the singer. summoned, called together (1): summoned assem-
colore officii adv. [L. colore with color, appearance bly.] Ancient Rome. The assembled people. Cf.
( 1 ): officii of duty, office (2): with the color of office.] comitia centuriata and comitia curiata.
By color of office. Illegally under the mask of offi- comitia centuriata pi. n. [L. comitia assembly (2);
cial authority. The police constable, acting colore centuriata centuriate ( 1 ): centuriate assembly.] Ancient
officii, arrested and detained his personal enemy. Rome. A legislative, judicial, and electoral body of
See ex colore officii. the Roman people, the comitia centuriata was essen-
colossus n.. pi. colossi or colossuses [L. from Gk. tially a military body, originally organized in centuries
kolossos gigantic statue.] 1 . A gigantic or huge statue. or groups of one hundred citizens. Its decisions gener-
Emma Lazarus called the Statue ofLibert}- the "New- ally reflected the wishes of the well-to-do. Cf. comitia
Colossus. " 2. A person, nation, corporation, body, calata and comitia curiata
or something of such size, power, brilliance, scope, comitia curiata pi. n. [L. comitia assembly (2): curiata
extent, strength, etc. as to dominate or impress others. curiate (1): curiate assembly.] Ancient Rome. A leg-
In a continent whose political landscape is littered islative, judicial, and electoral body of the Roman
with ruthless and less-than-mediocre despots, he people. Voting was done by associations (curiae).
stood out like a colossus {The Guardian 1987). The body played a prominent role during the monar-
coma n..pl. comas [Gk. kOma deep sleep, lethargic state.] chy, but it subsequently declined in importance. Cf.
1 . Medicine. A condition of deep unconsciousness comitia calata and comitia centuriata
71 commodum ex injuria
Commandant abbr. Cdt. or Comdt. n.,pl. Comman- commercium n.,pl. commercia [L. articles bought and
dants [Fr. commander.] Commanding officer or sold, objects of trade.] Cz'v/7 Law. Trade. Commerce.
commander, i.e., of a military unit or of a place. Commercial intercourse or transaction. Business or
commandant de cercle n.,pl. commandants de cercle mercantile intercourse.

[Fr. commandant commanding or chief officer ( 1 ); commercium jure gentium commune esse debet, e,t
de of (2); cercle circle (3): commanding officer of a non in monopolium et privatum paucorum
circle.] History. Chief executive of a circle, i.e., a quaestum convertendum. [L. commercium com-
territorial unit of French colonial tropical Africa. merce, trade (1); jure by right, law (2); gentium of
commanditaire commanditaires [Fr. sleeping,
n.,pl. nations (3); commune common (6); esse to be (5);
limited, or silent partner.] French Law. A silent, dor- debet ought, should (4); et and (7); non not (8); in
mant or limited partner in a commandite (q.v.). into, to, against, for (10); monopolium monopoly,
commandite n.,pl. commandites [Fr. limited partner- cartel (11); etand (12) privatum personal, private
ship, capital invested by dormant partners.] 1 . French (13); paucorum of few (15); quaestum profit, gain,
Law. A partnership in which some members provide advantage (14); convertendum to be converted,
money, while others provide labor and expertise in- turned (9): Commerce by the law of nations ought to
stead of money. 2. Civil Law. A partnership in which be common and not to be turned into a monopoly
one party (one person or more) is jointly and sever- and personal profit of few.] Commerce, according to
ally liable, while the other party (one person or more) international law, should be common and should not
is a dormant partner, providing capital stock or fund be converted into a monopoly for the private gain of
and being liable merely to the extent of the capital or a few persons.
fund provided. See commanditaire and societe en commissar n., pi. commissars [Russ. komissar from
commandite. Cf. societe anonyme. Ger. Kommissar from Med. L. commissarius agent,
commando n., pi. commandos [Afr. from Dutch, deputy.] 1. A Communist Party official in charge of
kommando a military unit.] A special military unit 1 . indoctrination and maintenance of party loyalty.
designed to make quick raids against the enemy. 2. A 2. A person who tries to control public sentiment and
member of such a military unit. opinion, a) a commissar ofetiquette; b) a commissar
commedia dell'arte n. [It. commedia comedy ( 1 ); dell' offashion.
of the (2); arte art (3): comedy of the art.] A type of committitur n. [L. He/she is committed.] Law. An order
theatrical performance characterized by slapstick or minute indicating that the person whose name is
comedy, stock characters, and improvisation and setdown is committed to the sheriff s custody.
popular in 16th- 18th century Italy. commodans n.,pl. commodantes [L. lending, granting,
comme il faut advJadj. [Fr. comme like, as ( 1); il it (2); supplying.] Roman Law. A person who lends some-
faut is necessary (3): as it is necessary.] As necessary. thing to another to be used temporarily and gratis,
As fashion dictates. Marie 's parents were glad to find and to be returned in kind. See commodatarius and
her young men well behaved and entirely comme ilfaut. commodatum.
commenda n., pi. commendas [L. trust, something commodatarius n., pi. commodatarii [L. recipient of
entrusted.] 1. Middle Ages. A kind of trust in which a loan.] Roman Law. A person who receives some-
one gives to another person goods for a particular thing which is loaned to be used temporarily and
purpose; e.g., to be sold abroad. 2. French Law. Delivery gratis, and to in kind. See commodans
be returned
of a benefice to another person, whether a cleric or andcommodatum.
layman, who does not have legal title, to hold in custody commodati actio n., pi. commodati actiones [L.
and manage until a person with legal title is appointed. commodati of/for loan, something loaned (2); actio
Cf. in commendam. action, deed, legal suit ( 1 ): legal suit for a loan.] Civil
commendation.,/?/, commendationesorcommendatios Law. A legal action for the recovery of something
[L. recommendation, commendation.] Direction. loaned and not returned in kind. Cf. pret a usage.
Suggestion. Augustusfurther retained or resumed the commodatum n., pi. commodata [L. that which is
right . ofpresenting candidates for magistracies

. . loaned.] Roman Law. A loan. The gratuitous lending
by direct nomination or by commendatio (Cary . . . of something to be used temporarily and returned in
1970:477). commodans and commodatarius.

kind. See
commercia belli pi. n., sing, commercium belli [L. commodum n.,pl. commoda [L. convenience, advan-
commercia intercourses, communications (1); belli tage, profit, gain.] Advantage. Profit. Gain. Generally,
of war communications of war.] Contracts or
(2): a person who enjoys the commodum of a thing must
agreements between nations that are at war. The bear its onus. Cf. onus.
agreements on peaceful relations cover such areas commodum ex injuria non oritur. [L. commodum
as capitulation, armistice, truce, safeguards, pass- convenience, advantage, profit, gain (1); ex out of,
ports, safe conduct, and cartels. from (4); injuria wrong, injury (5); non not (2);
commodum ex injuria 72
oritur arises (3): Advantage does not arise from 3. A catalog or inventory. It is an outrageous com-
wrong.] Law. Advantage should not be derived from pendium of nonstop jokes and puns, both good and
injustice or wrong-doing. See ex turpi causa etc. bad . . . (Newsweek Int. July 19, 1982:51). Cf.
commodum ex injuria sua nemo habere debet. [L. epitome.
commodum convenience, advantage, profit, gain (4); compere n.,pl. comperes [Fr. godfather, fellow sponsor,
ex from (5); injuria wrong, injury, injustice (7); sua announcer.] Chiefly British. Master of ceremonies
his/her own (6) nemo no one (1); habere to have, during an entertainment, such as a dance, party, or
hold, regard (3); debet ought, should (2): No one contest. — v. intr. To serve as a master of ceremo-
ought to have an advantage from his/her own wrong.] nies. — v.,tr. To
manage or conduct.
direct,
Law. No one should gain from an injustice he/she compos mentis adj. [L. compos master of, possessing
has perpetrated. See ex turpi causa etc. ( 1 ); mentis of mind (2): master of mind.] Law. Sane
commorientes pi. n. [L. those dying together.] Part- in mind. Of sound mind. A person who is compos
ners in death. A number of persons who die at the 'mentis is one who is deemed to be of sound mind,
same time as a result of the same disaster. understanding, and memory, and thus capable of
commune n.,pl. communes [Fr. parish, smallest terri- transacting legal business. One of the prerequisites
torial district administered by a mayor.] 1. A small of a valid will is that the testator must be compos
administrative unit with a council and mayor in some mentis. See sanae mentis et bonae memoriae.
European countries. 2. A revolutionary governmental Cf. dum non fit compos mentis; non compos men-
body as, for instance, the committee of the French tis; and non sanae mentis.
people in the revolution of 1793 and that of 1871. compos sui adj. [L. compos master of, possessing ( ); 1
3. A small community in which people have close sui of himself/herself, oneself (2): master of himself/
ties, observing common interests and owning prop- herself] Able to use one's limbs. Able to move about.
erty in common. A would-be messiah ordered . . . His excuse that he could not appear in court on ac-
his . .followers to drinkfrom a tub ofpoison at the
. count ofphysical debility was rejected because he
cult 's commune in Guyana and more than 900 ofthem was found to be compos sui.
died (Newsweek Int. Jan. 1 1 979: 15). , comprador or compradore n., pi. compradors or
commune bonum n. [L. commune common (1); compradores [Port, buyer.] An agent of foreign po-
bonum good (thing) (2): the common good.] That litical or business concerns in a colony or former
which is good for the community at large rather than colony. The economies ofmany Third World countries
for an individual alone. have been ruined by compradors who, appearing
communique n., pi. communiques [Fr. official pro- under the guise ofpatriots, secure high governmental
nouncement, press release.] Official or brief formal positions. — adj. Of, characteristic of, relating to, a
announcement, communication, or report, usually comprador. . . . a comprador class of officers and

issued to the press. . . . the National Union ofGhana men who are pale imitations of theirformer masters
Students (NUGS) in its communique at its just-ended rather than real thinkers . . . (Lindsay Barrett in West
congress described the four arrested people . . . Africa 1986).
(Crideon Yaoui in West Africa 1986). con abbr. for contra prep. [L. against, opposite.]
communis opinio n. [L. communis common, general, Against. Contrary to. In contradiction or opposition
universal (1); opinio opinion (2): common opinion.] to. Arguments con the proposal carried the day. — adv.
Common, general, or popular opinion. No respon- Against. On the opposite or negative side. Instead of
sible government will treat communis opinio with examining both sides of the issue, he argued con all
levity. Cf. vox populi. the time. —
adj. Taking or urging the negative or
communis stipes n. [L. communis common (1); sti- opposite side. The con arguments seem to be very
pes stock (2): common stock.] A common ancestor. cogent. — n., pi. cons Evidence or argument contrary
The two families are bound together by communis to a point of view, position or statement. The oppo-
stipes. sition. The negative or contrary. To get a balanced
compare n., pi. compares [It. godfather, old friend, view of a question, one needs to consider the pros
accomplice, crony.] An old friend or acquaintance. and cons. Cf. pro.
Someone from the same town or region. An accom- con amore adv. [It. con with (1); amore love (2): with
plice in crime. love.] With love, enthusiasm, devotion, delight, eager-
compendium n., pi. compendia or compendiums [L. ness, or zest. With the demise of his brother, he
weighed together, profit, gain, shortcut.] 1. A suc- brought his nephews and nieces to his household and
cinct summary, abstract, or abridgment of a larger took care of them con amore.
work. 2. A work which treats briefly important aspects conatus quid sit, non definitur in jure. [L. conatus
of an entire field or subject. A brief and comprehensive attempt, effort, endeavor (2); quid what ( 1 ); sit is,
account. Biobaku 's chapter is a good compendium may be (3); non not (4); definitur is defined, estab-
on Egba history (Kemi Rotimi in West Africa 1986). lished (5); in in, on (6); jure right, law (7): What an
73 condicio
attemptis, is not defined in law.] The meaning of the concordat n.,pl. concordats [L. He/she is in harmony
word "attempt" is not defined in law. or agreement.] 1 . An agreement, covenant, or compact
con brio adv. [It. con with (1); brio vigor (2): with respecting something. . . . such a concordat . . . has
vigor.] Energetically. Vigorously, a) The reforms to be the basis ofany concerted approach to Africa 's
have been criticized con brio, b) . . . celebrating his present crisis (West Africa 1982). 2. An agreement
75th birthday by /rugging con brio . . . (Newsweek between a government and a religious body on eccle-
Int. Oct. 16, 1978:55). siastical affairs, as well as other matters of mutual
con buena fe adv. [Sp. con with (1); buena good (2); interest; e.g., Mussolini's Concordat with the Vatican.
fe faith (3): with good faith.] Spanish Law. With good 3. French Law. A compromise concluded between a
good faith.
faith. In bankrupt and his/her creditors whereby the former
conceptus n., pi. concepti or conceptuses [L. one agrees to pay a portion of his/her debts within an
conceived.] A fetus. A concept. A product, result, or appointed time, while the latter in turn agree to relin-
consequence of conception. quish the rest of their claims, if the former keeps
concertino n.,pl. concertini or concertinos [It. a little his/her word.
concert.] 1 . A small or short concerto. 2. The instru- concordia discors Horace (65-8 B.C.). Epistles
ment group which plays solo in a concerto grosso. 1, 1 2, 1 9. [L. concordia harmony, concord (2); discors
concerto abbr. cto. n., pi. concerti or concertos [It. discordant, inharmonious (1): discordant harmony.]
concert.] Music. A composition for one or more solo Harmony in discord. Agreement in disagreement.
voices or instruments, accompanied by an organ or Discordant harmony. Applicable, particularly, to
orchestra. The most engaging works of the evening, achieving artistic harmony by juxtaposing elements
however, were two concertos (Newsweek Int. March which are seemingly incompatible.
3, 1980:44B). concordia ordinum n. [L. concordia concord, agreement
concerto grosso n., pi. concerti grossi [It. concerto (1); ordinum of the orders, classes (2): agreement
concert (2); grosso large ( 1 ): large concert.] Music. A of the classes.] Concord among the political classes.
composition, usually in three movements, in which a A political principle first articulated by Cicero ( 1 06-
solo instrument group is accompanied by an orchestra. 43 B.C.).
concessionaire or concessionnaire n., pi. concess- concours n., pi. concours [Fr. competition.] Contest.
ionaires or concessionnaires [Fr. concessionary, concours d'elegance n. [Fr. concours contest (1); d'
grantee, license holder.] A person or organization that of (2); elegance elegance, stylishness (3): contest of
has been given exclusive right to operate a booth for elegance.] A contest held at the end of an automo-
selling refreshments at a center of entertainment, to bile rally in which the judges consider not speed but
sell a particular type of commodity or provide a par- the appearance and outfitting of the competing cars.
ticular type of service at a particular place, or to sell concretum n., pi. concreta [L. solid, thick, hard, or
food or refreshments at a factory, school, university, concrete thing.] Something which is solid, concrete,
hospital, or any other institution. particular, or actual. Cf. abstractum.
concessio versus concedentem latam interpreta- concurso n. [Sp. contest.] Ci'v/7 Law. A proceeding
tionem habere debet. [L. concessio grant ( 1 ); ver- whereby various creditors may establish their shares
sus against (6); concedentem the one granting (7); in the estate of an insolvent debtor. Cf. juicio de con-
latam broad, wide (4); interpretationem interpre- curso de acreedores.
tation (5); habere to have, hold, regard (3); debet condicio praecedens adimpleri debet priusquam
ought, should (2): A grant ought to have a broad sequatur effectus. [L. condicio condition (2);
interpretation against the one granting.] Law. A grant praecedens preceding (1 ); adimpleri to be fulfilled,
should be given a broad interpretation and this should satisfied (4); debet ought, should (3); priusquam
be applied against the one making the grant. before (5); sequatur should follow (7); effectus effect,
See quaelibet concessio etc. result (6): A preceding condition should be fulfilled
concierge n.,pl. concierges [Fr. porter, janitor, or door- before the effect should follow.] Law. A preceding
keeper.] 1 . An attendant, usually stationed at the main condition should be satisfied before the effect can
door of a building, whose duties include handling mail follow; e.g., a contract with a preceding condition
and overseeing the entrance and exit of people. 2. One cannot be binding until the condition has been satisfied.
who has the responsibility of providing assistance to condicio (or conditio) sine qua non n., pi. condiciones
guests and residents of a hotel or apartment building. (or conditiones) sine quibus non [L. condicio con-
conciliabule n., pi. conciliabules [Fr. secret meeting, dition (1); sine without (2); qua which (3); non not
assembly, or deliberation.] A secret meeting, especially (4): condition without which not.] An indispensable
one held by malcontents, rebels, or conspirators plot- condition. An absolutely unavoidable condition. A
ting against government or a religious authority. condition which must be satisfied by all means, a) The
concilium n., pi. concilia [L. a council, plan.] An as- upholdment ofthe people 's human rights is a con- . . .
sembly for deliberation. ditio sine qua non on which any administration
condictio 74
whether civilian or military comes to power ( The

. . . same time has the right to use the common facilities
Guardian 987). b) Is it inevitable or a conditio sine
1 of the estate . . . a condominium buyer owns his apart-
qua non for recovery that we must cut down in those ment outright and has joint title with the other condo
areas where we have made major advances during owners to the land surrounding his building (Time
the post-independence era . . . ? {West Africa 1987). Int. 1979). 3. The sovereignty of a number of states
condictio n., pi. condictiones [L. making a formal over a politically subject territory. A territory ruled
claim.] Roman Law. Action against a person to claim by a number of states. The Sudan was previously an
money or specific things, or for restoration of some- Anglo/Egyptian condominium.
thing. condottiere or condottiero n.,pl. condottieri [It. leader
condictio ex causa furtiva n.. pi. condictiones ex of a group of mercenary soldiers.] A mercenary sol-
causa furtiva [L. condictio making a formal claim dier. A freelance. since the Triumvirate had now
. . .
(1) ; ex arising from (2); causa cause, case, reason expired, he became in the eyes of the law a mere
(3); furtiva stolen, pilfered, of theft (4): making a condottiere in the employ of the enemy queen (Cary
formal claim arising from a case of theft.] Roman 1970:444).
Law. A formal action to claim a stolen article from a conduit n., pi. conduits [Fr. pipe, duct, channel, tube,
thief or his heir. See condictio furtiva and condictio passage, culvert.] A pipe or channel through which
1 .
rei furtivae. water or other liquids pass or are conveyed. 2. A tube

condictio ex lege n., pi. condictiones ex lege [L. or pipe which protects or insulates electric wires or
condictio making a formal claim ( 1 ); ex arising from, cables. 3. A means for the distribution or convey-
according to making a formal claim
(2); lege law (3): jance of something such as money, support, or aid.
arising from law.] Roman Law. An action to enforce The United States says Mexico is a big supplier of
a right granted by law for which no remedy has been marijuana and heroin to the American market, and
provided by law. the principal conduit for South American cocaine
condictio furtiva n., pi. condictiones furtivae [L. (The Economist 1987).
condictio making a formal claim ( 1 ); furtiva of theft confer abbr. cf. [L. compare.] Compare with. Used to
(2) : making a formal action of theft.] A formal legal draw readers' attention to a similar, contrasting, con-
action for the recovery of a stolen object from a thief tradictory, or explanatory view or statement in the
or his heirs. See condictio ex causa furtiva and work or elsewhere.
condictio rei furtivae. conferencier n., pi. conferenciers [Fr. conferencier
condictio indebiti n., pi. condictiones indebiti [L. lecturer.] 1. A lecturer. A person who delivers a
condictio making a formal claim (1); indebiti of speech or an address. 2. A conferee. A person who
something not owed making a formal claim of
(2): participates in a diplomatic conference.
something not owed.] Roman Law. A formal action confessio facta in judicio omni probatione major est.
for the recovery of something mistakenly paid or [L. ( ); facta having been made
confessio confession 1
given to the defendant. (2); in in, on (3); judicio court (4); omni than every
condictio rei furtivae n.,pl. condictiones rei furtivae (7); probatione proof (8); major greater (6); est is
[L. condictio making a formal claim (1); rei (of/for) (5): A confession having been made in court is greater
thing (3); furtivae of stolen, pilfered (2): making a than every proof] Law. A confession made in court
formal claim for a stolen thing.] Condictio ex causa is the best proof.
furtiva (q.v.). Condictio furtiva (q.v.). confessio fidei n., pi. confessiones fidei [L. confessio
condictio triticaria n.,pl. condictiones triticariae [L. confession ( 1 ); fidei of faith (2): confession of faith.]
condictio formal claim (1); triticaria of wheat (2): a Open declaration of commitment to a cause.
formal claim of wheat.] Roman Law. An action for confetti pi. n. [It. from confetto candy.] Tiny pieces or
recovering fungible property, such as wheat, in the strips of paper, usually in a variety of colors, which
same amount and quality that the plaintiffhad loaned are tossed and scattered as part of a celebration or
to the defendant. festivity.
conditio sine qua non var. of condicio sine qua non confirmare est id firmum facere quod prius
(q.v.). infirm um fuit. [L. confirmare to confirm ( 1 ); est is
condo short form condominium (q.v.).

for (2) ; id that (5); firmum strong (4); facere to make
condominium short form condo n., pi. condom inia quod which (6); prius formerly, previously (8);
(3) ;
or condominiums [L. joint ownership.] 1. Roman infirmum weak (9); fuit was (7): To confirm is to
Law. A sort of tenancy in common in which people make strong that which was previously weak.] Law.
have undivided shares in the property and can dispose Confirmation makes valid what was previously in-
of their shares. 2. A large estate in a residential, com- valid. See confirmare est id quod etc.
mercial, or industrial area owned jointly and severally confirmare est id quod prius infirmum fuit firmare.
by many persons. Each of the owners has his/her own [L. confirmare to confirm (1); est is (2); id that (4);
individual unit apartment, store, or office, and at the quod which (5); prius formerly, previously (7);
75 connoissement
infirmum weak (8); fuit was (6); firmare to disguise his excitement on being given his conge.
To confirm is to strengthen that which
strengthen (3): 2. Dismissal from, or notice to quit, a service.
was formerly weak.] Law. Confirming strengthens Veronica 's involvement in the scandal was the prin-
that which was previously weak. See confirmare est cipal cause ofher conge. 3. A ceremonious bow as a
id fir mum etc. mark of respect or an indication that one is taking
confirmare nemo potest priusquam jus ei accident. leave. 4. Farewell. Taking leave. At the end of the
[L. confirmare to confirm (3); nemo no one (1); party, all the guests made their conges. 5. Clearance
potest can, is able (2); priusquam before (5); jus given to a vessel.
right, law (4); ei to him (7); accident it will have conge definitif n. [Fr. conge leave, dismissal, discharge,
reached, come (6): No one can confirm a right before permission, farewell, notice to leave or quit, clearance
it will have come to him.] Law. No one can confirm (2); definitif final, definitive (1): final dismissal.]
a right which does not belong to him/her. Final departure or leave-taking.

confirmatio est nulla ubi donum praecedens est conge d'elire or conge d'eslire or conge delire n. [Fr.
invalidum. [L. confirmatio confirmation (3); est conge leave, dismissal, discharge, permission, fare-
there is ( 1); nulla no (2); ubi where (4); donum gift well, notice to leave or quit, clearance; ( 1); d' of, to
(6); praecedens preceding (5); est is (7); invalidum (2) ; elire to appoint, choose, elect (3): permission to
invalid (8): There is no confirmation where the pre- elect.] Permission to elect or appoint a nominated or
ceding gift is invalid.] Law. Where a preceding gift recommended candidate. Augustus further retained
is invalid it cannot be confirmed. or resumed the right ofpresenting candidates for
. . .
confiserie n., pi. confiseries [Fr. a confectionery, magistracies by direct nomination or by commendatio
confectioner's shop, candy store.] 1. A shop where either of which procedures would leave the Popular
sweets are sold. 2. The sweets themselves. Assembly with a mere conge d 'elire (Cary 1 970:477).
confitens reus n.,pl. confitentes rei [L. con fi tens con- conge d'emparler n. [Fr. conge leave, dismissal, dis-
fessing (1); reus accused person (2): a confessing charge, permission, farewell, notice to leave or quit,
accused person.] Law. An accused person who admits clearance; (1); d' of, to (2); emparler to imparl, to
being guilty. talk together (3): leave to imparl.] Law. Permission
confiteor v. [L. I confess.] I confess my sins. The first of imparlance or time for either party in a legal ac-
word of a Christian prayer of contrition. — n. 1. A tion to respond to the pleading of the other party.
Christian act of contrition beginning with the phrase Permission, formerly given to the defendant, before
"I confess.'" The prayer itself. 2. Any admission of pleading, to confer with the plaintiff and reach an
guilt. amicable settlement. See licentia loquendi.
confrater n.,pl. confraters orconfratres [L. brother ]
congeries n., pi. congeries [L. a heap, mass, pile.] A
1 . A member of a brotherhood or confraternity, i.e., collection, heap, or mass of things, individuals, ideas,
an association of men, or of men and women, formed etc. A cluster or agglomeration. Inundated with a con-
for religious or charitable activities, or to promote geries ofsuggestions, he could not make up his mind
their profession. 2. An associate of a monastery who on what course of action to adopt.
enjoys some benefits and privileges but is exempted conjectio causae n. [L. conjectio conjecture, inter-
from some responsibilities. Cf. confrere. pretation (1); causae of cause, case, reason (2): A
confrere n.,pl. confreres [Fr. brother, colleague, fellow conjecture/interpretation of the case.] C/v/7 Law. A
member.] Fellow. Comrade. Applicable to members brief statement of the case by an advocate at the
of a society, religious brotherhood, profession or beginning of the trial.
academic discipline. The physician would not agree conjunctio corporum n. [L. conjunctio union, uniting
to the operation before consulting with his confreres. ( 1 ); corporum of bodies (2): union of bodies.] Bodily
Cf. confrater. union or physical contact.
confrerie n., pi. confreries [Fr. confraternity, brother- conjunctio mariti et feminae est de jure naturae. [L.
An association of persons who
hood, sisterhood.] conjunctio union (1); mariti of husband (2); et and
share acommon interest. (3) ; feminae of wife, woman (4); est is (5); de of,
confusio bonorum n. [L. confusio confusion (1); from, about (6); jure right, law (7); naturae of nature
bonorum of goods (2): confusion of goods.] Com- (8): The union of husband and wife is from the law
mon Law. The intermixing of goods, whether liquid of nature.] Law. The union of husband and wife is a
or solid, belonging to various owners, to such an matter of natural law. See maris et feminae etc.
extent that the individual shares cannot be identified. connoissement n. [Obs. Fr. for connaissement bill of
cong£ n., pi. conges [Fr. leave, dismissal, discharge, lading, invoice, shipping-bill.] French Law. Bill of
permission, farewell, notice to leave or quit, clear- lading. An instrument, signed by the management of
ance.] 1. Formal permission given by a person in a ship, showing the goods in the ship, the party who
authority to somebody to depart. After a marathon sent the various goods, the party who would be the
meeting with the President, the Minister could not recipient, and an undertaking to convey the goods.
connoisseur 76
See conocimiento de embarque; poliza de carga- of everyone.] With the consent of all.
// was decided
mento; and polizza di carico. consensu omnium that the new policy would take
connoisseur n, pi. connoisseurs [Obs. Fr. for effect immediately.
connaisseur good judge.] 1. A person who is an consensus n.,pl. consensuses [L. agreement, unanimity,
authority on, an expert in, understands thoroughly, accord.] Unanimity. Accord. General agreement.
and is fully qualified to judge critically, a subject, Collective opinion. Verdict of the majority, a) . . . it
especially in the field of fine arts. . . . the connois- is not possible to achieve meaningful consensus on
seurs most likely to buy Chinese art . . . {Newsweek matters that involve risks (The Guardian 1986).
Int. Aug. 2, 1982:44). 2. A judge or critic who shows was considerable debate but the meeting
b) There
good and discriminating taste and profound appre- camean end with no consensus being reached.
to
ciation. a connoisseur ofthe rarest wines
. . . (The . . . consensus ad idem n. [L. consensus agreement (1);
Guardian 1986). . ad to, at, for, according to (2); idem the same (3):
connubium or conubium n.,pl. connubia or conubia agreement to the same.] Agreement as to the same
[L. marriage.] Roman and Civil Law. Wedlock. Right thing. A harmony of minds. Parties to a contract
of intermarriage. ad idem must, inter alia, have reached a consensus
conocimiento short form for conocimiento de for it to be valid. See ad idem.
embarque (q.v ). consensus facit legem. [L. consensus agreement,
conocimiento de embarque shortform conocimiento unanimity ( ); facit makes (2); legem law (3): Agree- 1
n. [Sp. conocimiento knowledge (1); de of(2); ment makes the law.] Law. The agreement of parties
embarque shipment, goods (3): knowledge of to a contract serves as the law of the contract.
goods.] Bill of lading. See connoissement. See contractus legem etc.; conventio et modus etc.;
conquets pi. n. [Fr. property which husband and wife le contrat fait etc.; and pacta dant etc. Cf. conventio
have acquired conjointly or individually.] French privatorum etc.
Law. Property acquired by husband and wife, whether consensus non concubitus facit matrimonium;
individually or jointly, during the marriage. Such et consentire non possunt ante annos nubiles.
property is a joint acquisition and each party is [L. consensus consent (1); non not (2); concubitus
entitled to half of it. Cf. bona; dote; maritagium; concubinage, cohabitation (3); facit makes (4); matri-
paraphernalia 1; parapherna; paraphernalia 1; monium marriage (5); et and (6); consentire to consent
regime dotal; and societe d'acquets. (9); non not (8); possunt they can, are able (7); ante
conquistador n., pi. conquistadors or conquistadores before ( 1 0); annos years ( 1 2); nubiles marriageable (11):
[Sp. conqueror.] History. A person who participated Consent, not cohabitation, makes marriage, and they
in the Spanish conquest of the Americas in the 16th cannot consent before marriageable years.] Law.
century. Consent, not cohabitation, constitutes marriage, and
conseil de famille n. [Fr. conseil council ( 1 ); de of (2); a couple cannot consent before the marriageable age.
famille family (3): council of family.] Family coun- Thus the church reconciled the two views: that of
cil. Board of guardians. French Law. This council consummation was necessary
the early church that
has to sanction certain acts; e.g., a guardian's accep- to form a marriage; that, derived from Roman law.
tance or rejection of an inheritance or a gift inter vivos that consensus non concubitus facit matrimonium
for the minor. (Cretney 1976:7). See nuptias non concubitus etc.
Conseil d'Etat n. [Fr. conseil council (1); d' of (2); consensus tollit errorem. [L. consensus consent,
etat state (3): council of state.] Privy Council. France. agreement (1); tollit removes (2); errorem mistake,
A judicialcouncil established as far back as 1302, error (3): Consent removes error.] Law. Agreement elimi-
which gives advice or decides on national matters nates mistake. The doctrine of waiver, which is widely
referred to it by Parliament, the Cabinet, the king, applied in pleading and judicial proceedings, depends
and now the President of the Republic. on this maxim. See qui non improbat, approbat.
conseil judiciaire n., pi. conseils judiciaires [Fr. consentiente domino adv. [L. consentiente (with)
conseil counselor, counsel (2); judiciaire judicial ( 1 ): agreeing (2); domino with master, lord, owner (1):
judicial counsel.] A guardian or administrator ap- with the master agreeing.] With the consent of the
pointed on the order of the court. French Law. A master, lord, or owner.
conseil judiciaire may be appointed to administer the consentientes et agentes pari poena plectentur. [L.
property of a prodigal, i.e., a young spendthrift. consentientes those consenting, agreeing ( 1 ); et and
See curator prodigi. (2); agentes those doing (3); pari with equal (5);
consensu adv. [L. by agreement or concord.] Through poena (with) punishment (6); plectentur shall be
a contract. By, from, or by reason of, a contractual punished (4): Those agreeing and those doing shall
obligation. A liability could arise consensu. be punished with equal punishment.] Law. Wrong-
consensu omnium adv. [L. consensu by/with agreement doers and those who connive with them suffer the
(1); omnium of all, everyone (2): by the agreement same punishment. See qui non improbat, approbat.
m
77 consuetudo semel reprobata
consiliamultorum quaeruntur in magnis. [L. consilia consuetudo curiae n., pi. consuetudines curiae [L.
counsels (1); multorum of many (2); quaeruntur consuetudo custom, usage, tradition (1); curiae of
are sought (3); in in, on (4); magnis great things (5): court (2): custom of the court.] The custom of a court.
The counsels of many are sought in great things.] The practice of a court.
The advice of many persons is sought when consid- consuetudo est altera lex. [L. consuetudo custom,
ering important matters. usage, tradition ( 1 ); est is (2); altera another, a second
consortium n., pi. consortia or consortiums [L. fellow- (3); lex law (4): Custom is a second law.] Custom is
ship, society ,
participation.] 1 . Fellowship, partnership, another source of law. Cf. optima legum etc.
association, society, or club. 2. Law. Marital fellow- consuetudo est optimus interpres legum. [L. con-
ship or conjugal association of man and woman with suetudo custom, usage, tradition (1); est is (2);
the attendant right to each other's affection, company, optimus best (3); interpres interpreter (4); legum
cooperation and assistance. Damages can be sought of laws (5): Custom is the best interpreter of the laws.]
for the loss of consortium caused by death or injury Habit, custom, or common usage offers the best expla-
through negligence on the part ofa third party. 3. A nation of the law. See optima legum etc.
cooperative association of organizations or institu- consuetudo et communis assuetudo vincit legem non
tions. The Associated Colleges of the Midwest is a scriptam, si sit specialis; et interpretatur legem
consortium ofthirteen small liberal arts colleges. 4. An scriptam, si lex sit generalis. [L. consuetudo custom,
international banking or business group or agreement, usage, tradition (1); et and (2); communis common
especially for operating an industry in, or giving (3) ; assuetudo usage, habit (4); vincit overcomes (5);
financial aid to, a country or a number of countries. legem law (6); non not (7); scriptam written (8); si
a) ... a consortium ofbanks have been financing its if (9); sit it be (10); specialis special (11); et and
operations (Ibrahim Adam in West Africa 1986). (12); interpretatur interprets (13); legem law (15);
b) . . . the Brazilian Government guaranteed a $180 scriptam written ( 1 4); si if ( 1 6); lex law ( 1 7); sit be,
million line ofcredit to help the consortium of2 3 banks, is ( 1 8); generalis general ( 1 9): Custom and common
insurance companies and industrial groups pay off usage overcome the unwritten law, if it be special,
Jari's creditors (Newsweek Int. Feb. 8, 1982:40). and interpret the written law, if it be general.] Habit
consortium et servitium n. [L. consortium company, and common practice supercede special unwritten
fellowship ( 1 ); et and (2); servitium service, servitude laws but explain general written laws.
(3):company and service.] Law. Companionship and consuetudo, licet sit magnae auctoritatis, numquam
help. A husband has a right to the consortium et tamen praejudicat manifestae veritati. [L. consue-
servitium of his wife; i.e., to her society and service tudo custom, usage, tradition ( 1 ); licet even if, though
(Burke 1976:89). (2); sit it be (3); magnae of great (4); auctoritatis (of)
constitutionestempore posteriores potiores sunt his authority (5); numquam never (7); tamen neverthe-
quae ipsas praecesserunt. [L. constitutiones laws less, yet (6); praejudicat prejudices (8); manifestae
(1); tempore in time (3); posteriores later (2); evident, manifest (9); veritati truth (10): Custom, even
potiores better, preferable (5); sunt are (4); his than if it be of great authority, yet never prejudices evident
these (6); quae which (7); ipsas them, themselves, truth.] Even if a custom should be of great authority,
the very ones (9); praecesserunt preceded (8): Laws it should never interfere with manifest truth.
later in time are better than these which preceded consuetudo loci conservanda est. [L. consuetudo
them.] Later laws supersede preceding ones. See lex custom, usage, tradition (1); loci of place (2); con-
posterior etc. servanda to be observed (4); est is (3): The custom of
constitutum n.,pl. constituta [L. agreement, compact.] a place is to be observed.] Law. The common custom
Roman Law. An informal agreement whereby one of a place must be observed.
undertakes to fulfill his/her or another's obligation consuetudo mercatorum n. [L. consuetudo custom,
on an appointed day and mercatorum of merchants (2):
at a particular place. usage, tradition (1);
constitutum possessorium n.,pl. constituta possession! custom of merchants.] Customary practice among
[L. constitutum agreement (1); possessorium of merchants. Cf. jus mercatorum and lex mercatoria.
possessors (2): an agreement of the possessors.] consuetudo neque injuria oriri neque tolli potest.
Roman Law. An informal agreement in which the [L. consuetudo custom, usage, tradition (1); neque
legal possessor of personal or real property declares neither (3); injuria from/by injury (7); oriri to arise
his/her intention to remain in control, while the legal (4) ; neque nor (5); tolli to be removed, taken away
possession is transferred to another. (6); potest can, is able (2): Custom can neither arise
constructio ad sensum [L. constructio construction, from nor be removed by injury.] Law. Habit or gen-
structure ( 1 ); ad to, at, for, according to (2); sensum eral practice can neither be established by injury nor
sense (3): construction according to sense.] Rhetoric. takenaway by it.
The use of words according to sense and meaning consuetudo semel reprobata non potest amplius
rather than grammatical rule. induci. [L. consuetudo custom, usage, tradition ( 1 );
consuetudo volentes ducit 78
semel once (2); reprobata rejected (3); non not (5); expositio exposition, explanation (2); est is (3); optima
potest can, is able (4); amplius longer, any more best (4); et and (5); fortissima strongest (6); in in,
(6); induci to be introduced (7): A custom, once re- on (7); lege law (8): A contemporaneous explanation
jected, can no longer be introduced.] Once aban- is the best and the strongest in law.] Law. In inter-
doned, a custom loses its validity. preting a statute, great authority should be attached
consuetudo volentes ducit, lex nolentes trahit. [L. to the interpretation given to it by judges or jurists
consuetudo custom, usage, tradition (1); volentes who lived about the time or not long after the time
the willing (3); ducit leads (2); lex law (4); nolentes when it was made.
the unwilling (6); trahit drags (5): Custom leads the conteur n., pi. conteurs [Fr. a story-teller.] A person
willing, law drags the unwilling.] Custom leads who recites, narrates, or writes short stories.
people in accordance with their will, while law drags continuo n., pi. continuos [It. continuo continuous.]
them against their will. ,
Music. The base part in basso continuo (q.v.).
consummatum est. [L. consummatum completed, continuum n., pi. continua or continuums [L. a con-
consummated (2); est it is, has been (1): It has been tinuous, uninterrupted, unbroken, or connecting
completed.] It is finished. It is consummated. The (thing).] 1 . A continuous whole. A continuity. Some-
last words of Jesus on the cross at John 19:30. Used thing which is absolutely continuous or the same,
in reference to the completion of any major task. and whose parts cannot be distinguished except by
contadino n., pi. contadini or contadinos [It. country making reference to something else; e.g., duration
person.] A peasant or an inhabitant of a rural area, or timewhose parts can be distinguished only by ref-
especially in Italy. erence to number or such expressions as before/after
contagion n.,pl. contagions [Fr. infection, contagious- and now/then. 2. Something with a discernible common
ness.] I. The spreading or transmission of disease factor in the midst of confusing uncertain variations.
through direct contact or indirect means. 2. An in- There are certain personality traits common to all (or
fectious disease. The Ministryof Health has so far at least most) psychotics, and these can be discovered
failed to diagnose the contagion which has already in 'normal 'people as well; . . . there is a continuum
claimed sixty lives. 3. Something such as a virus from the most normal person to the psychotic
which serves as an agent for producing or spreading (Eysenck 1982:67).
disease. 4. An infectious, dangerous, or corrupting contra bonos mores abbr. contr. bon. mor. adj. I adv.
influence or quality. Drug addiction among the youth, [L. contra against, opposite bonos good (2); (1);
a terrible contagion, should be extirpated. 5. The mores morals, behavior, conduct (3): against good
spreading or transmission of ideas, influence, emo- morals.] Contrary to the norms of decent conduct.
tion, doctrine, false rumors, etc. A contagion of wild Three residents of the village were summoned to
ecstasy swept through thefanatics. 6. Ideas, influence, appear before the traditional court to explain their
emotion, etc., which spread. This was the period when conduct in acting contra bonos mores.
national pride became a contagion (Thomas . . . contra bonos mores et decorum adj. I adv. [L. contra
Cooke in West Africa 1985). Cf. contagium. against, opposite (1); bonos good (2); mores morals,
contagium n.. pi. contagia [L. touching, contact, behavior, conduct (3); et and (4); decorum propriety
infection, taint, pollution.] Medicine. A living organ- (5): good morals and propriety.] Contrary to
against
ism or virus which can cause a communicable disease. good character and manners. The official was cen-
Cf. contagion 3. sured and suspendedfor acting contra bonos mores
conte n.,pl. contes [Fr. story, tale, short story.] A short et decorum.
story, particularly one that treats adventure or folk contra bonum morem adj. /adv. [L. contra against,
tale subjects. A narrative which, though shorter than opposite (1); bonum good (2); morem custom (3):
a conventional novel, is longer than the usual short against good custom.] Contrary to good custom.
story. contractus bonae fidei n.,pl. contractus bonae fidei
contemporanea expositio n. [L. contemporanea con- [L. contractus drawing together, shrinking, contract,
temporaneous ( 1 ); expositio explanation, exposition agreement (1); bonae of good (2); fidei (of) faith
(2): contemporaneous explanation or exposition.] An (3): contract of good faith.] Roman Law. A contract
explanation based upon the time when a law, custom, whose enforcement, when made the subject of liti-
or other matter originated and the circumstances under gation, required that the judge should not merely
which it occurred. In the absence of contemporanea apply the strict law but should also examine the circum-
expositio much is left to supposition and inferences which the contract was made and take
stances under
from judicial pronouncements and the works ofanthro- into consideration equity and matters of good faith.
pologists (James 1982:177). contractus contra bonos mores n. [L. contractus
contemporanea expositio est optima et fortissima in drawing together, shrinking, contract, agreement ( 1 );
lege. [L. contemporanea contemporaneous (1); contra against, opposite (2); bonos good (3); mores
79 contra rerum naturam
morals (4): contract against good morals.] Law. An mon law. Contrary to the common law. Against the
immoral contract. A contract based upon actions common law.

which are not decent and fair. As a rule, such contracts contra legem terrae adj. adv. [L. contra against, op-
are unenforceable and void. See ex turpi causa etc. posite ( 1 ): legem law (2); terrae of land (3): against
contractus est quasi actus contra actum. [L contrac- the law of the land.] Contrary to the law of the coun-
tus drawing together, shrinking, contract, agreement try or civic authority. It is contra legem terrae to mis-
( 1 ); est is (2); quasi as it were, so to speak (3); actus appropriate public funds.
act (4); contra against, opposite (5); actum act (6): contra libertatem matrimonii adv. [L. contra against
A contract is, so to speak, an act against an act.] Law. opposite (1); libertatem freedom (2): matrimonii
An agreement between partners is an action performed of mamage (3): against the freedom of marriage.]
to prevent another action. Contrary to the right of an individual to marry and to
contractus ex turpi causa n. [L. contractus drawing have a family.
together, shrinking, contract agreement ( 1): ex arising contra mundum adj. adv. [L. contra against, oppo-
from (2); turpi base, disgraceful (3); causa cause, site (1): mundum world, universe (2): against the
case, reason (4): contract arising from a base cause.] world.] Contrary to even, general opinion. James has
Law. A contract founded on a vile or morally repre- an obnoxious habit of defending views which are
hensible cause. Like a contractus contra bonos mores, contra mundum.
this type of contract is unenforceable and void. See ex contra negantem principia non est disputandum. [L.
turpi causa etc. contra against, opposite negantem one deny- (4);
contractus ex turpi causa, vel contra bonos mores, ing (5); principia principles, elements (6); non not
nullus est. [L. contractus drawing together, shrink- 1 2); est it is disputandum to be disputed (3): It
( 1 );
ing, contract, agreement ( 1 ); ex arising from (2); turpi is not to be disputed against one denying principles.]
base, disgraceful (3); causa cause, case, reason (4); There is no point in arguing with a person who denies
vel or (5); contra against, opposite (6); bonos good fundamental principles. Cf. principiorum non etc.
(7); mores morals (8); nullus worthless, null (10): contra pacem adj. adv. [L. contra against, opposite
est is (9): A contract arising from a base cause or (1): pacem peace (2): against the peace.] Law.
againstgood morals is worthless.] Law. A contract Against the interest of public order and tranquility.
founded on an evil, disreputable, or immoral cause The expression is used in the prosecution of cases of
is null and void. See ex turpi causa etc. trespass with the connotation that the alleged offense
contractus fiduciae n. [L. contractus drawing to- was tantamount to a breach of peace.
gether, shrinking, contract, agreement (1); fiduciae contrapposto n. [It from contra against, opposite 2 ( ):
of trust, confidence (2): contract of trust.] Roman and posto set. placed (1): set opposite.] Art. The depic-
Civil Law. A contract in which one person sells some- tion of a human figure with the lower body turned in
thing, usually by a formal ceremony of mancipation, a different direction from the upper body.
to another with the understanding that the purchaser contra proferentem adj. adv. [L. contra against, op-
will sell the thing back to the original owner when posite ( 1 ): proferentem one putting forth, proffering
certain conditions have been fulfilled. or proposing (2): against the one proposing.] Law.
contractus legem ex conventione accipiunt. [L. Against or to the disadvantage of the one who makes
contractus drawings together, shnnkings. contracts, a proposal or puts something forth. Cf ambiguitas
agreements ( 1 ); legem law (3); ex from (4); conventione contra stipulatorem est.
agreement (5); accipiunt receive (2): Contracts receive contra proferentes adj. adv. [L. contra against, op-
law from agreement] Law. Contracts derive the force posite (1 ): proferentes those putting forth, proffering
of law from the agreement of the parties. See con- or proposing (2): against those proposing.] Law.
sensus facit legem. Against or to the disadvantage of those who propose
contradance See contredanse. something. Generally, when a written document is
contra formam statuti adv. [L. contra against, oppo- ambiguous, it is interpreted to the disadvantage of
site (1); formam form (2); statuti of statute (3): the one or those who chose the language of the docu-
against the form of a statute.] Criminal Law. Used to ment. But a clause is only to be construed contra
end an indictment which deals with an offense for- proferentes in cases of real ambiguity (Colinvaux
bidden by statute. 1979:35). See ambiguitas contra stipulatorem est
contra jus belli adj. adv. [L contra against, opposite contra rerum naturam adj. adv. [L. contra against,
(1); jus right, law (2); belli of war (3): against the opposite rerum of matters, things, property, busi-
( 1 ):
law of war.] Against the law governing wars. ness, affairs (3); naturam nature (2): against the nature
contra jus commune adj. adv. [L contra against, op- of things.] Contrary to the natural order. Impossible.
posite ( 1 ); jus right, law (3); commune common (2): // is contra rerum naturam for a girl to be older than
against common law] In defiance of the rule of com- her grandmother.
contraria contrariis 80
contraria contrariis curantur [L. contraria contrary, another person with intent to steal is theft. See furtum
opposite (things) (1); contrariis by contrary, opposite est etc.
(things) (3); curantur are cured (2): Opposite things contredanse or contredance or contradance or
by opposites.] Opposites heal opposites.
are cured contradanse n., pi. contredanses or contredances
contrarium n., pi. contraria [L. that which is oppo- or contradances or contradanses [Fr. from contre
site, contrary, reverse.] 1 . One of two opposing ob- against, opposite (2); danse dance ( 1 ): dance opposite.]
One of two contrary statements.
jects. 2. Logic. 1 . A folk dance in which partners dance opposite each
contra spoliatorem omnia praesumuntur. [L. con- other in two lines. 2. Music for such a dance.
tra against, opposite (3); spoliatorem spoiler? robber, con trefaeon n., pi. con trefaeons [Fr. from contre
plunderer (4); omnia everything, all things (1); against, opposite (1); facon fashion, manner (2):
praesumuntur are presumed (2): All things are pre- against fashion, counterfeit, forgery, fraudulently
sumed against the robber.] Law. Every circumstance copying or imitating.] French Law. 1 .The illegal act
or disadvantage is presumed against a person who of printing or seeing to the printing of a book with-
seizes property unlawfully or violently from someone out securing the permission of the one who holds the
else. copyright. Infringement of copyright or patent. 2. A
contrat n.,pl. contrats [Fr. contract, agreement, deed.] counterfeit copy. A forgery.
French Law. A legal agreement, contract, or compact. contretemps contretemps [Fr. from contre
n., pi.
contrat aleatoire n., pi. contrats aleatoires [Fr. against, opposite (1); temps time, weather (2): against
contrat contract, agreement, deed (2); aleatoire alea- time, mishap, delay.] 1. An unexpected event which
tory, problematical, uncertain, risky, chancy (1): a disrupts the routine. 2. An unfortunate event. An in-
problematical agreement.] French Law. An aleatory convenience. 3. Music. A note which is played against
contract. A contract whose performance depends on the beat. A syncopated note.
contingencies or uncertain events. conubium var. of connubium (q.v.).
contrat a titre onereux n.,pl. contrats a titre onereux conventio et modus vincunt legem. [L. conventio
[Fr. contrat contract, agreement, deed (1); a to, to- compact, contract (1); et and (2); modus harmony,
ward, in, by, with, until (2); titre title, claim (4); agreement (3); vincunt overcome (4); legem law (5):
onereux burdensome (3): contract for burdensome Contract and agreement overcome/supersede the
claim.] French Law. Contract for valuable consider- law.] Agreements made by parties to a contract, con-
ation; i.e., a contract in which each party is under ditions attached to a grant, and covenants respecting
obligation to perform some duty to the other or is lease and conveyance are binding on the parties and
subject to certain liabilities or payments. thus overrule the law. There are, however, exceptions
contrat commutatif n.,pl. contrats commutatifs [Fr. to the rule. The rule is not applicable where a contract
contrat contract, agreement, deed (2); commutatif violates the express provisions of a law, is contrary
commutative, interchangeable (1): an interchangeable to public interest, policy, morality, etc, or is injurious
agreement.] French Law. A commutative contract. to the interests of third parties. See consensus facit
A contract in which "A" does for "B" the equivalent legem.
of what "B" did for "A." conventio privatorum non potest publico juri
contrat synallagmatique n., pi. contrats synal- derogare. [L. conventio agreement ( 1 ); privatorum
lagmatiques [Fr. contrat contract, agreement, deed of private (persons) (2); non not (4); potest can (3);
(2); synallagmatique bilateral (1): a bilateral agree- publico public (6); juri right, law (7); derogare to
ment.] French Law. A bilateral contract, i.e., a contract detract from, diminish (5): The agreement of private
in which the parties are bound to do to each other persons cannot detract from public right.] Law. Pri-
what is proper and just. vate individuals cannot make an agreement which
contra veritatem lex numquam aliquid permittit. [L. renders the law inapplicable and detracts from the
contra against, opposite (5); veritatem truth (6); lex public right. See jus publicum privatorum etc.;
law (1); numquam never (2); aliquid anything (4); pacta privata etc.; pacta quae contra etc.; and
permittit allows, permits (3): The law never allows privatorum conventio etc. Cf. consensus facit legem.
anything against truth.] The law never allows any- Conviviorum Saturnaliorum Libri Septem [L.
thing which is contrary to truth. conviviorum feast, banquet, entertainment (4);
contr. bon. mor. abbr. for contra bonos mores (q.v.). Saturnaliorum Saturnalian (3); libri books (2);
contrectatio rei alienae, animo furandi, est furtum. septem seven (1): seven books of Saturnalian enter-
[L. contrectatio touching (1); rei of matter, thing, tainment.] Seven BooksofSaturnalian Entertainment,
property, business, affair (2); alienae of another (per- a dialogue on a wide range of topics by the gram-
son) (3); animo with intention (4); furandi of steal- marian Macrobius (late 4th/early 5th century A.D.).
ing (5); est is (6); furtum theft (7): The touching of More commonly called Saturnalia (q.v.).
a thing of another person with the intention of steal- coolie or cooley n., pi. coolies [Hindi kuli.] A deroga-
ing is theft.] Law. The touching of the property of tory term for an unskilled Asian worker.
81 cornucopia
cooperant n.,pl. cooperants [Fr. a cooperator, one who relating to such a writ. See error coram vobis.
works together.] A young person who is doing mili- Cf.coram nobis.
tary service abroad, serving as a cultural or technical corban n. [Heb. qurban sacrifice, gift, offering.]
adviser in the Service de la Cooperation, a program Judaism. A Jewish sacrifice formerly made at the
similar to the American Peace Corps. . . . apartfrom Temple in Jerusalem.
the abiding French influence in terms of language, cordon n., pi. cordons [Fr. cordon ribbon, cordon,
cooperants and commercial a number of interests, band, rope.] 1 . A guard stationed around the perimeter
other foreign powers have become embroiled in the of an area to enclose or protect it. a) a military cordon;
multifarious conflicts in Chad . . . {West Africa 1982). b) a naval cordon. 2. An ornamental ribbon, cord, or
coprolalia n., pi. coprolalias [Neo-Gk. from Gk. insignia worn especially for honorific purposes.
kopro(s) excrement ( 1 ); lalia talk (2): excrement-talk, 3. Botany. A fruit tree pruned in such a way that it
foul language.] 1 . Obsession with the use of obscene needs support to stand. 4. Architecture. An ornamental
language. 2. The use of obscene language to achieve molding or band which runs horizontally across the
sexual satisfaction. facade of a building. A stringcourse. v. to form a —
coquette n., pi. coquettes [Fr. a flirt.] A woman or girl line or a guard in order to control access to and from
who, though not in love, tries to attract the attention an area. The police cordoned off the scene of the
of men. crime.
coram judice adv.ladj. [L. coram before, in the pres- cordon bleu n., pi. cordons bleus [Fr. cordon ribbon,
ence of (1); judice judge (2): before a judge.] In the cordon, band, rope (2); bleu blue ( 1 ): blue ribbon or
presence of a judge who has jurisdiction. A legal suit cordon.] 1. Decorative blue ribbon, especially one
is not valid if it does not take place coram judice, worn by members of the Order of the Holy Ghost. A
i.e., before a judge who has jurisdiction to hear the person entitled to wear the blue ribbon. 2. A person
case. The altercation between the plaintiff and the of eminent authority, distinction or rank, particularly
defendant took place coram judice. Cf. coram non a first-rate cook.
judice. cordon rouge cordons rouges [Fr. cordon
n., pi.
coram nobis adv. [L. coram before ( 1 ); nobis us (2): ribbon, cordon, band, rope (2); rouge red (1): red
before us.] In our presence. — n. A writ of error or ribbon.] Decorative red sash, particularly one worn
1 .
review based on alleged errors of fact, and addressed by members of the Legion d'Honneur (q.v). A person
to the very court which tried the case. — adj. Based entitled to wear the red sash. 2. A person of authority,
on, or relating to, such a writ. See error coram nobis. distinction or rank second only to that of the cordon
Cf. coram vobis. bleu, especially a second-ranking cook.
coram non judice adv.ladj. [L. coram before, in the cordon sanitaire n.,pl. cordon sanitaires or cordons
presence of ( ); non not (2); judice judge (3): before
1 sanitaires [Fr. cordon ribbon, cordon, band, rope
one not a judge.] Before one who is not a judge. The (2); sanitaire sanitary, medical (1): sanitary rope.]
expression is used with reference to a judge who either 1. Quarantine line. A line or chain of quarantine
is not competent or has no jurisdiction. Cf. coram officials stationed round an infected area to ensure
judice. that the disease does not spread. 2. A chain of nations
coram paribus adv.ladj. [L. coram before, in the pres- formed as a buffer or protection alongside or around
ence of ( 1 ); paribus equals (2): before equals.] Before a nation which is considered to be dangerous either
one's peers. A man 's real ability is assessed by his militarily or ideologically, a). . . South African forces
performance coram paribus. promptly invaded southern Angola, wiping out na-
coram populo adv.ladj. [L. coram before, in the pres- tionalist guerrilla bases along the border with
ence of (1); populo people (2): before the people.] Namibia and turning over a cordon sanitaire to the
In public. Publicly. Openly. He was so overwhelmed pro-Western Angolan rebels of Jonas Savimbi
by the multitude ofhis misfortunes that he shed tears (Newsweek Int. Nov. 9, 98 1 5). b) Napata, ifit had
1 : 1
coram populo. not proved so weak, would have been precisely the
coram rege adj. /adv. [L. coram before, in the presence kind ofbuffer-state which the Romans liked to main-
of (1); rege king (2): in the presence of the king.] tain as a cordon sanitaire (Grant 1970: 1 13).
Before the king. After the other two courts had split cornucopia n., pi. cornucopias [L. cornu horn ( 1 ) and
away, judicial functions continued to be exercised copia plenty, supply (2): horn of plenty.] 1. Greek
by the Curia Regis in a court called coram rege . . . and Roman Mythology. The horn of the sea-goat
(Newton 1983:12). Amalthea which had the magical power of producing
coram vobis adv. [L. coram before, in the presence of whatever its possessor wanted. 2. Art Design and
(1); vobis you (2): before you, in your presence.] n. Architecture. A decorative goat's horn, depicted as
A writ of error or review based on alleged errors of overflowing with grain, fruit, and flowers, which
fact, and directed by the court of review to the court serves as a symbol of abundance. 3. Abundant supply.
which originally tried the case. — adj. Based on, Something which provides an overabundance of
.
corpore et animo 82
things that one desires. . . . the Haitian sees a cor- have been feuding for years, the corpus of the con-
nucopia ofdishes to be washed, hospitalfloors to be troversy being landed property bequeathed by their
mopped {Newsweek Int. July 7, 1980:31). father. 5. Law. A substantial or concrete fact, as distinct
corpore et animo adv. [L. corpore by body (1); et from the doubtful and ambiguous. A fact indicating
and (2); animo by mind (3): by the body and the that a crime has actually been committed, such as
mind.] By physical act and intention. Physically and the body of a murdered person (corpus delicti). 6. Law.
deliberately. Used of an offense committed both by A real act indicating power over something, as distinct
physical act and by intent. from intention to exercise the power. 7. The totality
corps n., pi. corps [Fr. body, corporation, staff, main or the entire sum of scholarly work on a particular
part, company.] I. A subdivision or unit of the mili- subject or of a particular type or by an author or a
tary establishment. A tactical unit which usually com- group of authors, a) the Achebe corpus; b) the Soyinka
prises two or more divisions and other arms of the ,
corpus; c) The distinguished scholar 's recent work
military establishment, a) special military corps; is likely to occupy a prominent place in the corpus of
b) the United States Marine Corps; c) a select corps Nigerian literature. 8. A collection of evidence, re-
of trained fighters. 2. A body of persons who are corded utterances, or knowledge. He searched in vain
associated in one way or the other. A body of persons through the entire corpus ofmaterial without finding
engaged in the same occupation or activity, a) the a clue.
diplomatic corps; b) the press corps; c) senior officer Corpus Christi n., pi. Corpus Christis [L. corpus
corps. body, corpse, person, substance, matter, mass, structure
*
corps de ballet n.,pl. corps de ballet [Fr. corps body, ( 1 ); Christi of Christ (2): body of Christ.] 1 . Roman
corporation, staff, main part, company ( 1 ); de of (2); Catholic Church. A feast traditionally celebrated in
ballet ballet (3): company of the ballet.] The dancers, honor of the Eucharist or the Blessed Sacrament on
chorus, or ensemble of a ballet company, excluding the Thursday following Trinity Sunday. 2. A city in
the principal members and soloists, a) The corps de Texas.

ballet is astonishing in its precision, its split-second corpus delicti n., pi. corpora delicti [L. corpus body,
timing, its of the beat more like a flight
anticipation corpse, person, substance, matter, mass, structure ( 1 );
of birds than a flock of girls. (Newsweek Int. June delicti of crime, offense body of the crime/
(2): the
30, 1980:48). b) young members ofMr. Be/art's

. . . offense.] Law. 1 The facts of an offense. The totality
.
corps de ballet are among the best paid in the

. . of the various facts, ingredients, etc. which indicate
field (The Economist, 1987). that a crime has been committed. 2. The physical object
corps d'elite corps d'elite [Fr. corps body, cor-

n., pi. on which a crime has been committed; e.g., the body
poration, staff, main part, company (1); d' of (2); of an assassinated person, the remains of the demol-
elite choice, select few (3): a body of select few.] 1 A . ished house, etc.
body of picked or selected soldiers. Crack unit or corpus in corpore n. [L. corpus body, corpse, person,
regiment. 2. A body of the best, the elect, or selected substance, matter, mass, structure (1); in in, on (2);
few in any group or category. The school sentfor the corpore body (3): a body in a body.] A body within
competition eight students, its corps d 'elite. a body. An organization within an organization. A
corps diplomatique abbr. CD. n. [Fr. corps body, state within a state.
corporation, staff, main part,company (2); diplo- corpus juris n., pi. corpora juris [L. corpus body,
matique diplomatic, of diplomats (1): diplomatic corpse, person, substance, matter, mass, structure ( 1 );
body.] International Law. The entire body of diplo- juris of right, law (2): the body of law.] A compre-
mats, ministers, ambassadors, and attaches accredited hensive or complete collection of a country's laws,
to a government. — adj. Of, belonging to, relating to, such as corpus juris civilis (the body of the civil law)
characteristic of, a diplomatic body. He also produced and corpus juris canonici (the body of the canon law).
his corps diplomatique identity card, in spite ofwhich corpus politicum mysticum n. [L. corpus body,
the policeman ordered him to accompany him to the corpse, person, substance, matter, mass, structure (3);
police station (New African 1 978). politicum political, civil (2); mysticum mystical,
corpus n., pi. corpora [L. body, corpse, person, sub- mystic (1): a mystical political body.] The state as a
stance, matter, mass, structure.] 1 . The body of a human mystical political group or organization, developed
being or an animal, whether alive or dead. 2. The by Francisco Suarez (1548-1617), a Spanish Jesuit,
main part, mass or aggregate of an organ, a structure, philosopher, and theologian.

men, laws, things, etc. a) the corpus of the civil law; corpus vile n., pi. corpora vilia [L. corpus body,
b) the corpus of the canon law. 3. The main body, corpse, person, substance, matter, mass, structure (2);
capital or the principal sum of a fund, estate, or trust, vile cheap, worthless ( 1 ): worthless body.] Something
as distinct from the interest or income. 4. The es- which is deemed to be of such negligible value that
sence or physical substance of something, as distinct one can conveniently use it for experiment without
from an intellectual concept. James and Deborah worrying about damage or loss. The irresponsible
83 coup de m ait re
mechanic worked on the car as though it were a cor- ofthe cosmos are seen in relations which pass influ-
pus vile. ences from one to the other (Lesky 1966:680).
corral n., pi. corrals [Sp. enclosure.] 1. A fenced area Cf. chaos.
for containing livestock, especially horses and cattle. coterie n.,pl. coteries [Fr. clique, circle, set.] A clique
2. The circular wagons grouped for
camp created by (q.v.). An association or exclusive group of persons
purposes of self-defense. v. 1 To enclose livestock — . who have common interests, objectives and tastes.
in a fenced area. 2. To organize wagons in a defen- . . . a coterie ofprotagonists whose ultimate aim, it
sive circle. 3. To force into a situation. He corralled now clearly appears, is to narrow the base ofeduca-
me into purchasing two tickets to his charity affair. tion in the state {Sunday Tribune 1986).
corrida n., pi. corridas [Sp. running.] Bullfight. couchant adj. [Fr. lying down for the night, sleeping.]
Bullfighting. . . . the two legendary Spanish bull- 1 . Law. Lying down. Spending the night. Applicable
fighters . . . stepped back into the ring for a charity to trespassing animals. 2. Heraldry. Of animals lying
corrida . . . {Newsweek Int. April 28, 1980: 31). down with the head raised. See levant and levant et
corrigendum n., pi. corrigenda [L. that which must couchant.
be corrected.] Correction of errors, especially in a couchette n.,pl. couchettes [Fr. little bed.] 1. A sleeping
printed work. an up-to-date book with a// is compartment for four to six passengers on a European
corrigendum which includes even minor errors. passenger train. 2. A bed in one of these compartments.
Cf. erratum. coup short form for coup d'etat (q.v.).
corvee n., pi. corvees [Fr. fatigue, duty, statute-labor, coup n., pi. coups [Fr. blow, stroke, knock, hit.] 1. A
a piece of drudgery, unpleasant task.] 1 . Labor which hit or stroke in a game. 2. A very successful stroke,
a vassal must give to his lord in a feudal society. plan, trick, action, device, etc. Hassan has been cred-
2. Labor, whether unpaid or partly paid for, exacted ited with a diplomatic coup which has put Algeria in
instead of taxes for the construction or repair of roads, its place, dealt a death blow to Polisario {South . . .
canals, bridges, etc. 3. A drudgery. An unpleasant, 1984).

burdensome and inevitable task. A laborious and coup de force n., pi. coups de force [Fr. coup blow,
compulsory task. stroke, knock, hit (2); de of (2); force force, power
cosa juzgada n. [Sp. cosa thing (1); juzgada judged (3): a stroke of force.] Coup d'etat (q.v.).
(2): a thing judged.] A matter adjudged. A case ad- coup de grace n., pi. coups de grace [Fr. coup blow,
judged or determined. See res judicata. stroke, knock, hit (1); de of (2); grace favor, mercy
Cosa Nostra n. [It. cosa thing (2); nostra our(l): our (3): stroke of favor or mercy.] 1. A death blow. A
thing, our organization.] The American equivalent fatal blow or shot given mercifully to bring to an end
of the mafia (q.v.). the suffering of a seriously wounded person or animal.
cosas comunes pi n. [Sp. cosas things (2); comunes A merciful finishing blow or shot. Without warning,
common (1): common things.] Spanish Law. Things a gunman shot Zemour twice in the back and then
which belong to, and may be used by, all persons, applied the coup de grace: a bullet in the face
and cannot be appropriated as an individual's per- {Newsweek Int. Aug. 15, 1983:17). 2. A decisive blow
sonal property.They include running water, air, and or shot. A finishing blow or stroke. An act, incident,
the sea.Res communes. See bienes comunes. or event which decisively ends something. their . . .
coshar or cosher See kosher. private game plan aimed at a knockout in four
Cosi fan tutte [It. cosi in this way (3); fan do, act (2); punches: a Carter victory in Iowa, a respectable run
tutte all (women) (1): All women act in this way.] in the Northeast, a sweep in the south in March and
They All Act That Way, the of a 1790 opera by title a coup de grace in Illinois {Newsweek Int. Feb. 4,
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ( 1 756-1 79 1 ). 1980:36).
cosmonaut n., pi. cosmonauts [Russ. kosmonaut from coup de main n., pi. coups de main [Fr. coup blow,
Gk. kosmo(s) order, universe, world (1); naut(el) stroke, knock, hit ( 1 ); de of (2); main hand (3): stroke
sailor (2): universe sailor.] A Russian space traveler. of hand.] A surprise attack. A sudden forceful attack.
An astronaut. A vigorous attack. A foray. A raid. An unexpected
cosmopolis n.,pl. cosmopolises [Gk. kosmopolis from vigorous or forceful development, a) . . . in an attempt
kosm(os) order, universe, world (1) and polis city, to carry thefortress by a coup de main his troops got
state (2): world-state.] 1. A city where persons of out ofhand and were hurled back with considerable
many nationalities live. A city which enjoys interna- loss (Cary 1970:386). b) The Senate s coup de main
tional importance. 2. A world-community of citizens began when Moynihan unveiled a blistering reso-
. . .
bound by mora! or legal principles. Cf. Weltstadt. lution to condemn Reagan 's "breach offaith " with
cosmos n., pi. cosmoses or cosmos [Gk. kosmos millions of American workers now approaching re-
order, universe, world.] Order. Harmony. The uni- tirement {Newsweek Int. June 1981 :26). 1 ,
verse conceived of as a harmonious and orderly coup de maitre n., pi. coups de maitre [Fr. coup blow,
whole. . . . heaven and earth and generally all parts stroke, knock, hit (1); de of (2); maitre master (3):
coup d'etat 84
stroke of master.] A masterstroke. A masterly stroke. C.R. abbr. for Curia Regis (q.v.).
An action or performance befitting a master, crassa ignorantia n. [L. crassa thick, fat, stupid (1);
coup d'etat or coup d'etat short form coup n., pi. ignorantia ignorance (2): thick ignorance.] Complete
coups d'etat or coups d'etat [Fr. coup blow, stroke, ignorance. The judge rebuked the counselfor crassa
knock, hit (1); d' of (2); etat state, condition (3): ignorantia of the law.
stroke of state.] 1. The use of force to overthrow a crassa negligentia n. [L. crassa thick, fat, stupid (1);
government or to remove the personnel of a govern- negligentia negligence (2): thick negligence.] Com-
ment Efforts to raise food prices have led to coups plete negligence or neglect. The accused person was
d 'etat in the past two years in Guinea-Bissau, Upper sentenced to ten years Imprisonmentfor crassa neg- '
Volta and Liberia (Newsweek Int. July 19, 1982:24). ligentia in the motor accident which claimed several
2. A violent and unexpected move to reformulate gov- lives. Cf. nimia negligentia.
ernmental policy. A revolution. See Machtubernahme creche n., pi. creches [Fr. day nursery, manger, crib.]
and putsch. 1. A day nursery. A hospital for foundlings. . . . she

coup de theatre or coup de theatre n., pi. coups de set up a health clinic and also a creche for the black
theatre or coups de theatre [Fr. coup blow, stroke, children ofthe township (Paul Egbunike in West Africa
knock, hit (1); de of (2); theatre theater, drama (3): 1986). 2. A representation of the crib of the infant
stroke of theater.] 1. A sudden and thrilling turn in a Jesus at the stable in Bethlehem as he was surrounded
drama. 2. A sudden, unexpected, sensational, and by Joseph, Mary, shepherds, magi, and animals. Cf.
striking development. An unexpected sensational santon.
From 1980 onwards Chad has been the central
action. "
Credo v. [L. I believe.] I believe. Christianity. The first
drama at every summit, and in 1981 President word of either of the two basic Christian profes-
Mitterand's first such meeting coincided with the sions of faith, the "Apostles' Creed" or the "Nicene
coup de theatre ofthe Libyan withdrawal ofits troops Creed." n. —The name of either of these creeds.
1 .
(West Africa 1985). 3. An action which aims at 2. One of these Christian creeds put in a choral setting.
achieving dramatic effect. The demonstrators marched —credo n. pi. , credos Any creed, tenet, or doctrine.
to the embassy of the offending nation, carrying A statement of beliefs or principles. A system which
placards, singing and dancing, and in a symbolic serves as a guide to what one must do. a) . . . Libe
act, a coup de theatre, burnt replicas of its flag. has fallen victim to its own egalitarian credo
coup d'oeil n.,pl. coups d'oeil [Fr. coup blow, stroke, (Newsweek Int. March 9, 1981:53). b) . . . we joined
knock, hit ( 1 ); d' of (2); oeil eye (3): a stroke of eye.] Yakubu . . . in his credo that money was no problem
A quick glance or survey. but how to spend it (The Guardian, 1986).
coupe or coupe n.,pl. coupes or coupes [Fr. cut] 1 . An credo unum Deum. [L. credo I believe (1); in in
in
enclosed four-wheeled carriage with two seats inside (2); unum one (3); Deum God (4): I believe in one
and one outside. 2. A two-door automobile with a God.] The first words of the Nicene Creed, a basic
roof. statement of Christian faith promulgated at the Council
couplet n.,pl. couplets [Fr. a pair.] 1. Two lines of verse of Nicaea in A.D. 325.
joined by rhyme and meter. 2. A pair. Two similar crematorium n., pi. crematoria or crematoriums
items grouped together. [Neo-L. a place for burning, a crematory.] A furnace
courante n., pi. courantes [Fr. running.] Music. 1. A used for cremation. A building in which such a fur-
type of dance popular in France from 1550 to 1750 nace is located.
and characterized by leaping and running of the dancers. creme de creme n. [Fr. creme cream (1); de of (2);
la
2. A movement in a suite or partita with a compli- la the (3); creme cream (4): cream of the cream.]
cated rhythm based upon the traditional dance. Best of the best. Most eminent, the flower, the cream,
couture n., pi. coutures [Fr. needlework, sewing.] or the select few among the elite, a) // was a memorable
Dressmaking, especially the business of designing, party, attended by the creme de la creme ofthe Lagos
sewing, and distributing fashionable clothing for society, b) We have here in Abuja the creme de la
women. Yves Saint Laurent toasted his twentieth creme of the African and non- African intellectual and
anniversary as the king of couture last week . . . academic community (Adebayo Adedeji in West . . .
(Newsweek Int. Feb 8, 1982:50). See haute couture. Africa 1987). See la creme de la creme.
couturier orfern, couturiere n.,pl. couturiers orfern. crescendo abbr. cr. or cres. or cresc. adj. [It. growing.]
couturieres [Fr. ladies' tailor, dressmaker, seamstress.] Music. Gradually increasing in volume, loudness or
Dressmaker. A person or establishment that designs force. — n., pi. crescendi or crescendos 1. An in-
and sews fashionable dresses. . . . James Galanos, crease in volume, loudness, or force, particularly in
the California couturier who gave his celebrated client the playing or singing of music. A passage performed
the $l0,000-plus one-shoulder inaugural ball with such increase. 2. A gradual increase in volume,
gown . . . (Newsweek Int. Feb. 1, 1982:39). loudness, force, or intensity. Movement progress, or
cr. abbr. for crescendo (q.v.). advance towards a climax, a) Delegations of Cubans
85 crise de coeur
and SWAPO militants march past and earn a warm Law. Arson. The malicious and intentional destruc-
crescendo of applause, {West Africa 1985). . . . tion of property by burning.
b) Kubrick builds this two-hour-and-twenty-minute crimen laesae majestatis n. [L. crimen crime, offense,
crescendo of terror with a mastery that is itselfmore accusation ( 1 ); laesae of injured (2); majestatis (of)
than a bit demonic {Newsweek Int. June 2, 1 980:52). majesty (3): crime of injured majesty.] Law. Treason.
3. The peak or climax of such increase in volume, Two politicians were accused of crimen laesae
loudness, force, intensity, or progressive movement. majestatis,an offense which is capital. See laesa
crescente malitia crescere debet et poena. [L. majestas and lese majeste
crescente (with) increasing (2); malitia (with) evil- crimen laesae majestatis omnia alia crimina
doing, roguery (1); crescere to increase (6); debet excedit quoad poenam. [L. crimen crime, of-
ought, should (5); et also (4); poena punishment (3): fense, accusation (1); laesae of injured (2);
with evildoing increasing, punishment also ought to majestatis (of) majesty (3); omnia all (5); alia
increase.]Law. As evildoing increases, the penalty other (6); crimina crimes (7); excedit exceeds (4);
also ought to increase. See ex frequenti etc. and quoad as far as (8); poenam punishment (9): The
multiplicata transgressione etc. crime of injured majesty exceeds all other crimes
crescit eundo. Lucretius (c.94-c.55 B.C.). De Rerum as far as punishment is concerned.] Law. The crime
Natura VI,34 1 . [L. crescit he/she/it grows ( 1 ); eundo of treason attracts the heaviest penalty.
by going (2): It grows by going.] It grows as it goes. crimen raptus n. [L. crimen crime, offense, accusa-
Motto of the State of New Mexico. tion (1); raptus of rape, abduction (2): the crime of
cretin n., pi. cretins [Fr. cretin idiot, fool, half-wit, rape.] Law. The crime of rape or abduction. The pros-
moron.] A person suffering from congenital thyroid ecution in crimen raptus has to prove, in particular,
deficiency. A mentally deficient person. An idiot or penetration by the accused and the lack of consent
moron. on the part of the victim.
cri de coeur n., pi. cris de coeur [Fr. cri cry, shout crimen roberiae n. [L. crimen crime, offense, accu-
(1); de of (2); coeur heart, soul (3): cry of heart.] A sation (1); roberiae of robbery, theft (2): crime of
passionate complaint, utterance, or appeal. A pro- robbery.] Law. The crime of robbery or theft.
found utterance of anguish. Spontaneous expression Cf. crimen furti.
of a person's passionate desire, a) No man is so heart- crimen trahit personam. [L. crimen crime, offense,
less that he cannot be touched by a cri de coeur. b) In accusation (1); trahit drags (2); personam person
a cri de coeur against the gloom, Giersch at one point (3) : The crime drags the person.] Law. A criminal
asked his colleagues on the board for reasons for must be brought to trial at the court which has jurisdic-
optimism ( Time Int. 1981). tion over the place where the crime was committed.
cri du coeur n., pi. cris du coeur [Fr. cri cry, shout crime passionnel n.,pl. crimes passionnels [Fr. crime
(1) du of the
; (2); coeur heart, soul (3): cry of the crime (2); passionnel passion-related (1):
heart.] Cri de coeur (q.v.). passion-related crime.] A sexually motivated crime.
crimen extraordinarium n., pi. crimina extraordin- Love tragedy. Crime of passion. A crime prompted
aria [L. crimen crime, offense, accusation (2); by jealousy. A crime committed when passion is at
extraordinarium uncommon, extraordinary ( 1 ): exits peak; e.g., murder of a wife or husband for adultery.
traordinary crime.] Roman Law. A crime considered His family contends that he was the victim ofa crime
extraordinary in that no punishment had been fixed passionnel, {Newsweek Int. Aug. 15, 1983:17).
. . .
for it by written law and the judge was required to crimina morte extinguuntur. [L. crimina crimes, of-
use his discretion in determining an appropriate pun- fenses, accusations (1); morte by death (3);
ishment. extinguuntur are extinguished (2): Crimes are extin-
crimen falsi or falsi crimen n. [L. crimen crime, of- guished by death.] Law. Crimes die with the criminal;
fense, accusation ( 1 ); falsi of falsehood, fraud, deceit i.e., a criminal case ends with the death of the accused
(2) crime
: of falsehood.] Crime of falsifying, fal-
1. and cannot be inherited. See in restitutionem etc.
sification, or forgery. 2. Roman Law. The crime of crimine ab uno / disce omnes Vergil (70-19 B.C.).
falsifying includes all crimes committed by deceit Aeneid 11,65-66. [L. crimine crime (3); ab from,
and fraud. 3. Modern Civil Law. A crime of false- away (1); uno one (person) (2); disce learn about
hood, including forgery, perjury, and similar offenses. (4) omnes all, everyone (5): From one crime / learn
;
crimen furti n. [L. crimen crime, offense, accusation about all.] From one crime leam about all Greeks. A
of theft, robbery (2): accusation of theft.]
(1); furti reference to the Greeks' use of the Trojan horse to
Law. The offense/charge of theft. In crimen furti the deceive the Trojans.
prosecution must prove, inter alia, asportation. crise de coeur n., pi. crises de coeur [Fr. crise crisis
Cf.crimen roberiae. (1); de of (2); coeur heart, soul (3): crisis of heart.]
crimen incendii n. [L. crimen crime, offense, accusa- Emotional or sentimental crisis. A very disturbing
tion (1); incendii of burning (2): crime of burning.] love affair.
crise de conscience 86
crise de conscience n., pi. crises de conscience [Fr. multi-millionaire or billionaire. Some Croesuses do
crise crisis de of (2); conscience conscience (3):
( 1 ); not utilize their wealth to promote philanthropic
crisis of conscience.] A mental crisis in which one causes, but gloat over it and act arrogantly, hardly
feels remorse for one's acts, conduct, etc. After a ever bearing in mind that they will one day leave
decade of vicious struggle for power and unscrupu- everything behind.
lous conduct, Albert underwent a crise de conscience croix de guerre abbr. c. de g. n., pi. croix de guerre
and turned a new leaf Cf. cas de conscience. [Fr. croix cross ( 1 ); de of (2); guerre war (3): cross of
crise de nerfs or crise des nerfs n., pi. crises de nerfs war.] War cross. Military Cross. France. A military
or crises des nerfs [Fr. crise crisis (1); de(s) of (the) decoration which was introduced in 1915. Numerous
(2); nerfs nerves (3): crisis of (the) nerves.] A point croix de guerre were distributed, even to officers who
of high nervous tension. A nervous attack. had prudently taken cover in cellars during the bom-
crisis n., pi. crises or crisises [Gk. krisis moment bardment (Suret-Canale 1 97 1 :470).
of decision, judgment, dispute, a turning point of a crux n., pi. cruces or cruxes [L. cross.] 1. A problem.
disease, a sudden change for better or worse.] 1. A A difficulty. 2. The heart of the matter. The major
crucial, decisive, or critical point in the course of af- point of difficulty. The crux of the problem.
fairs. A turning point or the moment of decision. cto. abbr. for concerto (q.v.).
Social, psychological or political instability, diffi- cucullus non facit monaehum.

[L. cucullus hood (1);
culty, or turbulence which demands transformation non not (2); facit makes (3); monaehum monk (4):
of the status quo. a) diplomatic crisis; b) economic The hood does not make a monk.] Clothes do not
crisis; c) financial crisis; d) political crisis; e) We 1
make the man. Wearing a habit does not make a person
had traversed a constitutional crisis without catas- a monk. One cannot acquire an inner quality by
trophe. (Time Int. 1982); f) Both the GNPPandPRP merely putting on the outward appearance. The guest
were children ofcrisis (New African 1 983). 2. A de- speaker asserted that the mere acquisition ofa univer-
cisive moment in the course of the action of a drama. sity degree does not make one an educated person,
3. Medicine, a) The turning point in a severe disease, adding that cucullus non facit monaehum.
whether for better or worse, but usually for the better, cui. abbr. for cuisine (q.v.).
b) A sudden violent attack of pain. . . . a large number cui bono n. Cicero (106-43 B.C.). Pro Roscio 56. [L.
of cases ofsevere sickle cell crises in Africa are due cui to/for whom (1); bono for good, advantage (2):
to malaria (Allison Perry in West Africa 1985). to whom for an advantage.] Law. For/to whose good
criterion abbr. crit. n., pi. criteria or criterions [Gk. or advantage. The principle that a person who stands
kriterion standard, a means forjudging.] 1. A char- to gain from something is most likely to do it. Thus,
acteristic trait, feature, or mark. 2. A yardstick. A where there are two or more suspects and the culprit
standard for judgment, decision, or comparison, a) In is not clearly identified, a cui bono method of inves-
a situation where the criteria for advancement are tigation could be very helpful.
bastardized, it may be dignifying to live in respectable cuicunque aliquis quid concedit concedere videtur
obscurity, b) My negative attitude towards Nigerian et id sine quo res ipsa esse non potuit. [L. cuicunque
lawyers arises out ofa conviction that, measured by to whomsoever, whomever ( 1 ); aliquis anybody, any-
any have fallen far short of societal
criterion, they one (2); quid something (4); concedit grants (3);
expectations (The Guardian 1987). concedere to grant (6); videtur he/she seems (5); et
criterium n.,pl. criteria [L. from Gk. kriterion ] Cri- also (8); id that (7); sine without (9); quo which ( 1 0);
terion (q.v.). res matter, thing, property, business, affair (11); ipsa
critique n.,pl. critiques [Fr. criticism, review, censure, itself ( 1 2); esse to be, exist (15); non not ( 1 4); potuit
piece of criticism.] 1. Criticism. An act of criticiz- could, was able ( 13): To whomsoever anyone grants
ing. . . . the only serious critique of the regime has something, he/she seems to grant that also without
comefrom the Union ofCameroonian Peoples (Mark which the thing itself could not exist.] Law. A person
Doyle in West Africa 1985). 2. A critical review, essay, who grants something to another is deemed to grant
examination, or assessment of a thing, such as a lit- that also without which what is granted is of no use;
erary or artistic work. Ronay remains unruffled by e.g., if "A" grants to "B" the right to fish in his ("A"'s)
critiques of his critique (Newsweek Int. Nov., 26, pond, "B" is implicitly granted the right to come to the
1979:52). bank of the pond to fish. See quae cohaerent etc.;
Croesus n., pi. Croesuses or Croesi [L. from Gk. quando lex aliquid etc.; qui concedit aliquid
Kroisos.] 1. The last king of Lydia, who ruled from concedere etc.; qui concedit aliquid concedit etc.;
c.560 to 546 B.C. He was defeated and overthrown parte quacumque etc.; and ubi aliquid concedit etc.
by the Persian king, Cyrus. Croesus was a man of cui licet quod majus non debet quod minus est non
fantastic wealth and was famous for his generous do- licere. [L. cui (he) to whom ( 1 ); licet is allowed, per-
nations to Greek temples, especially the oracle of mitted (4); quod (that) which, what (2); majus
Apollo at Delphi. 2. A very wealthy man. A greater, bigger (3); non not (6); debet ought, should
87 culpa levis in concreto
(5); quod (that) which, what (9); minus less, smaller cul-de-sac (Time Int. 1980). c) The retreat, which
(11); est is (10); non not (7); licere to be allowed, began when the Israelis discovered they had ad-
permitted (8): He to whom that which is bigger is vanced up a cul-de-sac, proved equally divisive
allowed should not be not allowed that which is (South 1985). Cf. impasse.
smaller.] Law. Aempowered to do
person who is culpa n., pi. culpae [L. fault, error, blame, guilt, fail-
what is more important should have the power to do ure.] Roman and Civil Law. Actionable negligence,
what is less important. See majus continet minus, neglect, or fault. Though there are various degrees,
cuis. abbr. for cuisine (q.v.). the basic meaning is failure to exercise the requisite
cuisine abbr. cui. or cuis. n., pi cuisines [Fr. kitchen, care or attention under the circumstances. See culpa
cooking, cookery, food.] Style of cooking or preparing lata; culpa levis; culpa levis in abstracto; culpa
food. Food. Meal, a) Most Africanfoods have a distinc- levis in concreto; culpa levissima; culpa magna;
tive taste and, wherever Africans go, they neverforget crassa negligentia; negligentia; negligentia sem-
the distinctive African cuisine, b) The restaurant is per habet etc.; and nimia negligentia.
famousfor its variety ofcuisine, including oriental con- culpa caret qui scit sed prohibere non potest. [L.
tinental, and African. See ancienne cuisine; grande culpa fault, error, blame, guilt, failure (8); caret he
cuisine; haute cuisine; and nouvelle cuisine. is free from (7); qui (he) who
knows (2);
(1); scit
cuisinier or fern, cuisiniere n., pi. cuisiniers or fern. sed but (3); prohibere to prevent (6); non not (5);
cuisinieres [Fr. cook.] One who prepares food. potest can, is able (4): He who knows but cannot
See chef de cuisine. prevent isfrom blame.] Law. A person who

free
cujus est commodum ejus debet esse incommodum. knows what wrong but cannot prevent it is free
is
[L. cujus of whom (1); est there is (2); commodum from blame. Cf. qui non improbat, approbat.
advantage, profit (3); ejus of him (4); debet there culpa est immiscere se rei ad se non pertinenti. [L.
ought, should (5); esse to be (6); incommodum dis- culpa fault, error, blame, guilt, failure (2); est it is
advantage, loss (7): Of whom there is the advantage, (1); immiscere to join, mix, blend with (2); se one-
of him there ought to be the disadvantage.] Law. Who- self (3); rei matter, thing, property, business, affair
ever enjoys the advantage of a facility should also bear (4);ad to, at, for, according to (7); se oneself (8);
its disadvantage. See qui sentit commodum etc. non not (5); pertinenti concerning, pertaining (6):
cujus est solum ejus est usque ad caelum et ad It is a fault to join oneself with a matter not pertaining
inferos. [L. cujus of whom (1); est is (2); solum to oneself.] Law. It is blameworthy to meddle with
soil, ground (3); ejus of him (4); est it is (5); usque matters which do not concern one.
as far as (6); ad to, at, for, according to (7); caelum culpa lata or lata culpa n. [L. culpa fault, error, blame,
sky, heaven (8); et and (9); ad to, at, for, according guilt, failure (2); lata wide, extensive ( 1 ): wide fault.]
to (10); inferos the inhabitants of the underworld Roman and Law. Gross negligence. Failure to
Civil
( 1 1 ): Of whom is the soil, of him it is as far as to the exercise the care expected of even an inattentive
sky and to the inhabitants of the underworld.] Law. person. Indifference. The absence of even the least
The owner of the soil owns what is above and what care. See culpa.
is beneath it. A landowner owns everything on the culpa lata dolo aequiparatur. [L. culpa fault, error,
land, i.e., buildings, trees, water, etc. and the space blame, guilt, failure (2); lata broad, extensive (1);
above it to an indefinite extent. Similarly, he owns dolo wrong, malice (4); aequiparatur equals, rivals
everything below it down to the center of the earth; (3): Extensive fault equals a wrong.] Law. Gross neg-
e.g., minerals, oil, and ore. See usque ad caelum. ligence is equivalent to malice.
cujus regio, ejus religio. [L. cujus of whom (1); culpa levis or levis culpa n. [L. culpa fault, error,
regio region, district (2); ejus of him/her (3); religio blame, guilt, failure (2); levis slight ( 1 ): slight fault.]
religion (4): Of whom the region, of him/her the Ordinary negligence. Roman and Civil Law. Failure
religion.] The one who rules the region dictates the to exercise the care expected of a diligent and prudent
religion there. A principle adopted at the Diet of person. See culpa.
Augsburg in 1555. culpa levis in abstracto n. [L. culpa fault, error, blame,
cul-de-sac n., pi. culs-de-sac or cul-de-sacs [Fr. cul guilt, failure (2); levis slight (1); in in, on (3); ab-
end (1); de of (2); sac bag, sack (3): end of bag or stracto the abstract (4): slight fault in the abstract.]
sack.] 1 . Dead end. Blind alley. A street with no exit Roman and Civil Law. Failure to exercise a very high
at the other end. The attempt of the armed robbers to level of care expected of a prudent person. See culpa.
escape came to an abrupt end when they drove into culpa levis in concreto n. [L. culpa fault, error, blame,
a cul-de-sac. 2. A
beyond which one cannot point guilt, failure (2); levis slight (1) in in, on (3); concreto
advance any more, a) The research which began on concrete (4): slight fault in the concrete.] Roman and
a promising note ended in a cul-de-sac. b) Allen has Civil Law. Failure to exercise in another's interest
set his film in a resort hotel and cast himself as a the care which one would exercise in one's personal
film maker . . . who finds himself in a creative affairs. See culpa.
culpa levissima 88
culpa levissima or levissima culpa n. [L. culpa fault, cum duo inter se pugnantia reperiuntur in testa-
error, blame, guilt, failure (2); levissima slightest (1): men to ultimum ratum est. [L. cum when (1); duo
slightest negligence/fault.] Roman and Civil Law. two (2); inter among (4); se themselves (5);
Failure to exercise the care expected of an extraordi- pugnantia fighting things (3); reperiuntur are found
narily diligent and prudent person. See culpa. (6); in in, on (7); testamento will (8); ultimum last
culpa magna or magna culpa n. [L. culpa fault, error, (thing) (9); ratum approved, valid (11); est is (10):
blame, guilt, failure (2); magna great (1): great neg- When two things fighting among themselves are
ligence/fault.] Gross negligence/fault. Culpa lata found in a will, the last thing is valid.] Law. When
(q.v.). See culpa. two contradictory clauses are found in a will, the last
culpa teneat suos auctores. [L. culpa fault, error, clause is given preference. This maxim is subject to
blame, guilt, failure (1); teneat should hold (2); suos the general principle that the intention of the testator
its (3); auctores authors, doers (4): Crime should hold should first, as far as possible, be ascertained. See si
its authors.] Law. A

wrongdoer should be held re- duo in testamento etc. and testamenta cum duo etc.
sponsible for only his/her wrong. See nemo ex cum grano salis adv. [L. cum with, together with, in
alterius etc. the company of, along with ( ); grano grain (2); salis1
culpa tenet suos auctores. [L. culpa fault, error, blame, of salt (3): with a grain of salt.] With some allow-
guilt, failure (1); tenet holds (2); suos its (3); auc- ance for exaggeration. With some caution. Taking
tores authors (4): Crime holds its authors.] Law. A into consideration the possibility of exaggeration. The
wrongdoer is held responsible for only his/her wrong. defense counsel submitted in his address that, in view
See nemo ex alterius etc. of a number of inconsistencies discovered during
cum prep. [L. with, together with, in the company of, cross examination, the evidence of the witness must
along with.] Together with. Accompanied by. The be taken cum grano salis.
house serves as the residence-cum-office ofthe man- cum laude adj. I adv. [L. cum with, together with, in the
aging director of the company. company of, along with (1); laude praise (2): with
cum adsunt testimonia rerum, quid opus est verbis? praise.] With honor/distinction. The expression is used
[L. cum when ( ); adsunt are present (4); testimonia
1 to indicate meritorious performance in college. John
evidences (2); rerum of matters, things, property, was a bright student and he graduated cum laude.
business, affairs (3); quid what (5); opus need (6); See magna cum laude and summa cum laude.
est is there (7); verbis for words (8): When evidences cum onere adj. /adv. [L. cum with, together with, in
of things are present, what need is there for words?] the company of, along with ( 1 ); onere burden (2):
Law. What is the need for words, when proofs of with the burden.] Law. Together with the incum-
facts are available? Cf. in Claris etc. brance. An estate cum onere is one which has a burden,
cum confitente sponte mitius est agendum. [L. cum incumbrance, or charge attached to it.
with, together with, in the company of, along with cum par delictum est duorum, semper oneratur
(4); confitente one confessing (5); sponte voluntarily, petitor et melior habetur possessoris causa. [L.
spontaneously (6); mitius more mildly, rather mildly cum when ( 1 ); par equal (3); delictum fault (4); est
(3); est it is, there is ( 1 ); agendum to be treated/dealt, there is (2); duorum of two (5); semper always (7);
treating, dealing (2): There is dealing more mildly with oneratur is burdened, overwhelmed (8); petitor
one confessing spontaneously.] Law. A person who plaintiff, claimant (6); et and (9); melior better (13);
confesses spontaneously is dealt with more leniently. habetur is had, held, regarded (12); possessoris of
cum copula adj. /adv. [L. cum with, together with, in possessor (11); causa cause, case, reason (10): When
the company of, along with (1); copula connection, there is equal fault of two, the plaintiff is always
bond (2): with connection/bond.] With copulation. burdened and the cause of the possessor is regarded
Used of a marriage which has been consummated by better.] Law. When both parties are equally at fault,
sexual intercourse. the plaintiff always loses his case and the cause of
cum de lucro duorum quaeritur, melior est causa the person in possession of the property is deemed
possidentis. [L. cum when (1); de of, from, about, better. See in aequali jure melior etc.
for (3); lucro gain, profit (4); duorum of two (5); cum privilegio adv. [L. cum with, together with, in
quaeritur it is asked, investigation is made (2); me- the company of, along with (1 ); privilegio privilege,
lior better (9); est is (8); causa cause, case, reason special enactment (2): with privilege.] With license.
(6); possidentis of the one possessing (7): When it is With permission. Used especially in a book to show
asked about the gain of two, the cause of the one that the publication is duly authorized.
possessing is better.] Law. When investigation is cum tacent clamant Cicero (106-43 B.C.). In
made about the gain of two persons, the person who Catilinam 1,2 1 . [L. cum while, when ( 1 ); tacent they
possesses the disputed object has a better case. See in are silent (2); clamant they shout (3): While they
aequali jure melior etc. are silent, they shout.] Their silence is a loud cry.
89 curiosa
cum testamento annexo abbr. C.T.A. or c.t.a. adj. curator ad litem n., pi. curatores ad litem or cura-
[L. cum with, together with, in the company of, along tors ad litem [L. curator guardian, trustee ( 1 ); ad
with (1); testamento will (2); annexo annexed, at- to, at, for, according to (2); litem suit (3): guardian
tached (3): with the will annexed.] Law. With the for the suit.] Law. A guardian appointed for an ac-
will attached. An administrator cum testamento annexo tion or a suit.
is appointed when the testator appoints no executor, curator bonis n., pi. curatores bonis or curators bonis
or the executors appointed do not act, or the will is [L. curator guardian, trustee (1); bonis for goods,
incomplete. For if he [i.e., the executor] dies before property (2): a guardian/trustee for goods.] Civil and
proving, or if he "renounces probate, " i.e., refuses Scots Law. A guardian responsible for the custody of
to act, then the court appoints in his place an admin- the property/goods of a person who is incompetent
istrator cum testamento annexo, just as it does in a or a minor.
case where there is a will, but no executor named in curatorbonorum distrahendorum n., pi. curatores
//(Hanbury 1962:452). bonorum distrahendorum or curators bonorum
cum testamento annexo de bonis non adj. [L. cum distrahendorum [L. curator guardian, trustee (1);
with, together with, in the company of, along with bonorum of goods (2); distrahendorum (of) to be
( 1 ); testamento will (2); annexo annexed (3); de of, divided (3): guardian of goods to be divided.] Civil
from, about, for (4); bonis goods (5); non not (6): Law. A curator assigned the duty of selling the prop-
with the will annexed about the goods not.] Law. With erty of a debtor and sharing the proceeds among the
the will annexed about the goods not already admin- creditors.
istered. Applicable to an administrator appointed in curator prodigi n. [L. curator guardian ( 1 ); prodigi
case of cum testamento annexo (q.v.), when the of a wasteful, lavish person (2): guardian of wasteful
executor dies. But if he (i.e., the executor) dies after person.] Roman Law. An administrator assigned the
probate, then, unless he was one of several joint responsibility of administering the property of a
executors, in which case the office goes to the others spendthrift, i.e., a person who has wasted his own
by jus accrescendi, he is succeeded by his own execu- property or property inherited from an intestate.
tor, or ifhe has none, an administrator cum testamento Cf. conseil judiciare; prodigi interdictio; and
annexo de bonis non must be appointed (Hanbury prodigue.
1962:452). See de bonis non administratis. curia abbr. cur. n., pi. curiae [L. court, association,
cunnilingus n., pi. cunnilinguses [L. licking of the senate-house, meeting-place of the senate, the senate.]
vulva.] Sexual activity which involves stimulating 1. Roman Law. A political division upon which the
the sexual organ of the female with the tongue or comitia curiata (q.v.) was based. Each of the three
lips. Cunnilingus and fellatio are more frequent tribes was divided into ten curiae; there were thus
among extroverts than among introverts (Eysenck . . . thirty curiae. 2. Medieval Europe. A court of justice,
1982:69-70). Cf. fellatio. usually held at the sovereign's palace. 3. Roman
cunnus n., pi. cunni [L. the external sexual or genital Catholic Church. The body of all the adminis-
full
organs of a female.] The vulva. The female pudenda, trative units, tribunals, etc., which help the Pope in
(q.v.). the administration and government of the church. As
cur. abbr. for curia (q.v.). executor of reform within the Roman Curia under
cur. adv. vult abbr. for curia advisari vult (q.v.). Paul VI, . Benelli established himself as an able
. .
curateur n., pi. curateurs [Fr. curator, trustee, admin- administrator {Newsweek Int. Oct. 16, 1978:58).
. . .
istrator, guardian.] French Law. A person entrusted curia advisari vult. abbr. c.a.v. or cur. adv. vult [L.
with the duty of administering the affairs and property curia court (1); advisari to be advised. (3); vult
of an independent minor. wishes (2): The court wishes to be advised.] Law.
curator n., pi. curatores or curators [L. guardian or The court wants to be advised. Commonly used in
trustee.] 1 . Roman Law. A person appointed to manage the reports where the court suspends its judgment to
the affairs of a person who is legally not competent to consider certain points of law, especially new ones.
do so; e.g., a spendthrift, a lunatic, or a person who, Curia Regis abbr. C.R. n. [L. curia court, council (2);
though past the age of puberty, is a minor. 2. A person regis king's (1): King's Council or Court.] Medieval
appointed by the court to take charge of, and care for, Europe. A small council, England's chief court,
property. 3. The administrator of a museum, document which comprised the great officers of state who not
collection, hospital, or other public institution. only resided at, but also served as officers of, the
curator ad hoc n., pi. curatores ad hoc or curators it became the prac-
palace. In the thirteenth century
ad hoc [L. curator guardian, trustee (1); ad to, at, ticeof aggrieved subjects to send petitions to the
for, according to (2); hoc this (3): guardian/trustee Curia Regis (Newton 1983: 16).
for this.] Law. A guardian appointed to take care of a curiosa pi. n. [L. careful, thoughtful, or curious things.]
specific matter. Rarities. Rare things. Curiosities. Curious things.
curiosa felicitas 90
Books which are rare or strange such as pornographic practice of the court or is not held within the time
or erotic books. Cf. erotica; esoterica; and facetiae. prescribed by the court, it may be deemed irregular
curiosa felicitas n. Petronius (died 66 B.C.). Satyricon and set aside.
118. [L. curiosa careful, thoughtful, curious (1); cursus honorum n., pi. cursus honorum [L. cursus
felicitas felicity, happiness (2): careful felicity.] A course (1); honorum of honors, offices (2): course
beautiful literary style which is the product of of offices.] 1 . Ancient Rome. The sequence of public
thoughtful and careful choice of expressions. offices held by Roman politicians at certain mini-
currente calamo adv. [L. currente with running (1); mum ages, beginning with the office of aedile and
calamo (with) pen (2): with running pen.] Offhand. culminating in that of consul. 2. A typical career path.
Without careful consideration. Without any profound The ambitious salesperson quickly rose through the
reflection. Please feel free to vet this script thor- cursus honorum of thecompany until she became a
oughly, since it was written currente calamo. member of the board of directors.
curriculum n., pi. curricula or curriculums [L. custodia legis adv. [L. custodia in the custody ( 1 ); legis
course, race course, career.] 1 . The totality of courses of law (2): in the custody of the law.] In legal custody.
which an educational institution or any of its depart- Applicable to property kept by the court under the
ments offers. The senate of the university has set up writ of replevin until the case is determined.
a committee entrusted with the duty of enlarging its custome serra prise stricte. [Obs. Fr. custome custom
curriculum. 2. All the planned activities of an edu- (1); serra will be (2); prise valued (3); stricte strictly
cational institution. 3. A schedule of work. (4): Custom will be valued strictly.] Custom should
curriculum vitae abbr. c.v. n., pi. curricula vitae [L." be given a strict interpretation.
curriculum course, race course, career ( 1 ); vitae of custos morum n., pi. custodes morum [L. custos
life (2): course of life.] A brief account of a person's guardian (1); morum of morals (2): guardian of
life. A brief statement of one's career, including bio- morals.] A protector of public morality. Applicable
graphical data, which an applicant attaches to his to abody entrusted with the duty of ensuring compli-
application for employment. Resume (q.v.). ance with a community's rules on morality. But, as R.
currit quatuor pedibus. or quatuor pedibus currit. v. Newland (1953) would seem to indicate, the claim
[L. currit it runs (1); quat(t)uor four (2); pedibus of the court to be the custos morum of its community
on feet (3): It runs on four feet.] It runs on all fours. has not been consistently made, (Adewoye . . .
The metaphor "running on all fours" means that two 1977:93-94).

things are exactly the same in all circumstances and custos pacis n.,pl. custodes pacis [L. custos guardian
aspects. Used in law and logic to show, inter alia, (1); pacis of peace (2): guardian of the peace.] A
that a quotation is applicable wholly and exactly. Cf. protector of the public peace.
nullum simile est idem nisi quatuor pedipus currit c.v. abbr. for curriculum vitae (q.v.).
and nullum simile quatuor pedibus currit. cy-pres or cypres or cypres adj. [Obs. Fr. as near as
currit tempus contra desides et sui juris possible.] As close as possible. Law. Used to qualify
contemptores. [L. currit runs (2); tempus time (1); a doctrine, i.e., cypres doctrine. This is a doctrine
contra against, opposite (3); desides indolent, idle whereby, if it would be illegal or impossible to apply
persons (4); et and (5); sui of their own (7); juris the literal interpretation of an instrument, the court
(of) right, law (8); contemptores those who despise should resort to equity and adopt an interpretation
or disregard (6): Time runs against indolent persons which is as close as possible to the intention of the
and those who despise their own right.] Law. Time instrument. This doctrine is particularly applicable
runs against the indolent and those who disregard and donations for charitable purposes. But
to wills
their rights. where there was a gift of the whole residue for a
cursillo n., pi. cursillos [Sp. a little course.] Roman defined charitable purpose, the surplus not required
Catholicism. A brief but often intensive period of for such purpose was held applicable cypres although
study, especially in religious education. Such programs there was not indicated any charitable intention in
originated in Spain and have spread throughout the the wider sense (Parry 1 96 1 : 83).
Catholic world. czar or tsar n., pi. czars or tsars [Russ. tsar from L.
cursus curiae est lex curiae. [L. cursus course, way Caesar emperor.] The male emperor of Russia.
1 .
( 1 ); curiae of court (2); est is (3); lex law (4); curiae 2. An autocrat. A banking czar. 3. U.S.A. An indi-
of court (5): The course of the court is the law of the vidual with widespread authority and power. A drug
court.] Law. The practice of the court is the court's czar. Cf. Caesar and Kaiser.
law. Thus, if a proceeding does not conform with the
.
d. abbr. for denarius (q.v.). damnum absque injuria n. [L. damnum damage, in-
da capo abbr. D.C. or d.c. adv. /adj. [It. da from jury, loss ( 1 ); absque away from, without (2); injuria
the (1); capo head, top (2): from the head.] Music. injury; wrong, injustice (3): loss/damage without in-
From the top. From the beginning. To be repeated jury/wrong.] Law. Loss/harm without injury to a legal
from the beginning. Used in directions. n., pi. da — right. Applicable to a loss which does not involve a
capos Music. Part of a piece which is to be, or must violation of legal rights and so does not require action
be, repeated. Cf. al fine. against the offender. See actio non datur etc.
dacha or da ten a n.,pl. dachas or datchas [Russ. gift, land, damnum emergens n. [L. damnum damage, injury, loss
country house.] A country house or villa in Russia Gradu- (2); emergens rising, emerging ( 1 ): rising/emerging dam-
ally, Krushchev began speaking out on political issues to age.] Law. Actual/real damage, as distinct from expected
the inner circle offriends and relatives at his dacha . . damage. The lossmay be in the nature of a damnum
(Newsweek Int. Jan. 1, 1979:27). emergens not merely a lucrum cessans. (Hanbury
dacoit or dakoit n. [Hindi dakait ] An member of a 1962:522). Cf. damnum infectum and lucrum cessans.
gang of armed robbers of India and Burma. Origi- damnum fatale n. [L. damnum damage, injury, loss
nally these gangs lived in the hills. The term has been (2); fatale fated, destined ( 1 ): destined damage.] Law.
generalized to apply to any armed gang. Cf. Damage which is the result of inevitable accident or
Camorra; mafia; petit truand; and yakuza. actus Dei, such as lightning, shipwreck, or earthquake.
daimyo or daimio n.,pl. daimyo or daimyos or daimio A party to a contract cannot bear a loss arising out of
or daimios [Japan, dai great (1); myO name (2): great damnum fatale.
name.] A feudal lord of ancient Japan. damnum n. [L. damnum damage, injury,
infectum
dal segno abbr. D.S. adv. [It. dal from the (1); segno infectum undone, unaccomplished (1):
loss (2);
sign (2): from the sign.] Music. From the sign. Used unaccomplished damage.] Roman Law. Damage/loss
to indicate the point at which a repeat begins. expected or threatened, but not yet inflicted.
damnatio memoriae n.. pi. damnatios memoriae
[L. See lucrum cessans. Cf. damnum emergens.
damnatio condemnation, obliteration ( 1 ); memoriae damnum rei amissae n. [L. damnum damage, injury,
of memory (2): condemnation of memory.] An offi- loss (1); rei of matter, thing, property, business, affair
cial attempt to remove the name and memory of an (2); amissae damage of the thing lost.]
(of) lost (3):
individual from all public monuments. The damnatio Civil Law. A loss emanating from a payment made as
memoriae of Stalin 's reign was swift and thorough a result of an error of law.
throughout the Soviet Union. damnum sentit dominus. [L. damnum damage, in-
damnosa hereditas or damnosa haereditas or hereditas jury, loss (3); sentit feels, suffers (2); dominus lord,
damnosa or haereditas damnosa var. of hereditas owner (1): The owner suffers the loss.] Law. When
damnosa (q.v.). goods are contracted for sale and they are destroyed
damnum n.,pl. damna [L. damage, injury, loss.] Law. accidentally, the party who is currently the owner
Damage to, or loss of, something which belongs to a suffers the loss, unless there is an agreement to the
person, such as character or property, through neg- contrary. See periculum rei etc.
ligence, fraud, or even accident. It may, or may not, damnum sine injuria n. [L. damnum damage, injury,
involve violation of legal rights. loss (1); sine without (2); injuria injury (3): damage
91
damnum sine injuria 92
without injury.] Law. Damage without legal injury. A living people. 2. Something as horrifying as a danse
damage/harm for which the law provides no remedy. macabre. The spider performed a dance macabre
See actio non datur etc. around the butterfly.
damnum sine injuria esse potest. [L. damnum dam- dans et retinens, nihil dat. [L. dans giving ( 1 ); et and
age, injury, loss ( 1 ); sine without (4); injuria injury/ (2); retinens retaining (3); nihil nothing (5); dat one
wrong, injustice (5); esse to be (2); potest there can, gives (4): Giving and retaining, one gives nothing.]
it is Damage can be without injury.] Law.
possible (2): Law. A person who gives something and yet retains
There can be damage without injury. In such cases possession gives nothing.
there can be no action, for there is no jus (right) and danseur or fern, danseuse n., pi. danseurs or fern.
the maxim ubi jus ibi remedium (q.v.) is not appli- danseuses [Fr. dancer.] A ballet dancer.
cable. See actio non datur etc. danseur noble n., pi. danseurs nobles [Fr. danseur
Damocles n. [Gk. Damokles 1. A courtier of Dionysius ] dancer (2); noble noble, lofty (1): noble dancer.] A
I, tyrant of Syracuse in Sicily who lived from c.430 to male dancer who serves as a ballerina's partner.
367 B.C. Because Damocles excessively praised his Das Kapital n. [Ger. das the ( 1 ); Kapital capital, stock,
happiness, the tyrant invited him to a sumptuous ban- funds (2): the capital.] Capital, an economic treatise
quet and symbolically demonstrated the insecurity of in three volumes (1867, 1885, 1895) by Karl Marx
a tyrant's happiness by suspending over Damocles' (1818-1883).
head a sword hanging by a single hair. —sword of Das Lied von der Erde n. [Ger. das the (1); Lied song
Damocles An imminent danger, catastrophe, or di- (2); von of (3); der the (4); Erde earth (5): the song of
saster, especially at a time of prosperity. A disaster the earth.] "The Song of the Earth," a symphonic song
which may happen any time, a) . . . with the possibility by Gustav Mahler ( 1 860- 1 9 1 ). 1
ofanother terrorist attack hanging over the world like Das Rheingold n. [Ger. das the (1); Rhein Rhine (2);
a sword of Damocles (Benjamin Yaw Owusu in
. . . Gold gold (3): the Rhine gold.] "The Rhine Gold,"
West Africa 1986); b) No sword of Damocles will be the first opera ( 1 854) in the Ring tetralogy by Richard
hanging over our heads ( Time Int. 1 982). Wagner ( 1 8 13-1 883). Cf. Der Ring des Nibelungen.
dans ce meilleur des mondes possibles Voltaire data et accepta pi. n. [L. data (things) given (1); et
(1694-1778). Candide 23. [Fr. dans in (1); ce this and (2); accepta (things) accepted, received (3):
(2); meilleur best (3); des of the (4); mondes worlds things given and received.] Expenses and income.
(6); possibles possible (5): the best of the possible dation n.,pl. dations [Fr. giving, conferring.] Civil Law.
worlds.] The best of all possible worlds. Cf. Tout The legal act of conferring or giving something. Dation
est pour le mieux etc. differs from a donation for, whereas the latter implies
Dans ce pays-ci il est bon de tuer de temps en temps that the donor is acting with generosity, dation implies
un amiral pour encourager les autres. Voltaire that the gift is given under an obligation.
(1694-1778). Candide, 23. [Fr. dans in (1); ce this datum n., pi. data or datums The use of data as a
(2); pays country, land (3); -ci here (4); il it (5); est is singular, while common, is often considered to be
(6); bon good (7); de to (8); tuer kill (9); de from substandard. [L. that which is given, something
(12); temps time, weather (13); en in, to (14); temps given.] A fact or principle which is granted, assumed,
time, weather (15); un an (10); amiral admiral (11); or admitted. Something which serves as the basis of
pour to, in order to ( 1 6); encourager encourage ( 1 7); an argument, inference, or discussion, a) The lecturer
les the (18); autres others ( 1 9): In this country here it made sweeping generalizations based on grossly inad-
is good to kill an admiral from time to time in order to equate data, b) Adequate data are not yet available.
encourage the others.] In this nation [i.e., England], it dauphin n.[Fr.] The oldest male heir of the king of
is wise policy to execute an admiral occasionally in France. The next in line of succession to the throne.
order to encourage the other admirals to perform their Cf. infante.

duties satisfactorily. dauphine n. [Fr.] The wife of the dauphin (q.v.). Cf.
danse d'ecole n., pi. danses d'ecole [Fr. danse dance infanta.
( 1 ); d' of (2); ecole school (3): dance of school.] Clas- D.B. abbr. for Divinitatis Baccalaureus (q.v ).
sical or traditional ballet. Ballet in which traditional D.C. or d.c. abbr. for da capo (q.v.).
rules are strictly observed. d.d. in d. abbr. for de die in diem (q.v ).
danse du ventre n., pi. danses du ventre [Fr. danse de aequitate adv. Iadj. [L. of, from, about, for ( 1 ); aequi-
dance (1); du of the (2); ventre belly, abdomen (3): tate equity (2): from equity.] According to equity.
dance of the belly.] Belly dance. According to the principles of equity. By equity. In
danse macabre n., pi. danses macabres [Fr. danse equity. De aequitate may be used in opposition to de
dance (2); macabre macabre, gruesome, ghastly (1): jure (q.v.) to draw a distinction between the principles
macabre dance.] 1 The dance of death. A dance of the
. of equity and the strict application of the law.
Middle Ages in which a skeleton, which represents de aetate probanda n. [L. de of, from, about, for ( 1 ); aetate
death, leads to the grave a procession of skeletons or age (2); probanda to be proved (3): for an age to be
.
93 de bonis propriis
proved.] Law. An ancient writ issued to summon a jury properly attested in accordance with the provisions
for the purpose of determining the age of a tenant-in-chief of statute, it is void. Also, when the cause of an ac-
when there was doubt. tion collapses, the action itself necessarily collapses.
De amicitia n. [L. de of, from, about, for (1); amicitia debita sequuntur personam debitoris. [L. debita debts
friendship (2): about friendship.] On Friendship, a (1); sequuntur follow (2); personam person (3);
philosophical dialogue by Cicero (106-^3 B.C.). debitoris of debtor (4): Debts follow the person of the
de annuo reditu n. [L. de of, from, about, for (1); debtor.] Law. Debts follow the debtor; i. e. a debt must
annuo yearly, annual (2); reditu return, rent, income, be repaid wherever the debtor is found. Cf. debitum et
revenue (3): for annual rent.] Law. A writ for the contractus etc.
recovery of an annuity whether in money or in goods. debitor non praesumitur donare. [L. debitor debtor
debacle n.,pl. debacles [Fr. debacle breaking-up, break- (1); non not (2); praesumitur is presumed (3);
down, collapse, ruin, rout, downfall.] 1. Stampede, donare to make a donation (4): A debtor is not pre-
rout, panic or violent dispersion, i.e., of an army or sumed to make a donation.] Law. Whatever a debtor
mob. The battle ended with the debacle ofthe enemy. gives to his creditor, it is presumed to be given in
2. A complete failure. Collapse. A sudden disgraceful satisfaction of his obligation or debt.
end. Downfall. An unexpected breakdown. . . . / did debitorum pactionibus creditorum petitio nec tolli
not see how the Democrats could recover from their nec minui potest. [L. debitorum of debtors (9);
electoral debacle . . . {Time Int. 1982). 3. A sudden pactionibus by agreements, pacts (8); creditorum
breaking of ice in a river. The rush of water and ice of creditors (2); petitio claim, suit (1); nec neither
which is the result of the breaking. (4); tolli to be removed (5); nec nor (6); minui to be
de bene esse abbr. d.b.e. adv. /adj. [L. de of, from, diminished, lessened (7); potest can, is able (3): The
about, for ( 1 ); bene well (3); esse to be, being (2): of claim of creditors can neither be removed nor dimin-
being well, of well-being.] Law. Provisionally. Con- ished by agreements of debtors.] Law. Agreements
ditionally.The expression is used with reference to among debtors have no effect whatsoever on the claims/
various things done provisionally. For instance, an rights of creditors. See res inter alios acta alteri etc.
examination de bene esse is one in which evidence debitum et contractus sunt nullius loci. [L. debitum
is taken from somebody who is seriously ill, or too debt (1); et and (2); contractus drawing together,
old, or about to travel before the trial, and out of court shrinking, contract, agreement (3); sunt are (4); nul-
because he/she may not be available at the time of lius of no (5); loci (of) place (6): Debt and agreement
trial. The evidence is used, if the situation persists, are of no place.] Law. Debt and contract have no spe-
but if the person can appear in court at the time of cific locality; i.e., they belong to no specific jurisdiction.
the trial, the evidence is taken in the normal manner. Cf. debita sequuntur etc.
See del bien estre. de bonis asportatis n. [L. de of, from, about, for (1);
debet esse finis litium. [L. debet there ought, should bonis goods (2); asportatis that have been carried
(1); esse to be (2); finis end (3); litium of suits, litiga- away, removed (3): of goods that have been carried
tions (4): There ought to be an end of litigations.] Law. away.] Law. For goods removed. For removing goods.
Litigation should not go on ad infinitum; i.e., it should An action of trespass for the recovery of monetary
not continue indefinitely. See infinitum in etc. damages from a person who has unlawfully damaged
debet sua cuique domus esse perfugium tutissimum. or removed property.
[L. debet ought, should (4); sua one's own (2); de bonis non short form of de bonis non adminis-
cuique to each one ( ); domus house, residence (3);
1 tratis (q.v.).
esse to be (5); perfugium refuge, shelter (7); de bonis non administratis adj. [L. de of, from, about,
tutissimum safest (6): To each one, one's own house for ( 1 ); bonis goods (2); non not (3); administratis
should be the safest refuge.] Each person's house administered (4): of goods not administered.] Law.
should be his/her safest refuge; i.e., a person's home About the goods of a decedent not yet administered.
is his/her castle. See domus sua etc. Applicable to a letter of administration to an adminis-
de bien et de mal [Fr. de of (1); bien good (2); et and trator who succeeds one who has not completely settled
(3); de of (4); mal evil (5): of good and evil.] For the estate. A niece ofthe testatrix subsequently obtained
good and evil. Law of Former Times. Used by an a grant of administration de bonis non . . (Hanbury
accused person to indicate total submission to the 1962:461). See cum testamento annexo etc.
verdict of a jury. See de bono et malo. de bonis propriis adj. [L. de of, from, about, for ( 1 );
debile fundamentum fallit opus. [L. debile weak, bonis goods, property (3); propriis one's own, their
infirm (1); fundamentum foundation, basis (2); own (2): from one's own property /goods.] Law. From
fallit makes slip, opus
disappoints, betrays (3); one'sown pocket. Used with reference to a judgment
work, structure (4): A weak foundation makes slip against an executor, especially in a case of devastavit
the structure.] Law. A weak foundation puts the (q.v.) which must be satisfied from his/her own finan-
entire structure in jeopardy. Thus when a will is not cial resources.
de bonis testatoris 94
de bonis testatoris adj. [L. de of, from, about, for (1); decennium n., pi. decennia or decenniums [L. a pe-
bonis property, goods (2); testatoris of testator (3): riod of ten years.] A decade. Cf. biennium.
about the property of the testator.] Law. Of the goods deceptis non decipientibus jura subveniunt. [L.
of the testator. Applicable to a judgment which awards deceptis to the deceived (3); non not (4);
execution against a testator's property. For the rule is decipientibus to the deceiving (5); jura rights,
that the presence of assets is conclusively presumed laws ( 1 ); subveniunt give help to (2): Laws give help
from a judgment de bonis testatoris being recovered to the deceived, not to the deceiving.] Law. The laws
against the representative (Hanbury 1962:505). come to the aid of those who are deceived, not those
debonnaire also debonair, debonaire, debonnaire who deceive.
adj. [Fr. good-natured, easy-going.] Affable. Genial. decessit sine prole, abbr. D.S.P. or d.s.p. [L. decessit
Kindly. Gracious. Gentle. Carefree. Anne has fallen he/she departed, died ( 1 ); sine without (2); prole off-
in love with a debonnaire man whom she met only a spring, issue (3): He/she died without offspring or
couple of weeks ago. issue.] He/she died without children. Usually used
de bono et malo [L. de of, from, about, bono good
for ( 1 ); in family trees or genealogical tables. Cf. obiit sine
(2); et and (3); malo evil (4): of good and evil.] For good prole.
and evil. See de bien et de mal. decessit sine prole legitima. abbr. D.S.P.L. or
debris or debris n., pi. debris or debris [Fr. fragments, d.s.p.l. [L. decessit he/she died (1); sine without
remains, wreckage, ruins.] The remains or fragments (2); prole offspring, issue (4); legitima legiti-
of something which was previously whole but has been mate (3): He/she died without legitimate issue.]
destroyed. Ruins. Wreckage. Rubbish, a) A rescue He/she died without legitimate children. Cf. obiit sine
team searches for survivors in the debris of the hotel prole. See also sine legitima prole and sine prole
disaster . . . (Newsweek Int. Jan 4, 1982:43). b) Below legitima.
the topsoil of China lies the accumulated debris of decessit sine prole mascula. abbr. D.S.P.M. or
4,000 years ofcivilization (The Economist 1987). d.s.p.m. [L. decessit he/she died (1); sine without
debut or debut n., pi. debuts or debuts [Fr. begin- (2); prole offspring, issue (4); mascula male (3): He/
ning, start, first appearance, first production.] 1. First she died without male issue.] He/she died without
public appearance of an artist such as a singer, actor, male children. Usually used in genealogical tables.
or dancer, a) Tony 's band had a successful debut at Cf. obiit sine prole. See also sine prole mascula and
the Federal Hotel yesterday, b) . . . last week . . . sine mascula prole.
Dimitris Sgouros, a 12-year-old Greek pianist from decessit sine prole mascula superstite. abbr.
Piraeus, prepared to make his American debut in D.S.P.M.S. or d.s.p.m.s. [L. decessit he/she died
Carnegie Hall (Newsweek Int. April 26, 1982:49). (1); sine without (2); prole offspring, issue (5);
2. Formal introduction to society. A woman's or girl's mascula male (4); superstite surviving (3): He/
first appearance at adult social functions. — v. intr. she died without surviving male issue.] He/she died
To make a debut or first appearance. disc brakes . . . without living male children. Cf. obiit sine prole.
and radial tires debuted on European cars long be- decessit sine prole superstite. abbr. D.S.P.S. or d.s.p.s.
fore they were introduced in the U.S. (Newsweek Int. [L. decessit he/she died (1); sine without (2); prole
June 4, 1979:37). —
v. tr. To introduce or present for offspring, issue (4); superstite surviving (3): He/she
the first time to the public. The band will debut its died without surviving issue.] He/she died without
first record album next week. living children. Cf. obiit sine prole. See also sine
debutant fern, debutante n., pi. debutants or fern. prole superstite.
debutantes [Fr. debutant(e) a beginner, novice.] A decessit sine prole virili. abbr. D.S.P. V. or d.s.p.v.
person who is making his/her debut. A performer or [L. decessit he/she died (1); sine without (2); prole
an artist who is making his/her first public appear- offspring, issue (4); virili male (3): He/she died with-
ance. "Solo-Solo, " who was a debutant in the music out male issue.] He/she died without male children.
industry only last year, is already a celebrity. — Fern. Usually used in genealogical tables. Cf. obiit sine
A lady who is introduced for the first time to adult or prole.
high society, a) Stop treading timorously like a re- declasse or fern, declassee adj. [Fr. degraded, ostra-
luctant debutante, . . . (The Economist 1987). b) We cized, taken out of one's class.] 1 . Having lost, been
attended a festival at our village last week and wit- reduced, or lowered in, rank, class, or social stand-
nessed a very impressive parade ofdebutantes. ing. Ben 's uncle, the arrogant businessman, is now
decemvir n., pi. decemviri or decemvirs [L. decern declasse to such an extent that he dines at cheap res-
ten (1); vir man (2): ten man, one of a body of ten.] taurants. 2. Of low or inferior status. In these days
A member of a body, group, council, association, of harsh economic realities riding in a Volkswagon
commission, or ruling body of ten. Cf. duovir; Beetle is no longer deemed to be declasse. n., pi. —
duumvir; quattuorvir; quindecemvir; quinquevir; declassed orfern, declassees A person who is declasse
septemvir; and triumvir. or has lost his social standing. When Peter was at the
,
95 de facto
peak of his career, he had many friends but, now de cujus adj. [L. de of, from, about, for (1); cujus of
that he is a declasse, everybody shuns his company. whom, whose (2): whose.] Law. From whose. Used
de clauso fracto adj. [L. de of, from, about, for (1); with reference to the person by whom, through whom,
clauso enclosed area, enclosure (3); fracto broken (2): from whom, or under whom a claimis made by an-
of broken enclosed area.] Law. Of broken enclosure. other person.
Of breach of enclosure. Used in old legal pleading for de cursu adj. [L. de of, from, about, for (1)*, cursu
action against a person who trespasses on real prop- course (2): from course.] From normal practice. Used
erty. See clausum fregit. to describe usual and formal proceedings and writs,
decolletage n., pi. decolletages [Fr. low-cut neck, un- as distinguished from those that are incidental, sum-
covering the shoulders and neck, low dress.] A mary, etc. Proceedings de cursu.
woman's dress which leaves the shoulders and de debito n. [L. de of, from, about, for ( 1 ); debito debt
neck exposed. A woman's dress which has a (2): about debt.] Law. A writ of debt.
low-cut neckline. . . . Judy. . . settled insteadfor some de deceptione n. [L. de of, from, about, for (1);
discreetly snipped decolletage on the front of the deceptione deceit (2): about deceit.] Law. A writ of
jacket and a more provocative peek on the derriere deceit. A writ against a person who acted in another's
side {Newsweek Int. March 12, 1979:57). name to the latter's detriment.
decollete adj. [Fr. low-necked, low-cut.] 1. Fashion. de derriere adv. [Fr. de of, from, about, for (1);
Leaving the shoulders and neck bare or exposed. derriere back, behind (2): from the back.] From be-
. the young designers oj'her decollete dress
. . were . . . hind. At the back. Behind. This time she was posed
picked do her wedding gown {Newsweek Int.
to modestly de derriere hawking the pedestrian virtues
March 23, 1981:47). 2. Wearing a dress with a of a billboard-rental firm {Newsweek Int. Sept. 2 1
low-cut neckline or one which leaves the shoulders 1981:33).

and neck exposed. His attention was attracted by a de die in diem abbr. d.d. in d. or de d. in d. adv. [L. de
woman who entered the room decollete. from, of (1); die day (2); in into, to, against, for (3);
de consilio curiae adv. [L. de of, from, about, for (1); diem day (4): from day to day.] Daily, a) In view of
consilio advise (2); curiae of court (3): from the ad- the limited period of time within which to submit its
vice of the court.] Law. By the advice of the court. report, the committee had to meet de die in diem, b) If
By the court's direction. The petitioner in the divorce I wrongfully place something on your land and leave
case surrendered the children to the respondent de it there, that is not simply a single act of trespass, but
consilio curiae. is a continuing trespass giving rise to a fresh cause of
decor or decor n., pi. decors or decors [Fr. decoration, action de die in diem (Rogers 1975:553).
scene, setting.] Decoration or ornament. Scenery, fur- dedimus dedimus potestatem n. [L. dedimus we
or
nishings, fittings, or anything which enhances the have given (1); potestatem power (2): We have
general appearance of a room, office, theater, public given power.] 1. Britain. A writ empowering pri-
building, or mansion. vate persons to perform some of the functions of a
De corona n. [L. de of, from, about, for (1); corona judge, such as administering oaths of office and
crown (2): about the crown.] On the Crown the Latin examining witnesses. 2. U.S.A. A legal authoriza-
title of a speech (330 B.C.) by the Athenian orator tion to take testimony.
Demosthenes (384-322 B.C.) in which he defends de d. in d. abbr. for de die in diem (q.v ).
his long-term policies towards the kingdom of de dolo malo adj. [L. de of, from, about, for ( ); dolo 1
Macedonia. deceit (3); malo bad (2): about bad deceit.] Of fraud.
decorum n., pi. decorums [L. seemliness, propriety.] Based on fraud. See dolus malus.
1 . Propriety. Good taste and behavior. Correct conduct de excommunicato capiendo or fern, de excom-
and manners. Jeremiah usually does things with the municata capienda n. [L. de of, from, about, for
proper decorum. 2. Orderliness. The quality of being ( 1 ); excommunicato excommunicated (person) (2);
proper, orderly or decorous. Hardly anybody transacts capiendo to be seized (3): for an excommunicated
business with that company without being impressed (person) to be seized.] Obsolete. Church Law. A writ
by its decorum. 3. Usually pi. Convention. What polite authorizing the arrest and detention of an excommu-
society requires. The people are ordinarily very nicated person until he has been pardoned by the
friendly, but they become very hostile when foreigners church.
trample upon their customary decorums. de executione judicii n. [L. de of, from, about, for ( 1 );
decoupage or decoupage n. , pi. decoupages or decou- ex(s)ecutione execution (2); judicii ofjudgment (3):
pages [Fr. cutting or carving out.] Art. Decoration about the execution of judgment.] Law. A writ or-
with cutouts, especially of paper or cloth. dering the execution of judgment.
decretum n., pi. decreta [L. decree, resolution.] An de facto adv. [L. de of, from, about, for ( 1 ); facto deed,
ordinance or decision. act, fact (2): from the deed/act.] In fact. Actually. As
Defensor Fidei 96
a matter of fact, though not of law. In reality. — adj. not only that the testator could not be considered
Exercising powers or privileges in practice but not as defunctus sine prole but also that the plaintiff
by legally sanctioned right. Bukar is the dejure head was the legitimate son ofthe testator. See mortuus
of department but, since he has other engagements, sine prole and sine prole.
his work in the department is done by Smith, the de de gratia adv. Iadj. [L. de of, from, about, for ( 1 ); gratia
facto head of department. Cf. de jure. favor (2): from favor.] By favor. Of grace/favor. May
Defensor Fidei abbr. D.F. n.,pl. Defensores Fidei [L. be used in opposition to de jure to draw a distinction
defensor defender (1); fidei of faith, honesty (2): between what is enjoyed by favor and what is enjoyed
Defender of the Though not of exclusive use,
faith.] by legal rights. He- enjoys an influential position de
a title conferred on Henry VIII (1491-1547) of En- gratia and not de jure. Cf. de jure.
gland by Pope Leo X (1475-1521) for writing the de gustibus non est disputandum. Usually written in
Assertio Septem Sacramentorum ("The Assertion of the shorter form de gustibus [L. de of, from, about, for
the Seven Sacraments") to criticize the doctrines of (1); gustibus tastes (2); non not (4); est it is (3);
Martin Luther (1483- 1546). Cf. Fidei Defensor. disputandum to be disputed, controverted (5): Con-
de fide adj. [L. de of, from, about, for (1); fide faith, cerning tastes, it is not to be disputed.] There is no point
honesty (2): from faith.] As a matter of faith. Re- in questioning another person's taste. / do not under-
garded as a compulsory article of faith. Do you want stand why he shouldfall in love with her, butde gustibus.
us to accept this view as proved or de fide? See a chacun son gout.
de fide et officio judicis non recipitur quaestio; sed de haut en bas also du haut en bas adv. [Fr. de from,
de scientia sive error sit juris sive facti. [L. de «?f, of (1); haut high, top (2); en to, into (3); bas low,
from, about, for ( 1 ); fide fidelity, honesty (2); et and bottom (4): from top to bottom.] From head to toe.
(3); officio sense of duty, conscience (4); judicis of In a condescending manner. With an air of superior-
judge (5); non not (7); recipitur is welcomed (8); ity. Haughtily. Arrogantly. Contemptuously. He quit
quaestio question (6); sed but (9); de of, from, about, his job because his boss consistently talked to him
for ( 1 0); scientia knowledge (11); sive whether ( 1 2); de haut en bas.
error error, mistake ( 13); sit be, is (14); juris of right, dehors prep. [Fr. outside, without, out of] Law. Out
law (15); sive or (16); facti of fact (17): About the of. Unconnected with. Foreign to. Alien to. Appli-
honesty and sense of duty of a judge a question is cable to records, agreements, wills, etc. The plaintiffs
not welcomed, but about his knowledge, whether the lawyers would permit nothing dehors agreement to
mistake be of law or of fact.] Law. No question will be used as evidence.
be entertained about a judge's honesty and sense of de identitate nominis n. [de of, from, about, for (1);
duty, but a question is entertained about his knowl- identitate identity (2); nominis of name (3): about
edge as to whether there is an error of law or of fact. identity of name.] A writ which lay for a person ar-
No action is entertained against a judge for an act rested and imprisoned as a result of mistaken identity
done in the performance of his judicial duties as long where one bears the same name as the actual culprit.
as it falls within his sphere of jurisdiction. If, how- Dei gratia abbr. D.G. adv. [L. Dei of God (2); gratia
ever, he commits an error, it may be rectified in an by grace ( 1): by the grace of God.] By divine favor.
appellate court. Used almost exclusively by kings and queens, and
defilade n.,pl. defilades [Fr. a marching in single file.] signifying that monarchy is a divine right.
1 . An 1 8th-century military maneuver in which troops Dei judicium n. [L. Dei of God (2); judicium judg-
march in single file in order to avoid enfilade, i.e., ment ( 1 ): the judgment of God.] Saxon Law. Trial by
the sweeping gunfire of the enemy. 2. A procession ordeal.
in single file. The spectacle of200 horsemen charging de incremento adj. [L. de of, from, about, for (1);
and stopping in a thundering defilade has to be seen incremento increase (2): about increase.] Law. Of
to be appreciated (Lindsay Barrett in West Africa increase. In addition. Additional. Applicable to costs
1986). in civil actions determined by the court in addition

De finibus bonorum et malorum n. [L. de of, to the normal costs assessed by the jury.
from, about, for (1); finibus ends (2); bonorum de inofficioso testamento adj. [L. de of, from, about,
of good (things) (3); et and (4); malorum bad for(l); inofficioso undutiful (2); testamento will (3):
(things) (5): about the ends of good things and concerning an undutiful will.] Law. Used in connec-
bad things.] On the Ends of Good and Bad, a tion with a form of action which aims at setting aside
philosophical treatise by Cicero (106-43 B.C.). a will that ignores the natural rights of children,
defunctus sine prole adj. [L. defunctus dead (1); sine widow, widower, or other immediate relatives.
without (2); prole offspring, children (3): dead with- See donatio inofficiosa.
out offspring.] Dead, leaving no issue. May be used de integro adv. [L. de of, from, about, for (1); integro
in family trees. The plaintiff proved convincingly fresh, entire, whole (2): from fresh.] Anew. A second
97 delicatus debitor
time. Afresh. Once more. The children ofthe deceased a transaction in which an agent or merchant, for a
have decided to share his estate de integro, taking higher commission, guarantees payment to the princi-
into consideration each beneficiary 's age. See de pal by a third party who purchases goods on credit.
novo and ex integro. The expression is used to describe the agent, merchant,
de jactura evitanda adv. [L. de of, from, about, for or commission involved in such a transaction.
( 1 ); jactura loss, damage (2); evitanda to be avoided delectus personae n. [L. delectus choice ( 1 ); personae of
(2) : for loss to be avoided.] Law. Applicable to a person (2): choice of a person.] The right of partners in a
defendant in the same way as de lucro captando firm or corporation to impose restrictions on admission
(q.v.) is applicable to the plaintiff. and to admit those whom they consider satisfactory.
deja vu n. [Fr. deja already, previously ( 1 ); vu seen (2): delegata potestas non potest delegari. [L. delegata
already seen.] 1. Art. Work lacking originality or re- delegated ( 1 ); potestas power (2); non not (4); potest
peating hackneyed themes, ideas, formulae, etc. But the can, is able (3); delegari to be delegated (5): A del-
wild choreography and the Fellinian excesses projected egated power cannot be delegated.] Law. A deputy
a depressing sense of deja vu (Newsweek Int. June 2, cannot appoint his own deputy, particularly when the
1980:51). 2. Psychology. The illusion of remembering position involves the exercise of discretion. See del-
or having previously experienced something which one egatus delegare etc.; delegatus non etc.; and
is now experiencing for the first time. He felt an eerie vicarius non etc.
sense ofdeja vu as he entered the home ofhis new ac- delegatus delegare non potest. [L. delegatus delegate
quaintance. See paramnesia 2. ( 1 );
delegare to delegate (4); non not (3); potest can,
dejecta pi. n. [L. things expelled, ejected, or dislodged.] is able (2): A delegate cannot delegate.] An agent
Excrement. Stool. Droppings. Cf. egesta and excreta. cannot delegate his duties to another agent or, for
de jure adv. [L. de of, from, about, for (1); jure right, that matter, a person who has been assigned a del-
law (2): from right.] By a rightful title. By right. As a egated function cannot delegate it to another person
matter of law. — adj. Legitimate. Recognized by law. except by express authorization. It is a general ride
Exercising the powers of, functioning as, enjoying the that if a power is conferred on a person which in-
privileges of, legally, legitimately or as a matter of law. volves the exercise of discretion, the donee cannot
In the absence ofMr. Cross, the dejure governor, Mr. assign or delegate to another the execution of the
Reece is serving as the governor. The expression is trust or confidence so reposed in him. Delegatus
used with reference to a position, benefit, power, etc. delegare non potest . . . (Parry 1961:233). See
enjoyed by legal right. Cf. de aequitate; de gratia; and delegata potestas etc.
ex gratia. delegatus non potest delegare. See delegatus delegare

dejure judices de facto juratores respondent. [L. de non potest. The maxim delegatus non potest delegare
of, from, about, for (3); jure right, law (4); judices applies in respect to the power of allotment given to
judges (1); de about (6); facto deed, act, fact (7); directors (Olawoyin 1977: 1 14). See delegata potestas
juratores jurors (5); respondent respond, answer (2): etc.
Judges answer about law, jurors about fact.] Law. De legibus n. [L. de of, from, about, for (1); legibus
Judges decide questions of law, jurors questions of laws (2): about the laws.] On the Laws, a philosophi-
fact. See ad quaestionem facti etc. cal dialogue and political treatise by Cicero ( 1 06^3
dejure de of, from, about, for(l);
stricto adv. I adj. [L. B.C.).
jure right, law (3); stricto strict (2): from strict law.] delenda Carthago. Cato the Elder (234-149
est
In strict law. If the case had been decided de jure B.C.). [L. delenda to be destroyed (3); est is
stricto, the defendant would have had to pay heavy (2) Carthago Carthage (1): Carthage is to be de-
;
damages. stroyed.] Carthage must be destroyed.

del. abbr. for delineavit (q.v.). deliberandum est diu quod statuendum est semel.
de latere adv.ladj. [L. de of, from, about, for (1); [L. deliberandum to be deliberated (6); est is (5);
latere side (2): from the side.] Collaterally. On the diu long, a long time (7); quod (that) which, what
side. Cf. a latere. (1); statuendum to be decided, determined (3); est
delator n., pi. delatores or delators [L. an informer, is (2); semel once, once and for all (4): That which is
accuser.] A professional informer. A denouncer. to be decided once and for all is to be deliberated
Suspicious, incompetent, power-obsessed and intol- upon for long.] A decision which is to be made once
erant rulers tend to rely inordinately on the services and for all demands long deliberation.
of obnoxious delators. delicatessen n., pi. delicatessens [Ger. Delikatessen:
del bien estre adv. [Obs. Fr. del of (1); bien well (3); Delikat delicacy (2): essen to eat (1): to eat a deli-
estre to be, being (2): of being well.] Former English cacy.] A shop where prepared foods, especially fancy
Legal Practice. Conditionally. See de bene esse. meats, cheeses, and salads, are sold.
del credere adj. [It. del of the (1); credere to believe, delicatus debitor est odiosus in lege. [L. delicatus luxu-
believing (2): of believing.] Of belief. Law. Concerning rious, voluptuous (1); debitor debtor (2); est is (3);
delicta majorum 98
odiosus hateful, odious (4); in in, on (5); lege law (6): de materia in exitu adj. [L. de of, from, about, for ( 1 );
A luxurious debtor is hateful/odious in law.] The law materia matter, subject (2); in in, on (3); exitu depar-
feels ill will toward a debtor who lives luxuriously. ture, outcome, issue (4): about the matter in issue.]
delicta majorum immeritus lues. [L. delicta offenses, Concerning the matter at hand.
transgressions (3); majorum of ancestors (4); de medietate linguae adj. [L. de of, from, about, for
immeritus undeserving, undeserved (2); lues you will ( 1 ); medietate the middle, midst (2); linguae of lan-
atone for, expiate (1): You will, though undeserving, guage (3): from the middle of language.] Law. Of a
atone for the offenses of your ancestors.] Innocent heirs jury half of whom are aliens, while the other half are
will pay for the offenses of their ancestors. citizens. Applicable to an arrangement in English law
delineavit abbr. del. [L. He/she drew it.] Used to in- before 1 870 whereby an alien or a foreign trader could
dicate the author of a painting or drawing. Cf. be tried before such a jury.
caelavit. de melioribus damnis adj. [L. de of, from, about, for
delirium n.,pl. deliria or deliriums [L. craziness, mad- (1); melioribus better (2); damnis damages (3): for/
ness, silliness.] 1. Medicine. A temporary mental dis- of the better damages.] Law. Applicable to an action
turbance characterized by excitement, restlessness, involving a joint tort where the damages against the
confusion, incoherence, disorientation, hallucinations, defendants have been assessed separately and the
and delusions. Though usually caused by high fever plaintiff chooses which of the defendants against
or toxemia, it may also occur during mental illness. whom to take judgment.
2. Wild, frenzied enthusiasm or excitement. demens n. [L. out of one's senses, foolish, distracted.]
delirium tremens abbr. d.t. n. [L. delirium craziness,' A person who is out of his senses or has lost his mind.
madness, silliness (2); tremens shaking, trembling Cf. amens, amentia, and dementia.
(1) trembling madness.] Medicine.
: Madness due to dementi n.,pl. dementis [Fr. contradiction, refutation,
alcohol. Delirium tremens is a violent madness denial.] A formal or official statement denying the
caused by prolonged and excessive use of alcoholic veracity of a report. The Ministry of Information
drinks. Its principal characteristics are restlessness, issued a dementi on the incident reported by the
dreadful hallucination, sweating, shaking body and newspaper, but people still preferred the news-
confused mentality. and where a person suffer-
. . . paper 's version to the Ministry 's.
ingfrom delirium tremens tore up his will and on his dementia n.,pl. dementiae or dementias [L. madness,
recovery said that he was mad to do it, there was insanity, senselessness.] Mental disorder. A form of
held to be no revocation (Parry 1961 :28). mental disorder marked by considerable decline in
de lucro captando adv. de of, from, about, for ( 1 );

[L. the patient's former intellectual ability and from
lucro gain, advantage (2); captando to be seized (3): which there cannot be full recovery, a) His erratic
for gain to be seized.] Law. For gaining advantage. who is suffering
behavior is not unlike that ofa person
Applicable to a plaintiff just as de jactura evitanda from dementia, b) Sir Matthew Hale thought that
(q.v.). is applicable to a defendant, dementia was one ofseveral otherforms of incapacity
de luxe or deluxe adj. [Fr. de from, of ( ); luxe luxury
1 which might exempt a person from criminal liability,
(2) of luxury.] First-class. Choice.
: Sumptuous. Very but which ordinarily do not excuse him from civil
luxurious. Very elegant. Of superior or very high liability. (Rogers . . 1975:609).
quality. Our wealthy neighbor has ten cars, all of dementia affectata n. [L. dementia madness, insan-
them de luxe. — adv. Luxuriously. In a luxurious ity, senselessness (2); affectata affected, feigned ( 1
):
manner. Sumptuously. We had a pleasant vacation, affected/feigned madness.] Pretended insanity.

traveling, lodging and dining de luxe. See luxe. dementia praecox or dementia precox /?., pi. dementiae
de majori et minori non variant jura. [L. de of, from, praecoces or dementiae precoces [L. dementia mad-
about, for ( 1 ); majori greater (2); et and (3); minori ness, insanity, senselessness (2); praecox premature ( 1
):
less, smaller (4); non not (7); variant vary, differ premature madness.] Medicine. Schizophrenia (q.v.).
(6); jura rights, laws (5): About the greater and the Adolescent insanity. The term covers a wide variety of
less laws do not vary.] Law. Laws make no distinc- mental disturbances that occur at a relatively early age.
tion between the greater and the less offense. demi-mondain or demi mondain adj. [Fr. demi half,
demarche n., pi. demarches [Fr. step, proceeding, partial (1); mondain social (2): half social.] Belong-
overture, representation.] 1. Proceeding. Course of ing to the outskirts of society. Characteristic of the
action.Maneuver. We need to embark upon a demi-monde (q.v.).
demarche which will yield the desired results. 2. A demi-mondaine or demi mondaine n., pi. demi-
diplomatic move. A diplomatic maneuver. 3. A repre- mondaines or demi mondaines [Fr. demi half, par-
sentation of views, ideas, or demands, whether formal tial ( 1 ); mondaine socialite (2): half socialite, a woman
or informal, to a public functionary. Members of the on the fringe of society.] A woman who belongs to
union made a demarche to the management about the demi-monde (q.v.). A woman of questionable
conditions ofservice. reputation. See hetaera.
99 Dentariae Medicinae Doctor
demi-monde or demi monde n., pi demi-mondes or denarius n., pi. denarii [L. coin.] Ancient Rome. 1. A
demi mondes [Fr. demi half, partial (1); monde silver coin. 2. The denarius aureus, a gold coin worth
world, society (2): half world, dissolute society, out- 25 silver denarii. — abbr. d. Great Britain. Obsolete.
skirts of society.] I. Class of women on the edge of A penny. E.g., one penny = 1 d. Cf. dinaro and shekel.
respectable society who are not prostitutes but who denarius Dei n. [L. denarius coin ( 1 ); Dei of God (2):
are supported financially by wealthy lovers. God's coin.] A penny or small sum of money given
2. People, such as professionals, who are engaged in as a token or other pledge, particularly after the con-
dubious, improper, unprofessional or illegal activities. clusion of a bargain or contract of purchase.

See hetaera. See argentum Dei.
de minimis adj. [L. de of, from, about, for ( 1 ); minimis De natura deorum n. [L. de of, from, about, for (1);
very little (things) (2): about very little things.] Trivial. natura nature deorum of the gods (3): about
(2);
Minute. Trilling. Insignificant. Unimportant. Minimal. the nature of the gods.] On the Nature of the Gods, a
Tiny. Microscopic. The electoral commissioners, for theological treatise by Cicero (106-43 B.C.).
example, often said that a particidar challenge by PA N denier a Dieu n., pi. deniers a Dieu [Fr. denier penny
was de minimis; (The Economist 1987).
. . .
(1) ; a to, toward, in, by, with, until (2); Dieu God (3):
de minimis non curat lex. [L. de of, from, about, for a penny to God.] God's penny. Pledge money. De-
(4); minimis very little (things) (5); non not (2); curat posit on transaction, denarius Dei. See argentum Dei.
cares (3); lex law (1): The law does not care about de non apparentibus, et non existentibus, eadem est
very little things.] The law pays no attention to trifles. de of, from, about, for (1); non not (2);
ratio. [L.
demi-saison adj. [Fr. demi half ( ); saison season (2): 1

apparentibus appearing (things) (3); et and (4); non
half season.] Pertaining to the period of time between not (5); existentibus existing (things) (6); eadem the
one social season and another. Demi-saison fashion. same (9); est is (3); ratio principle, consideration
demode adj. [Fr. outmoded.] Old-fashioned. Out of date. (7): About things not appearing and about things not
Outdated. Outmoded. Obsolete, a) Fashions have a existing, the principle is the same.] Law. The rule in
way ofmoving in cycles, and afashion which is demode legal proceedings about things not apparent and
today may of a subsequent age.
well be the fashion things not existing is the same; i.e., documents, deeds,
b) The publishers took a long time to release the book etc. which cannot be produced in court are regarded
and, by the time it came out, it had become demode. idem est non esse etc. and quod
as nonexistent. See
Cf. depasse non apparet etc.
demoiselle n., pi. demoiselles or desmoiselles [Fr. an de non sane memorie adj. [Obs. Fr. de of ( ); non not 1
unmarried woman.] A young lady. An unmarried (2) ; sane sound (3); memorie memory (4): of not
lady. A damsel. A spinster. sound memory.] Of unsound memory. Non compos
de morte hominis nulla est cunctatio longa. [L. de mentis (q.v.).
of, from, about, for ( 1 ); morte death (2); hominis of de nos jours adj. [Fr. de of, by, from (1 ); nos our (2);
person, human being (3); nulla no (4); est is (6); jours days (3): of our days.] Belonging to our time.
cunctatio delay (5); longa long (7): About the death Contemporary. Thefashion de nosjours is much more
of person no delay is long.] Where there is a ques- practical than was years ago. it
tion of life or death, no delay is too long. See in denouement or denouement n., pi. denouements or
favorem vitae etc.; interest reipublicae quod etc.; denouements [Fr. an untying or unraveling; a solu-
and La ley favour etc. tion, issue, end, outcome, unraveling of plot of play.]
de mortuis nil nisi bonum. [L. de of, from, about, for 1. The final solution or unraveling of the complexities
( 1 ); mortuis dead (persons) (2); nil nothing (3); nisi of the plot of a play or other literary work. There is
except, unless (4); bonum good (5): About dead per- also the victorious struggle, used here as the
sons, nothing except good.] Say nothing but what is denouement, of the strong man with the demon of
good about the dead. death, (Lesky 1966:36). 2. The final outcome of
. . .
demos n., pi. demoi [Gk. demos district, sovereign a complicated situation or a series of events. The com-
people, common people, democracy, popular assem- plicated and sordid affair reached its denouement
bly.] 1. Ancient Greece. The people of a state, par- when the evil machinations of the overambitious of-
ticularly a democratic state. The demos of ancient ficial were exposed.
Athens wielded power both in theory and in practice. de nouveau adv. [Fr. de of, by, from ( 1 ); nouveau new
2. The populace. The masses. The common people. (2): from new.] Anew. Again. De novo (q.v.).
Democracy, though commendable, can easily dete- de novo adv. de of, from, about, for ( ); novo new
[L. 1
riorate into the tyranny of the demos. 3. The entire (2): from new.] Anew. A second time. Afresh. Over
people of a nation. See canaille. again. The case was tried de novo on the orders of
de nada [Sp. da of ( ); nada nothing (2): of nothing.]
1 the ChiefJustice. See de integro and ex integro.
It was nothing. You're welcome. Cf. de rien and Dentariae Medicinae Doctor abbr. D.M.D. n. [L.
prego. dentariae of Dental (2); medicinae (of) medicine
I 1
Dm Bdjuvflote 100
dOCtot teacher ( ): teacher of dental medicine.

(*>). I J
miserable deposit. Necessary deposit. See deposit urn J
Doctor of Dental Medicine. A terminal graduate de- net essarium

gree in dentistry. depositum neeessariurn n .
[A deposita necessaria fl.
i)« o adjuvants adv [L Dm ivitli

r
lod ( I j. adjuvants deposltum deposit (2); neeessariurn necessary (I y. nec-
helping (2): with God helping j
With the help of God. essary deposit. Property deposited with, or entrusted
J
to.
( I
|>M favente Dm vol* riti Bfld Domino volente another pervm when there is an unexpected emergency
de odio et alia // |l. de of from, about for f I ), odio or a disaster such as fire, flrxxJ, or earthquake. See de-
hatred (2), et and (3), atia ill will, malice (Ay of hatred position miserabik
and ill will J
Law A writ authorizing the sheriff to find depot n pi depots . f f r di 'pot deposit, storeroom, store-
out whether a suspect imprisoned for murder was im- house, warehouse, depository.) I. Law. A deposit.
prisoned on the basis of rcavmablc suspicion or merely Something deposited either voluntarily or under com-
on ;i< < (mill oi hatred and ill tvlll if the fifrt alternative pulsion. 2. Law. Something deposited in accordance
could not be supported, a second writ is issued admit- with the agreement of the parties, or because of a pend-
ling tlx: susp< (A U>\ .nl ( I propter odium et atiarn ing litigation, or in compliance with the order of a court.
Deo favente adv \\ . Deo with ( iod ( I
); faventc sup 3. A place where things are stored and distributed. A
porting, showing favor (2) with God supporting !
warehouse. 4. A place where military, para-military,
With the favor of God CI Deo adjuvante; Deo and naval equipment or supplies are received, stored,
volente and Dornino volente classified, maintained, and forwarded. 5. A place where-
De offieiis // |l. de of from. about REM (1); offieiis military or police recruits are trained. 6. A railroad or
offices, duties, tasks (2). about duties ] On Duly, a bus station.
philoiophii si dialogue by ( it ere ( 106 43 B.( )

de prof undis n [de of from, about, for (
I ); prof undis
Dm gratlas abbi D.G. inter) [L Deo to God (2); the depths (2): from the depths.) Out of the depths.
gralias thanks ( ) I hanks to (iod IhankstoOod
|
I. 'I he first words of Psalm 130. 2. An especially
DM optimo maximo <il>hi D.O.M. 1 1 Deo toOod(l); profound and sorrowful expression of misery or de-
Optimo (to) be. t
(2); ma%lmo (to) greatest | \) roOod spondency His statement after his condemnation to
best, greatest | lo (iod, the best and the greatest A deadi was 'hi unforgettable de profundls which
dedicatory inscription on some works of art. aroused immense sympathv amonx the audience.
Deo volente abbi D.V. adv [L Deo with God (I); deracine ad/ pi, deraeines [Fr, uprooted.) Displaced.
—
,
volente (with) being willing (2). with Cod being, Removed from the normal place or position. n.
willui)', |
Cod willing If God permits With the Someone who has been displaced rom his/her home, f
permission, Approval, oi lanction oi Ood / in country, occupation, or social position. The deraeines
tend to visit my bfothet tomorrow, Deo volente garnered together dally to commiserate with each
( I Deo adjnvanle Deo favente and Domino other.
volente de rationahili parte bonorum n \
I „ de of, from, about,
depasse ad/ [] i
patted, 6X1 ceded surpassed | PaSl for ( 1
), rationahili reasonable (2); parte part, por-
Outdated Obsolete Outmoded Out of dale a)/// tion ( }); bonorum of the goods, property (4): about
lhe\< hi ash and hi utal 1980S, the idea Ofa meditation fl reasonable portion of the goods/property. J
Law. A
roomfoi <>///< ials to go and brood about peace, some writ which lay for the children and widow against
how teems dipassi, {West Africa 1985). b) The the executors of the deceased person's will to recover
publlshei I tOOk a long time tO release the bOOk and. a third or a reasonable portion of the estate after the
by the time it came out, the data had become dipassi, debts had been settled. . . . a special common law
< I demode writ (ailed de rationahili parte bonorum 'by which
depayse /em depaysce ad/ [Fl ItKUlge, out of one's wife and children COUld enforc e recovery oj their
element | Placed in b itrange environment. Not being fAaref(Bentsi-Enchill 1964:204).
in one'i elemenl <»i af home Displaced In a society de regie ad/ /adv [Fr. de of, by ( I ); regie order, rule
when- there is excessive emphasis on ethnicity, one (2): ol/by rule, order or law.) According to rule or
usuallyfeels dipaysi w hen one leaves his/her locality order Required or dictated by convention, rule or
and resides elsewhere law. ( lustomary
deposition n , />/ deposita 01 depositions |l fl de De re puhliea n. [L. de of, from, about, for (I); re
posit, trUSt, bailment |
I Roman and Civil Law. A matter, thing, property, business, af fair (3); publica
bailment of goods to he kepi gratis f<>i the bailor's public (2): about the public affair, about the repub-
use, the bailee oi depositary deriving n<> benefit bom lic | On the Republic, a philosophical dialogue and
it 2 Deposit Something, such as money, put at 8 political treatise by Cicero ( 106 43 B.C.) in which
place f»»i safekeeping oi as a pledge. J. a depository Scipio Acmilianus, Laelius, and other Romans of the
oi place ol deposit 2nd century B.C. discuss the ideal state. The book
deposltum mlserablle " pi deposita mlserabllla . 1
survives only in part, including the Somnium
deposltum deposit (2); mlserablle miserable (G Sclplonls (qv.).
, .
101 de similibus
de rerum natura Lucretius (c.94-c.55 B.C.). [L de Der Schauspieldirecktor n Ger der the Schauspiel
of. from, about for ( 1 ): rerum of matters, things, pla> (2): Direcktor director (3): the play director.]
property, business, affairs (3); natura nature (2y "The Play Director." "The Impresario " A one-act
about the nature of things] Concerning the nature of satirical opera for which Wolfgang Amadeus Mozan
things. — De rerum natura On the Sature of Things. ( 1 756- 1 79 ) wrote the music.
1
the title of Lucretius" philosophical epic poem on desaparecido n.. pi desaparecidos [Sp. disappeared,
epicurean philosophy and the atomic theory of vanished, or missing person.] Argentina. Thousands
Democritus. of men. women, and children who vanished during
Der Fliegende Hollander n. [Ger. der the (1): the military regimes war against leftist
fliegende flying (2): Hollander Hollander. "subversionists" in the 1970s. . . . right-wing officers
Dutchman (3): the flying Dutchman.] "The Fly- arrested six prominent human-rights activists and
ing Dutchman." an 1841 opera by Richard Wagner detained 6% relatives ofdesaparecidos i Sewsweek Int.
(1813-1883). March 30. 1981:23).
Der Freischutz n Ger der the 1 1 1: frei free (2y. Schutz de sa vie adj [Fr de of ( 1 y sa his her. one's own (2):
shooter (3): the free shooter ] "The Free Shooter." the vie life, lifetime (3): of one's own lifetime ] Law.
German romantic opera 82 by Carl Maria von
first ( 1 1 ) For one's own lifetime. During one s lifetime. Ap-
Weber 786- 826 "The plot is based upon a suitor
( 1 1 ). plicable to tenancy of an estate. Cf autre vie
contest in the form of a shooting match in which the descriptio personae r L descriptio description ( 1 ):
suitor sells his soul for some magic bullets. personae of person (2y. description of the person.]
de rien ad\ [Fr. de of < 1 ): rien nothing (2): of noth- Law. Matter which merely describes the persons of
ing] It was nothing. You're welcome. Cf da nada the parties and has no effect on a legal document's
and prego validity. Cf designatio personae
de rigueur adj [Fr. de of. mil); rigueur strictness, deshabille "dishabille n. [Fr. deshabille undressed.]
severity (2): in strictness.] Obligatory. Indispensable. 1. A state of partial undress. The police burst into
Proper. Compulsory. Required by the dictates of cus- the room to encounter a very distressed couple in
tom, etiquette, or fashion. For that one night, suits extreme deshabille. 2. Casual dress. The princess
and ties are de rigueur even for IBM s most honored greeted her visitors in simple deshabille.
researchers (Sewsweek Int. Jan 10. 1983:39). desideratum abbr. desid. n.. pi desiderata [L. that
derivam a potestas non potest esse major primitiva. which is desired ]
Something desired as essential or
[L deri\ati\a demed potestas power (2y non 1 1 >: necessary Something aimed at or sought
. for. Peace
not 4 potest can. is able (3): esse to be (5): major
1 1
of mind is a desideratum for anybody who wants to
greater, bigger (6); primitiva than primitive, origi- live a happy and successful life.
nal (7): Derived power cannot be greater than the desiderium n.. pi desideria [L. desire, longing ] An
original principal power.] Law. An authority which ardent longing or desire. Used especially with refer-
is derived cannot be greater than the authority from ence to feeling of gnef for something that is lost
which it is derived. See accessorium non ducit etc. designatio personae r L designatio designation,
dernier cri n. [Fr. dernier last, latest (1>: cricry. shout specification ( 1 ): personae of person (2): designation
(2): the latest cryThe latest fashion, style, or thing.
] of the person ] Law Matter which not only designates
.
The new est fashion. The rage. The last word. The the persons of the parties to a legal document but also
most authoritative thing. Joe and Mary are a dash- is essential to its validity . Cf descriptio personae
ing couple and they are always the first to wear the designatio unius est exclusio alterius. et expressum
dernier cri in town. * facit cessare taciturn. [L designatio specification ( 1 ):
dernier ressort n Tr. dernier last, latest < 1 y. ressort unim of one (2); est is (3 i exclusio exclusion {Ay.
resort, line (2): last resort] Last expedient. Final re- alterius of another, the other (5y. et and (6):
course. A fter countless futile complaints. Irene took expressum the expressed (7): facit makes (8): cessare
to legal redress as her dernier ressort. to cease (lOy. taciturn the unmentioned. implied (9y
derriere or derriere n pi derrieres or derrieres [Fr. The specification of one is the exclusion of the other,
behind, posterior The behind. The] The posterior. and the expressed makes the implied to cease ] Law .
buttocks. She slipped on the ice and fell on her When one is specified appointed the other is excluded
derriere. and what is expressed supersedes what is implied.
Der Ring des Nibelungen n [Ger. der the y. Ring ( 1 See affirmatio unius et; . enumeratio unius etc .
ring (2): des of the (3): Nibelungen Nibelungs (4): expressio unius est et; . expressio unius personae
the ring of the Nibelung.] The ring of the Nibelung 1 . etc expressum
: facit et; inclusio unius et; a.-.c
(q.v.). A magic ring taken from a wealthy dwarf by posito uno et;
the Norse hero Siegfried. 2. An operatic tetralogy by de similibus idem est judicandum. [L de t. t-—
Richard Wagner ( 8 3- 883 ). Cf. Das Rhinegold. 1 1 1 about for (1 similibus y. like, similar (things) (2):
Die Walkure. z-.z Nibelungenlied idem the same (5): est it is (3 k judicandum to he
de similibus idem 102
judged, decided About like things, it is to be judged

(4): detournement de pouvoir n. [Fr. detournement di-
the same.] Law. The judgment in similar cases must version (1); de of (2); pouvoir power, authority (3):
be the same. See de similibus idem est judicium. diversion of power.] Abuse of power. Using power,
de similibus idem est judicium [L. de of, from, about, conferred for one purpose, to achieve a different goal.
for ( 1 ); similibus like, similar (things) (2); idem the The official behaves as though the institution is his
same (5); est is (4); judicium judgment (3): About patrimony and, by a flagrant detournement de
like things, the judgment is the same.] Law. The judg- pouvoir, he uses its resources for his selfish ends.
ment in similar cases is the same. See de similibus de toutes pieces adv. [Fr. de from (1); toutes all (2);
idem est judicandum; eadem est ratio etc.; in con- pieces parts, pieces (3): from all parts.] Completely.
simili casu, consimile etc.; ubi eadem ratio, ibi Wholly. Entirely. At all points. Fully. Credit must
idem jus; and ubi eadem ratio, eadem lex etc. ibi be given to Bonsu for conceiving the idea de toutes
de son tort adj. [Fr. de of ( ); son his/her, one's own
1
pieces.
(2); Urt wrong, fault (3): of one's own wrong.] Wrong- de trop adj. [Fr. de of ( 1 ); trop too much (2): of too
ful. Unlawful. Illegitimate. Law. Used to describe an much.] Too much. Too many. Unwanted. In excess.
executor, administrator or trustee who assumed the Superfluous. Unwelcome. Wearing a woollen
position wrongfully or without lawful authority. If, three-piece suit at Maiduguri in April is simply de trop.
when there is no lawful representative, one who is de una parte adj. I adv. [L. de of, from, about, for (1);
neither executor nor administrator, intenneddles with una one (2); parte part, side (3): from one part/side.]
the goods of the deceased, or does any act which ii Law. From one party. Applicable to a deed where
characteristic of the office of executor, he thereby the grant or obligation is unilateral. Anda signed and
makes himselfliable as an executor de son tort (Parry executed a deed de una parte today. See ex parte.
1961:296). deus ex machina orfern, dea ex machina n., pi. dei ex
desunt cetera, or desunt caetera. [L. desunt are miss- machina orfern, deae ex machina [L. deus God ( 1 );
ing (2); cetera the rest, the other things (1): The ex out of (2); machina machine (3): a god out of a
rest are missing.] cetera desunt (q.v.). machine.] 1. Greek Tragedy. A contrivance intro-
desunt nonnulla. [L. desunt are missing (2); nonnulla duced extraneously to solve the complexities of a
not-none, some, several (things) ( 1 ): Some things are play. 2. A person/thing which appears to solve a
missing.] Some portions are missing. Used to indi- seemingly insoluble problem. In her testimony, Mrs.
cate that substantial portions of a manuscript cannot Obi described her husband as an indolent man who
be found. Cf. cetera desunt and desunt cetera. makes no effort to solve the problems of the family,
de tempore in tempus adv. [L. de of, from, about, for and apparently looks for a deus ex machina.
(1); tempore time (2); in into, to, against, for (3); Deus vobiscum [L. Deus God (1); vobis you (3); cum
tempus time (4): from time to time.] Occasionally. with, together (2): God with you (pi.).] May God be
Cf. de temps en temps. with you. Cf. Dominus vobiscum.
de temps en temps adv. [Fr. de from (1); temps time, Deus vult [L. Deus God (1); vult wishes (2): God
weather (2); en in, to (3); temps time, weather (4): wishes.] God wishes it. This phrase, shouted out to
from time to time.] Occasionally. Now and then. Cf. Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095,
de tempore in tempus. became the slogan of the First Crusade.
detente n., pi. detentes [Fr. relaxation, slackening, im- Deutschland uber alles n. [Ger. Deutschland Ger-
provement, easing.] Relaxation, easing or slackening many ( 1 ); uber over, above (2); alles everything (3):
of strained political relations between countries, Germany over everything.] The title of German na-
a) East-West detente, b) Until now, the most difficult tional anthem until the end of the Second World War.
single obstacle to Sino-Soviet detente has been the devastavit n., pi. devastavits [L. He has laid waste.
Kremlin 's unwillingness to take thefirst step in break- He has devastated.] Law. 1. An administrator's or
ing the deadlock (Newsweek Int. Aug. 2, 1982:33). executor's wasting of the goods, or mismanagement
detour n., pi. detours [Fr. detour turning away, inof the estate, of the decedent, for which the admin-
direct route.] 1. A roundabout route, especially a istrator or executor can be sued by creditors and
temporary alternate to a main road or path. 2. A legatees. A devastavit is a mismanagement of the
temporary departure from a main or usual course of estate in misapplying its assets (Hanbury 962:506).
1
action. — v. To turn aside from a main route or 2. A writ for seeking remedy for such wastage.
course of action. de ventre inspiciendo n. [L. de of, from, about, for ( 1 );
detournement n. [Fr. diversion, misappropriation, ventre womb, belly (2); inspiciendo to be inspected/
embezzlement, fraudulent misuse.] Law. Misappro- examined (3): for a womb to be inspected.] Law. Writ
priation of a master's property by a servant. Abuse to ascertain whether or not a woman is pregnant.
of confidence or trust, i.e., fraudulent misuse of de verbo in verbum adv.ladj. [L. de of, from, about,
goods, money, documents, etc. given for a specific for (1); verbo word (2); in into, to, against, for (3);
purpose. Cf. abus de confiance. verbum word (4): from word to word.] Word for word.
103 die goldene medina
The witness quoted the statement of the accused per- world. 2. The dispersion, scattering or spread of
son de verbo in verbum. See verbatim et litter at im. people of one nationality, race, faith, etc. into other
dew an n. [Hindi divan from Pers. a bundle of sheets of countries. Ghanaians in the diaspora are in many
paper, an account book, a roster, an assembly.] A respects very different from the nationals of other
government official in India. Cf. divan. African countries (Thomas Cooke in West Africa
d'expression francaise adj. [Fr. d' of ( 1 ); expression 1 985). 3. People of one country, continent, faith, etc.
expression, jtterance (3); francaise French (2): of dispersed or scattered into other countries, continents,
French expression.] Francophone. French-speaking. etc. The Ghanaian diaspora in Britain has features
, . . let us start with the literature on West Africa which distinguish it from other African diasporas.
d 'expression francaise written in English ( Y. Y. in dictamen n., pi. dictamina [Late L. that which is said,
West Africa 1982). a saying, decree.] Pronouncement. Rule. Dictate. The

D.F. abbr. for Defensor Fidei (q.v.). world is full of many worthless men who do not act
D.G. abbr. for 1 . Dei gratia (q.v.). 2. Deo gratias (q.v.). according to the dictamen of reason or conscience,
dharma n. [Skt. statute, law.] 1. Hinduism and Bud- but are mere puppets manipulated by unscrupulous
dhism. The ordering principle of the universe and potentates.
the code of individual conduct based upon this prin- dictator or fern, dictatrix n., pi. dictators or fern.
ciple. 2. Hinduism. The obligations of an individual dictatrices [L. one who says repeatedly or orders.]
based upon caste, custom, and law. 3. Buddhism. The 1. Ancient Rome. A chief magistrate nominated by
collective teachings of Buddha. a consul after a proposal by the Senate during times
dharna n. [Hindi dharna ] A fast carried out at the of emergency and invested with absolute power and
door of a debtor or wrong-doer in order to obtain authority. The dictator had to abdicate office after
justice. six months or as soon as the emergency which ne-
diacope n., pi. diacopae or diacopes [Gk. diakope: cessitated his appointment had come to an end. 2. A
dia through, across, completely (2); kope cutting ( 1 ): person, leader, or ruler who wields power autocratically,
cutting through.] Rhetoric. A form of epizeuxis (q.v.) absolutely, authoritatively, ruthlessly, oppressively,
or word repetition in which the repeated words are or brutally.
separated by another word; e.g., "I shall say it again dictum n., pi. dicta [L. word, saying.] 1. Saying. State-
and again and again: Your boys are not going to be ment. A formal or authoritative pronouncement. The
sent into any foreign wars" (Franklin Delano dictum, "Man is the measure ofall things, "has almost
Roosevelt in 1940). the same meaning as the dictum, "Beauty is in the eyes
diaeresis or dieresis diaereses or diereses [Gk. " 2. Law. An opinion expressed by a
n., pi. of the beholder.
diaiersis: dia through, across, completely (2); judge on a point which may not necessarily arise from
(h)airesis taking ( 1 ):
taking apart, dividing.] Linguis- or be related to a case in question.
tics. Resolution of a diphthong. 2. The diacritic sign; dictum de omni et nullo [L. dictum maxim, saying
i.e., two periods ["] put over a vowel as an indication (1); de of, from, about, for (2); omni everything (3);
that it is to be pronounced separately; e.g., naive. et and (4); nullo nothing (5): maxim about every-
diagnosis n.,pl. diagnoses [Gk. diagnosis: dia through, thing and nothing.] Logic. An axiom or rule which
across, completely (2); gnosis knowing (1): knowing maintains that any affirmation or denial about a class
through, knowing completely, knowing apart, power is applicable to every individual member of the class.
of discernment, means of discerning or distinguishing.] diebus alternis abbr. dieb. alt. [L. diebus (on) days (2);
1. Medicine. Examining symptoms or signs to rec- alternis on alternate ( 1 ): on alternate days.] Every other
ognize a disease and determine its nature. The decision day. See alternis diebus.
itself. . . . the diagnosis ofthe disease indicated that Die Entfiihrung aus dem Serail n. [Ger. die the
it was either yellowfever or infectious hepatitis (Sunday (1) ;
Entfiihrung abduction (2); aus from (3);
Tribune, 1986). 2. An analysis or investigation to de- dem the (4); Serail seraglio, harem (5): the
termine the nature or cause of a situation, condition, abduction from the seraglio.] "Abduction from
event, problem, difficulty, or phenomenon. The novel the Seraglio," a comic opera (1782) by Wolfgang
presents the moving drama of an adolescent youth, Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791), his first in German.
the story of whose near destruction underscores the Cf. seraglio.
author's perceptive diagnosis of a social illness Die Frau ohne Schatten n. [Ger. die the (1); Frau
plaguing his society ( West Africa 987). 1 woman (2); ohne without (3); Schatten a shadow,
diaspora n.,pl. diasporas [Gk. dia through, across, in figure (4): the woman without a shadow.] "The
different directions, completely (2); spora sowing, Woman without a Shadow," an opera by Richard
scattering ( 1 ): sowing in different directions, disper- Strauss (1864-1949).
sion.] 1. Jews living outside Palestine after the die goldene medina n. [Yid. die the ( ); goldene golden 1
Babylonian captivity. Jews living outside Palestine or (2) medina state (3): the golden Medina.] The golden
;
modem Israel, or anywhere in the so-called Gentile state or place of refuge, like the city of Medina in Saudi
Die Jungfrau 104
Arabia which served as the refuge for the prophet dies non n. [L dies day ( 1 ); non not (2): a day not ] A
Muhammad. . . most Soviet Jewish emigres regard day on w hich business is not conducted.
the L S as die goldene medina . .
( Time Int. 1982). Die Tat ist alles. nicht der Ruhm. Johann Wolfgang
Die Jungfrau von Orleans n. [Ger. die the ( 1 ); von Goethe ( 749-1 832). Faust II. [Ger. die the ( );
1
1
Jungfrau maid, young woman, girl (2); von of. from Tat act. deed (2); ist is (3); alles all, everything (4);
(3); Orleans Orleans (4): the maid of Orleans] "The nicht not (5); der the (6); Ruhm glory, fame (7):
Maid of Orleans." a play about Joan of Arc by The deed is every thing, not the fame ] The deed is
Friednch von Schiller (1759-1805). everything, the glory nothing.
Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg pi. n. [Ger Dieu et mon droit [Fr. Dieu God et and (2); mon ( 1 );
die the (1); Meistersinger mastersingers (2); my (3); droit right, law (4): God and my right] Motto
von of. from (3); Nurnberg Nurenburg (4): the on the royal arms of England. It w as first adopted by
mastersingers of Nurenburg ] "The Mastersingers Richard I.
of Nurenburg." a 1867 opera by Richard Wagner Dieu me pardonnera. C'est son metier. Heinrich
(1813-1883). Heine (1797-1856). [Dieu God (1); me me (3);
Die Politik ist keine exakte Wissenschaft. Otto von pardonnera w ill forgive, pardon (2); c" it (4); est is
Bismarck (1815-1898). [Ger. die the (1); Politik (5); son his (6); metier trade, profession (7): God
politics (2); ist is (3): keine not an (4); exakte exact, will pardon me. It is His trade.] It is God's job to
precise (5); Wissenschaft know ledge, science schol- forgive me.

arship (6): The politics is not an exact science.] Poli- Dieu son acte [Obs. Fr. Dieu God ( 1
); son his (2); acte
tics is not an exact science. act. deed (3): God. His act.] Archaic Law. An act of
Die Religion ist das Opium des Volkes. Karl Marx God. Actus Dei (q.v.).
(18 1 8- 1 883 ). [Ger. die the ); Religion religion (2); ( 1 Die Walkiire pi. n. [Ger. die the (1); Walkure
ist is (3): das the (4): Opium opium (5); des of the Valkuries (2): the Valkuries.] "The Valkunes." the
(6); V olkes people (7): Religion is the opium of the first opera (1854) in the Ring tetralogy by Richard
people ]
Religion serves as a narcotic for the masses Wagner ( 18 13-1883). Cf. Das Rhinegold; Der Ring
or common people. des Nibelungen; and Nibelungenlied
dies ad quem n. [L dies day (1); ad to. at. for. Die Zauberflote n. Zauber magic
[Ger. die the ( 1 );
according to (2); quem which (3): the day to which.] (2); flote flute (3): the "The Magicmagic flute.]
Civil Law. The day of the conclusion of a transaction; Flute." a 1 79 German opera by Wolfgang Amadeus
1
e.g.. interest on a loan. Cf. dies a quo. Mozart (1756- 1791).

dies a quo n. [L. dies day ( ). a from (2); quo which
1 differentia n.. pi. differentiae [L. difference. di\er-
(3): the day from w hich.] Civil Law The day of the . sity, distinction.] 1. A mark or characteristic which
commencement of a transaction; e.g.. interest on a distinguishes one thing from another, especially one
loan. See a quo; terminus a quo; and terminus post species from others or another in the same genus. 2. A
quem. Cf. ad quem; dies ad quem; terminus ad feature, characteristic, factor, etc.. which distin-
quem; and terminus ante quem guishes one individual, condition, state, group, or
dies Dominicus n. [L. dies day dominicus of the ( 1 ); class from another. Man is essentially an animal but
lord (2): the day of the Lord The Lord's day. i.e., ] there are some differentiae which distinguish him
Sunday. from the lower animals.
dies Dominicus non est juridicus. [L dies day (1); difficile est longum subito deponere amorem.
dominicus of the lord (2); non not (4); est is (3); Catullus (87-54 B.C.). Carmina LXXVI,13. [L.
juridicus of justice (5): The day of the Lord is not a difficile difficult (2); est it is (1); longum long,
day of justice] Sunday is not a court day. Sunday is long-continued (5); subito suddenly (3); deponere
not a day for legal proceedings. to put lay aside, get rid of (4); amorem love (6): It is
dies inceptus pro completo habetur. [L. dies day 1 1 ); difficult suddenly to lav aside long-continued love.]
inceptus begun (2); pro as (4); completo completed It is hard for someone to put aside a long-standing
(5); habetur is had, held, regarded (3): A day begun love on short notice.
is regarded as a day completed.] A partial day is difficilior lectio n.. pi. difficiliores lectiones [L
counted like a full day in a legal contract or agree- difficilior more difficult ); lectio reading (2): more ( 1
ment. Cf. annus inceptus etc. difficult reading.] The more difficult reading. A prin-
dies irae n. [L. dies day ( 1 ); irae of wrath, anger (2): ciple of manuscript editing w hich assumes that the
day of w rath or anger.] The Last Day. The Day of
1 . harder reading is more likely than an easier reading
Judgment. 2. The first words and the name of a 3th- 1 to be closer to original text. Cf. varia lectio.
century Latin hymn about the Last Judgment tradi- difficilius est invenire quam vincere. Julius Caesar
tionally sung at a funeral Mass. 3. Any day of w rath (101^4 B.C.). [L. difficilius more difficult (2); est
or judgment. The spendthrift dreaded the dies irae it is (1); invenire to find out. discover (3); quam
when his notes came due. than (4); vincere to overcome, subdue (5): It is more
.
105 dissentiente
difficult to find out (or discover) than to subdue.] It (2); quod that which (4); vis you wish (5); fac do,
is harder to find a way than to conquer. / may say in make (3): Love and do that which you wish.] Love
this case, dijjicilius est invenire quam vincere. as and do whatever you want. Cf ama et fac quod vis
Caesar said when he and his Army ran about the dimidium facti qui coepit habet. Horace (65-8 B.C .).
Alps to find out a way(pa Treby C. J. in Monnington Epistles 11,2,40. [L. dimidium half (4); facti of the
v. Davis [1695] Fort. 224 at 227 quoted by Megarry deed (5); qui (he) who (1); coepit has begun (2);
1955:158). habet has, holds, regards (3): He who has begun has
diktat n., pi. diktats [Ger. Diktat dictation, an order, half of the deed.] He who begins a project has com-
command, imposition.] A settlement, treaty, etc., pleted half of it. Well begun is half done.
imposed by a victorious power on a defeated enemy. diminutio n. [L. decrease, lessening, abatement, loss,
Fiat (q. v. ). " The Soviet Union is a great power which forfeiture.] A taking away. Loss or deprivation.
has never allowed and will never allow anyone to See capitis diminutio.
"
speak to it in the language ofblackmail and diktat. dinaro n.. pi. dinaros [Sp. from L. denarius coin ]
Tass snapped {Newsweek Int. Jan. 11, 1982:8). Money. Cf. denarius and shekel.
dilationes in lege sunt odiosae. [L. dilationes delays, Ding an sich n.. pi. Dinge an sich [Ger. Ding thing,
postponements (1); in in, on (2); lege law (3); sunt matter (1); an in (2); sich itself, themselves (3): a
are (4); odiosae hateful, vexatious, unpleasant (5): thing in itself] Philosophy. Metaphysical reality. The
Delays in law are hateful.] Law. Adjournments, delays ultimate reality underlying, or as distinguished from,
in legal proceedings are vexatious. See infinitum what can be seen in. or perceived about, an object.
in etc. See noumenon Cf. an sich and phenomenon.
dilemma n., pi. dilemmas [Gk. di twice, in two (1); dinghy n..pl. dinghies [Hindi dingiasmall boat.] Any
lemma premise, proposition (2): a proposition in two, small boat, especially a rovvboat or inflatable raft.
an ambiguous proposition.] 1. An argument or debate dipsomania n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. dips(a) thirst (2):
in which an opponent is offered a choice between mania insanity ( 1 ): insanity of thirst.] Medicine. Al-
two alternatives, neither of which is favorable. 2. A coholism. Abnormal desire for intoxication either
situation in which one has to choose between two through liquor or drugs. See potomania.
alternatives, neither of which is pleasant, satisfac- dirigisme n.. pi. dirigismes [Fr. planning, planned
tory, appealing, or desirable, a) Rifaat demonstrates economy, controlled Economic planning.
finance.]
the dilemma of woman, the tragedy of being without Planned economy. Planning and control of the
aman and the disaster of being with one (Dr. CO. economy by the state. Initially the government
Ogunyemi in West Africa 1985). b) But to the adopted a policy of laissez-faire but. when the
country 's 270 Olympic hopefids . . . the dilemma was economy slumped dreadfiilly. it resorted to dirigisme.
real enough; to boycott the Moscow Games or go dirigo [L. I direct.] I lead. Motto of the State of Maine.
for the gold (Newsweek Int. June 30, 1980:46). 3. A dis aliter visum. Vergil (70-19 B.C.). Aeneid
perplexing or difficult problem. A problem for which 11,428. [L. dis to the gods (3); aliter otherwise,
there is no apparent satisfactory solution. differently (2); visum having seemed (1): hav-
dilettante n.. pi. dilettantes or dilettanti [It. one de- ing seemed otherwise to the gods.] God thought
lighting in, a lover.] A person who loves or admires
1 . (or decided) otherwise. It was not so fated. Femi
the arts. A connoisseur. 2. A person who pursues, cul- planned to proceedfor postgraduate studies in engi-
tivates or shows interest in art, literature, or a branch neering, but Dis aliter visum.
of knowledge just for amusement or superficially, and Discours de la Methode. [Fr. discours discourse (1);
does not make it his/her profession. Sometimes Mr. de from, of (2); la the (3); methode method (4): the
Marti forgets that he is merely a dilettante and at- discourse of the method.] Discourse on Method, a
tempts to compete with professional artists. mathematical and philosophical treatise (1637) by
Cf. amateur. Rene Descartes (1596-1650). See cogito ergo sum.
dilexi justitiam et odi iniquitatem. propterea dishabille var. of deshabille (q.v .).
morior in exilio. Gregory VII (c. 1020-1085). disjecta membra pi n. disjecta [L. scattered, dispersed
[L. dilexi I have loved, valued ( 1 ); justitiam justice (1); membra limbs, members (2): scattered limbs or
(2); et and (3); odi I hate, dislike (4); iniquitatem members.] Fragments of a passage, quotation, work,
injustice, unfairness (5); propterea therefore, for that etc. Disjointed or scattered fragments. The work has
reason (6); morior I die (7); in in, on (8); exilio exile not survived in its entirety: what we have are disjecta
(9): I have loved justice and I hate injustice; for this membra.
reason I die in exile.] I die away from my homeland dissentiente adj. [L. dissenting, disagreeing.] Law. Used
because I have cherished what is just and hated what to qualify the name of a judge or the names of judges
is unjust. to indicate a dissenting opinion. Thus in Gregory v
dilige et quod vis fac. Augustine of Hippo (354-430). Cattle the headnote shows that the decision was
In Joann. VII, 8. [L. dilige love, esteem (1); et and reached by a court consisting of 'Charles J. ' and Hallet
distingue 106
J. (haesitante). Stable J. dissentiente " (Megarry diverso intuitu adv. [L. diverso with different, con-
1955:310). Cf. dubitante; haesitante; nemine contrary ( 1 ); intuitu (with) view, contemplation (2): with
tradicente; nemine dissentiente; and una voce. different view or contemplation.] According to a dif-
distingue orfern, distinguee adj., pi. distingues orfern. ferent point of view, perspective, or opinion. Almost
distinguees [Fr. distinguished.] Eminent. Elegant. every member of the committee opined that the
Imposing. Illustrious. project should be abandoned, but the chairman,
distractio bonorum n. [L. distractio dividing, separat- diverso intuitu, disagreed and imposed his decision
ing ( 1 ); bonorum of goods (2): a dividing/separating on the rest.
of goods.] Law. The retail sale of portions of an insol- divertimento n.,pl. divertimentos [It. diversion.] 1. An
vent estate to realize enough to satisfy the claims of entertainment or amusement. 2. Music. An instrumen-
creditors. Cf. bonorum emptio. tal composition which is light in tone and intended
distractio pignoris n. [L. distractio dividing, sepa- primarily for entertainment. See divertissement.
rating (1); pignoris of pledge, security (2); a divertissement n.,pl. divertissements [Fr. amusement,
dividing/separating of pledge.] Law. The sale by recreation, relaxation, entertainment, diversion.] 1 . An
the creditor of a thing pledged to satisfy his/her activity which gives pleasure or amusement. . . . a
claim, if the debtor failed to repay the loan. deliciously accelerating divertissement on the theme
distrait or fern, distraite adj., pi. distraits or fern. ofrole-playing, sexual and otherwise (Newsweek Int.
distraites [Fr. distracted.] Unfocused. Distracted. March 29, 1982:49). 2. Music. A divertimento (q.v.).
Absent-minded. 3. Music. An operatic interlude which can consist of
dit adj. [Fr. called.] Also known as. Used to indicate a instrumental compositions, dance, etc. 4. Music. A
second or alternative name, as Jean Baptiste Poquelin selection of operatic pieces performed as a single
dit Moliert (1622-1673). composition.
ditat Deus. [L. ditat makes rich, enriches (2); Deus divide et impera n. [L. divide divide (1); et and (2);
God (1): God makes rich.] God enriches. Motto of impera rule (3): Divide and rule.] Divide and conquer.
the State of Arizona. The practice, policy, etc. of imposing authority, order,
ditto abbr. do. n., pi. dittos [It. having been said.] or imperial rule by encouraging disunity among subjects
I. Something or the same thing mentioned above or or subordinates. From time immemorial imperialists
previously. Used to avoid repetition of a word or have been using to good effect the obnoxious tactics
words. He placed a bed in Sale 's room; ditto in Aliyu 's of divide et impera.
room. 2. An exact or approximate copy. The pleasure Divinitatis Baccalaureus abbr. D.B. n. [L.
ofhaving children is to have a child who is one 's ditto. divinitatis of divinity (2); baccalaureus bach-
3. Marks (") used to show that the information above elor (1): Bachelor of Divinity.] An undergraduate
should be repeated. —
v. tr. To a repeat statement, degree in theological studies.
deed, action, etc. Edwin 's successor is absolutely divisum imperium n. [L. di visum divided ( ); imperium 1
devoid oforiginality and initiative; he keeps dittoing command, authority (2): divided command/authority.]
his predecessor's letters, memoranda, circulars, Law. Divided jurisdiction, i.e., the handling of the same
ideas, etc. — v. intr. To repeat a statement, deed, subject by courts of common law and equity.
action, etc. — adv. In the same way or manner. Like- divorce fern, divorcee/?../?/, divorces orfern, divorcees
wise. As previously, aforesaid, or before. Cognizant [Fr. divorced.] A divorced person.
of the fact that the electorate was impressed by his dixi v. [L. I have spoken.] I am finished speaking. Used
previous performance, the politician promised to to mark closure to a speech or to end discussion on a
act ditto. matter. Cf. dixit.
diva n., pi. divas [It. goddess.] The leading, or distin- dixit v. [L. He has spoken.] He has finished speaking.
guished, female singer in an opera or concert group. Thus he spoke.
Diva Beverly Sills stepped into her final dramatic D.Litt. abbr. for Doctor Litterarum (q.v.).
role at the Met week as Norina
last (Newsweek . . . D.M.D. abbr. for Dentariae Medicinae Doctor (q.v ).
Int. Dec. 18, 1978:25). See prima donna 1. do. abbr. for ditto (q.v.).
divan n., pi. divans [Pers. divan a bundle of sheets of docendo discimus [L. docendo by teaching (2);
paper, an account book, a roster, an assembly.] 1. A discimus we learn ( ): We learn by teaching.] Teach-
1
couch without a back, often lined with pillows. 2. Arabia ers learn from the act of teaching.
and Ancient Persia. A collection of literary writings Doctor Honoris Causa abbr. Dr. h.c. n. [L. doctor
by a single author. 3. An early Islamic census. 4. Turkey. teacher ( ); honoris of honor (3); causa for the sake
1
A government council or the hall in which is held. it (2): teacher for the sake of honor.] Doctor for the
5. Moslem Countries. A department or office of the sake of honor. Honorary doctor. A person awarded
government. 6. A room with one open side facing a an honorary doctoral degree. Cf. honoris causa.
garden, vista, etc. 7. A smoking room or a cigar shop. Doctor Litterarum abbr. D.Litt. n. [L. doctor teacher
Cf. dewan. (1); litterarum of letters, literature (2): teacher of
107 dolus malus
letters.] Doctor of Letters. A terminal graduate de- pleasures. Energy Minister Yitzhak Modai de-
. . .
gree in literature. nounced Aridor for creating an economic dolce vita

Doctor Oeconomiae abbr. D.Oec. n. [L. doctor teacher in Israel (Newsweek Int. Aug. 22, 1983:23). See la
(1); oeconomiae of economics (2): teacher of eco- dolce vita.

nomics.] Doctor of Economics. A terminal graduate doli capax adj. [L. doli of malice, guile, fraud (2);
degree in economics. capax capable (1): capable of fraud.] Law. Capable
doctrinaire n., pi. doctrinaires [Fr. pedantic, illiberal, of crime/guilt. Applicable to a person who by age, in-
doctrinary, doctrinarian.] I. A member of a French telligence, and mental capacity is sufficiently mature
political party (1815-1830), which held neither an to be legally responsible for his/her wrongful acts.
ultra-royalist nor a revolutionary position, but sought Cf. doli incapax.
a government combining both monarchy and a par- doli incapax adj. [L. doli of malice, guile, fraud (2);
liamentary system. 2. A person who attempts to apply incapax; incapable (1): incapable of fraud/malice.]
a doctrine or theory, especially one that is political, Law. Incapable of crime/guilt. Applicable to a per-
without considering the practical implications. — adj. son who by reason of age, intelligence, and mental
Dogmatic. Theoretical. Of, relating to, pertaining to, capacity is considered to be not sufficiently mature
or characteristic of, a doctrinaire. Obstinately commit- to be legally responsible for his/her wrongful acts.
ted to a theory or doctrine without any consideration Cf. doli capax.

whatsoever of its practical implications, a) As a dolo malo pactum se non servabit. [L. dolo (with) fraud
true-blue conservative, he had been widely expected (3); malo with evil, bad (2); pactum pact, agreement
to select a rigidly doctrinaire jurist in order to stamp (1) ; se itself (6); non not (4); servabit will preserve,
his own political ideology on the court (Time Int. maintain (5): A pact made with evil fraud will not
1981). b) Today, the adoption of a more pragmatic maintain itself] Law. An agreement made with fraud
and less doctrinaire approach to issues is quitefash- will not stand. See ex turpi causa etc.
ionable (The Guardian, 1987). dolosus versatur in generalibus. [L. dolosus deceitful
D.Oec. abbr. for Doctor Oeconomiae (q.v.). (person) (1); versatur is engaged, occupies himself
dogma n., pi. dogmata or dogmas [Gk. opinion, belief, (2) ; in in, on (3); generalibus general (things) (4): A
notion, decision, judgment, decree.] An established 1 . deceitful person occupies himself in general things.]
or authoritative opinion or tenet. . . . the Soviets al- A deceitful person uses general terms. Cf. fraus Iatet
lowed the Poles to violate the communist dogma that etc. and in generalibus Iatet error.
party civilians must always control the military . . . dolus n. [L. guile, deceit, deception, trickery, fraud.]
(Time Int. 1982). 2. Doctrine formally proclaimed or Roman, Civil, and Scots Law. 1. Guile. Deceit. De-
stated by a school of philosophers, artists, theologians, ceitfulness. Fraud. A contrivance to deceive another.
etc. Pope Pius XII [Eugenio Pacelli, 1876-1958, An act or omission designed to deceive the other party
Pope: 1 939-1958.] invoked the doctrine ofpapal in- or betray the confidence reposed in one. 2. Deception.
fallibility . . . to proclaim as Catholic dogma the Fraud. Willful misconduct. Criminal intent. Unlike
bodily assumption of the Virgin Mary into heaven culpa, which is merely negligence andfor which one
(Newsweek Int. May 18, 1981:52). 3. A vehement or may not be liable ifit produces damage, one is always
pompous expression of a baseless opinion, put forth liable for dolus which produces damage.
as an authoritative tenet. both Marx and Engels . . . dolus auctoris non nocet successori. [L. dolus fraud,
mistrusted the use of the word "Marxism " because deceit, guile (1); auctoris of father, progenitor (2);
they sensed in it the odour ofdogma ('Niyi Alabi . . . non not (3); nocet hurts (4); successori successor (5):
in West Africa 1983). The fraud of a father does not hurt the successor.] A
dojo n. [Japan. dojO.] A school for learning Japanese successor should not be answerable for an ancestor's
arts of self-defense. fraud. See in restitutionem etc.
dolce far niente n.,pl. dolce far nientes [It. dolce sweet dolus bonus n. [L. dolus fraud, deceit, guile (2); bonus
(1); do (2); niente nothing (3): sweet to do
far to good (1): good deceit.] Cunning, dexterity, or sagacity
nothing.] Sweet idleness. Pleasant relaxation in care- in transactions or bargaining which is not actionable,
less laziness. When one has accomplished a great punishable, or which may not constitute ground for re-
feat, one may justifiably take some time off and en- scinding the transaction arising from it. Cf. dolus malus.
joy dolce far niente. dolus et fraus nemini patrocinentur. [L. dolus fraud,
dolce nuovo n. [It. dolce sweet, pleasant (1); stil
stil deceit, guile ( 1 ); et and (2); fraus fraud (3); nemini
style (3); nuovo new (2): sweet new style.] The new, no one, nobody (5); patrocinentur should protect,
sweet style used by Dantie Alighieri (1265-1321) in support (4): Deceit and fraud should protect no one.]
his poetry including La Vita Nuova (q.v.). Empha- No one should derive an advantage/benefit from deceit
sized sincere feelings over elaborate form. and fraud. See ex turpi causa etc.
dolce vita n. [It. dolce sweet, pleasant ( 1 ); vita life (2): dolus malus n. [L. dolus fraud, guile, deceit (2);
sweet life.] A life of affluence, luxury and sensual malus bad, criminal (1): bad deceit.] Law. Fraud.
D.O.M. 108
Misrepresentation or fraud which is actionable or may hanging, being suspended (6): Ownership cannot be
constitute ground for rescinding a transaction aris- in hanging.] Ownership cannot be held in suspense/
ing from it. See actio de dolo malo; de dolo malo; abeyance.
exceptio doli mali; ex dolo malo; mala fide; and dominium plenum or plenum dominium n. [L. do-
mala fides. Cf. bona fide, bona fides, and dolus minium ownership, rule, dominion (2); plenum full
bonus. (1): full ownership.] Absolute ownership, including
D.O.M. abbr. for Deo optimo maximo (q.v.) and for exclusive use. Dominium directum et utile (q.v ).
Domino optimo maximo (q.v.). dominium utile dominium ownership, rule, do-
n. [L.
domani adv. [It. tomorrow.] Tomorrow. Sometime fu- minion (2); utile useful, serviceable (1): serviceable
ture. Mariana (q.v.). ownership.] Roman and Feudal Law. Usufruct or the
domicilium n. abode, home,
[L. habitation, right of a person, such as a vassal tenant, who uses
dwelling-place.] A person's permanent home, some- <
property but does not have title to it. Cf. dominium
times as distinct from his place of residence. directum.
See domicilium habitationis. Domino optimo maximo abbr. D.O.M. [L. Domino
domicilium habitationis n. [L. domicilium home, to Lord ( 1 ); optimo (to) best (2); maximo (to) great-
abode (1); habitationis of dwelling, habitation (2): est (3): To the Lord, best, greatest.] To the Lord,
home of habitation.] A permanent place of abode. Motto of the Benedictine
the best and the greatest.
See domicilium. religious order; D.O.M. appears on labels of
domina n., pi. dominae [L. mistress, lady.] A woman Benedictine liqueur because it was originally made
of rank. A wife. Cf. dominus. by Benedictine monks.
domina litis n., pi. dominae litis [L. domina mistress domino volente adv. [L. domino with the lord (1);
(1) ; litis of suit (2): mistress of the suit.] A female volente (with) being willing (2): with the lord being
client in a lawsuit. Cf. dominus litis. willing.] With the consent/permission of the lord,
dominatrixye/w. n.,pl. dominatrices [L. she who domi- owner, or master. Cf. Deo volente.
nates.] 1. An overbearing woman. 2. A dominating dominus n., pi. domini [L. master, lord.] 1. Owner of
female partner in a sadomasochistic sexual relationship. dominium ofRo-
property, as distinct from user. The
dominium n.,pl. dominia or dominiums [L. ownership, man law was unique and indivisible; ownership of
rule, dominion.] 1. Roman Law. Paramount ownership. land was exclusively vested in the dominus, . . .
Eminent domain. Absolute ownership of property (cor- (Asante 1975:63). A principal, as distinct from an
2.
poreal), including the right to use the property, derive agent. 3. Feudal Law. A lord, a knight, or a gentleman
profit from it and to dispose of it, subject, of course, to who is the lord of a manor. 4. Civil Law. A husband.
the state's power. The dominium of Roman law was Cf. domina.
unique and indivisible; ownership of land was exclu- dominus directus n., pi. domini directi [L. dominus
sively vested in the dominus, and the interest which lord, master (2); directus direct (1): direct master.]
another person had in such land was no more than a Direct owner. The person who has direct ownership
servitude (Asante 1975:63). 2. Sovereignty. Political dominium directum.
of property. See
power. Suzerainty. Lordship. Dominion. Dominus illuminatio mea [L. Dominus Lord (1);
dominium directum n. [L. dominium ownership, rule, illuminatio light (3); mea my (2): Lord my light.]
dominion (2); directum direct ( 1 ): direct ownership.] The Lord is my light. Motto of Oxford University.
Law. The general ownership of property by a person dominus litis n., pi. domini litis [L. dominus master
who holds the title. See dominus directus. ( 1 ); litis of suit (2): master of the suit.] Male client in
Cf. dominium utile. a lawsuit. Cf. domina litis.

dominium directum et utile n. [L. dominium owner- Dominus vobiscum [L. Dominus Lord (1); vobis you
ship, rule, dominion (4); directum direct ( 1 ); et and (3); cum with, together (2): The Lord with you (pi.).]
(2) ; utile useful (3): direct and useful ownership.] May the Lord be with you. The response is et cum
Law. Absolute ownership, including exclusive use. spiritu tuo (q.v ).
dominium maris n. [L. dominium ownership, rule, domitae naturae adj. [L. domitae of tamed ( 1 ); naturae
dominion (1); maris of sea (2): sovereignty of the (of) nature (2): of tamed nature.] Domesticated. Ap-
sea.] Mastery over the sea. plicable to domestic animals, as distinguished from
dominium maris Balthici n. [L. dominium owner- those ferae naturae, i.e., wild animals.
ship, rule, dominion ( 1 ); maris (of) sea (3); Balthici domitae naturae animalia pi. n. [L. domitae of tamed,
of Baltic (2): sovereignty of the Baltic sea.] Mastery domesticated (2); naturae (of) nature (3); animalia
over the Baltic Sea. animals (1): animals of domesticated/tamed nature.]
dominium non potest esse in pendenti. [L. dominium Domesticated animals. Animals of tame disposition.
ownership, rule, dominion (1); non not (3); potest See mansuetae naturae. Cf. ferae naturae and fe-
can, is able (2); esse to be (4); in in, on (5); pendenti rae bestiae.
109 donatio relata
Domus Procerum abbr. Dom. Proc. or D.P. n. [L. donatio condicionalis //. , pi donationes condicionales
domus house ( procerum of leading men, nobles
1 ); [L. donatio gift, donation (2); condicionalis condi-
(2): House of Nobles.] The House of Lords. All that tional ( 1
): a conditional gift.] A gift with conditions/
remains is a collection of decisions which, however strings attached to it. See donatio sub modo.
sound in substance, can hardly in their manner be a donatio inofficiosa n., pi donationes inofficiosae [L.
subject for pride in dom. proc. (Megarry 1973:60). donatio gift, donation (2); inofficiosa undutiful, inof-
domus sua cuique est tutissimum refugium. [L. ficious (1): undutiful gift.] A gift of such magnitude
domus house, residence, abode (3); sua one's own, as to adversely affect the entitlement of the natural
his/her own (2); cuique to each one (1); est is (4); heirs. See de inofficioso testamento; inofficiocidad;
tutissimum safest (5); refugium refuge, place of ref- querela inofficiosi testamenti; and testamentum
uge (6): To each one his/her own abode is the safest inofficiosum.
place of refuge.] Law. A person's residence is his donatio inter vivos n., pi donationes inter vivos [L.
safest place of refuge; i.e., a person's house is his/ donatio gift, donation (1); inter among (2); vivos
her castle. Hence, if a thief enters a person's house the living (3): a gift among the living.] Law. A gift
and he/she kills the thief in defense of himself/her- between living persons. A voluntary gift from one
self, family, and property, he/she has not committed person to another. In civil law, the gift is executed
a felony. See debet sua cuique etc.; domus tutis- and becomes irrevocable when it is accepted by the
simum etc.; nemo de domo etc.; and quodcunque donee, but in common law, there should be actual
aliquis etc. delivery of the gift before it becomes valid.
domus tutissimum cuique refugium atque recep- donatio mera or donatio pura //., pi donationes
taculum. [L. domus house, residence, dwelling-place merae or donationes purae [L. donatio gift, dona-
(2); tutissimum safest (3); cuique to each one (1); tion (2); mera (or pura) pure, genuine ( 1 ): pure gift]
refugium place of refuge (4); atque and (5); recep- A charitable gift. A generous gift with no strings at-
taculum place of shelter/retreat (6): To each one the tached and under no compulsion. A species of do-
dwelling-place is the safest place of refuge and re- natio inter vivos (q.v.).
treat.] Law. A person's residence is his/her safest donatio mortis causa n.,pl. donationes mortis causa
place of refuge and retreat. See domus sua etc. [L. donatio gift ( 1 ); mortis (of) death (3); causa on
dona clandestina sunt semper suspiciosa. [L. dona account of (2): gift on account of death.] Law. A death-
gifts (2); clandestina secret, concealed, clandestine bed gift. A gift made in expectation of immediate
( 1 ); sunt are (3); semper always (4); suspiciosa sus- death. The donor retains the right of revoking the
picious (5): Concealed gifts are always suspicious.] gift which only becomes permanent upon the death
Clandestine gifts always arouse suspicion. Cf. of the donor.
clausulae inconsuetae etc. donatio non praesumitur. [L. donatio gift, donation ( 1 );
donandi animo adv. [L. donandi of giving a present non not (3); praesumitur is presumed (2): A gift is not
(2) ; animo with intention (1): with the intention of presumed.] Law. A gift should not be taken for granted;
giving a present or gift.] As a gift. "A " is not obliged i.e., the intention to give a gift must be explicit.
to payfor the bicycle since "B, " his friend, gave it to donatio perficitur possessione accipientis. [L. dona-
him donandi animo. tio gift, donation ( 1 ); perficitur is effected, perfected
donari videtur, quod, nullo jure cogente, conceditur. (2); possessione by possession (3); accipientis of the
[L. donari to be given as a gift (7); videtur it seems one receiving (4): A gift is effected by the possession
(6); quod (that) which (1); nullo with no (3); jure of the one receiving.] The process of making a gift is
(with) right, law (4); cogente (with) compelling (5); not complete until the right of possession is transferred
conceditur is given, granted (2): That which is given to the recipient. See donator numquam etc.
with no law compelling seems to be given as a gift.] donatio propter nuptias n., pi donationes propter
Law. A gift is apparently something which is given nuptias [L. donatio gift, donation ( 1 ); propter because
under no legal compulsion. of, on account of (2); nuptias marriage (3): gift on
donatio n.,pl. donationes [L. a gift, donation.] A gift or account of marriage.] Roman Law. A gift made on
donation. The transfer of the title and possession of prop- account of marriage. It is similar to donatio ante
erty from one person to another without payment for it nuptias (q.v.), but whereas the latter was given before
or any other consideration. marriage, donatio propter nuptias, introduced by
donatio ante nuptias n., pi. donationes ante nuptias an ordinance of Justinian, was given after marriage.
[L. donatio donation, gift ( 1 ); ante before (2); nuptias It was given by the bridegroom to the bride, and was
marriage (3): a gift before marriage.] A premarital gift. usually used to defray the expenses of the marriage.
The building which is the subject matter of dispute donatio pura See donatio mera.
was a donatio ante nuptias. Cf. donatio propter donatio relata n.,pl. donationes relatae [L. donatio gift,
nuptias. donation (2); relata returned, recompensed (1): a
donatio remuneratoria 110
returned or recompensed gift.] A gift made in gratitude/ brought by the wife or contributed by somebody on
return for services previously rendered. See donatio behalf of the wife to the husband to help in the main-
remuneratoria. tenance of the family. Originally, it became the
donatio remuneratoria n., pi. donationes remune- husband's absolute property, but by the time of Justin-
ratoriae [L. donatio gift, donation (1); ian, it had to be returned to the donor when the marriage
remuneratoria of recompense, of remuneration (2): ended through either death or divorce. See adventitia
gift of recompense.] A gift made in appreciation of dos; profectitia dos; and receptitia dos.
previous services rendered (e.g., pension). See do- dos moi pou sto kai kino ten gen. Archimedes (c. 287-
natio relata. 2 1 2 B.C.). [Gk. dos give ( 1 ); moi to me (2); pou where
donatio stricta et coarctura n.,pl. donationes strictae (3); stO I am to stand (4); kai and (5); kinO I shall
et coarcturae [L. donatio gift, donation (1); stricta move (6); ten the (7); gen earth (8): Give me where I
tight (2); et and (?); coarctura about to confine (4): am to stand and I shall move the earth.] Give me a
a gift tight and about to confine.] A restricted gift; place to stand and I shall move the earth (with a lever).
e.g., estate in tail. Cf. pou sto.
donatio sub modo or donatio modalis n.,pl. donationes dos rationabilis n., pi. dotes rationabiles [L. dos
sub modo or donationes modales [L. donatio gift, dowry (2); rationabilis reasonable (1): a reasonable
donation (1); sub under (2); modo restriction (3): a dowry.] English Law. A reasonable portion of the
gift/donation under restriction.] A gift made for some husband's estate, about one third, to which a widow
special purpose or on condition that the recipient is entitled.
should put it to a particular use; e. g. an endowment dossier n.,pl. dossiers [Fr. chairback, record, file, docu-
fund for hospitals, scholarships, or colleges. See ments, papers.] A file. A collection of documents,
donatio condicionalis. reports, relevant data, records, etc., respecting a subject,
donator numquam desinit possidere antequam usually a person's life or activities, which is being
donatorius incipiat possidere. [L. donator donor, investigated or studied. The administration ofthe uni-
giver (1); numquam never (2); desinit ceases (3); versity is compiling dossiers on lecturers suspected
possidere to possess (4); antequam before, until (5); of holding radical views.
donatorius donee, recipient (6); incipiat begins (7); dote n. [Sp. dowry.] Spanish Law. Dowry. A wife's
possidere to possess (8): A donor never ceases to marriage portion. The property which is the wife's
possess until the recipient begins to possess.] Law. contribution to the marriage, particularly for de-
A donor continues to possess until the right of pos- fraying the expenses of the marriage. Cf. conquets.
session is transferred to the recipient. See donatio double entendre n., pi. doubles entendres or double
perficitur etc. entendres [Fr. double double, twofold ( 1 ); entendre
donee probetur in contrarium [L. donee until, as to mean, meaning (2): double meaning.] 1 . An am-
long as (1); probetur it be (or it is) proved (2); in biguous expression. An expression which may be
into, to, against, for (3); contrarium the contrary interpreted in several ways. Our friend in his char-
(4): until it be proved to the contrary.] Until the acteristic manner kept on using language pregnant
opposite is determined. with double entendres. 2. An expression which has
doppelganger or doppelganger n. pi. doppelgangers , two meanings, one of which is usually indecent or
or doppelgangers [Ger. Doppelganger: doppel risque. // was a gathering ofpeople ofdiverse back-
double (1); Ganger goer (2): double goer.] A ground, and the comic displayed his well-known
person's spectral double. versatility by telling jokes full of double entendres.
dormit aliquando lex, moritur numquam. [L. dormit douceur n., pi. douceurs [Fr. sweetness, softness,
sleeps (2); aliquando sometimes, now and then (3); charm.] A present or favor. An inducement. A con-
lex law (1); moritur dies (5); numquam never (4): ciliatory gesture or gift. A gratuity. Two days after
A law sleeps sometimes, but it never dies.] hurting his wife 's feelings, Bob took her out. as a
Cf.dormiunt aliquando etc. douceur, for dinner at a prestigious restaurant.
dormiunt aliquando leges, numquam moriuntur. [L. Cf. pourboire.
dormiunt sleep (2); aliquando sometimes, now and douceur de vivre n. [Fr. douceur sweetness, softness ( 1 );
then (3); leges laws (1); numquam never (4); de of (2); vivre living, to live (3): sweetness of living.]
moriuntur die (5): The laws sleep sometimes, they Pleasure or sweetness of life. Pleasant living. Enjoyment
never die.] The laws may sleep now and then, but of the pleasures of life. Hard work is the most reliable
they never die; e.g., contractual obligations may be route to douceur de vivre.
suspended in times of war, but the contract would do ut des n. [L. do I give (1); ut in order that (2);
still be binding. Cf. dormit aliquando etc. des you may give (3): I give in order that you
dos n., pi. dotes [L. dowry, marriage portion.] Roman may give.] Roman Law. A commutative (or quid
Law. A dowry. A wife's marriage portion. The property pro quo) type of contract in which something is
Ill droit du seigneur
given by one party to be reciprocated by the other Law. Common law. Unwritten law. Cf. droit com-
party. See quid pro quo. mon and lex communis,
do ut facias n. [L. do I give (1); ut in order that (2); droit d'accession n. [Fr. droit law, right ( 1 ); d' of (2);
facias you may do (3): I give in order that you may accession accession, addition (3): right of accession.]
do.] Roman Law. A commutative (or quid pro quo) French Law. Property obtained by changing the
type of contract in which one party gives something form or species of another's property. Through the
to be reciprocated by the other party's doing or per- mode of transforming the property of another by
forming a service. See quid pro quo. changing its material into another species. Specifi-
doyen fern, doyenne n., pi. doyens or fern, doyennes catio (q.v.).
[Fr. dean, senior, oldest member.] Dean. Senior or old- droit d'accroissement n. [Fr. droit law, right ( 1 ); d' of
est member of a group or body, such as the diplomatic (2); accroissement increase, growth, accretion (3):
corps. A person tacitly acknowledged as the spokes- right of increase.] French Law. Right of accretion. The
person of a group. A person who by reason of long right of an heir or a legatee, in the event of the refusal
experience has acquired authority in a field, a) Hayek or inability of a co-heir or co-legatee to accept his/her
at 85 is still the doyen
of monetarists . . . {Newsweek
share, to take such share in addition to his/hers.
Int. March ofAfrica, doyen ofNi- droit d'aubaine n. [Fr. droit law, right (1); d' of (2);
3, 1980:36). b) Zik
gerian journalism, was recently named recipient of aubaine escheat, windfall (3): right of windfall.] French
the John Kwegyir Aggrey A ward ( The Guardian 1986). Law. Right of escheat. The right, formerly enjoyed by
D.P. abbr. for Domus Procerum (q.v.) the state of France but abolished in 1 8 1 9, of confiscat-
drama n., pi. dramas [Gk. deed, act, play, action rep- ing all the property of a deceased alien, both movable
resented on the stage.] 1. A play. A composition, and immovable. See aubain. Cf. jus albanagii.
whether in prose or verse, portraying life, character, droit de desherence n. [Fr. droit law, right (1); de of
passion, or a moral, to be performed on stage by ac- (2); desherence disinheritance, escheat (3): right of
tors. . . . Phrynichus also made contemporary history disinheritance.] French Law. Right of escheat or dis-
the material of his dramas (Lesky: 1966:230). 2. A inheritance. A prerogative right which the French
situation, an event, or series of events with conflicting state may exercise when a person is convicted of a
forces not unlike those in a play. In a country with a felony. Cf. mort civile and mortuus civiliter.
solid democratic tradition, a government 's fall is not droit de detraction n. [Fr. droit law, right ( 1 ); de of (2);
necessarily a moment ofhigh drama . . . {Newsweek detraction detraction, depreciation (3): right of detrac-
Int. Feb. 16, 1981:8). tion.] French Law. Right of detraction; i.e., tax levied
dramatis personae pi. n. [L. dramatis of drama (2); on property obtained by inheritance or testamentary
personae characters (1): characters of a drama.] disposition, when it is being removed from one country
1 The characters in a drama, poem, or novel. 2. The
. or state to another.
people participating in a real event or a number of droit de naufrage n. [Fr. droit law, right (1); de of
events. When the protracted dispute was referred to (2); naufrage shipwreck, wreck (3): right of ship-
the head ofthe clan, he advised the dramatis personae wreck.] Law. A right, now abolished, enjoyed by the
to exercise restraint. lord or king who owned the coast, of seizing the
Drang nach Osten n. [Ger. Drang drive ( 1 ); nach to (2); wreckage, when a boat was wrecked, and either killing
Osten east (3): a drive to the east.] 1. Germany's policy or enslaving the crew.
of expansion towards eastern Europe. 2. Any policy of droit de suite n. [Fr. droit law, right (1); de of (2);
expansion towards the East. suite continuation, pursuit (3): right of continuation
dressage n. [Fr. straightening, erecting, dressing, pre- or pursuit.] Law. 1. The right of a creditor to press
paring, training.] Training a horse to obey a series of his/her claim even if the property of the debtor has
body movements in order
a rider's slight to execute been taken over by some other persons. 2. A lord's
complex maneuvers. Cf. passage. right to pursue a serf.
Dr. h.c. abbr. for Doctor Honoris Causa (q.v.). droit droit n. [Fr. right right, a double right.] Law. The
droit n. [Fr. law, right.] French Law. 1. Right. Equity. right of both possession and property. Originally, in
Justice. Law in the abstract. 2. A right, power or privi- some legal systems, the two rights were distinct and
lege. 3. The entire body of law. their concurrence in one person meant a complete
droitcommon n. [Obs. Fr. droit law, right (2); common title to property. See plurimum juris and plurim urn
common (1): the common law.] English or Anglo- possessionis.
Saxon, as opposed to Roman, law. Law based upon droit du seigneur or droit de seigneur [Fr. droit law, /?.
custom and practice rather than legislation. Cf. droit right (1);du of the (2); seigneur lord (3): right of the
coutumier and lex communis. lord.] Jus primae noctis (q.v.). A right which suppos-
droit coutumier n. [Fr. droit law, right (2); coutumier edly empowered a feudal lord to have sexual intercourse
customary, common (1): customary law.] French with the bride of a vassal on the wedding night.
droit ecrit 112
droit ecrit n. [Fr. droit law, right (2); ecrit written (1): du haut en bas adv. [Fr. du from the (1); haut high, top
written law.] French Law. Statute law. The corpus (2); en to, into (3); bas low, bottom (4): from the top
of the civil law. Cf. jus scriptum. to bottom.] De haut en bas (q.v.).
droit maritime n. [Fr. droit law, right (2); maritime mari- dulce domum n. [L. dulce a sweet (thing) ( 1 ); domum
time, naval (1): maritime law.] Navigation laws. home (2): A sweet (thing is) home.] Home, sweet
droit naturel n. [F. droit law, right (2); naturel natural home.
( 1 ): natural law.] 1 . The law of nature. 2. Natural right. dulce est desipere in loco. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes
3. Political Philosophy. A person's natural right to a IV, 12,28. [L. dulce sweet (2); est it is (1); desipere
decent means of sustenance. to be foolish, silly (3); in in, on (4); loco place (5): It
D.S. abbr. for dal segno (q.v.). is sweet to be foolish in place.] It is sweet to be frivo-
D.S.P. or d.s.p. abbr. for decessit sine prole (q.v.). t lous at the right time and place. For a fuller form of
D.S.P.L. or d.s.p.' abbr. for decessit sine prole the quotation, see misce stultitiam etc.
legitima (q.v ). dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. Horace (65-8
D.S. P.M. or d.s.p.m. abbr. for decessit sine prole B.C.). Odes 111,2,13. [L. dulce sweet (2); et and (3);
mascula (q.v ). decorum fitting, proper (4); est it is ( 1); pro for, on
D.S.P.M.S. or d.s.p.m.s. abbr. for decessit sine behalf of (6); patria fatherland, country (7); mori to
prole mascula superstite (q.v.). die (5): It is sweet and fitting to die for one's father-
D.S.P.S. or d.s.p.s. abbr. for decessit sine prole land (or country).] Dying for one's country is both
superstite (q.v ). proper and pleasant.
D.S.P.V. or d.s.p.v. abbr. for decessit sine prole duma n., pi. dumas [Russ.] 1. An official council or
virili (q.v.). public assembly in czarist Russia before 1905. 2. The

d.t. abbr. for delirium tremens (q.v ). lower house of the post-communist Russian parlia-
duas uxores eodem tempore habere non licet. [L. ment. —Duma The national parliament of Russia from
duas two (4); uxores wives (5); eodem at the same 1905 to 1917.
(6); tempore (at) time (7); habere to have, hold, dum anima est, spes est. Cicero (106-43 B.C.). Letters
regard (3); non not ( 1 ); licet it is lawful, allowed (2): to Atticus IX, 10. [L. dum as long as, while, provided
It is unlawful to have two wives at the same time.] A that (1); anima soul, person, life, a living being (3);
rule applicable in European and western countries, est there is (2); spes hope (5); est there is (4): While
but not applicable to some societies, particularly in there is life, there is hope.] As long as someone re-
Africa. mains alive, there is some hope for the future. Cf. dum
dubitante adj. [L. with (him/her) doubting.] Law. Ques- spiro, spero and modo liceat vivere etc.
tioning the decision. Affixed to a judge's name to dum bene se gesserit adv. [L. dum as long as, while,
show that he/she doubted the decision reached. De- provided that (1); bene well (3); se gesserit he/she
spite objections to the admissibility ofsuch authority, will have behaved (2): as long as he/she will have
Bramwell and Buggallay JJ (Thesigger L. J. du-
L. behaved well.] During good conduct. Used with ref-
bitante) held that it was receivable (Megarry erence to an appointment whose tenure is determined
1955:356). Cf. dissentiente. not by the pleasure of the authorities but by the death
dubitatur [L. It is doubted.] Law. Used in reports to or misconduct of the appointee. Cf. durante
signify that there is some doubt about a point. beneplacito and quamdiu se etc.
duce or Duce n. [It. leader.] Leader of a group. Dictator. dum casta adv. [L. dum while, provided that (1); casta
Title adopted by Benito Mussolini. . . . the neofascist chaste (2): while chaste.] Used with reference to the
Italian Social Movement . . . whose leaders have status of a woman who is a virgin, divorced, or a widow
wanted the Duce's 66-year-old son, Vittorio tojoin as a condition for acceptance of a legacy or payment
them in the Italian Parliament {Newsweek Int. Aug. of alimony. Variations of the expression are dum 1 .
1, 1983:21). See II Duce. Cf. caudillo; EI Caudillo; casta vixerit While she lives chaste. 2. dum sola While
and Fiihrer. single or unmarried. 3. dum sola fuerit As long as
duces tecum short form of subpoena duces tecum she is single/unmarried. 4. dum sola et casta vixerit
(q.v.). As long as she lives single and chaste. 5. dum vidua
Du contrat social n. [Fr. du of/on the ( 1 ); contrat con- While a widow. The court made an order to the effect
tract, agreement (3); social social (2): on the social that alimony should continue to be paid dum casta
contract.] On the Social Contract, a 1762 political vixerit. See durante casta viduitate; durante
and philosophical treatise by Jean-Jacques Rousseau viduitate; and durante virginitate.
(1712-1778). dum fervet opus adv. [L. dum while ( 1 ); fervet glows,
duenna n., pi. duennas [Sp. duena governess A ] rages (3); opus work (2): while the work glows/
woman, usually elderly or married, who accompanies rages.] At the peak (or in the heat) of the action. He
a girl or an unmarried woman to a social function to caused considerable indignation by disrupting the
ensure propriety. See chaperon. proceedings dum fervet opus.
113 durante viduitate
dum fuit infra aetatem adv. [L. dum while (1); fuit against, for (8); solidum the whole, the entire (9);
he/she was (2); infra below (3); aetatem age (4): dominium ownership, rule, dominion (4); vel or (5);
while he/she was below age.] English Law. While possessio possession (6); esse to be (3); non not (2);
under age. Applicable to an old writ in which an adult potest there can, it is possible (1): There cannot be
attempts to regain ownership of property which was ownership or possession of two persons for the
alienated in infancy. whole.] Law. Two persons cannot own or possess a
dum loquimur, fugerit invida aetas; carpe diem, thing in the entirety. See duo non possunt etc.
quam minimum credula postero. Horace (65-8 duovir n., pi. man (2):
duoviri [L. duo two (1); vir
B.C.). Odes IV, 1,7-8. [L. dum while (1); loquimur

1 two men, one of a body of two men.] Duumvir (q.v.).
we speak, talk (2); fugerit will have fled (5); invida Cf. decemvir.
envious (3); aetas time, age (4); carpe pluck, seize duplex adj. [L. twofold, double, complex.] Two-
(6); diem day (7); quam minimum as little as pos- fold. Double. Consisting of, or having, two parts,
sible (9); credula trusting, confiding in (8); postero a) a duplex tool, b) a duplex apartment. — n.,pl. du-
future (day) ( 1 0): While we speak, envious time will plexes Something twofold or double. A double apart-
have fled; seize the day, trusting as little as possible in ment. A house of two self-sufficient units for two
a future day.] As we speak, jealous time will have fled; families. Cf. triplex.
so pluck the fruits of the present day and trust as little as durance vile n. [Obs. Fr. durance endurance, constraint,
possible in the future. Cf. carpe diem. confinement (2); vile harsh (1): harsh confinement.]
dummkopf n.,pl. dummkopfs [Ger. dumm stupid, dumb Imprisonment. He spent twenty years in durance vile.
(1); Kopf head (2): dumb head.] Slang. An idiot. A durante absentia adv. [L. durante (with) continuing,
stupid person. lasting, persevering (2); absentia with absence (1):
dum non fit compos mentis adv.ladj. [L. dum while with the absence continuing/persevering.] Law. During
(1) non not (3); fit he/she is made, becomes (2);

; absence. Usually used with reference to the admin-
compos master of, possessing (4); mentis of mind istration of a deceased person's estate which is
(5): while he/she does not become the master of his/ granted during the inordinate absence of the executor.
her mind.] While he/she is not of sound mind. Old The Probate Division now exercised the jurisdiction
English Law. A writ to be used by the heirs of a per- of the ecclesiastical court to make grants durante
son who lost title to land while non compos mentis absentia (Parry 1 96 1 : 1 79).
for its recovery. Cf. compos mentis and the refer- durante beneplacito adv. [L. durante (with) continu-
ences cited therein. ing, lasting (2); beneplacito with pleasure, discretion
dum spiro, spero. [L. dum while (1); spiro I breathe (1): with the pleasure/discretion continuing.] During
(2) ;
spero I hope (3): While I breathe, I hope.] While the pleasure of the king. At the discretion of the king.
there is life, there is hope. As long as I live, all is not Used in relation to tenure of an office, which depends
lost. Motto of the State of South Carolina. Cf. dum on the discretion of the employer, particularly a king;
anima est, spes est. e.g., the tenure of office of English judges in former
dum vivimus, vivamus. [L. dum while (1); vivimus times. Cf. dum bene etc. and quamdiu se etc.
we live (2); vivamus let us live (3): While we live, durante casta viduitate adv. [L. durante (with) con-
let us live.] While we are alive, let us enjoy life. Based tinuing, lasting (3); casta with chaste (1); viduitate
upon Catullus (c.84-54 B.C.). Carmina V,l-6. (with) widowhood (2): with chaste widowhood con-
duo n., pi. duos [L. and It. two.] A duet. A piece of tinuing.] During chaste widowhood. See dum casta.
music designed for two instruments or singers. A pair. durante furore adv. [L. durante (with) continuing,
A body or group of two persons or things. two . . . lasting (1); furore with insanity, madness, fury (2):
other terrorist duos announced that they too had with continuing fury.] During a period of violent in-
made love behind the bars (Time Int. 1983). sanity.The defense counsel submitted that his client
duomo n., pi. duomos [It. dome, cathedral.] A cathe- cannot be held answerable for an incident which
dral in Italy. occurred durante furore.
duo non possunt in solido unam rem possidere. [L. durante minore aetate adv. [L. durante (with) con-
duo two (persons) (1); non not (3); possunt can, tinuing, lasting, persevering (3); minore with minor
are able (2); in in, on (7); solido the whole, the en- ( 1 ); aetate (with) age (2): with minor age continuing/
tire (8); unam one (5); rem matter, thing, property, persevering.] During minor age. While one is a minor
business, affair (6); possidere to possess (4): Two or while they are minors. A grant of administration
persons cannot possess one thing in the entirety.] durante minore aetate usually contains the limita-
Law. Ownership of a whole cannot be shared; right tion "until he shall attain the age of twenty-one, " or
of ownership must be divided into portions. until one of them shall attain the age of twenty-one
See duorum in solidum etc. (Parry 1961:185).
duorum in solidum dominium vel possessio esse non durante viduitate adv. [L. durante (with) continuing,
potest. [L. duorum of two (persons) (7); in into, to, lasting (2); viduitate with widowhood, bereavement
durante virginitate 114
(1): with widowhood continuing.] During widow- dysacousia or dysacousis n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. dus-
hood. See dum casta. bad, hard, unlucky (1); akousis hearing (2): bad or
durante virginitate adv. [L. durante (with) continu- unlucky hearing.] Medicine. A state or condition in
ing, lasting (2); virginitate with virginity (1): with which sounds are confused and hearing is impaired,
virginity continuing.] During virginity; i.e., as long sometimes painfully.
as she has not had sexual intercourse. See dum casta. Dyscolus n. [Gk. Duskulos: dus bad, hard, unlucky (1);
durante vita adv. [L. durante (with) continuing, lasting, kulos juice (2): bad juice.] Old Cantankerous, the only
persevering (2); vita with life ( 1
): with life continuing.] surviving play of Menander (344/3 B.C.-292/1 B.C.).
During life. As long as he/she is alive. A person may The title refers to the grouchy old man around whom
make a gift of his properties to any person he wishes the plot revolves.
durante vita. dyspareunia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. duspareunos: dus-
Du sublime au ridicule il n'y a qu'un pas. Napoleon bad, hard, unlucky (1); par(a) alongside (2); eune
I ( 1 769- 1821). [Fr. du from the ( 1 ); sublime sublime, bed, marriage bed (3): unlucky alongside the bed,
exalted (2); au to the, toward the, in the, by the, with ill-mated.] Medicine. Difficult or painful sexual in-
the, until the (3); ridicule ridiculous, ludicrous (4); tercourse. See anaphrodisia.
il . . .
y a there is (5); n' qu' only (6); un one
. . . dysphagia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. dus- hard, difficult,
(7); pas step (8): From the sublime to the ridiculous unlucky (1); phag(ein) eating (2): hard or difficult
there is only one step.] There is but one step from the eating.] Medicine. Difficulty in eating or swallowing.
sublime to the ridiculous. dysphasia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. dus- hard, difficult,
duumvir n., pi. duumviri or duumvirs [L. duum of two unlucky (1); phasi(s) expression, utterance (2): dif-
( 1 ); vir man (2): of two men.] 1 . Ancient Rome. A mem- ficult expression or utterance.] Medicine. Inability
ber of a board of two officials, magistrates, etc. appointed to speak or understand language, being the result of
to perform a specific function; e.g., to serve as judges of impairment of the brain.
a criminal court, to guard the Sibylline books, or to dysphrasia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. dus- hard, difficult,
build a temple. 2. A member of a body, group, board, unlucky (1); phrasi(s) speech, expression (2): hard
council, association, commission, or ruling body of speech.] Inability to speak well, being the result of a
two men. Cf. decemvir. lesion in the brain.
D.V. abbr. for Deo volente (q.v.). dystokia or dystocia n., pi. dystokias or dystocias
dybbuk n., pi. dybbukkim or dybbuks [Heb. dibbuq [Gk. dustokia: dus- hard, difficult, unlucky (1);
ghost.] Judaism. The restless soul of a dead person which tok(os) child-birth (2): difficult childbirth, suffer-
wanders around and takes possession of a living person. ing in childbirth.] Medicine. Painful, slow, or diffi-
dynamis n. [Gk. dunamis ability, power.] Potentiality. cult childbirth. Cf. eutocia and oxytocia.
Capability.
E
eadem est ratio, eadem eadem the same
est lex. [L. eau de vie n., pi. eaux de vie [Fr. eau water ( 1 ); de of
( 1 ); est is (2); ratio reason (3); eadem the same (4); (2); vie life (3): water of life.] Brandy. Cf. aqua vita.
est is (5); lex law (6): The same is the reason, the E.C. or e.c. abbr. for exempli causa (q.v.).
same is the law.] Law. Where the reason is the same, ecce homo abbr. ecc. horn. John 19:5. [L. ecce See!
the same law is applicable. Behold! (1); homo person, human being (2): See!
eadem sunt quorum unum potest substitui alteri The person.] "Behold the man." Pontius Pilate ad-
salva veritate. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646— dresses these words to the crowd in reference to Jesus,
1716). [L.eadem the same things (2); sunt they are, scourged and crowned with thorns. — n. Art. A pic-
have been (1); quorum of which, them (4); unum ture or representationshowing Jesus Christ wearing
one (3); potest can, is able to (5); substitui to be the crown of thorns and a purple robe.
substituted (6); alteri for the other (of two) (7); salva ecclesia n., pi. ecclesiae [Gk. ekklesia assembly ]
(with being) safe, unharmed (9); veritate with truth 1. Ancient Greece. An assembly of citizens of a
(8): They are the same things (if) one of them can be city-state.Such a body usually performed legislative
substituted for the other with the truth safe.] Two functions, considering proposals or bills prepared by
expressions are deemed to be synonymous if one can the council. 2. Christianity. A Church. The entire
be substituted for the other with no effect upon the body of Christians forming a spiritual society. A
validity of either expression. Cf. salva veritate. group of Christians who worship together.
ea intentione adv. [L. ea with that ( 1 ); intentione (with) ecclesia non moritur. [L. ecclesia church ( ); non not 1
intention (2): with that intention.] With that purpose. (2); moritur dies (3): The Church does not die.]
Dan decided to murder Abel. Therefore, ea inten- Christianity. The church does not fail or pass away.
tione, he proceeded to Abel 's residence with a pistol Ecclesiazusai pi. n. [Gr. Ekklesiazusai assembly
and shot him dead. women.] The Assemblywomen, a 392 B.C. comedy
ea quae, commendandi causa, in venditionibus by Aristophanes (448?-?380 B.C.) in which the
dicuntur, palam appareant, venditorem non ob-
si women of Athens take over the ecclesia (q.v.) and
ligant. [L. ea those (things) (1); quae which (2); run the city.
commendandi of commending (7); causa for the echelon or echelon n.,pl. echelons or echelons [Fr. rung,
sake (6); in in, on (4); venditionibus sales (5); level, grade, step, stage.] 1 . An arrangement of troops,
dicuntur are said (3); si if (8); palam plainly, openly airplanes, ships, etc. in the form of a series of steps.
(10);appareant they appear, they are visible (9); 2. One of a series of grades or levels of command,
venditorem seller, vendor (13); non not (12); obli- responsibility, leadership, or authority in an organiza-
gant bind, make Those things which are
liable (11): tion. A group of persons occupying a particular level
said in sales for the sake of commending, if they ap- or grade of responsibility in an organization, a) The
pear plainly, do not bind the vendor.] Law. Those upper echelons ofthe military are solidly behind the
things which are said during sales for commendation Shah . . . {Newsweek Int. Jan. 1, 1979:20). b) // was
do not bind the vendor, if they are plainly visible. felt that the nature ofmedia work made women jour-
eau de cologne n., pi. eaux de cologne [Fr. eau-de- nalists content to stay out of the top echelons of the
cologne: eau water (1); de of (2); cologne Cologne profession . . . (West Africa 1985).
(3): water of Cologne.] A perfume composed of al- echolalia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. echo echo (1); lalia
cohol and scented oils. talk, chat (2): echo-talk.] Medicine. A kind of insanity
115
eclat 116
which takes the form of constantly repeating what eheu fugaces Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes 11,14,1. [L.
others say. eheu alas ( ); fugaces fleeing (2): alas fleeing.] Alas
1
eclat n„ pi. eclats [Fr. splinter, burst, flash, brightness, for the fleeing years.
brilliancy, pomp, splendor, glamor, display.] 1 . Splen- eidolon n., pi. eidola or eidolons [Gk. eidolon phantom,
dor. Brilliance. Brilliant or dazzling effect. Brilliant image, idea.] 1 . A bodiless form or image. A phantom.
success. Due to excessive party patronage through Now that we are awake, we may discard the eidolons
which buffoons, quacks and political charlatans ofourformer sleep andface reality. 2. An ideal figure
wrangle themselves into positions of authority and or model. A father should try as much as possible to
responsibility, the Federal and many state executives educate his children, but he should refrain from creat-
have been lacking in eclat (Dr. Tunde Adeniran in ing in his mind an eidolon which the children should
West Africa 1982). 2. Show of pomp. Display of pag- < imitate in all details.
eantry. Publicity. Or'entatious display. Akanbi marked ei incumbit probatio, qui dicit, non qui negat; cum
his return homefrom his sojourn in Britain with great per rerum naturam factum negantis probatio
eclat, driving a friend 's deluxe car. nulla sit. [L. ei (to) him (3); incumbit weighs upon,
ecole n.,pl. ecoles [Fr. school.] A school or group, espe- burdens (2); probatio proof (1); qui who (4); dicit
cially of writers, artists, scholars, etc. asserts, affirms (5); non not (6); qui (him) who (7);
Ecole des Femmes n. [Fr. ecole school (1); des of the negat denies (8); cum since (9); per through, by ( 1 0);
(2); femmes women (3): school of the women.] rerum of matters, things, property, business, affairs
School for Women, a 1662 comedy by Moliere (12); naturam nature (11); factum deed, act, fact
(1622-1673). (17); negantis of the one denying (16); probatio
e contra adv. [L. e from, out of (1); contra against, proof (15); nulla no (14); sit there is (13): Proof
opposite (2): from opposite.] On the contrary. See e weighs upon him on him whowho asserts, not
converso. is no
denies, since, by the nature of things, there
e converso adv. [L. e from, out of ( 1 ); converso con- proof of the one denying fact.] The burden of proof
verse, contrary (2): from the converse.] Conversely. lies on one who makes an assertion, not on one who
On the contrary. The prosecutor advised the witness denies it, since, by the nature of things, a person
to give testimony against the accused but, e converso, who denies a fact has no means of proof. See actori
he testified in his favor. See e contra. incumbit etc.
edictum n.,pl. edicta [L. spoken forth, edict, ordinance, Eine kleine Nachtmusik n. [Ger. eine a, an ( ); kleine 1
proclamation, manifesto.] Originally, in ancient little (2); Nacht night (3); Musik music (4): a little
Rome, a proclamation issued by the praetor on as- night music] "A Little Night Music," a musical com-
sumption of office, showing the rules which he would position for strings by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
follow during his term of office. During the imperial (1756-1791).
era the Emperor, by virtue of his position as an ex- Ein' feste Burg ist unser Gott / em' gute Wehr und
traordinary magistrate, issued edicta and his edicts Waffen. Martin Luther (1483-1546). [Ger. ein' a,
carried the force of law. an (1); feste solid, firm, strong, mighty (2); Burg for-
editio princeps abbr. E.P. or e.p. n., pi. editiones tress, stronghold, castle (3); ist is (4); unser our (5);
principes [L. editio edition, statement (2); princeps Gott God (6); ein' a (7); gute good (8); Wehr defense,
first, original, foremost (1): first edition.] The first arms, armament (9); Waffen weapon
und and (10);
printed version of a book previously available only ( ): A strong citadel is our God / A good armament
1
1
in manuscript form. and weapon.] A mighty fortress is our God / A bulwark

e.g. abbr. for 1. ejusdem generis (q.v.). 2. exempli never failing. The first lines of a Lutheran hymn.
gratia (q.v.). Ein Heldenleben n. [Ger. ein a, an (1); Helden hero's
egesta pi. n. [L. things discharged or removed.] Excre- (2); Leben life (3): a hero's life.] "A Hero's Life," a
tions. Excrement. Cf. dejecta and excreta. tone poem (1899) by Richard Strauss (1864-1949)
ego n.,pl. egos [L. "I."] 1 . Self-respect. Self-esteem. The in which the composer portrays himself as a hero.
student 's ego was shattered by his poor performance Ein unniitz Leben ist ein friiher Tod. Johann
in the examination. 2. Arrogance. Boastfulness. Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832). Iphigenie auf
a) Tunji 's greatness is enhanced by his self-effacement Tauris 1,2,2. [Ger. ein a, an (1); unniitz useless, un-
and the absence ofeven a spark ofego in him. b) The profitable (2); Leben life, existence (3); ist is (4);
head of the institution expects every member ofstaff ein a, an (5); friiher early, premature, untimely (6);
to fatter him and massage his ego. 3. Psychology. Tod death (7): A useless life is an early death.] A
The conscious part of one's personality which wasted life is equivalent to dying young.
harmonizes the demands of the id, the superego and ei qui affirmat, non ei qui negat, incumbit probatio.
the reality of the world. 4. Used in the drawing of [L. ei him (3); qui who (4); affirmat affirms (5); non
genealogical tables for representing the person whose not (6); ei one, him/her (7); qui who (8); negat denies
genealogy is being traced. (9); incumbit weighs upon, burdens (2); probatio
117 elenchus
proof (1): Proof weighs upon one who affirms, not ofgovernment "softness "... {Newsweek Int. Jan 22,
on one who denies.] The burden of proof lies on the 1979:11). See caudillo.
person who affirms a fact, not on the one who denies Eldorado or El Dorado n., pi. Los Dorados or
it. See actori incumbit etc. Losdorados or El Dorados [Sp. el the (1); dorado
eisdem modis dissolvitur obligatio quae nascitur ex golden (place) (2): the golden place.] The name 1 .
contractu, vel quasi, quibus contrahitur. [L. given to a fantastically rich place which European
eisdem in the same (9); modis (in) ways (10); explorers of the 16th century hoped to discover in
dissolvitur is dissolved (8); obligatio obligation ( 1 ); South America. 2. A golden opportunity. A fabulously
quae which (2); nascitur proceeds, arises (3); ex rich place. A place which offers fantastic opportuni-
from (4); contractu drawing together, shrinking, ties for wealth and comfortable life, a) In much of
contract, agreement (5); vel or (6); quasi a sort of, the Third World, the United States is viewed as a
quasi (7); quibus in which (11); contrahitur it is virtual El Dorado {Newsweek Int. Sept. 28,1981:51).
contracted (12): An obligation which proceeds from b) During the 1970s Nigeria, thanksto the oil boom,
a contract or a quasi, is dissolved in the same ways became a veritable Eldorado, and attractedforeigners
in which it is contracted.] Law. An obligation which from almost every corner of the world.
originates from a contract or a quasi contract is dis- electauna via, non datur recursus ad alteram. [L.
solved in the same way that it was contracted. electa (with) having been chosen (3); una with one
See eodem modo quo quid constituitur dissolvitur. (1); via (with) way (2); non not (7); datur is given
Eisen und Blut See Blut und Eisen. (8); recursus retreat, return (4); ad to, at, for, ac-
ejaculatio praecox n.,pl. ejaculationes praecoces [L. cording to (5); alteram the other (6): With one way
ejaculatio ejaculation (2); praecox premature (1): having been chosen, return to the other is not given.]
premature ejaculation.] Premature ejaculation during When one of two options has been chosen, it is not
sexual intercourse. permissible to fall back on the other. See electio
ejusdem generis abbr. e.g. adj. [L. ejusdem of the semel etc.
same (1); generis (of) kind, class (2): of the same electiones fiant rite et libere sine interruptione
kind, class, character, or nature.] Law. The expres- aliqua. [L. electiones selections, elections (1); fiant
sion is generally used for limiting the application of should be made, conducted (2); rite duly, properly
a general term to a specific kind or group of things. (3); et and (4); libere freely (5); sine without (6);
The goods sent by the manufacturer are not ejusdem interruptione interruption, interference (8); aliqua
generis as those mentioned in the contract. any (7): Elections should be conducted properly and
ejus est interpretari cujus est condere. [L. ejus of freely without any interruption.] The conduct of elec-
him (2); est it is (1); interpretari to interpret (3); tions should be proper, free, and without interference.
cujus of whom (4); est condere to make,
it is (5); electio semel facta non patitur regressum. [L. electio
establish (6): It is of him of whom it is to

to interpret election, choice (1); semel once (2); facta having
make.] It is the duty of the lawmaker to interpret the been made (3); non not (4); patitur allows, permits
law (a maxim of the civil law no longer applicable). (5); regressum return, retreat (6): A choice having
ejus nulla culpa est cui parere necesse sit. [L. ejus of once been made does not permit a retreat.] Law. Once
him ( 1 ); nulla no (7); culpa fault, error, blame, guilt, a formal decision has been made to pursue a legal
failure (8); est there is (6); cui to whom (2); parere action and the process has started, the decision can-
to obey (5); necesse necessary (4); sit it should be, is not be recalled. See electa una etc.
(3): Of him to whom it is necessary to obey, there is Electra complex See Oedipus.
no blame.] Law. A person who is bound to obey an elegantiae arbiter n., pi. elegantiae arbitri. Tacitus
order cannot be held responsible for an act; e.g., an (c.55 -c.117 A.D.). Annales XVI, 18. See arbiter
executioner who executes a criminal or a police of- elegantiarum.
ficer who, in the process of performing his duty, kills elegit n., pi. elegits [L. He/she has chosen.] English
a suspect who resists arrest. See qui jussu etc. Law. A judicial writ of execution, now obsolete,
elan n.,pl. elans [Fr. spring, spirit, dash, outburst, im- whereby a defendant's goods and/or lands could be
petus.] Enthusiasm. Zest. Vivacity. Ardor. Spirit. delivered on account of debt to the plaintiff until the
Dash. Whatever Joe decides to do, he does it with debt was paid off through the rents and profits, or
considerable elan. the debtor's interest expired. Cf. fieri facias.
EI Caudillo n. [Sp. el the (1); caudillo leader (2): the Elementa pi. n. [L. elements.] The Elements, the Latin
leader, particularly one who has soldiers' personal title of the Greek Stoicheia, in which Euclid (fl. 3rd
loyalty.] Title, equivalent to II Duce (q.v.). and century B.C.) outlines his mathematical principles.
Fuhrer (q.v.), given to Generalissimo Franco. elenchus or elenchos n.,pl. elenchi [L. elenchus from
Pro-Franco military men, disgruntled at losing the Gk. elenchos cross-examination, testing, scrutiny
sweeping power they held under El Caudillo, have with the aim of refuting a point or some points.]
responded to the violence with increasing criticism Logic. Refutation of a proposition by syllogism or
elite 118
the deductive method. Socrates, with his well-known embargo on sales ofmilitary aircraft to the Arab state
method of elenchos, subjected almost every aspect (Newsweek Int. June 25, 1979:37). 3. Prohibition,
of life to inquiry. stoppage, or restraint. The government has passed a
elite or elite n., pi. elites or elites [Fr. choice, pick, decree imposing an embargo on promotion ofpublic
flower, select few.] The flower, cream, choice part, officials. — v. tr. To prohibit movement of ships or
A select few. A group
aristocracy, or the superior part. commercial activities. . . . the U.S. decision to em-
in the society regarded as superior. A small group of bargo grain sales to the Soviet Union . . . (Newsweek
citizens who exert influence or wield power. A special Int. Jan. 28, 1980:45).-
unit of highly trained soldiers. The specific meaning embarras de choix n. [Fr. embarras embarrassment,
of the word depends upon its context, as shown in difficulty (1); de of (2); choix choice (3): embarrass-
the following examples, a) academic elite; b) African ment of choice.] Too much to choose from. Difficulty
elite; c) bourgeois elite; d) business elite; e) educated in selecting or choosing from too many attractive al-
elite; f) intellectual elite; g) ruling elite; h) Western ternatives. See embarras de richesse.
educated elite. — adj. Select, superior, choice, or embarras de richesse n. [Fr. embarras embarrass-
picked, a) elite cavalry regiment; b) elite Special Air ment, difficulty (1); de of (2); richesse wealth, riches
Service; c) . . . the 14,000-man "Brunette" armored (3): an embarrassment of wealth.] A rich supply or
division, an elite corps . . . (Newsweek Int. Dec 20, abundance of details, materials, etc. which presents
1982:10). difficulties in choosing from among attractive alterna-
Elle flotte, elle hesite; en un mot, elle est femme. Jean tives. This embarras de richesse presented serious
Racine (1636-1699). [Fr. elle she (1); flotte wavers, problems ofselection, organisation and presentation
fluctuates (2); elle she (3); hesite hesitates, falters (4); which I cannot pretend wholly to have solved
en in (5); un a (6); mot word (7); elle she (8); est is (Megarry 1973:ix). See embarras de choix.
(9); femme woman ( 1 0): She wavers, she hesitates; in embouchure n.,pl. embouchures [Fr. mouth ] Music.
a word, she is woman.] Because she wavers and hesi- I. The position of the mouth and lips of a musician
tates she is a female. Cf. varium et mutabile etc. playing a wind instrument. 2. A mouthpiece.
ellipsis n., pi. ellipses [Gk. elleipsis defect, omission embroglio var. of imbroglio (q.v.).
of a letter.] Rhetoric. 1 . Marks which indicate an omis- e mera gratia adv. [L. e out of, from ( 1 ); mera pure,
sion of words, phrases, or clauses in a written passage; mere (2); gratia favor, kindness (3): from mere/pure
e.g., a series of periods. 2. An abrupt transition from favor.] Purely out of kindness. His request was granted
one topic to another, with no regard whatsoever for not from any other consideration but e mera gratia.
logical sequence. Frequent use of ellipsis in his emeritus or fern, emerita adj., pi. emeriti or fern.
speech made his argument difficult to follow. emeritae [L. well-deserved, having finished work
El Nino [Sp. el the (1); nifio child, boy (2): the child, or service.] Retired but holding, as honorary title, his/
the Christ child.] A periodic warming of Pacific waters her last position during service. Retired after gaining
off the coast of South America with significant cli- recognition, a) emeritus professor; b) Professor
matic effects over much of the Pacific Ocean and the Emeritus of Medicine; c) emerita professor; d) Pro-
Americas. This warming process usually begins at fessor Emerita of Philosophy; e) emeritus general.
Christmastime. — n. A person retired from service but retaining, as
el presidente n. [Sp. el the (1); presidente president, honorary title, his/her last position. 77?^ eminent pro-
chairman (2): the president.] The chief executive of fessor ofsurgery joined the ranks of the emeriti last
the state. Mexican courts cannot override laws de- year. See professor emeritus.
creed by el presidente, (Newsweek Int. July 5,. . . emesis n., pi. emeses [Gk. vomiting.] Medicine. Act of
1982:40). vomiting. See hyperemesis and hyperemesis
Elysium n., pi. Elysiums or Elysia [L.] 1. Greek and gravidarum.
Roman Mythology. A blessed place where happy emigre or emigre or emigre or fern, emigree n., pi.
souls, particularly the souls of some favored heroes, emigres or emigres or emigres ox fern, emigrees [Fr.
went to live after death. 2. Paradise. A place, state, one who has emigrated or left the country.] A person
or abode of exceptional happiness. The policemen who leaves his country for political or other reasons,
found the accused at his residence in unmistakable a) Soviet emigre; b) Nicaraguan emigre; c) Polish
Elysium as he entertained a number of guests. emigre; d) Recently, one train from Moscow carried
Cf. Hades; Tartarus; and Valhalla. 48 Jewish emigres (Time Int. 1982); e) Our embas-
embargo n., pi. embargoes [Sp. attachment, legal sei- siesand high commissions must be reorganised to
zure, arrest.] 1. A governmental order forbidding undertake effective mobilisation ofGhanaian emigres
ships to enter or depart from ports in the country. wherever they are . . . (K. Kumain West Africa 1981).
2. Governmental prohibition of commercial activities eminence grise n.,pl. eminences grises [Fr. eminence
either partially or completely. Libya has hinted that eminence, prominence (2); grise grey, dull ( 1 ): grey
it might stop oil shipments because of an American eminence.] 1 . The nickname of Pere Joseph, a monk
119 encomium
and diplomat of France who was the confidential buying and Roman Law. A contract between
selling.]
agent of the statesman, Cardinal Richelieu. 2. A con- two parties whereby one party buys something to be
fidential agent who unobtrusively and unofficially sold by the other at a fixed price.
wields power. The power behind the ruler or the enallage n., pi. enallagae or enallages [Gk. ennallage
throne, a) . . . Egon Bahr, the eminence grise of change, interchange.] Rhetoric. A diange in gram-
Schmidt 's Social Democratic Party . . . (Newsweek mar for effect or emphasis; e.g., "We was robbed!"
Int. Aug. 9, 1982:16). b) It is widely believed that For more examples, see Quinn 1982.
the wives of many riders serve as eminences grises en autre droit adv. [Fr. en in, on, at (1); autre other
and are the real authors ofsome crucial decisions. (2); droit right (3): in other right.] Law. In the right
eminentissimo or fern, eminentissima n., pi. of another person. See autre droit.
eminentissimi or eminentissimos or fern. en banc adv. /adj. [Fr. en in, on, at ( ); banc bench (2):
1
cminentisimc [It. most prominent, eminent.] A very in bench.] Law. In full court. At a session of the court
prominent person. A person of very high position in with all the judges sitting. At a court sitting with full
society. authority. Applicable to a session of court where all
emir n., pi. emirs [Fr. emir from Ar. 'amir com- the members, rather than a judge, panel, or the nor-
mander.] A ruler in Near Eastern countries. mally required quorum, participate and decide. This
emissio n.,pl. emissiones [L. sending forth.] Ejaculation. usually happens when a Court of Appeal is handling
There were three canonical conditions for virility: an important case. The verdict of a court en banc.
erectio, introductio and emissio . . . (Eysenck See in banc.
1982:63). Cf. erectio and introductio. en bloc adv. [Fr. en in, on, at ( 1 ); bloc block, lump (2):
emphyteusis n., pi. emphyteuses [Gk. enphuteusis: in a block.] All together. As a body. As a whole. As
en in (2); phuteusis planting (1): planting in, im- a unit. Wholesale. In a mass. In a lump. In one piece.
planting, hereditary leasehold of property.] Roman Henceforth Augustus 'prerogative was voted en bloc
and Civil Law. 1 . A contract by which landed prop- to each new emperor without any restrictions oftime
erty was leased to a person forever or for a long pe- (Cary 1970:53 1 ). See en gros and en masse.
riod of time, subject, inter alia, to the payment of an enceinte adj. [Fr. pregnant.] With child. Pregnant.
annual rent and the improvement of the property by Thanks to modern fertility drugs, Mrs. Hack is now
cultivation, building, etc. The lessee could give the enceinte.
property to another person or bequeath it to his/her enceinte n., pi. enceintes [Fr. belted in, walled in.]
heirs, provided that the terms of the contract were 1. Wall. Fence. Enclosure. 2. Military. Fortification
observed. 2. The right or tenure of such inheritable surrounding a town or castle. Town or castle sur-
and alienable leasehold. See emphyteuta, jure rounded by fortification.
emphyteutico, jus emphyteuticarium, and jus en clair adv. [Fr. en in, on, at (1); clair clear, plain
emphyteuticum. (2): in clear or plain.] In plain clear language. Un-
emphyteuta n., pi. emphyteutae [Late L. from Gk. ambiguously. Clearly. Not in code. — adj. Clear.
emphuteutes: en in (2); phyteutes one who is Plain. Unambiguous. Applicable, particularly, to
planted ( 1 ): one who is planted in, one who has been diplomatic communications despatched by telegraph.
planted or settled.] Civil Law. A tenant who enjoys a He tried to no purpose to explain why he mis-
perpetual or long lease. A tenant or lessee under understood the message which was en clair.
emphyteusis (q.v.). enclave n.,pl. enclaves [Fr. enclosure, enclosed piece

emporium n., pi. emporia or emporiums [L. from Gk. of land.] 1 . Territory or district of one country com-
emporion a place of trade, market, mart, pletely surrounded by foreign territory. 2. Unique,
market-town.] A commercial center. A reasonably distinct, or homogeneous district, area, or region in a
big center of business. A marketplace. A store selling country, city, etc. a) . . . South Africa 's Group Areas
a large variety of merchandise. The small shop, which Act, a rigidly enforced pillar ofapartheid that divides
Mrs. Brown established ten years ago, has become the country 's residential areas into racial enclaves:
an emporium, attracting customers from every part white, colored, black and Indian (Newsweek Int. April
of the state. 19, 1982:35). b) Ilorin an enclave ofYoruba- . . . is
emptio bonorum or bonorum emptio n. [L. emptio speaking people still under Dan Fodio 's emirate ( The
purchase ( 1 ); bonorum of goods, property (2): pur- Guardian 1986).
chase of goods.] Civil Law. Public sale of a debtor's encomienda n., pi. encomiendas [Sp. commission,
property for the creditor's benefit. The purchaser concession, assignment, holding.] Spanish Law. A
acquires all the debtor's property and assets, and is grant of both land and the native inhabitants which
required to settle liabilities and debts in accordance in former times the Crown made to Spanish colo-
with a formula agreed upon during the transaction, nists in Spain's overseas possessions.
emptio et venditio or emptio-venditio n. [L. emptio encomium n.,pl. encomia or encomiums [L. from Gk.
purchase, buying (1); et and (2); venditio selling (3): enkomion laudatory ode, panegyric, eulogy.] A
encore 120
speech of praise. Panegyric. Eulogy. He is such a composers, who combines a brilliant mathematical
and tal-
dedicated, patriotic, conscientious, selfless, mind with an expert musical ear, Boulez (Time . . .
ented statesman that no amount ofencomium will do Int. 98 1 ); b)

1 he was elected to Parliament, where
. . .
adequate justice to him. he quickly established himselfas a witty and outspoken

encore n.,pl. encores [Fr. again, once more, anew.] I. back-bencher, the enfant terrible of the Labor Party
A request, usually in the form of shouting "Encore!" (Newsweek Int. Nov. 24, 1980:14).
and clapping by the audience, for the reappearance en fete adj. [Fr. en in, on, at ( 1 ); fete festival, feast (2):
of a performer or the repetition of an act. The audi- in festival.] Wearing festal dress. In a festive mood.
ence enjoyed the musical show to such an extent that In a holiday spirit or mood.
they kept interrupting the show with shouts of en- en garde [Fr. en in, on, at (1); garde guard (2): on
core. 2. Reappearance of a performer or repetition guard.] On the alert. Watch out!
of a performance on the request of the audience. en gros adv. [Fr. en in, on, at (1); gros bulk, mass (2):
. . . the 32-year-oid Briton romped through the first in bulk.] By wholesale. On the whole. In a lump. In
of eight concerts and returned for three tumultuous the main. See en bloc and en masse.
encores (Newsweek Int. June 4, 1979:19).
. . . v. — enigma or aenigma n.. pi. enigmata or aenigmata or
tr. To request, usually by shouting "Encore!" and enigmas or aenigmas [Gk. ainigma riddle ] 1. A
clapping, the reappearance of a performer or the rep- riddle. Something such as a statement, remark, speech
etition of a performance. It was such a melodious or writing which is obscure or puzzling. Any com-
song that it was encored several times. ment made by Zorro is usually an enigma and, to
en echelon adv. I adj. [en in, on, at (1); echelon step understand it, you need to be alert, ingenious, and
rung (2): in step.] In the form of a series of steps. In very intelligent. 2. Mystery. An inexplicable situa-
stepped formation. tion, incident, event, circumstance, or occurrence. A
en famille adj. /adv. [Fr. en in, on, at (1); famille fam- problem which is difficult to solve. This brilliant work
ily (2): in family.] 1 . At home. Exclusively with one's has solved many problems which have hitherto been
family. Treated as one belonging to the family. enigmas. 3. A person who is not easy to understand. A
Among or with one's family. As a family. 2. As if in person who is inscrutable. A person who is a bundle of
a family. Informally. A reliable source has hinted inconsistencies, a) He spent most of his life in obscu-
of the uncompromising attitude of the

that, in spite rity; he was an enigma even to many of the theological
Administration, the President and some prominent students who presumably knew him best (Time Int.
aides worry en famille about the regime 's loss of 1 980). b) Adio has been Shehu Is friend for over ten
popularity. years, but he is such an enigma that the latter knows
enfant cheri or/em. enfant cherie n.,pl. enfants cheris very little about him.
or fern, enfants cheries [Fr. enfant child (2); cheri en masse adv. [Fr. en in, on, at (1); masse bulk, mass
dear, beloved ( 1 ): dear child.] A pampered or spoiled (2): in bulk.] In a mass. In a body. In great numbers.
child. A very dear child. Cf. enfant gate. As one body. At wholesale. All together. As a whole.
enfant de miracle n. pi.
, enfants de miracle [Fr. enfant Collectively. In full force. In a lump, a) . . . African
child (1); deof(2); miracle miracle, wonder (3): child countries supported the effort of the Palestinians en
of miracle.] A child whose birth, though a source of masse and broke diplomatic relations with Israel . . .
joy, was entirely unexpected. Applicable to a child (Kole Omotoso in West Africa 1 986). b) We are there-
bom to elderly parents. fore calling on 1 8 and above to
all Nigerians aged
enfant gate n., pi. enfants gates [Fr. enfant child (2); come en masse government elec-
to vote in local
gate pampered, spoilt ( 1 ): a pampered child.] A child tions on 1 2th December, 1987 (The Guardian
. . .
who is spoiled. Cf. enfant cheri. 1987). See en bloc and en gros.
enfant terrible n., pi. enfants terribles [Fr. enfant en menage adv. [Fr. en in, on, at (1); menage house-
child (2); terrible terrible, dreadful ( 1 ): terrible child.] hold, married couple (2): in a household.] As a mar-
1. An unruly child. A problem child. Little terror. A ried couple. Like husband and wife. Implying that
child who causes embarrassment by making unpleas- they are actually not married. The two students live
ant or indiscreet remarks, or by uncontrollable conduct. together en menage.
The Johnsons feel very uneasy whenever they visit en mort mayne adv. [Obs. Fr. en in, on, at (1); mort
friends, accompanied by their daughter Jane, an dead (2); mayne hand (3): in dead hand.] In mortmain.
enfant terrible. 2. A person who embarrasses his/her In permanent ownership. Cf. in mortua manu and
party, friends, allies, associates, etc., or who compro- manus mortua.
mises his/her cause, by acts of indiscretion. A person ennui n.,pl. ennuis [Fr. boredom, tediousness, wearisome-
or new member of a group who, by his/her conduct ness, tedium.] 1 . Boredom. Weariness emanating from
or opinions, embarrasses or annoys his/her colleagues, lack of interest. Discontent. Dissatisfaction. It has been
who hold orthodox, conventional, or conservative a very uneventfoil retirement, mostly characterized by
views, a) The former enfant terrible of French ennui. 2. Anything which causes boredom or weariness.
121 entourage
enosis n. [Mod. Gk. henOsis union.] Union, especially all of which use musical material from the opera 's
the unification of the island of Cyprus with the na- prologue {Newsweek Int. March 12, 1979:59). 2. A
tion of Greece. complete costume made up of several items which

en passant abbr. e.p. adv. [Fr. en in, on, at ( 1 ); passant are harmonious. Armani displayed fifteen leather
passing (2): in passing.] Incidentally. By the way. outfits, among them a culotte-and-shirt ensemble in
Cursorily. In his speech he referred, en passant, to neon jade, purple and mint green {Newsweek Int. . . .
the uncooperative attitude ofsome members ofstaff. Oct. 19, 1981:56). 2. A number of separate furnish-
en pension adv.ladj. [Fr. en in, on, at ( 1 ); pension board ings which harmonize and form one group. 3. A group
and lodging (2): in board and lodging.] Paying or of people who act together to achieve a particular
charged a fixed amount for board and lodging. Re- objective; e.g., a group of musicians, a group of danc-
siding as a boarder. Since she was given a meager ers, etc. Twelve string instrumentalists calling them-
traveling allowance, she planned to live en pension at selves CityofLondon Sinfonia arrivefor two special
one ofthe inexpensive boardinghouses ofNew York. concerts. Works in the repertoire ofthe ensemble
. . .
en plein air adv. [Fr. en in, on, at ( 1 ); plein full, com- include Mozart's Eine Kleine Nacht-musik {The . . .
plete (2); air air (3): in full air.] In the open air. Cf. Guardian 1986).
al fresco. ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem. [L. ense
en poste adv. [Fr. en in, on, at ( 1); poste post, appoint- (by, with) a sword (1); petit he/she looks for, seeks
ment (2): at post.] In office. . . . the country's triad (2); placidam pleasing, pleasant (3); sub under, be-
offinancial advisers . . . remain en poste under the neath (5); libertate liberty, freedom (6); quietem
new regime . . . {West Africa 1984). quiet, tranquillity (4): With a sword he/she looks for
en prince adv. [Fr. en in, on, at, in the manner of (1); pleasing tranquillity under freedom.] By the sword
prince prince (2): in the manner of a prince.] In he/she seeks pleasant quiet under liberty. Motto of
princely fashion. Lavishly. The Cromwells enter- the State of Massachusetts.
tained the 100 guests at the party en prince. en-soi adv. [Fr. en in (1); soi oneself, himself, herself,
en principe adv. [Fr. en in, on, at (1); principe prin- itself, themselves (2): in itself] Being in itself as
ciple (2): in principle.] As a matter of principle. On opposed to pour-soi (q.v.), as developed by Jean-
principle. As a principle. As a rule. Theoretically. In Paul Sartre (1905-1980) in L'Etre et le neant (q.v.).
theory. The two parties accepted the proposals en Cf. eo ipso.

principe and agreed to meet subsequentlyfor detailed en suite adv. /adj. [Fr. en in, on, at (1); suite succes-
discussions. sion, series, continuation (2): in succession.] 1. In a
enrage /?.. pi. enrages [Fr. adj. mad, crazy, enthusiastic succession. In a series. 2. One leading to, or opening
or n. one who is mad, a fan.] A fan. An enthusiastic into, another. Applicable to rooms. The family lives
supporter or follower. A fanatic. An enthusiast. Only in a magnificent house ofseven rooms, each equipped
among the enrages of the CPP was he to find a re- with a bathroom en suite. 3. Arranged in a harmonious
sponsive cord and the stimulus which he clearly set. After a day ofhard work, Tunji always goes home
needed for his brand of politics (Dr. M. Anafu in to relax in his favorite chair with afoots tool en suite.
West Africa 1983). entente n.,pl. ententes [Fr. arrangement, understanding.]

en rapport adj. [Fr. en in, on, at ( 1 ); rapport connection, 1. A friendly understanding. An agreement. 2. An
contact (2): in connection or contact.] In harmony. understanding or agreement, less formal and binding
In a condition of mutual understanding, sympathy, than an alliance, among friendly nations to pursue a
or relationship. For a leader to be successful, he must common foreign policy. Black African nations have
be en rapport with his followers. railed against Reagan 's entente with Pretoria
en route abbr. e.r. adj. /adv. [Fr. en in, on, at ( 1 ); route {Newsweek Int. Nov. 9, 1981:16). 3. Nations that are
road, course, route (2): on the road.] Along the way. parties to such an agreement. Thefour nations turned
In the course of a journey or voyage. On the way. On out to be strange bedfellows and so constituted a
one's way. While being transported, a) . . . U.S. weak entente.
peacemaker Philip Habib arrived in Jerusalem en entente cordiale n. [Fr. entente agreement, understand-
route to Damascus and Amman {Newsweek Int. . . . ing (2); cordiale cordial, hearty (1): hearty agree-
March 15, 1982:24); b) I also spotted Senator Onyeabor ment.] A cordial or friendly understanding, especially
Obi, en route from an international conference on between two nations on matters of foreign policy.
the legal profession {The Guardian 1986). Cf. en voy- With the establishment ofan entente cordiale between
age and in itinere. the two nations, peace has been restored to the border.
ensemble n., pi. ensembles [Fr. together, at the same entourage n.,pl. entourages [Fr. circle of friends, fol-
time, whole, set, unit, unity, harmony.] 1 . The whole. lowing, advisers, surroundings, environment.] 1. A
Something regarded as a whole. Music of several building's surroundings. // is not easy to decide which
parts which make one whole. The music in the first is more beautifid, the mansion or its entourage. 2. An
scene ofact three . . . includes three grandiose ensembles. important person's retinue, attendants, followers, or
entr'acte 122
associates. The paramount chiefarrived at the meeting enumeratio unius est exclusio alterius. [L.
with an entourage of twenty subchiefs. enumeratio enumeration (1); unius of one (2); est
entr'acte pi. entr'actes [Fr. entracte from entre is (3); exclusio exclusion (4); alterius of the other
between, among ( 1 ); acte act, action, deed (2): between (5): The enumeration of one is the exclusion of the
acts, an intermission.] 1 . An interval or interlude be- other.] Law. A principle whereby if one thing or a
tween two acts of a play, opera, etc. Before starting number of things in a group are enumerated, the others
on the narrative of the great Persian expedition . . . ,as in the group are deemed to have been excluded.
a kind ofentr 'acte between that and the Ionian revolt, See designatio unius etc.
Herodotus relates various hostile undertakings en ventre sa mere adj. [Obs. Fr. en in, on, at ( 1 ); ven-
against Greek cities . . . (Lesky 1966:3 13). 2. A dance, tre belly, stomach (2); sa one's (3); mere mother
a musical piece, etc., performed during such interval. (4): in the belly of one's mother.] Law. In the form
entrada ahhr. etr. pi. entradas [Sp. entrance, entry, of a fetus. Unborn. In utero. In some cases a child en
admission.] A journey or expedition into a territory ventre sa mere, i.e., an unborn child, is regarded as a
which has not been explored. child in being and thus entitled to benefits such as
entrant n.,pl. entrants [Fr. incomer, one entering.] A taking a legacy or having a guardian. A child en ven-
person who enters a competition, school, college, tre sa mere, who is in due course born, is included in
profession, etc. a) The principal of the school warned a gift to children as if he were actually born . . .
old students not to maltreat new entrants, b) Among (Parry 1 96 1 : 1 28). See fetus; in ventre sa mere; and
was a team from Colombia, expert m
the entrants qui in utero etc.
mountain racing (Newsweek Int. July 25,. . . environs pi. n. [Fr. the area, the vicinity.] The surround-
1983:49). ings. Environment. The area immediately surrounding
entree or entree n., pi. entrees or entrees [Fr. entry, a city, monument, or event.
entrance, admittance, admission, access.] 1. Entrance. envoutement pi. envoutements [Fr. spell, magic,
The girl 's conspicuous entree into the hall attracted charm, bewitchment.] Magic which involves the use
comments from almost everybody, 2. Right, privilege of a person's image, picture, or likeness to harm him/
or permission to enter or to be admitted. Qualifica- her by influencing his/her fate.
tion for entrance or admission. My father insists that en voyage adv. [Fr. en in, on, at (1); voyage journey,
no one should enter his bedroom without obtaining voyage (2): on a journey.] While on a voyage or jour-
entree. 3. France. A dish served between the princi- ney. While traveling. Cf. en route and in itinere.
pal courses of a dinner. 4. U.S.A. The main dish of a E.O. or e.o. abbr. for ex officio (q.v.).
dinner. Cf. carte d'entree. eodem ligamine quo ligatum est dissolvitur. [L.
entre nous adv. [Fr.(1); nous us, our-
entre between eodem by the same (2); ligamine (by) band (3); quo
Between ourselves. Between
selves (2): between us.] by which (4); ligatum est it was bound together (5);
you and me. In confidence. Desmond committed an dissolvitur it is dissolved, annulled ( 1 ): It is dissolved
unpardonable breach o f trust when he disclosed to by the same band by which was bound together.] it
Margaret what I had told him entre nous. Law. A contract is dissolved by the same means by
entrepot //.. pi. entrepots [Fr. a warehouse, store- which it was made. See eodem modo quo quid
house, emporium.] 1 . A warehouse where goods are constituitur dissolvitur.
deposited. A storehouse. An intermediary place eodem modo quo quid constituitur dissolvitur. [L.
where imported or exported goods are collected and eodem by/in the same (3); modo (by) way (4); quo
As the first port of call for ships coming
distributed. in which (5); quid something (1); constituitur it is
from Europe. Dakar was naturally destined to play

. . . made, established (6); dissolvitur it is dissolved (2):
the role ofentrepot between Europe and subsequent Something is dissolved in the same way in which it
ports of call (Suret-Canale 1971:194). 2. France. A is made.] Law. A thing is dissolved in the same way
place where temporarily imported goods are kept to that it is made. See eisdem modis dissolvitur etc.;
be re-exported subsequently without payment of duty. eodem ligamine eodem modo quo quid
etc.;
entrepreneur or Jem. entrepreneuse /;., pi. entre- constituitur, eodem etc.; jura eodem modo etc.;
preneurs orfern, entrepreneuses [Fr. contractor.] A 1 . naturale est etc.; nihil est magis etc.; nihil tarn con-
person who, at his/her own financial risk, establishes, veniens etc.; nihil tarn naturale etc.; nudi consen-
organizes, and manages a business enterprise. Many sus etc.; omnia quae jure etc.; quo ligatur etc.; quo
entrepreneurs, who often devote themselves to business modo quid etc.; solvitur eo ligamine etc.;
at the expense of family, watch from retirement or unumquodque dissolvitur etc.; unumquodque
the grave as the bequests they cared about almost eodem modo etc.; and verborum obligatio etc.
collapse orpass into other hands (Newsweek Int. Dec. eodem modo quo quid constituitur, eodem modo
12, 1983:45). 2. A promoter, organizer, manager, and destruitur. [L. eodem by/in the same ( ); modo (by/ 1
practitioner of an activity or enterprise. 3. A person in) way (2); quo in which (3); quid something (4);
who serves as an intermediary or middleman. constituitur is made, established (5); eodem in the
123 epithalamium
same (6); modo (in) way (7); destruitur it is de- child ( 1

): that which is born after, successor, descen-
stroyed, torn down (8): In the same way in which dant.] 1. Greek Mythology. One of the sons of the
something same way it is destroyed.]
is made, in the seven chiefs who attacked Thebes and fell in the pro-
A thing is same way in which it is
destroyed in the cess. The sons themselves subsequently attacked
made. See eodem modo quo quid constituitur Thebes. 2. A follower who imitates the leader. A poor
dissolvitur. imitator of an eminent author, artist, musician, phi-
eo intuitu adv. [L. eo with that (1); intuitu (with) losopher, etc. The novel, the work of an epigonos, is
consideration, view (2): with that view.] With that replete with hackneyed themes and rarely rises beyond
intent/object. Adams had tried on a number of oc- the ordinary. See epigone.
casions to steal stencils from the secretary 's office epigramma n., pi. epigrammata [Gk. from epi at, on,
and, eo intuitu, he brought a large envelope to the after, in addition to (2); gramma thing written (1):
office. thing written on.] 1. A tombstone inscription, often

eo ipso adv. [L. eo by him/it (1); ipso himself/itself (2): written in verse. 2. An epigram, i.e., a short poem
by it itself] By the thing itself. Cf en-soi. usually consisting of an elegiac couplet or a small
eon var. of aeon (q.v.). number of elegiac couplets. — Epigramma A col-
eo nomine adv. nomine (by) name
[L. eo by that (1); lection of epigrams, especially those of Martial
(2): by that name.] In/under/by that name or appella- (c.A.D. 40-103/4).
tion. Investigations revealed that he is not known eo epiphenomenon n., pi. epiphenomena or epipheno-
nomine. menons [Gk. epiphainomenon: epi at, on, after,
e.p. abbr. for en passant (q.v.). in addition to (2); phainomenon that which appears
E.P. or e.p. abbr. for editio princeps (q.v.). ( 1

): that which appears on, something appearing on
epanalepsis n.,pl. epanalepses [Gk. ep(i) at, on, after, the surface.] 1. A secondary phenomenon, event,
in addition to (3); ana up, back, again (2); lepsis tak- or development, which accompanies, and suppos-
ing hold, seizing, capturing (1): seizing again in ad- edly emanated from, the original phenomenon,
dition to, resumption, repetition.] Rhetoric. Ending event, or development. A serious-minded person
a sentence with the same word or words with which pursues his objective with tenacity ofpurpose and
it began; e.g., nil posse creari de nilo (q.v.) or "Noth- does not permit his attention to be distracted by
ing to be able to be created out of nothing." epiphenomena. 2. Medicine. A secondary disease
epanorthosis n.,pl. epanorthoses [Gk. epanorthOsis: or symptom which arises in the course of a disease.
ep(i) at, on, after, in addition to (2): anorthosis res- The diagnosis of the disease was complicated by a
toration ( 1
): restoration on, setting right, correcting.] number of epiphenomena which subsequently
Rhetoric. Placing a word or phrase immediately after emerged.
another for greater emphasis or clarification; e.g., "He epistemophilia n., pi. epistemophiliae or
hurt, indeed destroyed, her." epistemophilias [Neo-Gk. from Gk. episteme
epater les bourgeois Alexandre Private d'Anglemont knowledge (2); philia love ( 1
): love of knowledge.]
(died 1859). [Fr. epater to shock (1); les the (2); Inordinate pursuit of, or preoccupation with, knowledge.
bourgeois bourgeois (3): to shock the bourgeois.] In epistrophe n.,pl. epistrophae or epistrophes [Gk. epi
order to startle established society. In order to be at, on, after, in addition to (2); strophe turning (1):
unconventional. turning after.] Rhetoric. Using the same word or
epexegesis n., pi. epexegeses [Gk. epexegesis: ep(i) phrase at the end of a series of phrases or sentences.
at, on, after, in addition to (2); exegesis statement, Cf. anaphora.
narrative, explanation (1): narrative in addition to, epistula n.,pl. epistulae [L. letter.] A letter. An epistle.
detailed account, explanation.] Rhetoric. An expres- —Epistulae A collection of letters, especially those of
sion which follows a word, phrase, clause or text, Cicero (106-43 B.C.) and Seneca (c.4 B.C.-65 A.D.).
and qualifies or explains it; "The great Ghanaian
e.g., epit. abbr. for epitome (q.v.).
pan-Africanist, Kwame Nkrumah." epitre n, pi. epitres [Fr. from L. epistula letter.] A
ephemeron n., pi. ephemera [Gk. ephemeron: epi at, formal letter, especially one intended for publication.
on, after, in addition to ( 1 );
hemer(a) day (2): (a thing) — Epitres A collection of formal letters, such as those
on a day.] 1 . Something which is short-lived or intended of Jean Chapelain (1595-1674).
to have a short life-span, such as an organization, epithalamium (L.) or epithalamion (Gk.) n., pi.
office, or publication. 2. An insect which spends only epithalamia or epithalamiums [Gk. epi at, on, after,
a day in its adult or winged stage. in addition to (1); thalamion that which regards the
epigone n., pi. epigones [Ger. from Gk. epigonos suc- chamber, especially the marriage chamber (2): that
cessor, decadent, imitator.] A second-rate imitator. which regards at the marriage chamber, a bridal song
Epigonos (q.v.). sung at the marriage bed.] A nuptial poem, song, or
epigonos n., pi. epigonoi or epigoni [Gk. epi at, on, ode honoring or praising a bridegroom or bride.
after, in addition to (2); gonos that which is born, See prothalamium.
epitome 124
epitome abbr. epit. n..pl. epitomes [Gk. epitome: epi 2. Psychology. The psychological drive for reproduction
at, on, after, in addition to (2); tome cutting ( ): cutting 1 and sexual enjoyment. —eros n.,pl. erotes Art. A naked
at, a shortening, abridgment.] Abstract. Summary. 1 . and winged little boy carrying bow and arrows.
Abridgment. Compendium (q.v.). Brief statement. erotica pi. n. [Gk. erOtika things related to sexual love,
The magazine carries weekly epitomes ofgreat works. erotic things.] Books and art which treat sexual love,
Cf. precis, resume, and synopsis. 2. Embodiment. especially in a sensuous manner. Pornography is the
Ideal. A person or thing which remarkably symbolizes product of woman-hatred, marked by cruelty or vio-
a quality, character, trait, type, etc. a) Dupe is the lence, and shouldn 7 be confused with erotica, which
epitome of all the qualities that Musa desires in his is rooted in the idea offree will and love (Steinem in
ideal woman, b) Walter Matthau, the epitome ofslob Newsweek Int. Nov. 5, 1979:30). Cf. curiosa;
insouciance . . . {Time Int. 1982). c) Unsmiling and esoterica; and facetiae.
self-effacing, he seemed the epitome of the colorless erotogenesis n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. erO(s) love (2);
bureaucrat {Newsweek Int. Jan. 5, 1981:9). genesis production, generation (1): production or
epizeuxis n., pi. epizeuxes [Gk. epi at, on, after, in ad- generation of love.] Stimulation of sexual feeling.
dition to (2); zeuxis yoking, joining (1): yoking in erotomania n. [Gk. erO(s) love (1); mania madness
addition.] Rhetoric. Repeating the same word or (2): love madness, raving love.] Insanity which takes
phrase in quick succession for effect or emphasis; e.g, the form of excessive desire for sexual intercourse.
"What a joy, joy, joy it is to see you again!" Cf. diacope. See andromania.
e pluribus unum [L. e out of, from (2); pluribus more, errare humanum est. [L. errare to err, to make a mis-
several (persons or things) (3); unum one (1): one take (2); humanum human (3); est is, has been (2):
out of several.] One out of many. Motto of the U.S.A. To err is human.] To make a mistake is human.
. . . I see also the whole people ofAmerica, one na- erratum n., pi. errata [L. that which has wandered, a
tion formed ofmany people. E pluribus unum (Pope fault, an error.] A mistake, usually a misstatement or
John Paul II in Newsweek Int. Oct. 15, 1979:56). misprint. The book has in its appendix a corrigendum
epos n. [Gk. word, song.] 1 . Epic poetry in general or an showing the errata and their corrections. Cf.
epic poem in particular. 2. The cultural inheritance of corrigendum.
a society, especially as it is preserved in oral tradition. error coram nobis n. [L. error mistake, error (1);
equitas sequitur legem. See aequitas sequitur legem. coram before, in the presence of (2); nobis us (3):
e.r. abbr. for en route (q.v.). the error/mistake before us.] Law. A mistake in the
erectio n. [L. a straightening, elevating.] Physiology. proceedings before us. A writ, brought directly to
Enlargement of a body part by blood (e.g., of the the court which pronounced judgment, for review or
penis or the clitoris). Cf. emissio and introductio. modification on account of an error of fact which
ergo adv. [L. therefore.] Consequently. Accordingly. Then. renders the validity of the proceedings questionable.
Hence. Sometimes used to lay emphasis on an illogical See coram nobis. Cf. error coram vobis.
'
inference, a) ' Thou shalt not bearfalse witness against error coram vobis n. [L. error mistake, error (1);
thy neighbour. " Ergo, thou shalt bearfalse witness in coram before, in the presence of (2); vobis you (3):
hisfavour ifrequired . . . (Megarry 1973:86). b) ... he the error/mistake before you.] Law. A mistake in
maintains that well-being is not a quality per se, but a the proceedings before you. A writ for review or
form of equilibrium. Ergo, cancer is not a cause of modification, based on alleged error of fact, issued
unbalance but a consequence (Time Int. 1982). from an appellate court to the court which pro-
ergomania n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. ergo(n) work (2); nounced judgment. See coram vobis. Cf. error
mania madness, enthusiasm ( ): madness with work, 1 coram nobis.
enthusiasm for work.] Psychology. Mental disorder errores ad sua principia referre, est refellere. [L.
which takes the form of excessive enthusiasm for, or errores errors, mistakes (2); ad to, at, for, according
devotion to, work. Cf. ergophobia. to (3); sua their (4); principia origins, beginnings
ergophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. ergo(n) work (2); (5); referre to refer ( 1 ); est is (6); refellere to refute,
phob(os) fear (1): fear of work.] Psychology. Ex- rebut, expose (7): To refer errors to their origins is to
cessive fear or dislike of work. Cf. ergomania. refute them.] The best way of exposing an error is to
Erinys n., pi. Erinyes [Gk. Erinus avenging deity, trace it back to its origin.
guilt, remorse, punishment visited upon the guilty.] error in vacuo n. [L. error error, mistake ( 1 ); in in, on
1 . Greek and Roman Mythology. One of a group of (2); vacuo void, vacuum (3): error in the void.] Law.
avenging deities who punish murder and other offenses A harmless error, i.e., an error in legal proceedings
by tormenting the criminal. Avenging Fury. As though which has no adverse effect. The judge may be criti-
tormented by the Erinyes, the suspect began to have cized, but it would be no ground for retrial of the case.
nightmares. 2. Guilty conscience. Remorse. error nominis n. [L. error error, mistake ( ); nominis 1
Eros n. [Gk. ErOs sexual love.] 1 The Greek god of falling . of name (2): mistake of name.] Law. A mistake re-
in and out of love. Also known by the Latin name Cupid. specting a name. Error nominis on a certificate can
125 et alii
cause the holder a great deal of embarrassment. or the open space between the castle and its adjacent
Cf. error personae. town. 2. A broad, open area in a city, especially a
error nominis numquam nocct, si de identitate rei river walk or road.
constat. [L. error error, mistake (1); nominis of esprit n., pi. esprits [Fr. mind, spirit, wit, intellect.]
name (2); numquam never (3); nocet does harm, Lively wit. Cleverness. Liveliness. Vivacity. During
hurts, injures (4); si if (5); de of, from, about, for (7); holidays Mother, with her unique esprit, entertains us
identitate identity (8); rei of the matter, thing, prop- and makes the days pass like a flash oflightning.
erty, business, affair (9); constat it is agreed, known, esprit de corps n. [Fr. esprit spirit ( 1 ); de of (2); corps
established (6): Error of name never does harm, if it body (3): spirit of body.] Selfless, enthusiastic, and
is established about the identity of the thing.] Law. unflinching devotion and loyalty to one's group, as-
A mistake respecting a name is never harmful, if the sociation, or society and its traditions, objectives, and
identity of the thing is established. See falsa interests. Fraternity. Public spirit. Team spirit, a) Both
demonstrate non nocet. ofus were therefore attracted to each other as charac-
error personae n. [L. error error, mistake (1); perso- teristic of the military ethos ofesprit de corps (Sunday
nae of person (2): error/mistake of person.] Law. A Tribune 986). b) For no body ofmen were ever more
1
mistake respecting the identity of a person. Cf. error strongly united by mutual loyalty and esprit de corps
nominis. than the governing caste of Rome (Robinson
error qui non resistitur, approbatur. [L. error er- 1974:106). Cf. Gemeinschaftsgefuhl.
ror, (2); non not (3); resistitur
mistake ( 1 ); qui which esprit de I'escalier n., pi. esprits de Pescalier Denis
is resisted, approbatur is approved (5):
opposed (4); Diderot (1713-1784). [Fr. esprit mind, spirit, wit,
An error which is not resisted is approved.] Law. An intellect ( 1 ); de of (2); V the (3); escalier stair, stair-
error which is not resisted is deemed to have been case (4): wit of the stair.] Staircase wit. The witty
approved. Thus, a person who knowingly makes it response which one conceives when it is too late,
possible for another to commit fraud is equally cul- when descending the stairs from a salon
i.e., or room
pable. Also, if property is being sold at auction and a where the original remark was made.
person who has title to it knowingly fails to raise any esse n. [L. to be, to exist.] Philosophy. Existence. Mere
objection, he/she forfeits his/her title to it. See qui existence. Essence. Essential nature. Cf. bene esse.
non improbat, approbat. esse quam videri [L. esse being, to be ( 1 ); quam rather
ersatz n. [Ger. Ersatz substitute.] 1 . A substitute. Some- than (2); videri seeming, to seem (3): being rather
thing artificial used in place of a natural product. 2. A than seeming.] To be rather than to seem. To be in
substitute which, though superficially similar to the reality instead of merely seeming to be. Motto of the
original product, is inferior or spurious. — adj. Substi- State of North Carolina.
tute. Fake. Imitation. Inferior. Spurious. Not genuine. est aliquid quod non oportet etiam si licet; quicquid
Counterfeit, a) The old woman advised her grand- vero non non oportet. [L. est there is
licet certe
daughter to avoid a particular market, which is noto- (1) ; aliquid something (2); quod which (3); non not
ofersatz products, b) The council is
rious for the sale (4); oportet is proper, becoming (5); etiam even (6);
dominated by hypocritical and obsequious members si if (7); licet it is lawful, permitted (8); quicquid
who waste valuable time on ersatz issues. whatever, whatsoever (10); vero but in fact, how-
eruv n.,pl. eruvim [Heb.] 1 . The specifically-defined area ever (9); non not (11); licet it is lawful, permitted
where Orthodox Jews can spend the Sabbath. 2. Any (12); certe certainly (13); non not (14); oportet is
area or zone to which specific activities are restricted. proper, becoming (15): There is something which is
erythrophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. eruthro(s) red not proper even if it is lawful; however, whatever is
(2); phob(os) fear ( 1 ): fear of red.] Psychology. Ab-1 . not lawful is certainly not proper.] Law. Something
normal fear or dislike of the color red. 2. Abnormal may be improper even though lawful, but whatever
fear of blushing. is unlawful is certainly improper. Cf. multa non
escapade n.,pl. escapades [Fr. adventure, prank, freak.] vetat etc. and non omne quod etc.
A foolish adventure. A daring exploit. A wild prank. A esto perpetua. [L. esto be, let him/her/it be (1);
mischievous act. An adventure involving unorthodox, perpetua fern, eternal, perpetual (2): Let her be eter-
immoral, or mischievous conduct. Daniel 's amorous nal.] Let it last forever. Motto of the State of Idaho.
escapades have won for him the animosity of hus- et al. abbr. for 1. et alibi (q.v.). 2. et alii (q.v.).
bands, boyfriends, and maltreated women. et alibi abbr. et al. adv. [L. et and ( 1 ); alibi elsewhere
esotericap/. n. [Gk. esOterika inner things.] 1. Esoteric, (2) : and elsewhere.] And in other places. Used in bib-
mysterious or secret items. Things meant for a select liographical references to indicate that something can
few or the initiated. 2. Pornography. Cf. curiosa; be found elsewhere in the book, work, article, etc.
erotica; and facetiae. et alii pi. n. orfern, et aliae or neut., et alia abbr. et al.,
esplanade n., pi. esplanades [Fr. a flat, level space.] masc. sing, et alius fern, et alia or neut. et aliud [L.
1 . The open area on top of a wall in a medieval castle et and (1); alii others (2): and others.] And others
etatisme 126
(e.g., people, authors, places, things), a) Okoro etalii; once (3); emissum uttered, having been uttered (4);
b) Ngozi et aliae. volat flies, spreads quickly (5); irrevocabile irrevo-
etatisme n., pi. etatismes [Fr. belief in the state.] A cable, unalterable (6); verbum word (2): And a word,
political doctrine affirming state control of all aspects once having been uttered, flies, irrevocable.] Once a
of economic and social life. State control. State so- word has been uttered, it spreads rapidly, never to be
cialism. State management. Etatism. Statism. recalled.
et cetera abbr. etc. [L. et and (1); cetera others, the et sequens abbr. et seq. [L. et and (1); sequens the
rest (2): and others.] And the rest. And so on. And so following one (2): and the following one.] See et
forth. The police are probing allegations ofbribery, sequentes.
embezzlement, corruption, robbery, et cetera in the et sequentes masc. and fem.pl. of et sequens or neut.
ministry. — n. etcetera A number or list of persons or pi. et sequentia abbr. et seq or et seqq or et sqq.
things. A short etcetera ofpeople to be invitedfor the [L. et and (1); sequentes following ones (2): and
ceremony has already been compiled. — pi. etceteras the following ones.] And those following. And the
Additional or other things. Extras. Sundries. Emily following. Used for references in book; e.g., "See p.
tookfor the excursion a suitcasefull ofclothing, cos- 6 et seq." means "See p. 6 and the following pages."
metics, provisions, and etceteras. et sic ulterius adv. [L. et and (1); sic so, thus (2);
et cum spiritu tuo [L. et and ( 1 ); cum with, together ulterius farther (3): and thus farther.] And so on.
with, in the company of, along with (2); spiritu spirit et tu? interj. [L. et and, too, also, even (2); tu you (1):
(4); tuo (3): and with your spirit.] And with you. Tlfc You too!] You also! An exclamatory expression of
response to dominus vobiscum (q.v.). surprise, shock, disbelief, disappointment, etc. Et tu,
e tenebris lux [L. e out of, from, directly after, away David Stockman? (Newsweek Int. Nov. 23, 1 98 1 :36).
from (2); tenebris darkness, gloom (3); lux light ( 1 ): See et tu, Brute?
light out of darkness.] Light in a dark place. 1. A et tu, Brute? interj. Julius Caesar. (100-44 B.C.). [L.
reference to God's creation of light from darkness in et and, too, also, even (2); tu you (1); Brute Brutus
Genesis 1:4. 2. The moment of intellectual or spiri- (3): You too, Brutus!] You also, Brutus! 1. A Latin
tual enlightenment after a period of dark confusion translation of kai su teknon (q.v.), the Greek words
or despair. The students struggled with the difficult uttered by Julius Caesar on the Ides of March (March
text for a long time and only a few of them found e 15), 44 B.C., when he saw Brutus among the assas-
tenebris lux. sins. 2. A reproach to a friend or trusted person who
ethos n. [Gk. custom, usage, character, disposition.] has conspired with others against one. Exclamatory
The character, spirit, values, ideals, standards, beliefs, expression of surprise, shock, etc. When Phil noticed
customs, and practices of an institution, people, com- that the bullet had been fired by Amos, he shouted
munity, region, age, or epoch. The reforms are "Amos! Et tu, Brute? " andfell dead. Cf. et tu?
doomed to failure mainly because the ethos of the etude or etude n., pi. etudes or etudes [Fr. study ]
people was not taken into consideration. Music. A composition used to develop the performer's
1 .
et id genus omne [L. et and ( 1 ); id that (3); genus kind technique. 2. A composition performed to demonstrate
(4); omne all (2): and all that kind.] And everything the performer's technique and for aesthetic reasons.
of the sort. etui n., pi. etuis [Fr. case.] A small box, usually deco-
et in Arcadia ego. [L. et and, even (1); in in, on (3); rated and used for storing needles and other artifacts.
Arcadia Arcadia (4); ego I (2): And I in Arcadia.] et uxor abbr. et ux. [L. et and (1); uxor wife (2): and
Even I am in Arcadia. A tombstone inscription in wife.] And wife. Law. Used to include a wife along
which "I" can represent the deceased, the tomb, or a with her husband. Mr. Benson et ux.
personification of Death and Arcadia represents the etymon n., pi. etyma or etymons [Gk. etumon a true,
and contentment of the countryside. Often
tranquillity real thing.] Lingiustics. The primitive or original form
associated with the paintings of N. Poussin and J. of a word. A foreign word from which a particular
Reynolds. Cf. Arcadia. word is derived.
etiquette n., pi. etiquettes [Fr. etiquette ceremony, for- euge interj. [Gk. Well done!] Bravo! (q.v.). — n.,pl. euges
mality.] 1 . Behavior required by rule or custom. Con- An expression of approval for a commendable act. His
ventional behavior, propriety, or decorum required performance drew loud euges from the audience.
by good education, the norms of society, or regulations. Eumenides pi. n. [Gk. gracious goddesses.] The
a) social etiquette; b) table etiquette. 2. Code of ethics Eumenides, the third play in the Oresteia (458 B.C.)
binding on professionals, a) professional etiquette; by Aeschylus (525/4-456/5 B.C.). In this play Orestes
b) medical etiquette; c) athletic etiquette; d) journal- is placed on trial for the murder of his mother and
istic etiquette. the Erinyes (q.v.) are transformed from avenging

etr. abbr. for entrada (q.v.). deities into gracious ones. Cf. Choephoroi.
et semel emissum volat irrevocabile verbum. Horace eundo, morando, et redeundo [L. eundo in going ( 1 );
(65-8 B.C.). Epistles XVIII,7 1 [L. et and ( 1 ); semel . morando in remaining, staying (2); et and (3);
'
127 ex aequitate
redeundo in returning (4): in going, remaining and cine. Normal or easy childbirth. See oxytocia. Cf.
returning.] Law. While going, remaining there, and dystokia.
returning. Applicable to benefits or privileges enjoyed evangelium n. [L. from Gk. euangelion good news.]
by witnesses, legislators, etc. They include payment The gospel.
of expenses and freedom from arrest, and they cover eventus varios res nova semper habet. [L. eventus
the entire period, starting from their departure for consequences, results (6); varios diverse, various
the place where they are to perform their duties and (5); res matter, thing, property, business, affair (2);
ending with their return home. nova new (1); semper always (3); habet has,
eunomia n. [Gk. from eu- good, well (1); nomos law, holds, regards (4): A new thing always has vari-
order (2): good order.] A situation in which a society ous results.] An innovation always brings various
has good laws which are well administered. consequences,
euphoria n. [Gk. endurance, contentment, well-being.] evolue n.,pl. evolues [Fr. developed, advanced.] French
An extraordinary feeling of well-being and excitement, Colonial Tropical Africa. An enlightened, cultured,
sometimes appropriate, but sometimes baseless or at or broad-minded native (or subject) elite. The economic
variance with reality, and sometimes resulting from upswing of 1 925, which put an end to a political move-
mental disorder, liquor, or drugs, a) The film takes ment among the evolues that had come into existence
place in a day and a night, movingfrom the euphoria in Libreville . . . (Suret-Canale 1971:438). — adj. Of,
of mother and daughter reuniting to a shattering belonging to, characteristic of, enlightened native
outbreak of recrimination . . . {Newsweek Int. Oct. 16, (or subject) elite. . . . evolue elements moved among
1978:42). b) Mentally, marijuana produces euphoria, the people and helped to give direction to the
a sense of relaxed well-being and a slowed perception uprising. . . (Suret-Canale 1971:428). Cf. notable
ofthe passage oftime (Newsweek Int. Jan. 14, 1980:46). evolue.
eureka inter/. [Gk. heureka I have found it.] I have ex prep. [L. out of, from, directly after,away from.]
discovered [it.]. I have found [it.]. I have found [the 1 . From. Out of. Directly from. The company sent the
solution for the problem.]. 1. An expression uttered goods ex its factory. 2. Without. Free from. Devoid
by Archimedes of Syracuse (287-212 B.C.), when, of. a) Used of shares, rights, or interest to indicate
in an attempt to determine whether or not a crown that there is no specific value. The newspaper carries
was made of pure gold, he stepped into a bathtub an advertisement ofshares ex rights, b) Used of goods
and discovered the principle of specific gravity. 2. An to indicate that the purchaser is to bear the expenses
exclamatory expression of excitement, triumph, of transportation from the specified place. The ex
happiness, etc. on making a discovery. "The average factory price of the car is $10,000. —pref. Former.
guy sitting in a lab makes a discovery, shouts, 'Eureka, Previous, a) ex-president; b) ex-minister, c) ex-wife\
and then asks, 'What do I do?'" says Peter Laing d) ex-convict; e) ex-coach. — n., pi. exes A person
. .(Newsweek Int. Aug. 15, 1983:36). Motto of the
. who previously held a specific position, post, or place,
State of California. —
n., pi. eurekas The discovery especially a former husband, boyfriend, wife, or girl-
itself. Vaccination is just one ofmany eurekas which friend. Glen was extremely indignant when he heard
have changed the world. —
adj. Excited and happy that his bosom friend, was involved in a serious
Sam,
in the moment of discovery. The ettreka feeling. amorous relationship with his ex, Sue.
eutelegenesis n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. eutele(s) cheap, easy ex abundanti cautela adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly
(1); genesis production, generation (2): easy produc- after, away from (1); abundanti overflowing, abun-
tion or generation.] Medicine. In vitro fertilization and dant (2); cautela caution (3): from abundant caution.]
embryo transfer. Artificial insemination. Reproduc- From excess of caution, a) The moneylender demanded
tion through the test-tube process. Eutelegenesis has two sureties for the loan ex abundanti cautela. b) /
brought relief to women previously thought barren. will addfour observations ex abundanti cautela (Hart
euthanasia n., pi. euthanasias [Gk. eu good, well ( 1 ); 1978:50). See ad abundantiorem cautelam.
thana(tos) death (2): a good death.] Medicine. A exacta n. [Sp. from quiniela game of chance (2); exacta
painless or easy death. A means of effecting an easy exact ( 1
): exact game of chance.] A type of bet in which
death. The practice or act of causing, without pain, one must predict exactly the first- and second-place
the death of a person who is suffering from a painful winners in a race or competition. Cf. perfecta.
or incurable disease, a) The medical practitioner re- ex adverso adj. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, away
fused, on moral and religious grounds, to end the from (1); adverso the opposite direction (2): from
patient by euthanasia, b) If we don 7 find a way
's life On/from the other side. After
the opposite direction.]
to cure dementia, we are going to have to start thinking counselfor plaintiffhad concluded his case, counsel
very seriously about euthanasia (Newsweek Int. Jan ex adverso was asked to proceed.
23, 1984:32). ex aequitate adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after,
eutocia n., pi. eutocias [Gk. eutokia: eu good, well away from ( 1 ); aequitate equity, fairness (2): out of
(1); tok(os) childbirth (2): good childbirth.] Medi- fairness.] According to equity. Inequity. The mortgagor
.
ex aequo et bono 128
of any kind ofproperty is allowed to redeem it from ex assensu curiae adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly
the mortgagee ex aequitate. See aequitas. after, away from ( 1 ); assensu assent, agreement, ap-
ex aequo et bono adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly proval (2); curiae of court (3): from the approval of
after, away from (1); aequo the fair (2); et and (3); With the consent of the court. The surety
the court.]
bono the good (4): from the fair and the good.] In was discharged ex assensu curiae.
justice and good faith. On the merits of the case. In ex assensu patris adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after,
accordance with equity and conscience. Usually used away from ( 1 ); assensu assent, agreement, approval
in international law when a case arising from agree- (2) ; patris of father (3): from the approval of the
ment of the principals is to be settled on the basis of father.] With the consent of the father. Applicable to
reason and equity rather than specific legal points. a kind of dower, specifically a parcel of land from
See aequitas. the estate of the father-in-law given to the wife with
ex Africa semper aliquid novi. Pliny the Elder his express consent.
(A.D.23-79). Historia Naturalis 11,8,42. [L. ex out ex assensu suo adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after,
of, from, directly after, away from (1); Africa Af- away from ( 1 ); assensu assent, agreement, approval
rica (2); semper always (3); aliquid something (4); (3) ;suo his/her own (2): from his/her own assent.]
novi (of) new (5): From Africa always something With his/her consent.
new.] Out of Africa there is always something new. ex cathedra adv.ladj. [L. ex out of, from, directly af-
Africa is always producing something new ter, away from (1); cathedra chair, seat, stool (2):
ex altera parte adj. [L. ex out of, from, directly aftei, from the chair.] With official authority. By virtue of
away from (1); altera the other (2); parte part (3): one's office. Authoritatively. Authoritative. The ex-
from the other part.] Of the other part. pression apparently derives its connotation from the
examen n., pi. examens [Fr. from L. examination, in- authority with which a professor or Pope speaks from
vestigation, trial.] A trial. An examination. Inquiry. his chair, a) The official was speaking ex cathedra;
Investigation. Critical study. Persons in responsible b) an ex cathedra statement; c) He declared ex ca-
positions are urged to have a periodic examen ofcon- thedra what was the Benin native law and custom
science to reassure themselves of the fairness and relevant to the case he was trying (Adewoye
efficacy of their acts. 1977:87).
examen computi n. [L. examen trial (1); computi of excelsior adj. [L. higher.] Ever upward. Motto of the
account, computation, reckoning (2): trial of com- State of New York. —Excelsior Title of a poem by
putation.] The balancing of an account. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882).
ex animo adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, away exceptio n., pi. exceptiones [L. exception.] Civil Law.
from (1); animo heart, mind (2): from the heart.] Pleading. An exception or objection. For instance, a
Deeply. In earnest. Sincerely. Wholeheartedly. With defendant, while admitting that the truth of a plaintiffs
no reservation. cause of action adduces additional facts in response.
ex ante adj. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, away from exceptio doli mali n. [L. exceptio exception, restric-
(1); ante before (2): from before.] Subjective. Based tion, limitation (1); doli (of) deceit (3); mali of bad,
on, or derived from, assumption. Based on estimates, criminal (2): exception of bad deceit.] An exception
a) By the time the building was completed, the actual of fraud. See dolus malus.
cost exceeded the ex ante cost by $100,000. b) On exceptio firmat regulam in contrarium. [L. excep-
assumption of office Mark found that his ex ante tio exception, restriction, limitation (1); firmat
expectations did not conform with the reality. Cf. ex post. proves (2); regulam rule (3); in to, into (4);
ex antecedentibus et consequentibus fit optima contrarium the contrary (5): An exception proves
interpretatio. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, away the rule to the contrary.] An exception proves the
from (4); antecedentibus the preceding, foregoing contrary rule. Cf. exceptio probat regulam.
(things) (5); et and (6); consequentibus the conse- exceptio metus n. [L. exceptio exception, restriction,
quent, the following (things) (7); fit is made (3); limitation (1); metus of fear (2): exception of fear.]
optima best ( 1 ); interpretatio interpretation (2): The Plea of compulsion/fear. Plea of duress.
best interpretation is made from the preceding and exceptio probat regulam. [L. exceptio exception, re-
consequent (things).] A passage is best understood striction, limitation ( 1 ); probat proves (2); regulam
by considering what precedes and what follows it. rule (3): The exception proves the rule.] An excep-
See ex praecedentibus etc. tion is the proof of the rule or regulation. Cf. exceptio
ex arbitrio judicis adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly firmat etc.
after, away from (1); arbitrio pleasure, will (2); ju- exceptio probat regulam de rebus non exceptis. [L.
dicis of judge (3): from the pleasure of the judge.] exceptio exception, restriction, limitation ( 1 ); probat
At the judge's discretion. Bail may be granted to an proves (2); regulam rule (3); de of, from, about, for
accused person ex arbitrio judicis. (4) ; rebus matters, things, property, business, affairs
.
129 excursus
(5); non not (6); exceptis excepted (7): The excep- ex comitate et jure gentium adv. [L. ex out of, from,
tion proves the rule about matters not excepted.] An directly after, away from (1); comitate friendliness,
exception proves the rule except in situations which courtesy, civility (2); et and (3); jure right, law (4);
have been excluded. gentium of nations (5): from courtesy and the law of
exceptio quae firmat legem, exponit legem. [L. ex- nations.] On the bases of international comity and
ceptio exception, restriction, limitation (1); quae law. "The general ride, " affirmed Lord Mansfield
which (2); firmat proves (3); legem law (4); exponit in 1760, "established ex comitate et jure gentium, is
explains, teaches (5); legem law (6): An exception that the place where the contract is made, and not
which proves the law explains it.] An exception which where the action is brought, is to be considered in
affirms the law also teaches it. expounding and enforcing the contract ..."
exceptio quoque regulam declarat. [1. exceptio ex- (Robinsonv. Bland [1760.] 2 Burr. 1077. Quoted by
ception, restriction, limitation (1); quoque also (2); Graveson 1974:414). Cf. comitas gentium and jus
regulam rule (4); declarat discloses, shows, proves gentium.
(3): An exception also proves the rule.] An exception ex comparatione scriptorum adv.ladj. [L. ex out of,
reveals the rule. from, directly after, away from ( 1 ); comparatione

exceptio rei judicatae n. [L. exceptio exception, restric- comparison (2); scriptorum of writings (3): from
tion, limitation (1); rei of a matter, thing, property, comparison of writings.] From comparison of hand-
business, affair (2); judicatae (of) tried, decided (3): writings. Arguing on the basis of evidence obtained
an exception of the thing decided.] Law. An excep- ex comparatione scriptorum, the judge concluded
tion of a matter already determined. A plea that the that the accused was not the one who defrauded the
subject-matter of a legal action had been decided in bank and ordered that he be acquitted and dis-
a former action. charged.
exceptio temporis n. [L. exceptio exception, restric- ex concessis adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after,
tion, limitation (1); temporis of time (2): exception away from (1); concessis (things) conceded, agreed
of time.] Law. A plea that the time permissible for upon, granted (2): from things conceded or granted.]
bringing legal action has expired. From what has already been conceded.
exceptis excipiendis adv. [L. exceptis (with) having ex consulto adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, away
been taken out, excepted (2); excipiendis with the from (1); consulto consultation, deliberation, reso-
things that must be taken out ( 1 ): with the things that lution (2): from consultation or deliberation.] With
must be taken out having been taken out.] When all consultation or deliberation. Deliberately. The evi-
necessary exceptions have been made. The government dence adduced so far clearly shows that she acted
has promulgated a decree on traveling outside the ex consulto. Cf. ex industria.
country, exceptis excipiendis. Cf. mutatis mutandis. ex contractu adv.ladj. [L. ex out of, from, directly after,
excerpta pi. n. [L. things selected, chosen, extracted or away from ( 1 ); contractu drawing together, shrinking,
picked out.] Excerpts, clippings, selections, little bits contract, agreement (2): from contract.] Arising from a
or fragments of a work or writing. The writer quoted contract. Based upon a contract. The answer . . . seems
excerpta from a standard work to support his views. to be that a minor cannot be sued if the cause of
exciseuse n., pi. exciseuses [Fr. excisor.] One who cir- action against him arises substantially ex contractu
cumcises females. The professional exciseuse escaped or ifto allow the action would be to enforce the con-
prosecution by fleeing to Mali, but the dead girl 's tract indirectly, but if the wrong
independent of is
parentsnowface trial on charges ofcriminal negli- the contract, then the minor may be sued even though
gence (Newsweek Int. Nov. 1, 1982:48). butfor the contract he would have had no opportunity
ex colore officii adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, of committing the tort (Graveson 1 974:60 1 ).
away from ( 1 ); colore color, appearance (2); officii excreta pi. n. [L. things sifted out, separated or kept away.]
of office, duty (3): from/out of color of office.] By Feces, sweat, urine, and other body waste. . . . sentences
color of office. Under pretense of office. (Acting) rangefrom 10 years 60 years, with halfofeach sen-
to
illegally under the mask of office. The principal of tence slated to be served carrying excreta (human) . .
the school, ex colore officii, ordered the students to (West Africa 1982). Cf. dejecta and egesta.
embark on a big agricultural project, which ulti- ex curia adv.ladj. [L. ex out of, from, directly after,
mately became his property. See colore officii. away from (1); curia court (2): out of court.] Away
ex comitate adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, away from court.
from (1); comitate friendliness, courtesy, civility (2): excursus n.,pl. excursus or excursuses [L. excursion,
from courtesy.] Out of courtesy. Thus, Lord Brougham running out.] A digression. An incidental discussion.
in Warrender v. Warrender said "The courts ofEngland An interesting aspect of the historical work of
can hardly be said to actfrom courtesy ex comitate but Herodotus, the pater historiae, is the excursus in
ex debito justitiae " (Graveson 1 974:6 1 9). which he tells stories.
excusat aut extenuat 130
excusat aut extenuat delictum in capitalibus quod solemnly, duly (7); esse acta to have been done (6):
non operatur idem in civilibus. [L. excusat it ex- After long duration of time, all things are presumed
cuses ( 1 ); aut or (2); extenuat diminishes (3); delic- to have been done duly.] Law. After lapse of time, it
tum wrong (4); in in, on (5); capitalibus capital is presumed were done in the proper
that all things
(cases) (6); quod which (7); non not (8); operatur way. Thus the law will presume in favor of the legality
works (9); idem the same (10); in in, on (11); of a marriage, if it was celebrated many years ago.
civilibus civil (cases) (12): It excuses or diminishes Similarly, it will presume in favor of the honesty of
a wrong in capital cases which does not work the a transaction, if it was concluded many years ago.
same in civil cases.] Law. A consideration which Cf. omnia praesumuntur legitime etc. and omnia
excuses or extenuates a wrongful act in criminal cases praesumuntur rite etc.
may not have the same effect in civil proceedings. ex diuturno tempore adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly
ex debito justitiae adv.ladj. [L. ex out of, from, di- after, away from ( 1 ); diuturno lengthy, long (2); tem-
rectly after, away from ( 1 ); debito debt (2); justitiae pore time (3): from lengthy time.] From length of
of justice (3): from a debt of justice.] Law. As a debt time. The defendant derived his title to the land ex
of justice. As a matter of right or a legal obligation. diuturno tempore. Cf. ex diuturnitate temporis.
. . . a judgment obtained in default of appearance ex diversis causis adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after,
against the company could not be set aside ex debito away from (1); diversis different, diverse, conflicting,
justitiae, but only on the company 's filing an affidavit opposite (2); causis causes (3): from different/diverse
to show that it had a defence on the merits (Langan causes.] For different reasons.
and Lawrence 1976:24). ex dolo malo adv.ladj. [L. ex out of, from, directly after,
ex decreto adv.ladj. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, away from (1); dolo fraud, deceit malo bad,
(3);
away from ( 1 ); decreto decree, resolution (2): from criminal (2): out of bad deceit.] Law. From fraud.
decree.] According to edict or official pronounce- No advantages may be derived ex dolo malo.
ment. Ex decreto all senior officials had to swear a See dolus malus.
new oath of allegiance to the new government. ex dolo malo non oritur actio. [L. ex out of, from,
ex delicto adv.ladj. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, directly after, away from (4); dolo fraud (6); malo
away from (1); delicto crime, fault, delict (2): from bad (5); non not (2); oritur arises (3); actio action,
a crime.] Arising from a crime, tort, or fault. As a deed, legal suit (1): A legal suit does not arise from
result or consequence of a crime. From a wrongful bad fraud.] Law. A legal action based on fraud is not
act. Any injury ex delicto may be remedied by way of entertained. A court of law does not entertain an action
compensation. to enforce an illegal contract or one based on im-
ex delicto non ex supplicio emergit infamia. [L. ex moral consideration. See ex turpi causa etc.
out of, from, directly after, away from (3); delicto exeat n., pi. exeats [L. Let him/her go out.] 1. A 16th-
wrong (4); non not (5); ex out of, from, directly after, century stage direction equivalent to exit (q.v.). 2. A
away from (6); supplicio punishment (7); emergit document permitting an individual's temporary ab-
arises, emerges (2); infamia disgrace, infamy (1): sence, particularly, from school or college. // is an
Disgrace arises from the wrong, not from the punish- infringement ofa regidation ofthe university to travel
ment.] Law. It is the wrongful act, not the punishment, outside the campus without obtaining an exeat.
that brings disgrace. See C'est le crime etc. and Le 3. Letter of excardination, i.e., transferring a cleric
crime fait etc. from one diocese to another.
ex directo adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, away exeant n., pi. exeants [L. Let them go out.] 1. A 16th-
from ( 1 ); directo the direct, precise (2): from the di- century stage direction equivalent to exeunt (q.v.).
rect.] Directly. Immediately. In matters affecting the 2. A document permitting two or more individuals to be
liberty ofa citizen, it is imperative that the courts act temporarily absent, particularly, from school or college.
ex directo. 3. Letter of excardination, i.e., transferring two or more
ex diuturnitate temporis adv. [L. ex out of, from, di- clerics from one diocese to another.
rectly after, away from (1); diuturnitate length, long bonorum n. [L. ex(s)ecutio execution (1);
executio
duration (2); temporis of time (3): from long duration bonorum of goods, property (2): execution of goods.]
of time.] From length of time. After some time. From Old English Law. The administration and manage-
lapse of time. The defendant 's evidence revealed that ment of goods or property.
the plaintiffhad abandoned his interest in the land ex executio est executio juris secundum judicium.
diuturnitate temporis. Cf. ex diuturno tempore. [L. ex(s)ecutio execution (1); est is (2); ex(s)ecutio
ex diuturnitate temporis, omnia praesumuntur execution (3); juris of right, law (4); secundum ac-
solemniter esse acta. [L. ex out of, from, directly cording to (5); judicium judgment (6): Execution is
after, away from (1); diuturnitate length, long du- execution of law according to judgment.] Law. Ex-
ration (2); temporis of time (3); omnia all (things) ecution is the execution of a law in accordance with
(4); praesumuntur are presumed (5); solemniter a judgment. See executio est finis etc.
131 ex fictione juris
executio est finis et fructus legis. [L. ex(s)ecutio ex- told or written for the purpose of a moral or in support
ecution ( 1 ); est is (2); finis end (3); et and (4); fructus of an argument. His Evagoras . . . and his constant
fruit, product (5); legis of law (6): Execution is the use of exempla from the heroic and the strictly his-
end and the fruit of law.] Law. Execution is the goal torical ages of Greece are all significant (Laistner
and product of the law. See executio est executio etc. 1966:3-4). 2. A model. An example. Amadu is an
executio juris non habet injuriam. [L. ex(s)ecutio exemplum oftraditional morality. 3. Civil Law. Copy.
execution, administration ( 1 ); juris of right, law (2); An authorized copy. Cf. exemplar.
non not (3); habet has, holds, regards (4); injuriam ex empto adv.ladj. [L. ex out of, from, directly after,
injury (5): Execution of the law does not have in- away from ( ); empto purchase, contract of purchase
1
jury.] Law. Administration of the law is not harmful. (2): arising from purchase.] Out of purchase. As a
See actus curiae neminem gravabit. result of purchase. Founded on purchase. He derived
executione facienda n. [L. ex(s)ecutione with execu- his title to the chain of buildings ex empto.
tion (1); facienda to be done (2): with an execution ex eodem negotio adv.ladj. [L. ex out of, from, directly
to be done.] Law. A writ authorizing the execution away from (1); eodem the same (2); negotio
after,
of a judgment. business, affair (3): out of the same business/affair.]
executione judicii n. [L. ex(s)ecutione with execution From the The arrest and prosecution of
same affair.
(1); judicii of judgment (2): with execution of judg- the two foreigners arose ex eodem negotio.
ment.] Law. A writ to a judge of a lower court ordering exeunt v. intr. [L. They go out.] They go off the stage.
him to execute a judgment or account for the delay They go out. Used as a direction in dramatic perfor-
in the execution. mances to signify that some, or all, of the actors leave
exegesis n., pi. exegeses [Gk. exegesis narrative, ex- the stage.
planation, interpretation.] Explanation, exposition, or exeunt omnes v. intr. [L. exeunt they leave, go out
critical interpretation of a written work, especially a (2) ; omnes all (1): They all go out.] They all leave
text of Holy Scripture, a) His carefully thought out the stage. Used as a direction in dramatic perfor-
piece is a modern exegesis ofan established and im- mances to signify that all the actors leave the stage.
mutable truth (Time was much

Int. 1983). b) There ex eventu adj. Iadv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, away
contradictory exegesis as to whether Carter was from ( 1 ); eventu event, occurrence (2): after the occur-
speakingfrom real confidence or onlyfrom pique at rence or the event.] With the benefit of hindsight. He
Kennedy 's presidential teasing {Newsweek Int. . . . necessarily fared badly by such a judgment passed ex
June 25, 1979:32). eventu . . . (Lesky 1966:606). Cf. vaticinatio ex eventu.
exegi monumentum aere perennius. Horace (65-8 ex facie adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, away
B.C.). Odes 111,30,1. [L. exegi I have brought forth from (1); facie face (2): from the face.] Apparently.
( 1 ); monumentum monument, public work (2); aere In the light of what is apparent. . . . a contract which
than bronze (4); perennius more lasting (3): I have is ex facie lawful will be treated as illegal if both
brought forth a monument more lasting than bronze.] I parties knew ofthe illegal purpose (Major 1 978 : 1 46).
have finished a work more durable than bronze. For a ex facto adv.ladj. [L. ex out of, from, directly after,
shorter form of the quotation, see monumentum etc. away from (1); facto deed, act, fact (2): from the
exempla illustrant, non restringiint, legem. [L. deed.] From a fact. In consequence of a fact. Actu-
exempla examples ( ); illustrant elucidate, illustrate
1 ally. Used sometimes as a synonym of de facto (q.v.).
(2) non not (3); restringunt restrain (4); legem law

; Cf. de jure. See ex post facto.
(5): Examples elucidate, not restrain, the law.] Law. ex facto illicito non oritur actio. [L. ex out of, from,
Examples clarify rather than confine the law. directly after, away from (1); facto deed, act, fact
exemplar n., pi. exemplars [L. model, pattern, ex- (3) ; illicito illicit, illegal (2); non not (5); oritur arises
ample, transcript.] An ideal model or example. A (6); actio action, deed, legal suit (4): From an illegal
standard specimen. A copy of a Archimedes of

text. deed a legal suit does not arise.] Law. A legal action
Syracuse (c.287-2I2 B.C.) is a classic exemplar of based on an illegal act is not entertained. See ex turpi
the eccentric scholar. Cf. exemplum. causa etc.
exempli causa abbr. E.C. or e.c. adv. [L. exempli of ex facto jus oritur. [L. ex out of, from, directly after,
example (2); causa for the sake (1): for the sake of away from (3); facto deed, act, fact (4); jus right,
example.] For example. For instance. A variant of law (1); oritur arises, originates (2): The law origi-
exempli gratia (q.v.). nates from the deed.] A rule of law exists in theory
exempli gratia abbr. e.g., ex. g. or ex. gr. adv. [L. until it takes a concrete form when an act is done to
exempli of example (2); gratia for the sake ( 1
): for which it is applicable.
the sake of example.] For example. For instance. Cf. ex fictione juris adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after,
exempli causa. away from (1); fictione fiction (2); juris of right,
exemplum n., pi. exempla [L. sample, specimen, law (3): from a fiction of law.] By a fiction of law.
model, example, lesson, warning.] 1. A short story By a legal fiction.
— .
e\ hrtqvwtl dcttcto 132
ex frequent! delicto augetur poena. [I ex out ot". exit \ intr. [I . He. she goes out ] 1. Theater. To lease
from, directly after, assay from (.'O. treqiu-nti fre- the stage Exit Macbeth 2 logo out. Fo depart. I'o
quent, numerous (4), delicto \s rongdomg. crime (5); die. The N»v cxiteti the nxvn. — n.. pi exits 1. An
augetur is increased v 2); poena punishment (
I V Pun- actor's departure from the stage. 2. Departure. Going
islunent is increased from frequent crime] / an As out. I ea\ ing the scene of an activity. Departure from
crimes increase, punishment correspondingly in- life, i c . death. His exit /mm the nnmt w\is accom-
cirases See crescente malitia etc and multiplieata f\imcd bv a great fanfare V Outlet A \s as . road, or
n ausgrcssionc etc passage to be used ss hen going out. A door to be
e\ fumo dare lucem [I e\ out of. from, directly after, used when leas ing a building. A fire exit.
ass as from fumo smoke (4). dare to gtse (\). exitus •; pi exitus [I a going out. departure, outlet,
lucem light (21 to give light out of smoke] Fo clarify end. conclusion, termination ] I Outcome. End. Re-
what is not clear. To explain the obscure. // is
:''<.
sult Issue. Conclusion or end of pleadings 2. A duty
itufy <}( those n ';c have ,v ex:\->wtd a »*;,'.'.
ifthev can. on exports. Rents and profits from tenements, land,
ea : fumo dee luccn ^pcr Shadsscll s.-C in /V etc .
;
Death, particulars as a result of a fatal dis-
Scccwkt v /V R<\iWir I IS4C*] 15 I J Oh 305 at ease 4. Outlet for excretion.

'OS Quoted by Mcgarry W55: loO) ex jure naturae ex out of. from, directls
e\ g. abb' for exempli gratia ^ s V after, assay from (1). jure right, lass (2). naturae of
c\ gr. .: to exempli gratia ^; s ) nature (^V from the law of nature] According to the
ex gratia .:.;V (I ex out of. from, directly after, nile of nature. The offense otmunier is forbidden c\
aw as from i, 1 V gratia grace, fas or 1 2V from fa\ or 1

. Ot es jure natural!
From enter As a fas or Gratuitous Not as a lecal ex jure naturali adj. aaS: [L. ex out of. from, directls
after, ass as from (\), jure right, lass ô); naturali
natural i2V from natural lass ] According to natural
.:. it ex jure naturae

ex justa causa adv ad; [I ex out of. from, directly
equivalent to the ewy&mr after, aw as from ^ 1 V. justa just v 2\ causa cause, case,
Jbmd on the termination of* his employment (Major reason toV from a iust cause] From a lassful cause
WS 2c>> Of de jure T'-.e :\'.; ;*:,'.;
5
r:s::r..:ed :
;
:e action ex ins fa causa.
ex hypothesi ,;.:S \ ex out of. from, directls after, ex justitia adwadj. [L. ex out of. from, directls after,
assay from (D. hypothesi hypothesis ^2) from the ass as from ( D. justitia justice, equity ^2V from jus-
hypothesis] Hypothetical^ Supposedly >V.\y nee] From a just law ful cause. The cast against the
-
v; :c> s'ter :'".e sc ».c genus .syvx^v. deteniiant \\as a^missed by the court ex justitia
mmo sapiens, they are. ex hypothesi the same; in ex L abbr. for ex tttofc (q,v.V
practice, hourwr. there are tiiffcrences among inex left adv. adj. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, away
<#VHMnf persons from V H. lege law ^2V from law According to the ]
exigi facias \ exigi to be demanded V 2V facias > ou

•:
law By the law As a nutter of law (Miiâniv. ovn
should cause ( IV You should cause to be demanded ] case which is brought to court is decided ex lege
\ wnt of exigent c '.c 'r-'.cs A writ is- . Sex.' ex legibus
s'. i\i :o s; c •
;v son to appear co;::T or. ;:i ex legibus [L ex out of. from, directls after,
ccr'.v. :. .v :v outlaw cv aw as from ^ 1 \ legibus law s (,2V rrvMii law^ ] AcconJ-
ex impmsisoa.s \ e\ o; : of. fro:::, directls after, aw as ing to the law s P> the law s Sec ex lege
from {\X impivstso rhc unforeseen, unexpected ex libris r'er ,1 ex out of. frv^m. directls after, aw as
'-v - :;-.e .:::e.x:xvu\: o: u:::orese«i '

l"::e.xr*vtedls tTonuD. libris books v
2^ from the books ]
Belong-
Suddenb ."V ~*.:~e~ **:c* av..-*\: -wSsxi. hu< ing to the library of One of the Kvsks of Written on
exmtproviso, re\i\^fcthecompkmnmt bookplates to indicate the owner of the book; i.e. ex
ex industria ..\:S I ex out of. from, directls after. .:>^ o .
:- Wciy.;/: n>eans John Mensah s book. n..
aw -as thw. v : >. industria cl- ge::c-e. assiduity v

2> out :\ ex libris Bookplate.
of diligence] Diligently. On purpose. Intentionally ex malefkio [L. ex csut of. from, directly after.
Tkeexidtmut tkm t? shows that he plamm i - .. away from k
1 \ maleficio ot>ense, en me, wrongvk>ing
.
•
.. Of ex eonsulto from s^vsng-doin^.] Based on. or on account of,
ex i n tegro aa\\ (L. «x out of, from* directly after, away nusoonduct Thepcr-.c'u-:. <ecr:.:^ was .ntspended
from (11^ integro :Ves.-. ::e\s v
2^ fro;:: fresh new.l cx mah'ficio
\'-vs^ \r-e\s V.: ose: aca:r- "».c cc".:-cc:c e\ ma le fie io n o n o ri t u r co n t ra c t u s, I. e\ ou o f: . fro r: :
directly after, away from (4); aaaAefida ex il deed,

See de integro .r-o de noso misdeed tSt mm no: oritur nr. ses 1 2 \ eon traetus
133 ex pacto illicito
drawing together, shrinking, contract, agreement ( 1 ): ex nihilo nihil fit. [L. ex out of, from, directly after,
A contract does not arise from a misdeed.] Law. A away from (3); nihilo nothing (4); nihil nothing ( ); 1
contract based on a misdeed is invalid. See ex turpi fit is made (2): Nothing is made out of nothing.]
causa etc. Philosophy. Nothing comes out of nothing.

ex malis moribus bonae leges natae sunt. [L. ex out ex nudo pacto non oritur actio. [L. ex out of, from 4
of, from, directly after, away from (5); malis bad, directly after, away from (1); nudo naked, bare (2);
evil (6); moribus morals, conduct, habit (7); bonae pacto pact, agreement (3); non not (5); oritur arises
good (1); leges laws (2); natae born (4); sunt are, (6); actio action, deed, legal suit (4): From a naked
have been (3): Good laws have been born out of evil agreement a legal suit does not arise.] Law. A bare
morals.] Good laws are promulgated to counteract pact cannot serve as ground for any legal action. A
misbehavior. civil and common law maxim which maintains that
ex malitia adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, away a legal action cannot be grounded on a contract made
from ( 1 ); malitia malice, ill will, spite (2): from/out without a formal or solemn promise. Cf. ex turpi
of malice.] From malice. Maliciously. The plaintiff causa etc.
is suing the defendant for publishing an article on exodus abbr. exod. n., pi. exoduses [L. from Gk.
him ex malitia. exodos: ex out of, from (2); (h)odos road, path (1):
ex mero motu adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, road out, going out.] 1 . The departure of the Hebrew
away from (1); mero pure, genuine (2); motu emo- people from Egypt. 2. A mass emigration or depar-
tion, impulse (3): out of pure/genuine impulse.] Of ture. Emigration or departure of a large number of
one's own free will. Of his/her own accord. Volun- people, a) . . . the exodus of teachers from the Uni-
tarily. The candidate of the People 's Party stepped versities (West Africa 1981). b) The exodus of
. . .
down from the Presidential race ex mero motu. See ex both citizens and expatriates is mainly attributable
proprio motu; ex voluntate; motu proprio; sua to the country 's worsening economy. — Exodus The
sponte; and suo motu. second book of the Bible describing the flight of the
ex mora adv. I adj. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, Hebrews from Egypt.
away from (1); mora delay (2): from delay.] As a ex officio or ex officiis abbr. ex off. adj. I adv. [L. ex
result of delay. out of, from, directly after, away from ( 1 ); officio
ex more adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, away office, duty, obligation, service (2): from the office.]
from ( 1 ); more custom, habit (2): from custom.] By By virtue of a person's office. By reason of a person's
custom. office or position, a) The Military Governor . . . must
ex multitudine signorum colligitur identitas vera. be appointed one of the trustees ex officio (James
[L. ex out of, from, directly after, away from (4); 1982:39). b) As the chiefexecutive of the institution,
multitudine large number (5); signorum of signs, he is required to serve, ex officio, as a member ofall
indications (6); colligitur is deduced, considered (3); the boards ofthe institution, c) Paul 's father is an ex
identitas identity (2); vera true (1): True identity is officio member of the executive committee.
deduced from a large number of signs.] True iden- exoneretur n., pi. exonereturs [L. Let him/her be
tity is established from a multiplicity of indications. relieved or discharged.] A note on a bailpiece ac-
ex necessitate adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, knowledging the discharge of a surety.
away from (1); necessitate compulsion, urgency, exordium n., pi. exordia or exordiums [L. introduc-
necessity (2): from compulsion.] By force of neces- tion, preface.] The introductory part of a composition,
sity. The minister, after a long deliberation, decided, speech, discourse, or document.
ex necessitate, to tender his resignation from office. exoterica/?/. n. [Gk. exOterika outer things.] Doctrines,
ex necessitate legis adv.ladj. [L. ex out of, from, directly discourses, or works meant for the layman, the un-
after, away from ( 1 );
necessitate compulsion, urgency, educated or the general public. Exoteric, popular, or
necessity (2); legis of law (3): from compulsion of commonplace doctrines, works, etc. Since his works
law.] By necessity of law. All professionals had to are essentially exoterica, they lack the profundity of
pay a special tax ex necessitate legis. those of a specialist.
ex necessitate rei adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, exotica pi. n. [Gk. exOtika foreign or alien things.]
away from (1); necessitate compulsion, urgency, ne- Strange, mysterious or romantic things, items, features
cessity (2); rei of the matter, thing, property, business, or information. It is time we abandoned the dishonest
affair (3): from the compulsion of the Out of
thing.] (but lucrative) rubbish that afilm cannot sell unless it
the urgency of the situation or the case. When Funso 's is replete with bare-breasted damsels . . . and mindless
father received the unpleasant news of his son 's im- garbage of exotica straight from Tarzan 's Africa
prisonment forfailure to pay the fine, he immediately (Niyi Osundare in West Africa 1982).
despatched an emissary with the requisite amount, ex pacto illicito non oritur actio. [L. ex out of, from,
ex necessitate rei. directly after, away from ( ); pacto agreement, contract 1
ex parte 134
(3); illicito illicit, illegal (2); non not (5); oritur arises [L. expende weigh, examine (1); Hannibalem
(6) ; actio action, deed, legal suit (4): From an illegal Hannibal (2); quot how many (3); libras pounds (4);
contract a legal suit does not arise.] Law. A legal in in, on (6); duce leader, ruler (8); summo highest
action does not proceed from an illegal contract or (7); invenies will you find (5): Weigh Hannibal: how
agreement. See ex turpi causa etc. many pounds will you find in the highest leader?]
ex parte adj. Iadv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, Weigh Hannibal? How much will the greatest leader
away from ( 1 ); parte side, part (2): from a part.] Law. weigh (when he is dead)? How important is fame
By one party only. For one party only. From the point and power after the person is dead?
of view of only one side. Used in relation to such expensae litis pi. n. [L. expensae expenses, payments
matters as commissions, injunctions, testimonies, and ( 1 ); litis of suit (2): expenses of the suit.] Costs/expenses
hearings in which the proceedings are conducted in of a suit awarded to a winning party. Expensae litis
the presence, or on the papers, of one party, while are mostly awarded on thefinal determination ofthe
the other party is either absent or not served with suit.
notice, a) The plaintifffiled a motion ex parte to set experientia docet. [L. experientia experience (1);
aside the default judgment, b) Instead of allowing docet teaches (2): Experience teaches.] Experience
free discussions to determine the best course of ac- is a veritable teacher. One learns from experience.
tion, the chairman imposed his ex parte view on the Cf. fabula docet.
committee. See de una parte. Cf. ex utraque parte expilatio n., pi. expilationes [L. a pillaging, plundering.]
and inter partes. Civil Law. Unlawful appropriation of goods after
ex parte materna adv.ladj. [L. ex out of, from, directly someone dies and before the heir(s) take possession.
after, away from (1); parte side, part (3); materna Technically, the offense is different from furtum
maternal, of the mother (2): from the maternal side.] On (q.v.) (theft).
the maternal side. Of/on the side of the mother. He traces explanandum n., pi. explananda [L. thing to be ex-
his ancestry ex parte materna. Cf. ex parte paterna. plained, thing which must be explained.] Philosophy.
ex parte paterna adv.ladj. [L. ex out of, from, directly A word or expression which needs to be explained.
after, away from (1); parte part, side (3); paterna Cf. explanans; explicandum; explicans; and
paternal, of the father (2): from the paternal side.] explicatum.
On the paternal side. Of/on the side of the father. explanans n., pi. explanantia [L. explaining thing.]
She is a woman of dual identity, being French ex Philosophy. The meaning of a word or expression.
parte materna and German ex parte paterna. Cf. ex See explanandum.
parte materna. explicandum n., pi. explicanda [L. thing to be ex-
ex pede Herculem [L. ex out of, from, directly after, plained, thing which must be explained.] Philosophy.
away from ( ); pede foot (2); Herculem Hercules
1 A word or expression which needs to be expounded
(1): From (his) the foot (we can measure) Hercules.] or explicated. See explanandum.
Hercules from his foot. To acquire information about explicans n., pi. explicantia [L. explaining thing.]
the whole from a small part, just as the Greek math- Philosophy. The meaning of a word or expression.
ematician Pythagoras tried to calculate the height of See explanandum.
the hero Hercules from his foot. explication de texte n., pi. explications de texte [Fr.
expedit reipublicae ne sua re quis male utatur. [L. explication explanation ( 1 ); de of (2); texte text (3):
expedit it is expedient, advantageous (1); rei publicae explanation of the text.] A textual analysis.
to the public affair, the state (2); ne that not (3); sua explicatum n., pi. explicata [L. that which has been
his own (6); re matter, thing, property, business, affair explained.] Philosophy. The meaning of a word or
(7) ; quis anyone (4); male wrongly, badly (8); utatur expression. See explanandum.
should use (5): It is expedient to the state that anyone expose or expose n. ,
pi. exposes or exposes [Fr. account,
should not use his property wrongly.] Law. It is a exposition, statement, explanation, report.] 1 . A state-
matter of concern to the state that no one should put ment, recital, account, exposition or explanation of
his/her property to improper use. See sic utere tuo etc. facts or beliefs. 2. Revelation or exposure of something
expedit reipublicae ut sit finis litium. [L. expedit it discreditable about a person, institution, government,
is expedient, advantageous (1); rei publicae to the etc. a) include exposes of
The shocking stories . . .
public affair, the state (2); ut that (3); sit there should the shootingofPalestinian children by army patrols
be (4); finis end (5); litium of suits (6): It is expedient and brutal tear-gas attacks on Arab high schools
to the state that there should be an end of suits.] Law. {Newsweek Int. Jan. 1 1, 1982:49). b) an expose of "the
It is to the interest of the state that suits be brought to prevailing situation in Nigerian society " (Chris Dunton
an end; i.e., that law suits not continue indefinitely. in West Africa 1982). 3. Diplomacy. A written state-
See infinitum in etc. ment, explaining the reasons for a conduct or an act.
expende Hannibalem: quot libras in duce summo ex post adj. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, away
invenies? Juvenal (c.60-117 A.D.). Satires X,147. from (1); post after (2): from after.] Objective. Factual.
135 ex rigore juris
Based on, or derived from, certain knowledge. The principle whereby if one or more things of a group
investigator insisted that he was interested in ex post, are specifically mentioned, the others are automati-
not ex ante, information. Cf. ex ante, cally excluded. See designatio unius etc.
ex postfacto or ex post facto adj. [L. ex out of, from, expressio unius personae est exclusio alterius. [L.
away from (1); postfacto something
directly after, expressio expression ( 1 ); unius of one (2); personae
done afterwards (2): from something done after- (of) person (3); est is (4); exclusio exclusion (5);
wards.] Retrospective. Retroactive. Done after the alterius of the other (6): The expression of one per-
fact, a) Many distinguished jurists condemn ex post son is the exclusion of the other.] Law. The express
facto laws, b) English law and judicial procedure mention of one person is the exclusion of another;
conferred undoubted benefits on Nigerians .... but i.e., when one person is specifically mentioned, it
one should be wary of the danger of ex post facto implies that a second person is excluded. See desig-
rationalisation of British intentions (Adewoye natio unius etc.
1977:31). —adv. Retrospectively. Retroactively. expressis verbis adv. [L. expressis with express ( 1 ); ver-
Lawmakers are advised to refrain from making laws bis (with) words (2): with express words.] Expressly.
ex post facto, for such laws seem unfair. See postea. Explicitly. Definitely. No judge has yet dissented
Cf. ab initio. expressis verbis from Lord Atkin 's statement of the
ex praecedentibus et consequentibus est optima principles that should guide a court in the absence
of
interpretatio. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, away an express choice of proper law by the parties
from (4); praecedentibus the preceding (things) (5); (Graveson 1974:414).
et and (6); consequentibus the consequent, following expressum expressum the
facit cessare taciturn. [L.
(things) (7); est is (3); optima best ( 1 ); interpretatio expressed makes (2); cessare to cease, stop
( 1 ); facit
interpretation (2): The best interpretation is from the (4); taciturn unmentioned, kept secret (3): The ex-
preceding things and the following things.] A passage pressed makes the unmentioned to cease.] When
is best understood by considering what precedes and something is expressed, it supersedes what is implied.
what follows it. See ex antecedentibus etc. See designatio unius etc.
expressa nocent, non expressa non nocent. [L. ex professo adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, away
expressa expressed (things) (1); nocent do harm, from (1); professo confessed, avowed, professed
hurt, injure (2); non not (3); expressa expressed (thing) (2): from the professed or avowed thing.] In
(things) (4); non not (5); nocent harm (6): Expressed accordance with one's avowal or claim. Professedly.
thingsdo harm, not expressed things do not harm.] ex proprio motu adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after,
Things that are expressed harm; things which are not away from (1); proprio his/her/its/their, one's own
expressed do not harm; i.e., sometimes keeping si- (2); motu impulse (3): from one's own impulse.] Of
lent may be more helpful than talking. See expressa a person's own accord. Spontaneously. David do-
non prosunt etc. nated blood ex proprio motu to save a life. See ex
expressa non prosunt quae non expressa proderunt. mero motu.
[L. expressa expressed (things) (1); non not (2); ex proprio vigore adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly
prosunt are useful, beneficial (3); quae which (4); after, away from (1); proprio his/her/its/their, one's
non not (5); expressa expressed (things) (6); own (2); vigore force, vigor (3): from one's own
proderunt will be useful, beneficial (7): Expressed force.] Of a person's own force or strength.
things are not beneficial which not expressed will be ex provisione mariti adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly
beneficial.] There are certain things which are harm- after, away from (I); provisione provision, foresight
ful when said, but will be beneficial when not said. (2); mariti of husband (3): from the provision of the
See expressa nocent etc. husband.] From the husband's resources. During his
expressio eorum quae tacite insunt nihil operatur. absence the wife maintained and cared for the chil-
[L. expressio expression ( 1 ); eorum of those (things) dren ex provisione mariti.
(2); quae which (3); tacite tacitly, silently (5); insunt ex relatione abbr. ex rel. prep. [L. ex out of, from,
are in, are implied (4); nihil nothing (7); operatur directly after, away from ( 1 ); relatione report, propo-
performs, achieves (6): The expression of those things sition, information (2): from the report/information.]
which are tacitly implied achieves nothing.] It is su- Upon information/motion of. On relation of. Law.
perfluous expressly to mention those things which Applicable to proceedings instituted by the state,
are implied; i.e., there is no point in mentioning what acting on information brought by an interested party.
is implied. Cf. non solent quae etc. and omissio State ex rel. Seidu v. Gambari. — adv.ladj. A case is
eorum quae etc. described as reported ex relatione when the reporter
expressio unius est exclusio alterius. [L. expressio was not present during the proceedings but derived
expression (1); unius of one (2); est is (3); exclusio his information from a person who was present.
exclusion (4); alterius of the other (5): The expres- ex rigore juris adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after,
sion of the one is the exclusion of the other.] Law. A away from (1); rigore stiffness, harshness (2); juris
ex se natus 136
of right, law (3): from the harshness of the law.] Law. ex tota materia emergat resolutio. [L. ex out of, from,
In accordance with the strictnessof the law. If the directly after, away from (3); tota whole, entire (4);
case had been considered ex rigore juris, there can materia subject matter (5); emergat should arise (2);
be no doubt that the accused would have been con- resolutio explanation, resolution ( 1 ): The explana-
demned to death. Cf. aequitas. tion should arise from the entire subject matter.] Law.
ex se natus or fern, ex se nata adj., pi. ex se nati or In explaining a statute, one should take into consid-
fern, ex se natae [L. ex out of, from, directly after, eration all aspects of it.
away from (2); se himself/herself (3); natus born ( ): extra prep. [L. outside of, beyond.] Outside of. Ex-
born out of himself/herself, themselves.] Self-made.
1
cept. Besides. Beyond. Without. Apart from. — adj.

Sam has everyjustification to be proud ofhis achieve- Additional. Greater or more than the usual, ordinary,
ments, for he is ex se natus. expected, regular, or necessary. The children have
exsequatur n.,pl. exsequaturs [L. Let him/her perform, started extra lessons in preparation for theforthcom-
execute or enforce.] International Law. A written of- ing examination. — adv. Uncommonly. Unusually.
ficial authorization/recognition given to a consular To a point, extent, or degree which is more than the
officer by the government to which he is accredited. ordinary, regular or usual. Especially, a) The man
ex silentio adj. /adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, was happy to hear the news, b) She is extra
extra
away from ( ); From
silentio silence (2): from silence.] naive, c) The boy usually wears extra-large clothes.
1
the fact of the unavailability of evidence.Ex silentio — n., pi. extras 1. A thing which is additional such
arguments stand on shakyfoundations and can, like a as a fee, point, or worker. The restaurant serves meals
house ofcards, be easily demolished. See argumentum at $5. 00 a plate, but there are extras for those who
a silentio and argumentum ex silentio. want delicacies. 2. A thing which is superior in quality.
ex statuto adj. /adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, —pref Beyond. More than. Outside, a) extra-
away from ( 1 ); statuto statute (2): from statute.] Law. ordinary; b) extraterritorial; c) extracurricular,
According to the statute or law. After listening to the d) extrasensory.
arguments of both the prosecution and the defense, extra commercium adj. [L. extra outside of, beyond
thejudge declared his intention to decide the case ex (1);commercium commerce (2): outside of com-
statuto. merce.] Law. Cannot be acquired or owned privately.
ex tempore or extempore adv. [L. ex out of, from, Applicable to such things as state-owned property,
away from (1); tempore time (2):
directly after, navigable waters, or air. It may, ofcourse, be objected
from time.] Without reflection, preparation, or pre- that this proposal amounts to designatingfamily prop-
meditation. Instantaneously. He was interviewed ex erty as extra commercium (Asante 1975:260).
tempore. — adj. Extemporaneous. Instantaneous. See extra patrimonium. Cf. in commercio and in
Offhand, a) He delivered an ex tempore judgment. patrimonio.
b) He made ex tempore statements which, predict- extra dictione adj. [L. extra beyond (1); dictione
ably, contained some half-truths. wording, saying beyond wording.] Logic. Be-
(2):
ex testamento adv. [ex out of, from, directly after, away yond the wording. A logical fallacy which is not
from ( 1 ); testamento will (2): from a will.] Law. Under based upon the wording of the phrase. The opposite
a will. In accordance with a will. He claimed absolute of in dictione (q.v.).
title to the building ex testamento. Cf. ab intestato. extra judicium adj. /adv. [L. extra outside of, beyond
extortio est crimen quando quis colore officii (1); judicium court proceeding, trial (2): outside of
extorquet quod non est debitum, vel supra debi- court proceeding.] Law. Extrajudicial. Out of court.
tum, vel ante tempus quod debitum. [L. est Not related to a case before a court. The statement
extortio extortion (1); est is (2); crimen crime (3); made by the judge, though significant, is essentially
quando when (4); quis one, anyone (5); colore by extra judicium.
color (6); officii of office (7); extorquet extorts, ob- extra jus adj. /adv. [L. extra outside of, beyond (1);
tains by force (8); quod (that) which, what (9); non jus right, law beyond the law.] More than is re-
(2):
not ( 1 1 ); debitum owed, due ( 1 2); vel or
est is ( 1 0); quired by the law. The plaintiffs demand, though
(13); supra above debitum owed, due (15);
(14); seemingly reasonable, is extra jus and, therefore,
vel or ( 1 6); ante before ( 1 7); tempus time ( 1 8); quod cannot be granted. See extra legem.
which (19); est is (20); debitum owed, due (21): extra legem adj. Iadv. [L. extra outside of, beyond
Extortion is the crime when one by color of office ( 1 ); legem law (2): beyond the law.] Out of the law.
extorts what is not due, or above the due, or before Extralegal. Outside the scope of the protection of-
the time which is due.] Law. The crime of extortion fered by the law. See extra jus.
involves extorting, by color of office, what is not extra legem positus est civiliter mortuus. [L. extra
due or anything beyond what is due or obtaining it outside of, beyond (2); legem law (3); positus having
before the appropriate time. been placed (1); est is (4); civiliter citizen-like, in
137 ex turpi contractu
regard to citizenship (6); mortuus dead (5): Having attract attention, a) Ronald Reagan 's aides
. . .
been placed outside of the law, he is dead so far as mounted afour-day $8 million extravaganza ofballs,
citizenship is concerned.] Law. Whoever is placed concerts and receptions {Newsweek Int. Feb. 2,
. . .
outside the law is, as far as civil rights are concerned, 1 98 1 :35). b) Iran 's new leaders last week staged
. . .
dead. Applicable to outlawry. their first diplomatic extravaganza: the welcoming

extramuros adj. [L. extra outside of, beyond (1); to Tehran of Palestine Liberation Organization
muros walls (2): beyond the walls.] Outside the Leader Yasser Arafat {Time Int. 1979). 3. Something,
walls. Extramural. External, a) The manager of the such as an ornament for clothing or a building, which
company notified the employees in a strongly-worded is so bizarre or spectacular that it has to attract at-
letter that it would not be responsible for their ac- tention. The city is well-known for its architectural
tivities extra muros. b) The university has instituted extravaganzas.
the award ofdegrees extra muros. extra viam adv. [L. extra outside of, beyond ( 1 ); viam
extraneus heres or extraneus haeres n., pi. extranei way (2): outside the way.] Outside the road. Used in
heredes or extranei haeredes [L. extraneus strange, common law pleading in matters of trespass to rebut
external (1); heres heir (2): strange/external heir.] a plea of right of way by indicating that the trespass
An heir from outside the family. In Roman law, one was committed outside the legally permissible limit.
becomes such an heir only after formally accepting extra vires adj. I adv. [L. extra outside, beyond (1);
the inheritance. Nobody can be compelled to act as vires power (2): outside/beyond power.] Law. Be-
trustee against his will . . .for ifhe meddles with the yond the scope of legal power or authority. See ultra
estate his conduct will almost certainly be construed vires. Cf. intra vires.
as acceptance. Once he has accepted, it is no longer extremis probatis, praesumuntur media. [L. extre-
open to him to disclaim. His position furnishes an mis with extreme (things) ( 1 ); probatis (with) having
exact counterpart to that of the extraneus heres in been proved (2); praesumuntur are presumed (4);
Roman /mv(Hanbury 1962:222). media middle (things) (3): With extreme things having
extraordinaire adj., pi. extraordinaires [Fr. extraordi- been proved, middle things are presumed.] When
nary, amazing, fantastic] Unusual. Out of the ordi- extreme points have been proved, intermediate points
nary, a) a film extraordinaire; b) a chefextraodinaire. are presumed.
extra patrimonium adj. [L. extra outside of, beyond ex turpi causa non oritur actio. [L. ex out of, from,
( 1 ); patrimonium inheritance, patrimony (2): outside directly after, away from ( 1 ); turpi base, disgraceful
of inheritance.] Law. That which cannot be acquired (2); causa cause, case, reason (3); non not (5); oritur
or owned privately. Not subject to private acquisition arises (6); actio action, deed, legal suit (4): From a
or ownership. See extra commercium Cf. in base cause legal suit does not arise.] Law. A disgraceful
commcrcio and in patrimonio. matter or consideration cannot serve as the founda-
extra territorium adv. [L. extra outside of, beyond tion of a legal action. See causa turpis; commodum
(1); territorium domain, district, territory (2): out- ex injuria non oritur; commodum ex injuria sua
side of the district.] Beyond or outside the territory. etc.; contractus contra bonos mores; contractus
The jurisdiction of the court was ousted because the ex turpi causa; contractus ex turpi causa, vel etc.;
offense was committed extra territorium. dolo malo etc.; dolus et fraus etc.; ex dolo maio
extra territorium jus dicenti impune non paretur. non etc.; ex facto illicito etc.; ex maleficio non etc.;
[L. extra outside of, beyond (3); territorium domain, ex pacto illicito etc.; ex turpi contractu etc.; fraus
district, territory (4); jus right, law (2); dicenti to the et dolus etc.; frustra legis auxilium etc.; injuria
one pronouncing, delivering (1); impune with im- non excusat injuriam; injuria propria non etc.;
punity, without punishment (7); non not (5); paretur jus ex injuria etc.; L'obligation sans cause etc.;
there is obeying (6): To the one pronouncing law out- merito beneficium etc.; nemo allegans nemo
etc.;
side the district, there is no obeying with impunity.] ex dolo suo etc.; nemo ex proprio etc.; nemo ex
Law. When a judge pronounces judgment on a matter suo delicto non facias etc.; nullus commodum
etc.;
outside his jurisdiction, his judgment is flouted with etc.; pacta quae turpem etc.; qui per fraudem etc.;
impunity. See factum a judice etc.; judici officium quid turpi etc.; turpis causa and turpis contrac-
etc.; judicium a non etc.; jus non habenti etc. tus. Cf. ex nudo pacto etc.; nuda pactio etc.; and
Cf. qui jussu judicis etc. nudum pactum ex quo etc.
extravaganza n., pi. extravaganzas [It. extravagance, ex turpi contractu actio non oritur. [L. ex out of, from,
something extravagant.] 1 . A literary, musical, or dra- directly after, away from (4); turpi base, disgraceful
matic work or performance which is elaborate, marked (5); contractu drawing together, shrinking, contract,
by non-adherence to conventional form, and often agreement (6); actio action, deed, legal suit ( 1 ); non
has elements of parody or burlesque. 2. A spectacular not (2); oritur arises (3): A legal suit does not arise
show, entertainment, or activity which is bound to from a base contract.] Law. Legal action does not
ex utraque parte 138
arise from an immoral/base contract or legal agree- that the defendant published the article with mali-
ment. See ex turpi causa etc. cious intent.
ex utraque parte adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, ex visitatione Dei adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly
away from utraque each of two (2); parte side
(1); after, away from (1); visitatione dispensation, visi-
(3): from each of two sides.] On both sides. An ob- tation (2); Dei of God (3): from the dispensation of
jective assessment can be made by considering the God.] By the dispensation of God. On account of
matter ex utraque parte. Cf. ex parte. physical inability.
exuviae pi. n. [L. garments and skins which are stripped ex visu scriptionis adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly
off.] Skin, shell, etc. of an animal, such as a snake, after, away from (1); visu sight (2); scriptionis of
that has been shed or cast off. writing (3): from the sight of the writing.] After an
ex visceribus adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after, examination of the handwriting. The police in the
away from (1); visceribus bowels, entrails (2): from forensic laboratory identified the writer ofthe letter
the bowels.] From the very essence of the matter. ex visu scriptionis.
ex visceribus testamenti adv. I adj. [L. ex out of, from, ex vi termini adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after,
directly after, away from ( 1 ); visceribus bowels, en- away from ( 1 ); vi force, strength (2); termini of end,
trails (2); testamenti of will (3): from the bowels of limit, term (3): from the force of the term.] From the
the will.] Law. From, or based upon the inherent pur-
;
meaning of the term. From the intrinsic meaning of
pose or intention of the will. We are not . . . to draw the term. A conspiracy to injure involves ex vi ter-
the sources ofourjudgmentfrom the mere language mini an intention and agreement to injure, or more
or construction ofother wills differently compounded, accurately, a common intention and agreement to
but from the language and intention of the testator injure (Weir 1974:531).
in the will before us, or as it is sometimes expressed, ex voiuntate adv. [L. ex out of, from, directly after,
ex visceribus testamenti (per Lord Ellenborough C.J. away from (1); voiuntate will, choice, inclination
in Doe d. Wright v. Jesson [1816] 5 M and S: 95 at (2): from will/choice.] Willingly. Voluntarily. Of his/
97. Quoted by Megarry 1955:160). her own accord. The suspect wrote down the state-
ex visceribus verborum adv. [L. ex out of, from, ment ex voiuntate. See ex mero motu
directly after, away from (1); visceribus bowels, ex voto n., pi. ex votos [L. ex out of, from, directly
entrails (2);verborum of words (3): from the bowels after, away from ( 1 ); voto prayer, promise, vow (2):
of the words.] From the words themselves. From mere from a vow.] An offering or gift made, especially to
words. // is easy to deduce, ex visceribus verborum. a god, in return for a favor granted. The church walls
were covered with ex votos.
F. abbr. for 1 . fecit (q.v.). 2. fiat (q.v.). 3. formula (q.v.). facile princeps adj. [L. facile easily ( 1 ); princeps first,
4. forte (q.v.). foremost (2): easily first/foremost.] Easily preemi-

faber est suae quisque fortunae. Sallust (86-35 B.C.). nent. Indisputably the first or leader. Laura, always
Ad Caesarem Senem de Re Publica Oratio 1,2. [L. facile princeps, established her superiority during
faber maker, carpenter (3); est is (2); suae of his/ the final examinations.
her own (4); quisque each one (1); fortunae (of) facilis descensus Averni Vergil (70-19 B.C.). Aeneid
fortune (5): Each one is the maker of own his/her VI, 126. [L. facilis easy (3); descensus descent (1);
fortune.] Each person is the architect of his/her own Averni of Avernus, hell (2): the descent of Avernus
fate. See faber fortunae suae. (is) easy.] The descent to hell is easy. The return is
faber fortunae suae n. [L. faber maker, carpenter ( 1 ); more difficult.
fortunae (of) fortune (3); suae of his/her own (2): facio ut des n. [L. facio I do ( 1 ); ut so that (2); des you
maker of his/her own fortune.] Architect of his/her may give (3): I do so that you may give.] Civil Law. A
own fate. In a society where there are equal oppor- form of contract in which one party does something
tunities, each person may rightly be regarded asfaber in order that the other may give something in return.
fortunae suae. See faber est etc. See quid pro quo.
fabula docet n. [L. fabula story ( 1 ); docet teaches (2): facio ut facias n. [L. facio I do (1); ut so that (2); fa-
Story teaches.] The principle or view that a story ciasyou may do (3): I do so that you may do.] Civil
teaches a lesson or serves a didactic purpose. The Law. A form of contract in which one party does
peculiarity ofThucydides 'political philosophy . . . is something in order that the other may do something
that he preaches no general doctrine: there is no in return. See quid pro quo.
fabula docet in his work (Jaeger 1970:390). facon de parler facons de parler [Fr. facon
n., pi.
Cf. experientia docet. manner, way de of (2); parler to speak, speak-

(1);
fac. abbr. for 1. facade (q.v.). 2. facsimile (q.v.). ing (3): way of speaking.] Manner, style, or way of
facade or facade n.,pl. facades or facades abbr. fac. [Fr. speaking or speech. Form of speech. The top schools
front, face, appearance.] 1 . The front or prominent exte- normally set the standards in virtually everything
rior face of a building. 2. A superficial (or false) aspect or from academic performance to sports and even more
appearance of a thing. Window-dressing, a) The archi- interestingly the students facon de parler (Thomas
'
tect AdolfLoos, who wanted to strip the ornamentfrom Cooke in West Africa 1985).
thefacade of Viennese life . . . {Newsweek Int. March 3, facs. abbr. for facsimile (q.v.).
1980:45). b) The fragile facade of unity could crumble facsimile or fac simile abbr. fac. or facs. n., pi. fac-
(Newsweek Int. June 23, 1980:22). similes or fac similes [L. fac do, make (1); simile
facetiae pi. n. [L. wit, witty sayings, witticisms, humor.] similar (2): Make similar.] An exact reproduction or
1. Witty sayings or writings. Humorous sayings or copy. A replica (q.v.). "The notes of Lord Kenyon
humorous stories, which are
writings. Jokes. 2. Short and ofSir J. Burrow on this point are in such perfect
often obscene. Books which treat sexual love. harmony, that the one may be considered a fac simile
Cf. curiosa; erotica; and esoterica. of the other" (Giles v. Grover 1832, quoted by
faciendum n., pi. facienda [L. that which must be done.] Megarry 1973: 127). —
short form fax v. To make or
Something which has to be done. A necessary deed. send a copy of a document or image via electronic
139
facta armorum 140
means, especially over telephone lines. — n.,pl. faxes by a judge which does not relate to his/her office is
The copy made or produced by this process. not valid.] An act by a judge which does not relate/
factaarmorum pi. n. [L. facta deeds, acts, facts (1); pertain to his/her jurisdiction is null and void. See
armorum of arms (2): feats of arms.] Military ex- extra territorium jus etc.
ploits or achievements. The facta armorum of factum cuique suum, non adversario, nocere debet.
Alexander the Great have won for him undyingfame [L. factum deed, act, fact (2); cuique to each one
both in antiquity and among posterity. (5); suum one's own ( 1 ); non not (6); adversario to
facta non verba [L. facta deeds, acts, facts (1); non (the) opponent, adversary (7); nocere to do harm,
not (2); verba words (3): deeds not words.] Actions, hurt, injure (4); debet ought, should (3): One's own
not words; i.e., what is needed is action not mere act should do harm to each one, not to the opponent.]
words. He is a man ofaction whose guiding motto is Law. A party's own act should be harmful to himself/
facta non verba See facta sunt etc. herself, not to the opponent. See factum unius etc.
facta sunt potentiora verbis. [L. facta deeds, acts, factum infectum fieri nequit. [L. factum deed, act,
facts (1); sunt are (2); potentiora more powerful, fact (1); infectum undone (4); fieri to become, be
stronger (3); verbis than words (4): Deeds are stron- made (3); nequit cannot (2): An act cannot become
ger than words.] Deeds are more powerful than undone.] What is done cannot be undone.
words; i.e., actions speak louder than words. See factum juridicum n., pi. facta juridica [L. factum
facta non verba. deed, act, fact (2); juridicum juridical (1): juridical
factio testamenti or testamenti factio n.,pl. faction es fact.] Law. A fact pertaining to the law; i.e., one of
testamenti or testamenti factiones [L. factio mak- the factors which constitute an obligation.
ing, preparing (1); testamenti of will (2): the making factum negantis nulla probatio sit. [L. factum deed,
of a will.] Civil Law. The right or ability to make a act, fact (2); negantis of the one denying (1); nulla
will. An infant is deficient in factio testamenti by no (4); probatio proof (5); sit there should be (3):
reason of age. Of the one denying a fact, there should be no proof.]

facto adv. [L. by deed, act, fact.] In fact. By the fact. It is not obligatory for a person who denies a fact to
By an act. See ipso facto. prove it. See actori incumbit etc.
facto et animo adv. [L. facto by deed, act, fact ( 1 ); et factum probandum n.,pl. facta probanda [L. factum
and (2); animo by intention (3): by deed and inten- deed, act, fact (1); probandum must be proved
that
tion.] In fact and intention. By deed and design. The (2): a deed that must be proved.] A fact which re-
evidence shows that the offense was committedfacto quires proof. The fact in issue. Applicable in the law
et animo. See animo et corpore. of evidence. Cf. factum probans.
factotum n., pi. factotums [Med. L. from L. fac do, factum probans n., pi. facta probantia [L. factum
make (1); totum the whole, all (2): Do all or the deed, act, fact (2); probans proving (1): a proving
whole.] 1 . An all-purpose servant. A person employed fact.] Circumstantial evidence. Evidentiary fact. Fact
to do every kind of work. A person entrusted with given in evidence to prove factum probandum
diverse responsibilities. The tenants tired ofdealing (q.v ). Cf. facta probanda.
with a factotum instead of with the landlord himself. factum unius alteri nocere non debet. [L. factum
2. Printing. A very big decorative capital letter. deed, act, fact (1); unius of one (person) (2); alteri
factum n., pi. facta [L. deed, act, fact.] 1 . Civil Law. A to the other (6); do harm, injure (5); non
nocere to
fact, a circumstance, an event, or a statement of facts The deed of one
not (4); debet ought, should (3):
in a case in a lawcourt. a) The question of abandon- person ought not do harm to the other.] Law. One
ment of land is one offactum and animus (James person's deed should not be harmful to another. See
1982:214). b) In questions involving the factum or factum cuique etc.
the contents ofa will, the declarations ofthe testator facultas probationum non est angustanda. [L.
himselfare admissible as evidence to show his state facultas opportunity probationum of proofs (2);
( 1 );
of mind at the time (Parry 1961:70). 2. Old En-

. . . non not (4); est is (3); angustanda to be narrowed,
glish Law. An act and deed, especially one which is restricted (5): The opportunity of proofs is not to be
illegal. 3. Old English Law. A sealed instrument or a narrowed.] Law. Opportunity for offering proof or
deed of conveyance. 4. Testamentary Law. The formal testimony must not be restricted. See nemo
execution of a will. prohibetur etc.
factum a judice quod ad ejus officium non spectat faenus nauticum n. [L. faenus interest (2); nauticum
non ratum est. [L. factum deed, act, fact (1); a by nautical, maritime (1): maritime interest.] Roman
(2); judice judge (3); quod which (4); ad to, at, for, Law. Interest on maritime loans payable only when
according to (7); ejus his/her (8); officium duty, of- the ship with its cargo arrived safely at port.
fice (9);non not (5); spectat relates, pertains (6); faineant or faineant n., pi. faineants or faineants [Fr.
non not (11); ratum valid (12); est is (10): An act idle, lazy, idler, lazy-bones, sluggard.] An irresponsible,
141 fasces
lazy person. An idler. With the appointment of a in one instance, false in all. A maxim on weight of
faineant as head of the institution, things began to evidence, which maintains that, if a witness deliberately
fall apart. — adj. Indolent. Lazy. Idle. A faineant man tells lies in one detail, the jury could ignore the entire
has been appointed the new head of the institution. testimony. The maxim, however, does not exonerate
Cf. roi faineant, the jury from the duty of weighing every detail of the
fait accompli n., pi. faits accomplis [L. fait deed (2); testimony and accepting whatever is true.
accompli accomplished, completed (1): an accom- familia n., pi. familiae [L. household, family.] The
plished deed.] An accomplished fact. A thing which Roman family comprised the paterfamilias, his wife,
is accomplished or done and, presumably, cannot be his legitimate sons and their wives, adopted sons and
reversed. A definite situation, a) Positions were be- their wives, unmarried daughters, grandchildren, and
ing worked out in advance, and then presented to slaves. See jus vitae necisque; materfamilias; pa-
SWAPO as a fait accompli {West Africa 1982). terfamilias; patria potestas; patria potestas in
b) Faced with a fait accompli, the Administration pietate etc.; and potestas.
responded gracefully (Newsweek Int. July 14, famille de robe n., pi. families de robe [Fr. famille
1980:21). family de of (2); robe gown, robe (3): family of

( 1 );
falsa demonstratione legatum non perimitur. [L. the gown.] A family which includes a long line of
falsa by false (4);demonstratione (by) description lawyers and judges.
(5); legatum legacy, bequest (1); non not (2); famosus libellus n. [L. famosus slanderous, scandal-
perimitur is destroyed, prevented (3): A legacy is ous, defamatory (1); libellus indictment, complaint,
not prevented by false description.] False/erroneous libel (2): a scandalous libel.] A libelous document or
description does not render a legacy null and void. writing.
See falsa demonstratio non nocet. fana n. [Ar. annihilation.] Islam. The replacement of
falsademonstratio non nocet. [L. falsa false (1); one's human identity, thoughts, and concerns with
demonstratio description (2); non not (3); nocet those of God.
does harm, hurts, injures (4): False description does fandango n., pi. fandangoes [Sp. (from uncertain
not harm.] Law. False/erroneous description does not source) song, dance.] 1. A brisk Spanish or South
hurt an instrument. Where there are both true and American dance. 2. Music for this dance. 3. Non-
erroneous descriptions of a person or thing in a legal sensical, ridiculous or improper act, behavior, or
instrument and the true description sufficiently estab- speech. Tomfoolery, especially in public or serious
lishes the identity of the subject, the false description affairs. The chairman of the board urged members
is rejected and the instrument is validated. See error to stop their irrationalfandangoes and approach the
nominis numquam etc., falsa demonstratione etc.; business with due seriousness.
falsa grammatica etc.; falsa orthographia etc.; fantasia n.,pl. fantasias [It. fantasy.] Music. 1 . A com-
grammatica falsa etc.; idem sonans; mala position in which fancy and free association domi-
grammatica non etc.; nihil facit error etc.; nil facit nate over formal structure. 2. A composition which
error etc.; verba intentioni etc.; and Veritas nomi- incorporates a selection from other compositions.
nis etc. Walt Disney's "Fantasia. " Cf. fantasie.
falsa grammatica non vitiat concessionem. [L. falsa fantasie n., pi. fantasies [Fr. fantasy.] Fantasia (q.v.).
false (1); grammatica grammar (2); non not (3); farce n., pi. farces [Fr. stuffing.] 1. A play in which
vitiat vitiates, taints (4); concessionem grant (5): plot and/or characters are exaggerated or stuffed like
False grammar does not vitiate a grant.] Law. Bad a roast chicken for comic effect. 2. A play or perfor-
grammar does not impair a grant. See falsa mance which is a joke or mockery. 3. A stuffing for
demonstratio non nocet. a roasted fowl.

falsa orthographia non vitiat concessionem. [L. falsa farceur or fern, farceuse n., pi. farceurs or fern.
false (1); orthographia spelling non not
(2); (3); farceuses [Fr. practical joker, trickster, humorist,
vitiat vitiates, taints (4) concessionem grant (5): comic fellow.] 1. A practical joker. A funny person.
False spelling does not vitiate a grant.] Law. Bad/ A person who should not be taken seriously. 2. A
erroneous spelling does not impair a grant. See falsa person who is skilled in acting or writing farce.
demonstratio non nocet. farrago n.,pl. farragoes [L. mixed fodder, mash, mix-
falsetto n., pi. falsettos [It. a little false.] Music. 1 . A male ture.] Medley. Mixture. Hodgepodge. A confused,
voice singing in a high range beyond that normally irrational, or incongruous assemblage. His critics
reached by a tenor. 2. One who sings in such a range. describe his speech as a farrago ofdistortions, mis-
falsi crimen See crimen falsi. representations, half-truths mixed with some truth.
falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus. [L. falsus false ( 1 ); in fasces pi. n. [L. bundles.] Ancient Rome. The axes
in, on (2); uno one (3); falsus false (4); in in, on (5); bound with rods which accompanied magistrates as
omnibus all (6): False in one, false in all.] Law. False a symbol of their authority.
fas est et ab hoste 142
fas est et ab hoste doceri. Ovid (43 B.C.-l 7 A.D.). Meta- faux pas /?., pi. faux pas [Fr. faux false, wrong (1);
morphoses IV,28. [L. fas lawful, proper (2); est it is pas step, pace (2): false step.] A blunder, mistake,
( 1 ); et even, also (4); ab from, by (5); hoste enemy (6); slip or indiscretion in remark, action, etc., especially
doceri to be taught (3): It is proper to be taught even by in a social or diplomatic context. . . . all . . . must
an enemy.] One can learn even from an enemy. now be bowing their proud heads in utter shame over
fata morgana n. [It. fata fairy (1); Morgana Morgan what, in essence, is a blatant offence ofprotocol, an
(2) Fairy Morgan, Morgan Le Fay.]
: Sister of King 1 . unforgiveable diplomaticfaux pas (Sampha Kamara
Arthur associated with southern Italy by Norman in West Africa 1983): Cf. gaffe.
settlers. 2. A mirage seen on the coasts of Sicily and favorabiliores rei potius quam actores habentur.
Italy, or in the Straits of Messina. 3. Any mirage. A [L. favorabiliores more favored (3); rei defendants
thing which is illusory or insubstantial, a) The fata ( 1 ); potius rather, more (4); quam than (5); actores
morgana of trouble-free friendship, b) The fata plaintiffs (6); habentur are had, held, regarded (2):
morgana of marriage with no problems. Defendants are held more favored than plaintiffs.]
fatetur facinus qui judicium fugit. [L. fatetur con- Law. The condition of the defendant is considered
fesses, acknowledges (4); facinus crime, misdeed (5); to be better than that of the plaintiff. See in aequali
qui (one) who ( ); judicium judgment, trial (3); fugit
1
jure melior etc.
flees (2): One who flees a trial confesses the crime.] fax short form of facsimile (q.v.).
Law. A person who flees judicial trial practically F.C. abbr. for fideicommissum (q.v ).
admits guilt. F.D. abbr. for Fidei defensor (q.v.).
fatigue n., pi. fatigues [Fr. weariness, weakness, tired- fee. abbr. for 1. fecit (q.v.). 2. fecerunt (q.v.).
ness, hard work, heavy duty.] 1. Weariness, tiredness, fecerunt abbr. fee. or ff. [L. They made or did.]/?/, of
or exhaustion caused by mental or physical exertion. fecit (q.v.).
By the end of the strenuous exercise, most of the par- fecit abbr. f. or fee. [L. He/She made or did.] His/Her
ticipants had dropped offfrom sheerfatigue. 2. Labor. creation or work. Used on a work of art, painting,
Toil. A duty or task which causes tiredness. 3. Punitive sculpture, etc. to indicate the one who executed or
menial work assigned to a soldier. — pi. Uniform worn created it. Cf. caelavit.
in the field or when a fatigue is given. . . . they were still fele absente, mures ludent. [L. fele with cat (1); absente
outfitted in U.S. -supplied camouflage fatigues (with) being absent, away (2); mures mice (3); ludent
(Newsweek Int. Dec. 5, 1983:31). will play (4): With the cat being absent, the mice will
maschi, parole femmine. [It. fatti deeds, acts ( 1 );

fatti play.] When the cat is away, the mice will play. To sup-
maschi masculine, manly (2); parole words (3); port his thesis on the disadvantages ofstrict parenting,
femmine womanly (4): Masculine acts, fe-
female, he quoted the dictum Fele absente, mures ludent
male words.] Manly deeds, womanly words. Forceful felicitaciones n., sing, felicitation [Sp. felicitations ]
deeds and soft words. Motto of the State of Maryland. Congratulations. Best wishes. Many happy returns.
Fatwa or fatwa or fatwah or fetwah n. [Ar. legal in- The Salvadoran leader appeared on television to
struction.] I. Islam. A legal ruling by a mufti (q.v.). announce that he had sent his personalfelicitaciones
2. Any formal condemnation. to the White House (Time Int. 1982).
fauna n., pi. faunae or faunas [L. goddess of the felix culpa n., pi. felices culpae [L. felix lucky, happy
groves, associated with the fauns.] Animals. Animal (1); culpa fault, error, blame, guilt, failure (2): happy
life. All the animals peculiar to or found in a particu- fault.] 1. Christianity. The fall of Adam and Eve.
lar area, district, environment, or period. Cf. flora. Their sin is a happy fault because it led to the salva-
faute de mieux adv. [Fr. faute lack, want (1); de of (2); tion of humankind by Jesus Christ. 2. Any mistake
mieux better (3): want of better.] For want or lack of or error which turns out to be fortuitous, helpful, or
something better. In the absence of something better. serendipitous. The discovery ofsmallpox vaccine was
It is not a challenging position, but she accepted it due to Jenner 's felix culpa.
faute de mieux. — adj. Accepted, adopted, or used for felix opportunitate adj. [L. felix fortunate, lucky (1);
want of something better. He accepted afaute de mieux opportunitate with the opportunity, right time, con-
appointment and, predictably, is already disillusioned. venience (2): lucky with the opportunity.] Fortunate
faux adj. [Fr. false, artificial.] Not real, a) faux furs; at the right time.
b) faux pearls; c) faux tears. felix . . . opportunitate mortis adj. [L. felix fortunate,
faux amis pi. n. [Fr. faux false, insincere (1); amis lucky ( 1 ); opportunitate with the opportunity, right
friends (2): false friends.] Linguistics. Deceptive cog- time, convenience (2); mortis of death (3): lucky with
nates. Words from two different languages which are the opportunity of death.] Fortunate to have died at
identical or nearly identical in form but are different the right time.
in meaning; e.g., use of Fr. assister "to be present" fellatio n. [L. sucking.] Sexual activity which involves
to mean "to help," based on meaning of Eng. assist. stimulating the penis with the mouth. Cf. cunnilingus.
143 festina lente
"
felo de se n., pi. felones de se or felos de se [Anglo-L. was a true femme fatale. She killed with a touch.
felo felon, evildoer, rogue (1); de about (2); se self (Time Int., 1982). Cf. jeune fille fatale.
(3): evildoer about self.] 1 . Killer of self. Suicide. 2. A femme libre n.,pl femmes Hbres [Fr. femme woman,
person who deliberately kills himself/herself or dies wife (2); libre free, unattached (1): a free woman.]
from the consequences of his/her commission of an An unattached woman. A woman of loose morals.
illegal act. Cf cocotte; meretrix; and succuba.
felonia implicatur in qualibet proditione. [L. felonia femme savante n., pi femmes savantes [Fr. femme
felony, crime (4); implicatur is involved, implied woman (2); savante learned, scholarly ( 1
): a learned
(5), in in, on (1); qualibet any one, all, every (2); woman.] A learned, knowledgeable or erudite woman.
proditione treason, treachery (3): in every treason, A blue-stocking. Cf. bas bleu and Les femmes savantes.
a felony is involved.] Law. A crime is implied in ev- Fe que no duda es fe muerta. [Sp. fe faith, trust ( ); que 1
ery act of treason. which, that (2); no not (3); duda doubts, hesitates, ques-
feme covert n.,pl. femes covert or femmes couvertes tions (4); es is (5); fe faith, trust (7); muerta dead, killed
[Obs. Fr. feme woman, wife (2); covert covered ( 1 ): (6): Faith which does not doubt is dead faith.] A faith
covered woman.] Law. A married woman protected which does not question is a faith with no life. Based
by her husband. In former times, a feme covert suf- upon Miguel de Unamuno's (1864-1937) La vida es
fered some liabilities. For instance, her property was duda etc. (q.v ). Cf. La foi consiste etc.
under her husband's control. Cf. feme sole. ferae bestiae pi n. [L. ferae wild, untamed ( 1 ); bestiae
feme sole n., pi femes sole [Obs. Fr. feme woman, beasts (2): wild beasts.] Wild, untamed animals.
wife (2); sole single, sole ( 1 ): a single woman.] Law. Cf. domitae naturae animalia.
1. A spinster, an unmarried woman, a widow, a ferae naturae adj. [L. ferae of wild, untamed (1);
divorcee or woman legally separated from her hus- naturae (of) nature (2): of wild nature.] Law. Un-
band. 2. A married woman who uses the status of an domesticated. Untamed. Used to describe such wild
unmarried woman, whose property is not under
i.e., animals as foxes which cannot be claimed to be
the control of her husband. Cf. feme covert. anybody's absolute property, though a person can
femme or feme n., pi femmes or femes [Fr. woman, exercise qualified property rights over them by, for
wife.] A woman. instance, capturing them or owning the land where
femme de chambre n., pi femmes de chambre [Fr. they are found. At common law the keeper ofan animal
femme woman, wife ( ); de of, from, about, for (2);
1
was strictly liable, independently of negligence, for
chambre room, chamber (3): woman of the cham- damage done by the animal if (a) the animal was
ber.] A chamber maid. ferae naturae [i.e., belonged to a dangerous species]
femme du monde n., pi. femmes du monde [Fr. or (b) the animal was mansuetae naturae [i.e., did
femme woman, wife ( ); du of the (2); monde world,
1 not belong to a dangerous species] and he knew of
society (3): woman of the world.] A lady. Society its vicious characteristics (Rogers 1975:394). Cf.
woman. A worldly woman. A sophisticated woman. domitae naturae animalia.
A woman of good upbringing or training. Cf. gens fere libenter homines id quod volunt credunt. Julius
du monde and homme du monde. Caesar (100^*4 B.C.). De Bello Gallico 111,18. [L.
femme du peuple n.,pl femmes du peuple[Fr. femme fere usually, generally (1); libenter willingly (3);
woman, wife (1); du of the (2); peuple people, work- homines people, human beings (2); id that (5); quod
ing classes (3): woman of the people.] A woman of which(6); volunt they wish, want (7); credunt they
humble origins. A lady whose manners suggest a believe (4): Usually people willingly believe that
humble background. A woman of the working class. which they want.] By their own choice human be-
Cf. homme du peuple. ings usually believe what they want. Cf. populus vult
femme fatale n., pi femmes fatales [Fr. femme decipi and quod enim mavult etc.
woman, wife (2); fatale fatal (1): a fatal woman.] 1. fermata pi fermatas [It. stopped, held.]
n., Music. A 1 .
A dangerous woman. With such male-chauvinistic notation which indicates that a note (or rest) should be
aides and uncompromising policies, it is no wonder held beyond the time indicated by the tempo. 2. Italy.
that many women see Thatcher as the femme fatale A public transportation stop.
for British feminism {Newsweek Int. March 10, fest n., pi fests [Ger. Fest celebration, feast.] A com-
1980:9). 2. A flirt. A woman who attracts men in an memoration or celebration. Cf. fete and festa.
inexplicable and mysterious manner. Andy lost his festa n., pi. feste or festas [It. festival.] A celebration
sobriety the moment he met the femme fatale and is or holiday to mark the feast day of a patron saint.
yet to recover it. 3. A seductress who entices men Cf. fete and fiesta.
into embarrassing or dangerous situations. A woman festina lente. Augustus (63 B.C.- 14 A.D.). Cited in
who seduces men through the use of her charm and Suetonius (born c. 69 A.D.) in 11,23. [L. festina make
then proceeds to exploit them. "Poor Mummy . . .she haste (1); lente slowly, leisurely (2): Make haste
.
festinatio justitiae 144
slowly.] With deliberate speed. He [i.e., Justice F.A. in the case of an ambitious or grandiose project, a) The
van der Meulen] added what might have been an im- much publicized venture ended in a fiasco, b) The
portant canon of his judicial belief: "Festina lente result has been another resounding fiasco . . . (New
must undoubtedly be the watchword when applying African 1979). c) Reagan 's team believes that detente
(British) institutions to peoples such as those in Ni- was a fiasco that succeeded only in lulling the West
geria"(Adewoye 1977:256).
. . . into a false sense of security, while Moscow con-
festinatio justitiae est noverca infortunii. [L. ducted an unprecedented military buildup (Newsweek
festinatio hastening (1); justitiae of justice (2); est Int. April 20, 1 98 1 :23). d) there was much talk of . . .
is (3); noverca stepmother (4); infortunii of calam- the fiasco which befell the EECforeign ministers on
ity, misfortune (5): Hastening of justice is the step- a similar dialogue-promoting venture last August
mother of calamity.] Hasty justice is the stepmother (West Africa 1985).
of calamity. Haste fosters misfortune in attempted fiat abbr. f. or ft n., pi. fiats [L. Let it be done.] Official
justice. endorsement. Permission. Command. Authoritative
Festschrift n., pi. Festschriften or Festschrifts [Ger. decision/sanction. Arbitrary edict. Summary pro-
Fest festival (1); Schrift writing (2): festival writ- nouncement, whether judicial or executive, a) The
ing.]Commemorative publication. Publication in very debatable and controversial question was settled
honor of somebody. A work of various contributions by the fiat of the chairman of the committee, b) The
by students, lecturers, professors, colleagues, and ad- Attorney General gave his fiat for a suit to be insti-
mirers in honor of a scholar, particularly on a special tuted against the government.

occasion. flat justitia et ruant caeli. William Watson (c.1559-
Festspielhaus n. [Ger. Fest festival (1); Spiel play (2); 1603). [L. fiat let it be done (2); justitia justice (1);
Haus house (3): festival playhouse.] The opera house et and, even, also (3); ruant let them tumble down,
built specifically for the performance of the operas of fall down (5); caeli the heavens (4): Let justice be
Richard Wagner ( 1 8 13-1 883) in Bayreuth, Germany. done and let the heavens fall down.] Law. Let justice
fete or fete n., pi. fetes or fetes [Fr. festival, celebra- be done, even though the heavens should fall.
tion.] 1 . The feast day of a saint. 2. A festival, feast, or fiat justitia, ruat caelum. [L. flat let it be done (2);
festivity. Merry-making. A festive party, a) Almost justitia justice ( 1 ); ruat let it tumble down, fall down
everybody sneered in private at the Shah 's
. . .
(4); caelum sky, heaven (3): Let justice be done; let
Ozymandian megalomania, symbolized by a $100 heaven fall down.] Law. Let justice be done, even if
million fete he staged at Persepolis in 1971 . .

( Time the heavens should tumble down (or even though the
Int. 1 980). b) . . . Stewart Mott threw a $25,000fete to heavens should fall).
celebrate his 10th anniversary as a Washingtonian fiat lux. Genesis 1:3. [L. fiat let there become, be (1);
{Newsweek Int. July 25, 1983:29). 3. A lavish out- lux light (2): Let there be light.] The words with
door entertainment. — v. To entertain. To celebrate. which God creates light.
They feted the couple on the occasion of their 50th fiat opportunitas, ruat caelum. [L. fiat let it be done
wedding anniversary. Cf. festa and fiesta. (2); opportunitas convenience, right time, opportu-
fete de la musique n., pi. fetes de la musique [F. fete nity, suitableness (1); ruat let it tumble down, fall
festival, feast, entertainment ( 1 ); de of (2); la the (3); down (4); caelum sky, heaven (3): Let convenience
musique music (4): festival of the music] Musical be done; let heaven fall down.] Law. Let what is con-
festival, show, or entertainment.
was the second // venient or suitable be done even if the sky should
fete de la musique, and the merrymaking last week fall as a consequence.
was bigger and better than last year 's (Newsweek fiatquod prius fieri consuevit. [L. fiat let it be done
Int., July 4, 1983:45). (1) quod (that) which, what (2); prius previously,
;
fetus or foetus n.,pl. fetuses or foetuses [L. a bringing formerly (5); fieri to be done (4); consuevit is ac-
forth, offspring.] Medicine. An unborn vertebrate customed (3): Let it be done which is accustomed to
which has passed through the early stages of devel- be done previously.] Let what is usually done be done.
opment in the womb, especially an unborn child fiat voluntas tua [L. fiat be done (3); voluntas will
which is at least three-months old. A fully or reason- (2) ; tua (1): Your will be done.] Let your will be
ably developed embryo. The operation . . . could lead done. 1 . Christianity. A phrase from the Pater Noster
toan abortion for both fetuses (Newsweek . . . Int. (q.v.) or Lord's Prayer which Jesus taught his dis-
June 29, 1981:54). See en ventre sa mere. Matthew 6:9-1 1
ciples at . 2. An acknowledgment of
ff. abbr. for 1. fecerunt (q.v.). 2. fragmenta (q.v.) someone else's power or authority.
fiance or fern, fiancee n., pi. fiances or fern, fiancees fiche n., pi. fiches [Fr. a small slip of paper or record.]
[Fr. betrothed, engaged.] A person to whom one is A document on a small piece of paper or other mate-
engaged to be married. rial, especially a microfiche (q.v.).
fiasco n., pi. fiascoes or fiascos [It. bottle.] A flop. An fideicommissum abbr. F.C. n., pi. fideicommissa [L.
ignominious, complete or ridiculous failure, especially That which has been bequeathed in/to trust.] 1 . A kind
145 film noir
of trust involving a gift of property to a person. a fieri facias (q.v.). when he/she has recovered ei-
2. Roman Property Law. A gift made either in antici- ther the whole or some of the required amount.
pation of death or by will which the donee is required fiesta n., pi. fiestas [Sp. entertainment, festival,
under specified conditions to give to a third person. party, public holiday, church feast.] A festival,
Fidei Defensor abbr. F.D. or Fid. def. n., pi. Fidei feast, or public holiday. A festival celebrated to
Defensores See Defensor Fidei. mark the feast day of a saint. A religious festival,
fidesservanda est. [L. Fides faith, confidence (1); a). . . the stylish architectural confines ofthe National
servanda tobe preserved, observed (3); est is (2): Theatre . . . will play hostforfour days to a literary-
Faith is to be preserved/observed.] Law. Faith must fiesta reminiscent ofthe FESTAC '77 colloquium . . .
be preserved or observed; i.e., an agent should see to {The Guardian 1986). b) Members of the church
it that the confidence reposed in him is not betrayed. are making hectic preparations for next Sunday 's
fides servanda est; simplicitas juris gentium fiesta. Cf. festa and fete.
praevaleat. [L. fides faith, confidence ( 1 ); servanda fiesta nacional n. [Sp. fiesta entertainment, festival (2);
to be preserved, observed (3); est is (2); simplicitas nacional national (1): national entertainment] Na-
simplicity (4); juris of right, law (5); gentium of tional pastime. In fact, most Spaniards don 't even
nations (6); praevaleat should prevail (7): Faith is consider bullfighting to be the fiesta nacional any
to be preserved; the simplicity of the law of nations more (Newsweek Int. Nov. 27, 1978:5).
should prevail.] Law. Faith must be preserved; the fi. fa. abbr. for fieri facias (q.v.).
simplicity of international law should prevail. Ap- fil d'Ariane n. [Fr. fil thread (1); d' of (2); Ariane
plicable to bills of exchange. Ariadne (3): thread of Ariadne.] 1 . Greek Mythology.
fiducia n. [L. trust.] Confidence. Contractus fiduciae The thread which Ariadne, daughter of Minos, the king
(q.v.). of Crete, gave to the Athenian hero Theseus to enable
fidus Achates n. Vergil (70-19 B.C.). Aeneid VI, 158 him to escape from the labyrinth in Crete after he killed
et al. [L. fidus faithful ( 1 ); Achates Achates (2): faith- the Minotaur. 2. A clue or key to any perplexity, prob-
ful Achates.] I. Aeneas' faithful friend in Vergil's lem, or inextricable situation. The committee has
Aeneid. 2. A true friend. From all indications, Peter reached a cul-de-sac and is yet to find thefil d 'Ariane
is David's fidus Achates. for unraveling the complexities of the problem.
fieri facias abbr. fi. fa. n. [L. fieri to be done, to hap- filioque n. [L. filio to/for the son (2); que and ( 1 ): and
pen you may cause ( ): you may cause to
(2); facias 1 to the son.] 1. And in the son. A phrase from the
happen.] Law. You may/should cause it to be done. Christian creed accepted by the western churches but
A writ ordering the sheriff or any officer to levy the not the eastern churches. 2. Any point leading to a
goods and chattels of the judgment debtor and pay significant rupture between two people or two groups.
the required sum to the judgment creditor. See ca- Their disagreement about the election became a
pias; elegit; fieri feci; levari facias; nulla bona; and filioque which they never resolved.
venditioni exponas. filius familias or filiusfamilias n , pi. filii familiae or
de bonis propriis n. [L. fieri to be done, to
fieri facias filii familiarum [L. son of the family.] Roman Law.
happen (2); facias you should cause ( ); de of, from, 1
A son who is under the power of the paterfamilias or
about, for (3); bonis goods, property (5); propriis who has not been emancipated. In its early stages
one's own, his/her/their own (4): You should cause there freedom for women andfor the filius
was little
to be done about one's own goods.] Law. A writ or- familias, and almost none for the slave (Curzon
dering the sheriff to seize the property of the executor 1979:165). Cf. paterfamilias.
for the satisfaction of the testator's debts if, after the filius nullius See nullius filius.
issue of a writ fieri facias de bonis testatoris, a filius populi n.,pl. filii populi [L. filius son ( 1 ); populi
return is made that there are no leviable goods (nulla of people (2): A son of the people.] A bastard. An
bona) or that the executor has mismanaged the estate illegitimate son. See nullius filius.
(devastavit). Cf. fieri facias de bonis testatoris; filius terrae or terrae filius n., pi filii terrae or terrae
saisie-execution; and saisie-immobiliere. filii [L. filius son (1); terrae of earth, land (2): son of
fieri facias de bonis testatoris n. [L. fieri to be done, earth/land.] A person of humble/undistinguished birth.
to happen (2); facias you should cause (1); de of, film noir n., pi. films noirs [Fr. film film (2); noir
from, about, for (3); bonis goods, property (4); tes- black, gloomy, dismal (1): a gloomy film.] A film
tatoris of testator (5): You should cause to be done which has a tragic theme and a pessimistic tone. — attrib.
about the testator's property.] Law. A writ issued Of, characteristic of, relating to, having features of a
ordinarily against an executor sued for a debt incurred film noir. With a superb cast at their disposal, they 've
by the testator. See fieri facias de bonis propriis. somewhat preposterous film noir plot and
taken a
fieri feci n. [L. fieri to be done, to happen (2); feci I it with quirky, meaty characterizations to
enriched
have caused ( 1
): I have caused to be done.] Law. The produce a nervous comedy (Newsweek Int. March . . .
return made by a sheriff or any competent officer to 16, 1981:51). See piece noire.
fils 146
fils adj. [Fr. son.] Junior. Preceded by a name. Used to since he intended to appeal to the Supreme Court.
distinguish a son from a father, particularly when the Cf. fine
two bear the same name. Dumas, fils. Cf. pere. finis coronat opus. [L. finis boundary , limit, end. fine
filum aquae n . pi. fila aquarum [L filum thread (1 ): (1): coronat crowns opus work, labor (3): The
(2);
aquae of water (2 ): thread of water.] Law. Thread of end crowns the work.] The end is the climax of the
a stream. An imaginary division of a river between work. This expression has several connotations, in-
two landowners. See ad filum aquae. cluding: 1. A work is no real work until it has been
filum viae fL.pl. fila viarum [L filum thread (
1 ): viae completed. 2. Finishing touches make a work com-
of road (2): the thread of the road.] Law. The middle plete. 3. One is neither successful nor a failure until
line of a road: i.e., the boundary between the land- he/she has reached the end of life.
owners on either side of the road. Cf. ad filum aquae. finis finem litibus imponit. [L. finis boundary , limit,
finale n., pi. finales [It. final, last.] Tne end of some- end. fine ( 1 ): finem boundary , limit, end (3): litibus
thing, especially the closing scene or part of a public to litigations (4): imponit imposes (2): A fine im-
performance, a) His brother, Maurice, . . . joined poses an end to litigations.] Law. A fine puts an end
Gregory on-stage during the finale of his last show to litigations.
in an explosion offancy footwork (Sewsweek Int. Jan finis unius diei est principium alterius. [L. finis
18. 1982:23). b) He had hoped that he might yet suc- boundary , limit, end. fine (1): unius of one (2): diei
ceed in freeing the Americans and give his presidency (of) day (3): est is (4): principium beginning, com-
something of an upbeat finale ( Time Int. 1981). mencement (5): alterius of another (6): The end of
fin de guerre adj. [F. fin end (1): de of (2); guerre one day is the commencement of another.] The end
war (3): end of war.] Of. characteristic of, relating of one day marks the beginning of the next day.
to. the era at the end of a war. Finita la commedia. [It. finita finished (3 ): la the ( 1 ):
fin de regime n. [Fr. fin end (1); de of (2y. regime commedia comedy (2 ): The comedy is finished.] The
government (3): end of a government.] The end or comedy has come to an end. The farce is over. A
fall of a government or an administration. The eco- variation of La commedia e finita (q.vj. See La
nomic malaise is also a symptom ofpolitical unease, farce est jouee
accentuated by a feeling offin de regime . . .
( West finium regundorum actio See actio finium regun-
Africa 1982). dorum
fin de saison n. [Fr. fin end (1): de of (2j: saison firmior et potentior est operatio legis quam
season (3): end of season.] The end of the social dispositio hominis. [L. firmior firmer, stronger (4):
season. — adj. Characterized by the end of the social et and (5): potentior more powerful, mightier (6);
summer
season. The fin de saison conversation of the est is (3): operatio operation (1): legis of law (2);
residents focused upon winterizing cabins and travel- quam than (7); dispositio arrangement, disposition
ing hardships. (8): hominis of a person, a human being (9): The
fin-de-siecle or fin de siecle adj. [Fr. fin end ( 1 ): de of operation of the law is firmer and mightier than the
(2); siecle century, age (3 ): end of century.] 1 . Relat- disposition of a person.] The application of law or
ing to the end of a century or of an era, especially legal process takes precedence over the actions of
the 19th century. 2. Characterized by. similar to. or individuals. Thus, if a husband agrees to pay the
relating to, the artistic and literary style of the end of wife's debt, this arrangement does not prevent the
the 19th century. Decadent. With inordinateempha- creditor from bringing action against the wife. See
sis on aestheticism and escapism pictures of fortior et potentior etc. Cf. fortior est custodia etc
. . .
French subjects, including the extraordinary "Soir fiscus n., pi. fisci [L. a wicker basket, money bag.
Bleu, " which is redolent of fin de siecle ennui purse, state treasury.] The emperor's private purse.
(Newsweek Int. March 2, 1981:43). The imperial treasury. Originally, in Rome, the pri-
fine n. [It. boundary, limit end.] The end, especially the vate treasury of the emperor, but ultimately the state
end of a piece of music or the end of a film. Cf. finis. treasury.
finesse n. [Fr. delicacy, perception, keenness.] 1. Deli- fl. abbr. for floruit (q.v.).
cacy and skill in the completion of a task, especially flagrans crimen n. [flagrans burning, blazing ( 1 ): cri-
a work of art. performance, dispute, or negotiation. men crime (2): blazing crime.] Law. A fresh crime.
2. A trick or stratagem in a game of chance, dispute, A recent crime. A crime in the very process of being
or negotiation in which one concedes an advantage committed. The police have just uncovered a flagrans
in order to gain another one. — v. To use delicacy, crimen.
skill, or trickery in the completion of a task or to win flagrante bello adv. [L. flagrante (with) burning, blaz-
a game of chance. ing (2); bello with war ( 1 ): with the war blazing.] As
finis n.,pl. finises [L. boundary, limit, end, fine.] Con- the war was being fought or was going on. In the
clusion. A fine. Malam Bukar made it clear that the heat of the war. The platoon commander deserted
finis ofhis case with Malam Musa was yet to be seen. his unit flagrante bello. Cf. in flagrante bello.
147 force de frappe
flagrante delicto adj. /adv. [L. flagrante (with) burn- ideas by two closely associated persons, usually the
ing, blazing (2); delicto with crime ( 1
): with the crime consequence of transference from one to the other.
blazing.] In the very act of committing a crime. Im- What astonishes here is Seabrook 's ability both to
mediately after the crime. Red-handed. Though the present the full horror ofthis complexfolie a deux of
thief was apprehendedflagrante delicto, he pleaded "frozen, terrified dependency " and to examine what
innocent. Cf. in flagrante delicto. led his mother to (Newsweek Int. April 7, 1980:54).
it
fleur-de-lis or fleur-de-lys n., pi. fleurs-de-lis or folie de doute or folie du doute n.,pl. folies de doute
fleurs-de-lys [Fr. fleur flower (1); de of (2); lis lily or folies du doute [Fr. folie madness, insanity, folly
(3): flower of lily, lily flower.] 1. Iris. 2. A formal- ( 1 ); de of (2); doute doubt, uncertainty (3): madness
ized iris with three petals which appeared on the of doubt or uncertainty.] Psychology. A pathological
emblem of the French kings and which has contin- inability to reach decisions, particularly one in which
ued, from time to time, to symbolize France and the a person cannot decide between simple options or
French people. one is not sure of having done some simple or ordi-
fleur du mal n., pi. fleurs du mal [Fr. fleur flower nary things.
(1) du of the (2); mal evil, harm (3): flower of the
;
folie de grandeur n., pi. folies de grandeur [Fr. folie
evil.] A literary or artistic work which is scandalous, madness, insanity, folly (1); de of (2); grandeur
derived from Les Fleurs du mal, decadent poetry greatness, magnitude (3): folly of greatness.] Psy-
composed by the French poet Charles Baudelaire chology. Delusion of grandeur. An illusion, delusion,
(1821-1867). — attrib. Of, characteristic of, relating or false belief that one is great or one is a very im-
to, having features of fleurs du mal. The problem is portant person. A mania for acquiring magnificent
not just the shocking, fleurs du mal content though or colossal objects. See megalomania.
thatwould scare off any Hollywood producer . . . folio recto abbr. F.R. or f.r. or recto n. [L. folio with
(Newsweek Int. May 9, 1983:54). leaf, page (1); recto (being) straight (2): with leaf or
flor. abbr. for floruit (q.v.). page being straight.] 1 . The front of a leaf, i.e., of a
flora n., pi. florae or floras [L. Flora goddess of flow- manuscript. The side of a leaf that should be the first
ers.] 1. Plants. Plant life. All the plants peculiar to, to be read. 2. The page on the right (i.e., of a book).
or that are to be found in, a particular area, district, The page which usually carries an odd number. 3. The
situation or period. 2. A list or catalog of the plants front cover (i.e., of a book). The front of a book's
in an area or time period. Cf. fauna. jacket. Cf. folio verso.
floruit abbr. fl. or flor. n., pi. floruits [L. He/she/it folio verso abbr. F.V. or f.v. or verso n. [L. folio with
flourished.] A period which marks the peak of the leaf, page (1); verso (with) having been turned (2):
development of something: a person, a movement, with leaf or page having been turned.] 1 . The side of
Used to indicate the period when a writer, artist,
etc. a sheet or leaf (i.e., of a manuscript) that is the sec-
was active, if the dates of birth and death are not
etc. ond to The left-hand page (i.e., of a book).
be read. 2.
known. Eusebius puts his floruit in 467, which fits The page of a book that usually carries an even num-
quite well (Lesky 1966:202). ber. 3. The back cover (i.e., of a book). The back of
flotilla n., pi. flotillas [Sp. a small fleet.] 1. A fleet of a book's jacket. Cf. folio recto.
small boats or warships. A small fleet. . . . when a fons et origo n. [L. fons source, fountain, well (1); et
fierce storm with near hurricane-force winds lashed and (2); origo origin (3): source and origin.] Origi-
the straits a major disaster threatened the main
. . . nal source. Foundation, a) The deteriorating national
body of the flotilla (Time Int. 1980). 2. A group of economy is generally assumed to be thefons et origo
things, persons, airplanes, etc. which resembles a fleet of the prevalent immorality, b) Government should
of boats or ships. ensure that nothing is done to undermine the claim
flumina et portus publica sunt, ideoque jus piscandi of the Supreme Court to befons et origo ofjustice.
omnibus commune est. [L. flumina rivers (1); et for. abbr. for forte (q.v).
and (2); portus harbors, ports (3); publica public force de frappe n., pi. forces de frappe [L. force force,
(5); sunt are (4); ideoque and for that reason, and power ( 1 ); de of (2); frappe striking, impression (3):
therefore (6); jus right, law (7); piscandi of fishing force of striking.] Strike force. A striking force, es-
(8); omnibus to all (11); commune common (10); pecially nuclear striking force, a) Last year French
est is (9): Rivers and harbors are public, and, for that President Valery Giscard d 'Estaing announced that
reason, the right of fishing is common to all.] Law. France was planning to develop its own neutron
Rivers and harbors are public property and, therefore, bomb to add to its force de frappe (Newsweek Int.
fishing rights in such places belong to everybody. Feb. 1 6, 1 98 1 : 1 3 ). b) France 's pique is understandable
folie a deux n., pi. folies a deux [Fr. folie madness, enough, since its technocrats count on their elec-
insanity, folly (1); a to, toward, in, by, with, until tronics and telecommunications industries to become
(2) ; deux two (3): madness by two.] The having or a sort of industrial force de frappe (Newsweek Int.
holding of the same delusional, false, or misleading Oct. 11, 1982:36).
force majeure 148
force majeure n. [Fr. force force, power (2); majeure loud musical passage. Cf. piano. 2. A person's strong
major, superior (1): superior force.] I. Absolute ne- point. A field in which a person is very outstanding.
cessity. Overpowering circumstances. Absolute John probably has many weaknesses, but there can
compulsion. Irresistible force or power. Vis major be no doubt that courtesy is his forte.
(q.v.). No sane person attempts to argue with or fortior est custodia legis quam hominis. [L. fortior
resist force majeure. 2. Law. Applicable to a clause stronger (4); est is (3); custodia protection, custody
inserted in contracts (e.g., those of insurance and (1) ; legis of law (2); quam than (5); hominis of a
construction), for the protection of the parties, if person, human being (6): The protection of the law
circumstances which are unanticipated, unavoidable is stronger than a human being's.] The protection pro-
or beyond the control of the parties frustrate the per- vided by the law is stronger than that provided by a
formance of the contract. human being. Cf. firmior et etc. and fortior et
format n., pi. formats [Fr. size and shape, form and potentior etc.
size.] 1 . The size and shape of a book or publication. fortior et potentior est dispositio legis quam hominis.
2. The general makeup of a book, newspaper,
style or [L. fortior stronger (4); et and (5); potentior more
magazine, publication, etc. Lapham has proposed . . . efficacious, powerful (6); est is (3); dispositio dis-
changing theformat ofthe magazine to include a mix- position, arrangement ( 1 ); legis of law (2); quam than
ture of original writing and articles reprinted from (7); hominis of a person, human being The dis-
(8):
magazines and newspapers (Newsweek Int. July . . . position of the law is stronger and more powerful
1
1, 1983:5). 3. The general plan, pattern, procedure-; than a human being's.] The disposition of the law is
or arrangement of an organization, project, entertain- stronger and more efficacious than that of a person;
ment, etc. The new head ofthe institution reorganized i.e., the law can set aside an individual's will or ex-
its administration, introducing newformatsfor almost pressed desire. See firmior et etc. Cf. fortior est
everything. custodia etc.
formula abbr. f. n., pi. formulae or formulas [L. a form, fortis fortuna adjuvat. Terence (c. 185- 159 B.C.).
rule, prescription, regulation, principle.] 1. Set or Phormio,203. [L. fortis brave, valiant, strong (per-
fixed words used regularly, especially in a ceremony sons) (3); fortuna fortune (1); adjuvat helps (2):
and, in common-law practice, injudicial proceedings. Fortune helps the brave.] Luck helps those who are
2. A formal statement expressing a principle and serving brave. Cf. Aide-toi etc.; audentis fortuna juvat; and
as the basis for discussions, negotiations, etc. a) The On dit que etc.
opposing parties took a long time to agree on a for- fortissimo abbr. ff adv./adj. [It. very loud or strong.]
mula for settling their differences, b) Jordan and the Very loud. Very loudly. Used as a musical direction.
PLO have renewed the search for a formulafor lasting — n., pi. fortissimi or fortissimos Music. A passage
peace in the Middle East (South, 1985). 3. A pre-
. . . sung, played, or recited very loudly. A very loud
scription or recipe showing how something is done, sound, passage, or tone. Cf. pianissimo.
especially how food or medicine is prepared, forum n.,pl. fora or forums [L. an open space, market-
a) Umaru
received the formula for the medicine place, public place, court.] 1. Ancient Rome. The
from a neighbor, b) Hollywood has found a for-
. . . marketplace, comprising an open space surrounded
mula to win backforeign audiences it was losing to by shops and public buildings and serving as center of
television (Newsweek Int. Sept. 28, 1981:48). 4. A business transactions and judicial proceedings. 2. A
mixture of milk or other substitute used for feeding court or tribunal, a) Thejudge ruled that the court was
babies. Feshbach also says that Soviet babies are not the proper forum for cases of a political nature.
often placed in daycare centres
andfed inferiorfor- b) Theforum will decide whether English law or cus-
mulas, making them vulnerable to influenza and tomary law is to be applied. 3. A public place of
other epidemic diseases (Newsweek Int. Jan. 28, meeting for open discussions. This square has served
1981:7). 5. A symbol expressing a rule, a general as the city 's forum for ages. 4. A journal or newspaper
fact, amathematical principle, or the constituents for open discussions. The management of the news-
of a chemical substance. paper declared their intention to make it a forum in
forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit. Vergil (70- which national issues will be discussed.
19 B.C.). Aeneid 1,203. [L. forsan perhaps (1); et forum actus n. [L. forum forum, court, tribunal (1);
and, even (3); haec these (things) (4); olim one day actus of the act, action (2): forum of the act.] Law.
(5); meminisse to remember, recollect (2); juvabit The forum or court of the action; i.e., the court which
it will delight, be delightful, be pleasing ( 1 ): Perhaps exercises jurisdiction over the place where the act in
it will delight to remember even these things one day.] question was done.
Someday it will remember even
be pleasing to these forum competens n. [L. forum forum, court, tribunal
woes. Cf. haec olim meminisse juvabit. (2) competens competent (1): competent court.]
;
forte abbr. f. or for. [It. from L. strong.] adv./adj. In a Law. A court which has jurisdiction to determine a
strong manner. Loud. — n., pi fortes 1. Music. A matter. Cf. forum non competens.
149 Francophobia
forum conscientiae n. [L. forum forum, court, tribu- the Chief Justice directed that the case respecting
nal ( 1 ); conscientiae of conscience (2): the forum of the child 's paternity should be tried at the forum
conscience.] The court of conscience or moral sense. originisof the plaintiff.
a) The Court of Chancery was established as a forum forum rei n. [L. forum forum, court, tribunal ( 1 ); rei
conscientiae. b) Aisha decided not to sue AH but to of matter, thing, property, business, affair (2): court
refer the matter to forum conscientiae. See in foro of the thing.] Law. The court of the place where the
conscientiae. disputed thing is situated.
forum contractus n. [L. forum forum, court, tribunal forum rei gestae n. [L. forum forum, court, tribunal
(1) ; contractus of drawing together, shrinking, con- (1) ; rei of the matter, thing, property, business, affair
tract, agreement (2): the forum of contract.] Law. The (2) ; gestae of done, transacted, accomplished (3): the
The court which exercises juris-

court of the contract. court of the thing done.] Law. The court of the place
diction over the place where the contract was made. where an act was done. Ordinarily, most cases are
The defense counsel argued that the court was not brought, first, before the forum rei gestae and then,
competent to try the case, since it was not the forum should the need arise, are transferred to other courts.
contractus. forum rei sitae n. [L. forum forum, court, tribunal (1);
forum conveniens n. [L. forum forum, court, tribunal rei of the matter, thing, property, business, affair (2);
(2) ; conveniens suitable (1): suitable forum.] Law. sitae (of) situated (3): the court of the property situ-
Suitable court. The jurisdiction, district, or state most ated.] Law. The court which has jurisdiction over the
suitable for the trial of a cause, taking into consider- place where the property is situated. Judicially, it is
ation the interests of the litigants and the public. The advantageous to try cases in the forum rei sitae.
Kano court is the forum conveniens to handle the foyer n. [Fr. home, social center.] 1. The lobby or en-
actionfor wrongful dismissal, since the cause ofaction trance hall of a large building, especially a hotel.
arose there. Cf. forum non conveniens. 2. The vestibule of a home. 3. A shelter or hostel.
forum domicilii n. [L. forum forum, court, tribunal Many West African residents in Paris live in foyers.
( 1 ); domicilii of domicile (2): the court of domicile.] fracas n., pi. fracas or fracases [Fr. uproar, tumult,
Law. The court of the domicile or residence; i.e., of din, clash.] A noisy fight or quarrel. A
brawl. What
the area where the defendant resides. The divorce started as aminor dispute between two spectators
suit can appropriately be heard and determined at degenerated into a fracas in which a large number
the forum domicilii of the couple. ofpeople exchanged blows freely.
forum non competens n. [L. forum forum, court, tri- fractionem diei non recipit lex. [L. fractionem frac-
bunal (3); non not (1); competens competent (2): a tion, portion (4); diei of day (5); non not (2); recipit
A court which does not
not competent court.] Law. receives, accepts, allows (3); lex law (1): The law
have jurisdiction to determine a matter. The does not accept a portion of a day.] The law does not
magistrate 's court was adjudged a forum non recognize any units of time smaller than twenty-four
competens to try a case of culpable homicide. hours.
Cf. forum competens. fragmenta abbr. ff.pl. n. [L. fragments.] Fragments,
forum non conveniens n. [L. forum court (3); non especially of a literary work.
not ( 1 ); conveniens suitable (2): a not suitable court.] France d'Outre-mer n. [Fr. France France (1); d' of
Law. An unsuitable court. A doctrine whereby a court (2); Outre-mer overseas (3): France of overseas.]
of law, though having full jurisdiction over a case Overseas France. Nevertheless, the pretense that co-
before it, decides not to consider the case on its merits lonial policy led to the formation of a "France
on the ground that the interest of justice would be d 'Outre-mer " was carefully cultivated (Suret-Canale
better served if the case were tried in a different dis- 1971:83).
trict. In exercising such discretionary power, the court France noire n. [Fr. France France (2); noire black,
takes into consideration the interests of the parties, negro ( 1 ): Black France.] Black Frenchmen. French-
accessibility of the court, facilities for compelling men of Negro ancestry, i.e., from Africa or the West
unwilling witnesses to appear, inter alia, a) The High Indies.The events of the next jive months will tell
Court at Jos was considered a forum non conveniens whether France noire has succeeded in stemming the
since one of the parties objected to the trial there on tide of racism (B. Diarra in West Africa 1985).
the ground that the transaction took place at Enugu. Francophilia n. [Neo-L. and Gk. from Late L.
b) The House ofLords has affirmed that the doctrine Franc(us) French (2); Gk. philia fondness, liking
offorum non conveniens is one ofScottish but not of for ( 1 ):
fondness or liking for French things.] A fond-
British law (Graveson 1974:150). Cf. forum con- ness, liking, or admiration for France as well as
veniens. French things, practices, customs, institutions, etc.
forum originis n. [L. forum forum, court, tribunal (1); Cf.Anglomania.
origin is of origin (2): the court of origin.] Law. The court Francophobia n. [Neo-L. and Gk. from L. Franc(us)
of one's place of birth. For the sake ofconvenience, French (2); Gk. phob(os) fear, dread ( 1 ):
fear or dread
Franglais 150
of French things.] Fear or hatred of France as well as frisson n.,pl. frissons [Fr. shudder, shiver, chill, thrill.]
French things, practices, customs, institutions, etc. An instant of extreme excitement or emotion marked
Cf. Anglomania. especially by a shudder, a) A frisson offear seized
Franglais n. [Fr. from francais French (1); anglais her when she opened her door andfound a man sit-
English (2): French-English.] A blend of French and ting in the living room, b) Knowing that Fonda has
English, such as "le weekend" or "le pullover." had well-publicized battles with her father adds an
frater n.,pl. fratres or fraters [L. brother.] 1 . Brother. extra frisson to their tug ofwar {Newsweek Int. Nov.
2. A member of a religious order (e.g., the 30, 1981:57).
Benedictine order). 3. A member of a fraternity. Frl. abbr. for Fraulein (q.v.).
Frau n., pi. Frauen [Ger. woman, female.] A wife. 1. fronde n. [Fr. catapult, sling.] 1. La Fronde, a mid-
A housewife. 2. Mrs. Prefixed to the name of a mar- nth-century uprising of aristocracy and bourgeoisie
ried German woman as a title of courtesy. against Regent Anne of Austria and her son King
Cf. Fraulein; hausfrau; Madame; Mademoiselle; Louis XIV. 2. Political opposition, usually one that
Senhora; Senhorita; Senora; Senorita; Signora; is violent and/or quixotic. 3. A group of malcontents.
and Signorina. frondeur n., pi. frondeurs [Fr. slinger, critic,
Fraulein abbr. Frl. n., pi. Fraulein [Ger. unmarried fault-finder, rebel.] A dissident. A rebel. A quixotic
woman or lady.] 1 . A young unmarried woman, espe- critic of the authorities. A malcontent, usually in a
cially of Germany. 2. A German governess. 3. Miss. political context.
Prefixed to the name of an unmarried German girl or fructus pendentes pars fundi videntur. [L. fructus
woman as a title of courtesy. Cf. Frau; Madame; fruits (2); pendentes hanging ( 1 ); pars part (4); fundi
Mademoiselle; Senhora; Senhorita; Senora; of land, farm (5); videntur are seen, regarded as (3):
Senorita; Signora; and Signorina. Hanging fruits are seen as part of the land.] Law.
fraus est celare fraudem. [L. fraus fraud (2); est it is ( 1 );
Hanging fruits are considered to be part of the land;
celare to hide, conceal (3); fraudem fraud (4): It is i.e., the fruit is the property of the owner of the land.
fraud to conceal fraud.] Law. Concealment of deceit is frui adv. [L. to enjoy.] Civil Law. For enjoyment, as
a deceitful act. See qui non improbat, approbat. opposed to uti (q.v.), i.e., for necessary use.
fraus est odiosa et non praesumenda. [L. fraus fraud frustra agit qui judicium prosequi nequit cum
(1); est is (2); odiosa hateful, odious (3); et and (4); effectu. [L. frustra in vain, to no purpose (8); agit
non not (5); praesumenda to be presumed (6): Fraud acts, sues, prosecutes (7); qui (he) who (1); judi-
is hateful and not to be presumed.] Law. Deceit is cium judgment (4); prosequi to follow up (3); nequit
odious and must not be presumed. cannot, is not able (2); cum with (5); effectu effect,
fraus et dolus ncmini patrocinari debent. [L. fraus result (6): He who cannot follow up the judgment
fraud (1); et and (2); dolus deceit (3); nemini to no with effect, sues to no purpose.] Law. It is futile to
one, nobody (6); patrocinari to give protection, sup- bring a suit, if the judgment cannot be executed ef-
port (5); debent ought, should (4): Fraud and deceit fectively.
ought to give protection to no one.] Law. No one frustra est potentia quae numquam venit in actum.
should derive an advantage from fraud and deceit. [L. frustra in vain, to no purpose (1); est is (2); po-
See ex turpi causa etc. tentia power (3); quae which (4); numquam never
fraus et jus numquam cohabitant. [L. fraus fraud (5); venit comes (6); in into, to, against, for (7);
(1); et and (2); jus right, law (3); numquam never actum act, action (8): In vain is the power which
(4); cohabitant live together, cohabit (5): Fraud and never comes into act.] Law. Power which is never
law never cohabit.] Law. Law cannot exist with de- exercised is futile.
liberate trickery or deceit. See jus est norma etc. frustra legis auxilium quaerit qui in legem
and jus et fraus etc. committit. [L. frustra in vain, to no purpose (1);
fraus latet in generalibus. [L. fraus fraud (1); latet is legis of law (8); auxilium help, aid (7); quaerit seeks,
concealed, lies hidden (2); in in, on (3); generalibus look for (6); qui (one) who (2); in into, to, against,
general (things) (4): Fraud is concealed in general for (4); legem law (5); committit commits, perpe-
things.] Law. Deceit is concealed in general expres- trates (3): In vain does one who commits against the
sions. Cf. dolosus versatur etc. and in generalibus law look for the help of the law.] Someone who com-
latet error. mits an offense against the law looks in vain for the
Frere Jacques or Frere Jacques n. [Fr. frere brother, aid of the law. See ex turpi causa etc.
monk (1); Jacques Jacques, John (2): brother John.] frustra petis quod mox es restiturus. [L. frustra in
A traditional French song also popular in English vain, to no purpose ( 1 ); petis you ask for, sue for (2);
translation. quod (that) which (3); mox soon you are (4);
(6); es
fresco n., pi. frescos or frescoes [It. fresh, cool.] Art. restiturus about to restore (5): To no purpose do you
1. Method of painting on damp or wet plaster. 2. A ask for that which you are about to restore soon.]
painting done in this way. Cf. alfresco. Law. It is futile to ask/sue for something which one
151 furiosus stipulari
will soon restore. Cf. frustra petis quod statim etc. 2. Support. Prop. Something which serves as the
and non videtur quisquam etc. leverage/support for an action, decision, etc. Journalists
frustra petis quod statim alteri reddere cogeris. [L. should be careful and objective in their presentation
frustra in vain, to no purpose (1); petis you ask for, offacts, for whatever they write serves as the fulcrum
sue for (2); quod (that) which (3); statim immedi- of readers 'judgment.
ately (7); alteri to another (6); reddere to return, functus officio adj. [L. functus having performed ( 1 );
restore (5); cogeris you will be compelled (4): In vain officio duty, office (2): having performed the duty/
do you ask for that which you will be compelled to office.] With no more official authority. No longer
restore to another immediately.] Law. It is futile to holding public appointment. Of no further effect.
ask/sue for something which one will be compelled Used with reference to an officer who has left his
to restore to another immediately. Cf. frustra petis office, or a power, agency, or an instrument which
quod mox etc. and non videtur quisquam etc. has served its purpose and is of no more effect. The
frustra probatur quod probatum non relevat. [L. president lost his re-election campaign and became
frustra in vain, to no purpose ( 1 ); probatur is proved functus officio.
(2); quod (that) which (3); probatum having been fungibiles res or res fungibiles n., sing, fungibilis res
proved (4); non not (5); relevat avails, alleviates (6): or res fungibilis [L. fungibiles fungible, substitutable
In vain is proved that which having been proved does ( 1 ); res matters, things, property, business, affairs (2):
not avail.] It is futile to prove a point which, when substitutable things.] Civil Law. Fungible things; i.e.,
proved, is of no avail. things which are such that they can be replaced in equal
ft. abbr. for fiat (q.v.). quality and quantity (e.g., oil, bags of grain, etc.). Cf.
fucus n. [L. red dye, face paint, pretense.] Pretense. res non fungibiles.
Disguise. Dissimulation. Deceit. Facade. He presented furandi ammo adv. [L. furandi of stealing (2); animo
his case with apparent honesty, but the discerning with the intention ( 1
): with the intention of stealing.]
eyes ofthejudge could see through thefucuses ofhis Roman Law. With intent to steal. To prove theft (fur-
hypocrisy. turn), it must be established that the accused person

fuerunt v. [L. They have been.] They were. They are touched the object furandi animo.
dead. furandi animus See animus furandi.
fugit irreparibile tempus Vergil (70-19 B.C.). furiosis nulla voluntas est. [L. furiosis to insane, mad
Georgics 111,285. [L. fugit flees (3); irreparibile ir- (persons) (1); nulla no (3); voluntas will, free-will
retrievable (1); tempus time (2): irretrievable time (4); est there is (2): To insane persons there is no
flees.] Time flies irretrievably. Once it is gone, time free-will.] Law. Insane individuals have no free-will.
cannot be recalled. Cf. A la Recherche du temps A insane person cannot be tried for his/her offenses,
perdu and temps perdu. since he/she cannot distinguish between good and
fugue n., pi. fugues [Fr. flight.] Music. A contrapuntal bad. Cf. insanus est qui etc.
composition in which two or more voices offer varia- furioson., pi. furiosos violent, furious.] A fanatic.
[It.
tions in a musical theme. A man who is insane or furious. —adj. /adv. Vigorous.
Fiihrer or Fuhrer or Fuehrer n.,pl. Fiihrers or Fuhrers Forceful. Vigorously. Forcefully. As the piece de-
or Fuehrers [Ger. leader, chief, head, commander.] velops, a furioso section for the ensemble is followed
A person occupying an authoritative position. A by electronic responses from the soloists until the
leader of a group, especially a tyrant, dictator, or entire orchestra begins to fragment, a violin jutting
despot. Applicable, especially, to Adolf Hitler. out here, a trombone blasting there ( Time Int. 1981).
Hitlerhad scorned Owens and his black teammates furiosus absentis loco est. [L. furiosus insane, mad
as "America 's black auxiliaries. " And Jesse had (person) ( 1 ); absentis of absent (person) (4); loco in
made a mockery of the Fuhrer 's words and the place (3); est An insane person is in the place
is (2):
Aryan "master race" philosophy (Newsweek Int. of an absent person.] An insane person is like a person
April 14, 1980:53). See caudillo. who is absent. Cf. insanus est qui etc.
Fuhrerprinzip n. [Ger. Fuhrer leader, commander ( 1 ); furiosus solo furore punitur. [L. furiosus insane, mad
Prinzip principle (2): leader principle, principle of (person) (1); solo (by) only, alone (4); furore by in-
leadership.] Principle of authoritarian or totalitarian sanity, madness, fury (3); punitur is punished (2):
leadership. Doctrine or theory emphasizing the de- An insane person is punished by madness alone.]
sirability and efficiency of dictatorship. The choice Law. An insane person's sole punishment is insanity;
of General Tufa, an advocate of Fuhrerprinzip, as i.e., he/she cannot be punished according to the law.
leader of the junta clearly suggests that the new re- Cf. insanus est qui etc.
gime intends to be dictatorial. furiosus stipulari non potest nec aliquid negotium
fuit v. [L. He/she has been.] He/she was. He/she is dead. agere quia non intelligit quod agit. [L. furiosus
fulcrum n.,pl. fulcra or fulcrums [L. bedpost, foot of a insane, mad (person) ( 1 ); stipulari to covenant, bar-
couch.] 1. The point around which a lever turns. gain (4); non not (3); potest can, is able (2); nec nor,
furor contrahi 152
and not (5); a liquid any, some (7); negotium busi- furtum est contrectatio rei alienae fraudulenta, cum
ness (8); agere to do, transact (6); quia because (9); animo furandi, invito illo domino cujus res ilia
non not ( 1 0); intelligit he/she understands (11); quod fuerat. [L. furtum theft (1); est is (2); contrectatio
(that) which, what ( 1
2); agit he/she does, is doing touching (4); rei of matter, thing, property, business,
(13): An insane person cannot bargain or transact any affair (5); alienae of another (6); fraudulenta fraudu-
business because he/she does not understand what lent, deceitful (3); cum with (7); animo intention (8);
he/she is doing.] Law. A insane person cannot enter furandi of stealing (9); invito (with being) unwill-
into a contractual obligation or a business transaction ing (12) illo with that (10); domino (with) owner
because he/she is unable to understand what he/she (11); cujus of whom, whose (13); res matter, thing,
is doing. Cf. insanus est qui etc. property, business, affair (14); ilia that (15); fuerat
furor contrahi matrimonium non sinit quia had been (16): Theft is the fraudulent touching of
consensu opus est. [L. furor insanity, madness, the property of another with the intention of stealing,
rage (1); contrahi to be contracted (5); matrimo- with that owner being unwilling whose property that
nium marriage (4); non not (2); sinit allows (3); had been.] Law. Theft is the fraudulent touching of
quia because (6); consensu of consent (9); opus another's property with intent to steal, against the
need (8); est there is (7): Insanity does not allow will of the person who was the owner of that property.
marriage to be contracted because there is need of See contrectatio rei etc.
consent.] Law. Insanity disqualifies one from con- furtum manifestum n.,pl. furta manifesta [L. furtum
tracting marriage because consent is required. Se** theft (2); manifestum open, manifest ( 1 ): open theft.]
insanus est qui etc. An act of open or manifest stealing. A theft in which
furore n., pi. furores [It. rage, wrath.] General excite- the thief is apprehended in the very act of commission.
ment or commotion. A controversy. General uproar or furtum oblatum n., pi. furta oblata [L. furtum theft
disturbance, a) The political furore within the PRP in (1); oblatum offered (2): theft offered.] Civil Law.
the state started early in 1980 . . . (Olu Akinyeye in An act of theft offered. Applicable to the discovery
West A frica 1982). b) Thefurore generated by the Chief of stolen property brought to a person's house with
Engineer 's scandalous conduct led to a chain ofevents the clear intention that it shall be found there and is,
which culminated in the termination ofhis appointment. in fact, found there. The occupant of the house may
furor loquendi n. [L. furor insanity, madness, rage bring actio oblati against the person who brought the
(1); loquendi of speaking (2): madness for speak- stolen property to the house.
ing.] A rage or passion for speaking. The audience furtum usus n., pi. furta usus [L. furtum theft (1);
lost interest as the speakers argued among themselves usus of use (2): theft of use.] Trespass involving tem-
in a furor loquendi. porary deprivation of movable property.
furor scribendi n. [L. furor insanity, madness, rage fusillade n.,pl. fusillades [Fr. firing, shooting, volley
(1); scribendi of writing (2):madness for writing.] of musketry.] 1. A volley. Simultaneous, rapid, and
A rage/passion for writing. His novel was the result continuous shooting by many guns. Two of the
ofa four-month furor scribendi. general 's aides and a driver also died in the fusil-
furtum n., pi. furta [L. theft.] Roman and Civil Law. lade {Newsweek Int. June 4, 1979:9). 2. Firing squad.
Unauthorized profit-making from, or misappropria- As a condemned armed robber, he will certainly die
tion of, the property of another. by the fusillade. 3. Any kind of vigorous outburst. A
furtum conceptum n.,pl. furta concepta [L. furtum sustained flow of criticism. The fusillade which
theft (1); conceptum taken in, received (2): theft greeted the government 's decision is a clear indica-
taken in or received.] C/'v/7 Law. Theft discovered tion ofpeople 's rejection of the new policy. — v. To
by searching somebody's premises. In such a case inflict a rapid discharge of gunfire.
actio concepti lies against the occupant of the house. F.V. or f.v. abbr. for folio verso (q.v.).
G
gaffe n., pi. gaffes [Fr. blunder.] I. A diplomatic or chancellor will also try to stem the swelling influx oj
social blunder. An indiscreet remark or act. // is in- Gastarbeiter . . .{Newsweek Int. Oct. 11, 1982:9).
credible that such a meticulous official could have Gasthaus n., pi. Gasthauser [Ger. Gast guest (1);
committed such a gaffe. 2. A mistake or error. Haus house (2): guesthouse.] An inn.
gaga adj. [Fr. silly, crazy.] Foolish. gastronome n.,pl. gastronomes [Fr. from Gk. gast(e)r
Crazy. Insane.
gala n., pi. galas [It. merrymaking, pleasure.] A festival. stomach (1); nom(os) law (2): stomach law.] An epi-
A festive occasion. Entertainment given to mark a spe- cure. A person who likes good living. A person who
cial event or occasion. At a gala last week in honor of is an expert judge of good food and wine. See gour-
the Jojfrey Ballet 's inaugural season as Los Angeles 's mand and gourmet.
first resident dance company, {Newsweek Int. May gateau or gateau n.,pl. gateaux or gateaux [Fr. cake ]
. . .
16, 1983:25). —
adj. Festive. Done with ceremony and A shaped mass of baked dough or batter, especially
1 .
pomp, a) It was a gala occasion and everybody wore one which is rich and fancy. 2. Something enjoyable
suitably gala clothes, b. ) He plans to. add glamour and easy. She has played Phaedra to Hedda Gabler,
. .
to the Rue Royale restaurant by staging gala evenings so portraying Colette and aging from 16 to 81 ought
{Newsweek Int. May 18, 1981:39). to be a piece of gateau. {Newsweek Int. Feb. 22,
Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres. Julius Caesar 1982:39).
(100-44 B.C.). Bellum Gallicum 1,1,1. [L. Gallia gauche adj. [Fr. left, clumsy, awkward, uncouth.] 1. So-
Gaul, France (2); est is, has been (3); omnis all (1); cially clumsy or awkward. Devoid of social graces.
divisa divided (4); in into, to, against, for (5); tres Tactless, a) The lady was embarrassed by the gauche
three (6): All Gaul is divided into three parts.] All of conduct of her escort, b) The speaker eulogized the
Gaul is divided into three parts. The first words of old woman saying, inter alia, that in her long life she
Caesar's Bellum Gallicum (q.v.). had never said or done anything gauche. 2. Crude.
gallio n. [L. from L. Junius Gallio.] 1 . The Roman pro- Unpolished. Applicable to style, techniques, etc.
consul of Achaea c. A.D. 52. who dismissed Jewish Sometimes a good story can be vitiated by a
charges against the apostle Paul. Moreover, when a reporter 's gauche narrative style.
mob beat up Sosthenes, the Jewish priest in charge gaucherie n.,pl. gaucheries [Fr. left-handedness, clum-
of the synagogue, he ignored the incident (Acts siness, awkwardness, blunder.] A clumsy, tactless,
18:12-17). 2. An indifferent, careless and irrespon- awkward, or unpolished action, behavior, social act
sible person, particularly an official. or literary style. His gaucheries are such that no as-
Gallophobia n. [Neo-L. and Gk. from L. Gall(us) a sociate is willing to invite him to social functions.
Gaul, Gallic, French person, French (2); Gk. gaudeamus igitur / juvenes dum sumus. / post
phob(os) fear, dread (1): fear or dread of a Gaul.] jucundam juventutem, / post molestam senectutem, /
Fear of the French people and things French. nos habebit humus. [L. gaudeamus let us rejoice,
Francophobia (q.v ). Cf. Anglomania. be glad ( 1 ); igitur therefore, then (2); juvenes young,
garcon n., pi. garcons [Fr. boy, waiter.] A waiter. youthful (5); dum while (3); sumus we are (4); post
Gastarbeiter n., pi. Gastarbeiter [Ger. Gast guest, after (6); jucundam pleasant, delightful (7);
visiter, stranger (1); Arbeiter worker (2): guest juventutem youth, age of youth (8); post after (9);
worker.] Foreign worker. Immigrant worker. The new molestam troublesome, irksome (10); senectutem
153
.
gaudium certaminis 154
old age (11); nos us (14); habebit will have, hold, heritage or purpose. Community spirit. Cf. esprit de
regard ( 1 3); humus earth (12): Let us therefore rejoice corps.
/ while we are young; / after pleasant youth, / after Gemini n. [L. twins.] 1. Astronomy. A constellation
irksome old age, / earth will have us.] Song of medi- which is shaped human twins and which includes
like
eval German students about the joyful pleasures of the stars Castor and Pollux, named after the twin
youth and inevitability of death after a troublesome brothers of Greek and Roman mythology. 2. Astrol-
old age. ogy. The third sign of the zodiac dominant from May
gaudium certaminis n., pi. gaudia certaminis [L. 2 1 through June 2 1 . 3. A person born under this sign.
gaudium joy, delight (1); certaminis of contest, gemutlich adj. [Ger. pleasant, cosy, comfortable, in-
competition (2): joy of contest or competition.] The formal.] Sociable. Genial. Jovial. Good natured.
pleasure of the competition. The enjoyment or plea- Friendly.
sure derived from a good argument or debate. The gemutlichkeit n. [Ger. Gemutlichkeit pleasantness ]
essence of taking part in a contest is not victory but Sociability. Geniality. Joviality. Good nature. Friend-
gaudium certaminis. liness. But all the gemutlichkeit could not conceal
gavotte n., pi gavottes [Fr. a person from Gap in the * the fact that the United States and its allies were
French Alps.] Music. 1. A peasant dance from the sharply at odds over a peace strategy for the Middle
French Alps which is characterized by jumps or leaps East.. . (Newsweek Int. June 30, 1980:8).
in a 4-beat meter and which became popular at the gendarme abbr. gend. n., pi gendarmes [Fr. guard,
French court in the 1 6th and 1 7th centuries. 2. Music soldier, police officer, constable.] A rural French
for such a dance or in the style of such a dance. police officer. A police officer in continental Europe.
gazette n., pi gazettes [Fr. newspaper.] A newspaper, A police officer in a Francophone country. An armed
journal, or periodical. police officer. A soldier assigned police duty. Gen-
Gedankenexperiment n. [Ger. Gedanke thought (1); darmes should in the execution of their duties use
Experiment experiment, trial, test (2): thought experi- only the minimum force to arrest a suspect (Michael
ment, experiment of thought.] A scientific test which N. Ndansi in West Africa 1981).
involves formulating a hypothesis only in thought. If gendarmerie n., pi. gendarmeries [Fr. constabulary.]
we should conduct the Gedankenexperiment ofimag- A body of police officers. A body of armed police
ining a world peopled exclusively by fools, what officers. A body of soldiers assigned police duties,
would be the status of the leading person? a) Senegalese soldiers thus became the gendarmerie
Gedanken sind zollfrei. Friedrich von Schiller ( 1 759- of the French empire (Suret-Canale 197 :337). b) A 1
1805). [Ger. Gedanken thoughts (1); sind are (2); former head ofthe gendarmerie, he took over effective
zollfrei duty-free, toll-free (3): Thoughts are command of the southern dominated Chad army . .
duty-free.] Thought is free. Ideas are not taxable. (New African 1980).
Ideas cross national borders. generate dictum generaliter est intelligendum.
gegenschein n. [Ger. Gegenschein: gegen against (2); [L. generate general (1); dictum saying (2);
Schein light, shine (1): light against.] Astronomy. A generaliter generally (5); est is (3); intelligendum to
glow in the sky opposite the location of the sun. be understood (4):A general saying is to be under-
geisha n. , pi geisha or geishas [Japan, gei art ( 1 ); sha stood generally.] A general saying must be interpreted
person (2): an art person.] A Japanese woman who in a general, rather than a specific, sense. See generale
entertains men at professioinal and social gatherings dictum generaliter est interpretandum; generalia
with conversation, song, and dance. verba etc.; generalis regula etc.; quando charta
Geisteswissenschaften pi. n. [Ger. Geistes of the spirit, continet etc.; quando lex est specialis etc.;quando
mind, intellect (2); Wissenschaften knowledges, sci- verba statuti etc.; statutum generaliter est etc. and
ences, scholarships (1): sciences of the mind.] The ubi lex est etc.
humanities. See humanitas. generale dictum generaliter est interpretandum. [L.
Gemeinschaft n.,pl. Gemeinschaften [Ger. commu- generale general ( 1 ); dictum saying (2); generaliter
nity, partnership, union, association.] I. A social generally (5); est is (3); interpretandum to be in-
which people are bound by strong

relationship in terpreted (4): A general saying is to be interpreted
mutual bonds of fellowship and kinship. 2. A com- generally.] See generale dictum generaliter est
munity in which people observe such relationship. intelligendum.
Cf. Gesellschaft. generalia specialibus non derogant. [L. generalia
Gemeinschaftsgefuhl n., pi. Gemeinschaftsgefiihle general (things) ( 1 ); specialibus special (things) (4);
[Ger. Gemeinschaft community, partnership, union, non not derogant derogate/detract from (3):
(2);
association (1); Gefuhl feelings (2): community feel- General things do not detract from special ones.]
ings.] Fellow feeling. The feeling of belonging to a group General statements do not diminish specific ones. See
or an association. The feeling of having a common quando lex est specialis etc.
.
155 genus
generalia verba sunt generaliter intelligenda. [L. . . . (Newsweek Int. July 14, 1980:35). 4. A person
generalia general (1); verba words (2); sunt are who is exceptionallyendowed with natural intellec-
(3) ; generaliter generally (5); intelligenda to be tual and creative ability. A person whose intelligence
understood (4): General words are to be understood quotient (I.Q.) is very high, i.e., over 140. Kwabena
generally.] General words must be understood in a is such a genius that whatever he undertakes is ac-
general sense. See generate dictum generaliter est complished with immense success. 5. A strong bent,
intelligendum. disposition, penchant, inclination, flair, tendency, etc.
generalis regula generaliter est intelligenda. [L. The negotiations were proceeding smoothly when
generalis general (1); regula rule (2); generaliter Tolabi, with his genius for saying the wrong thing,
is (3); intelligenda to be understood
generally (5); est ruined everything.
(4) : A general rule is to be understood generally.] A genius domus n., pi. genii domus [L. genius guardian
general rule must be interpreted in a general, rather spirit, taste, talent, inclination (1); domus of home,
than a specific, way. See generale dictum generaliter house (2): guardian spirit of a house.] Protective spirit
est intelligendum. of a home or house. A spirit which influences the

generalissimo n.,pl. generalissimos [It. chief general.] minds of the residents of a house.
Commander-in-chief. The supreme commander of genius loci n., pi. genii loci [L. genius tutelary deity
the armed forces, i.e., combined military, air, and (1); loci of place (2): the tutelary deity of a place.]
naval forces. . . . under the command of their chosen The tutelary spirit or guardian deity of a particular
1 .
generalissimo they wouldfight with a grim tenacity . . place. 2. The associations, spirit, atmosphere, etc.
(Robinson 1974:29). Cf. supremo. which influence the minds of residents of, or visitors
genesis n., pi. geneses [Gk. origin, source, manner of to, a place. The sons and daughters of the village
birth, production, coming into being, creation.] The owe their prosperity to the genius loci.
beginning, origin, or starting point of a thing. The genre n.,pl. genres [Fr. kind, sort, type, species, style.]
coming into being of a thing. The process of origin, 1 . Category. Kind. Type. Species. The meals, though
a) the genesis of a problem ; b) The genesis of a seemingly different, belong to the same genre. 2. Cat-
malady; c) the genesis ofan idea; d) . . . post-colonial egory, kind, style, or type of artistic or literary work,
political confusion and violence in African politics a) Though the two musical groups specialize in differ-
have their genesis and disarray arising
in the dissent ent genres, they share one quality, namely emphasis
from colonial manipulation of classes and groups on drums, b) The Fan has one element that its com-
within the indigenous community before independence petitors in the horror genre lack —chic (Newsweek Int.
(Lindsay Barrett in West Africa 1986). —Genesis June 1, 1981:59). c) But all these differences cannot
The first book of the Old Testament, which deals with obscure thefact that the Iliad and the Odyssey belong
the creation of the world. to the same genre (Lesky 1966:42). 3. A group of
genetrix n.,pl. genetrices [L. female producer, she who artistic works sharing a common style, content, etc.
bears.] Mother. Literary, artistic, theatrical, and musical compositions

genitalia pi. n. [L. genitals.] Reproductive organs, par- of the same category, a) the sciencefiction genre; b) the
ticularly the external ones, a) Children do not know short-story genre; c) The conversation piece was a
the anatomical terms, ofcourse, but when given dolls popular artistic genre in the eighteenth century;
with genitalia, they can point out what happened d) Tragedy and comedy are the two major dramatic
( Time Int. 983). b) Psychoanalyst Erik Erikson con-
1 genres ofancient Greece; e) The madrigal was a musi-
tended that the nature ofhuman genitalia influences cal genre popular in sixteenth-century Italy. 4. Painting.
the way males andfemales think {Newsweek Int. June Painting style in which scenes of everyday life are
1, 1981:49). portrayed realistically. The artist 's three works in genre
genius n.,pl. genii or geniuses [L. guardian spirit, taste, were in stark contrast to her other compositions.
inclination, talent.] The guiding spirit or tutelary deity — attrib. Realistic. Everyday. Genre-painting.
of a person or place. She always attributes her genro n., pi. genros [Japan genrO.] One of the elder
achievements to the aid ofher genius. 2. A person or male advisors of the emperor in Japan.
spirit which has a good or bad influence on another's gens du monde n. [Fr. gens people, folks (1); du of
Serwa 's career was
character, conduct, behavior, etc. the (2); monde world (3): people of the world.] Soci-
progressing with remarkable success when she came ety people. Socialites. Fashionable people or society.
under the influence of Akosua, her evil genius, and Cf. femme du monde and homme du monde.
then a drastic decline set in. 3. Natural ability, aptitude, genus n., pi. genera [L. kind, class, sort, race.] 1. A
fitness, or talent. Remarkable natural intellectual and group, kind or class having a common characteristic
creative ability, a) Ibrahim has a genius for making or common characteristics. 2. A group of things, plants,
everybody comfortable in his company, b) She 's animals, etc. which are closely related. A group which
shown a geniusfor designing stage sets and costumes can have subgroups (species) and can also be absorbed
genus irritabile 156
into another group. History is a genus and has sub- ghat or ghaut n. [Hindi ghat.] A stairway 1. leading
groups or species which include economic history, down into a river. 2. A mountain pass.
modern history, his-
political history, military history, ghetto n., pi. ghettos or ghettoes [It. Jewish quarter.]
toryofscience, and history of language. 1. Med. Italy. A Jewish quarter in Italy. A quarter of
genus irritabile n., pi. genera irritabilia [L. genus a city almost exclusively inhabited by Jews. 2. A
kind, class, sort, race, (2); irritabile excitable, irri- quarter of a city or a district almost exclusively in-
table (1): an irritable kind.] An irritable or excitable habited by a racially underprivileged group, or a
kind or type. See animus irritandi. group considered inferior by reason of religion, race,
Germanophobia n. [Neo-L. and Gk. from L. German(us) culture, color, etc. a) " . . . he goes back to the ghetto
German (2); Gk. phob(os) fear, dread (1): fear or where he has no rights and remains a Bantu and must
dread of German.] Excessive fear or hatred of Ger- carry that document of oppression ..." (Winnie
many as well as German things, practices, customs, Mandela quoted in West Africa 1986). b) ... in a
institutions, etc. Cf. Anglophobia. predominantly immigrant ghetto south of Le Havre
gerontophilia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. geron old man . a French textile worker
. . ordered a group of . . .
(2) ; philia fondness, liking (1): fondness or liking people in the street below to stop making so much
for old people.] Preference for sexual relationship noise (Newsweek Int. July 25, 1983:18). 3. A slum.
with elderly persons. A heavily populated area, usually in a city, with di-
Ges. abbr. for Gesellschaft (q.v.). lapidated buildings, unsanitary environment, and very
Gesamtkunstwerk n., pi. Gesamtkunstwerke [Ger. poor residents.
gesamt whole (1); Kunst art (3); Werk work (2): gigantesque adj. [Fr. gigantic] Huge. Colossal. Of
whole work of art.] Art. A complete work of art. A enormous size. The gigantesque book carries a cor-
comprehensive artistic work. An artistic work whose respondingly gigantesque price tag.
accomplishment requires all, or many of, the various gigolo n.,pl. gigolos [Fr. ladies' man, fancy man.] 1. A
art forms. . . .a successful attempt to capture the quin- man who by profession the dancing partner of a
is
tessence of the traditional African theatre, an art of woman. 2. A young man who escorts a woman, usu-
mixed a communal gesamtkunstwerk of dance,
arts, ally an elderly woman, for remuneration. 3. A man
music, poetry, mime and narrative ( West Africa 1983). who is a prostitute for female customers.
Gesellschaft abbr. Ges. n., pi. Gesellschaften or gigue n.,pl. gigues [Fr. from English jig.] Music. 1. A
Gesellschafts [Ger. society.] 1. A social relationship fast-paced traditional peasant dance. 2. Music written
in which people are bound by impersonal relation- for this dance or in the style of this dance, such as
ships. 2. A community in which people observe such the first movement of Images, an orchestral compo-
relationships. Cf. Gemeinschaft sition by Claude Debussy ( 1 862-1 9 18).
gestalt or Gestalt n. [Ger. Gestalt shape.] The combi- glasnost n. [Russ. glasnost' public information.] The
nation of various biological, psychological, physical, policy of the Soviet government to encourage frank
and other elements which create a whole larger than and open discussion of social problems.
thesum of its parts. Gleichschaltung n.,pl. Gleichschaltungen [Ger. gleich
Gestapo short form of Geheime Staatspolizei n., pi. equal, even (1); Schaltung connection (2): equal con-
Gestapos [Ger. ge(heime) secret ( 1 ); Sta(ats) of the nection, political coordination or unification.] Political,
state (3); Po(lizei) police (2): secret police of the social, or cultural uniformity or standardization of life
state.] 1. Germany's secret state police during the through forcible repression of thought, expression, and
period of the Nazis. 2. A secret police organization action as well as liquidation of political opponents.
which adopts terrorist and underhand tactics, and The country 's experiment in Gleichschaltung isfiercely-
usually operates against persons suspected to be en- resisted by a very vocal intelligentsia and is doomed
gaged in subversive, seditious or treasonable activities. to failure.
— attrib. Of, characteristic of, relating to, the Gestapo glissade n.,pl. glissades [Fr. a slide.] 1. Ballet. A sliding
and its activities. The Civil Rights Organization has step. 2. A slide used to descend an ice- or snow-
sent a letter ofprotest to the President, condemning covered slope. — v. Ballet. To use a sliding step.
the Gestapo tactics of the nation 's law enforcement glissando n., pi glissandi [It. sliding.] Music. Playing
agencies. a sequence of notes or a scale in a rapid, sliding fashion.
gestio pro herede or gestio pro haerede n. [L. gestio glockenspiel n.,pl. glockenspiels [Ger. Glocken bells
doing, behavior (1); pro as, just as (2); herede heir (2); Spiel play (1): play of bells.] Music. A percussion
(3) behavior as heir.]
: Roman, Civil, and Scots Law. instrument similar to a xylophone with steel bars of
Behavior as heir, such as collecting rents from the varying length which are struck by hand-held hammers.
estate of the decedent, which shows intention to ac- gloria in excelsis Deo. Luke 2:14. [L. gloria glory ( 1 );
cept the inheritance and thus makes one liable for an in in, on (3); excelsis highest (4); Deo to God (2):
ancestor's debts. Glory to God in the highest.] 1. The first words of a

157 grande bourgeoisie
Christian prayer also known as the "Gloria." 2. A gourmet n., pi. gourmets [Fr. an epicure, gourmet.] A
musical composition based on this prayer. discriminating judge of good food and drink.
Gloria Patri abbr. G.P. inter/. [L. gloria glory (1); See connoisseur 2, gastronome, and gourmand,
Patri to father (2): glory to the Father.] I. Glory goy n.,pl. goyim or goys [Yid. from Heb. nation, gentile,
to God the Father. The first words of a Christian non-Jew.] A derogatory term for a non-Jewish person.
prayer also known as the doxology. 2. The doxology See shegetz and shiksa.
itself. gracias n., pi. [Sp. thanks.] Thank you. Cf grazie and
glossolalia n., pi. glossolalias [Neo-Gk. from Gk. merci.
gloss(a) tongue ( 1 ); lalia talk, chat (2): Tongue-talk. gradatim adv. [L. by steps.] By degrees. Step by step.
Talking with the tongue.] Gift of tongues. The unin- Gradually. Nemesis pursues its prey gradatim until
telligible language used by members of Pentacostal it catches up with it.
churches when they believe they are receiving the Graecum est; Graecum Greek
non potest legi. [L.
Holy Ghost. (thing) (2); est non not (3); potest is

is, has been ( 1 );
gnome n., pi. gnomae or gnomes [Gk. gnome thought, able, can (4); legi to be read (5): The thing is Greek;
judgment, opinion, maxim.] Maxim. Aphorism. Adage. it is not able to be read.] The writing is Greek; it
Proverb. A brief saying expressing a general truth, a cannot be read. Possibly the source for William
fundamental principle, or rule of behavior. Olu 's Shakespeare's "It's Greek to me."
grandfather deems a speech incomplete if it is not graffito n., pi. graffiti [It. a little scratch.] Writing, words,
ended with an impressive gnome. sketch, figure, cartoon, drawing, message, or portrait
gnosis n. [Gk. knowledge.] Theology. An innate knowl- inscribed on a wall, rock, or art object, a) To please
edge of God and the spiritual world, especially that the generals, a Turkish civilian scrubs political graffiti
to which the Gnostics aspired. offa wall in Istanbul ( Time Int. 1 980). b) . . . in a com-
gnothi seauton. [Gk. gnothi know (1); seauton your- munity that is deeply hostile to criticisms . . . graffiti
self, thyself (2): Know yourself] Know yourself; i.e., provide one of the major opportunities for communi-
know your capabilities and limitations. See II connait cating opinions about the society and the university to
etc.; illi mors etc. and nosce te ipsum. a larger audience (Sunday Tribune 1 986).
golem n. [Heb. golem lump, clod, fool.] Judaism. A grammatica falsa non vitiat chartam. [L.
human being created artificially and given life by grammatica grammar (2); falsa false (1); non not
supernatural power. (3); vitiat invalidates (4); chartam paper, writing
Gotterdammerung «.,/?/. Gotterdammerungen [Ger. (5):False grammar does not invalidate a paper.] Law.
Gotter of the gods (2); Dammerung twilight (1): Bad grammar does not make a deed invalid; i.e., the
twilight of the gods.] 1. The end of the world. The validity of a legal document cannot be contested on
death of the Norse gods. 2. An 874 opera by Richard
1 the grounds that its grammar is incorrect. See falsa
Wagner (1813-1883). —Gotterdammerung or demonstratio non nocet.
gotterdammerung Disintegration and collapse of an grammatici certant et adhuc sub judice lis est.
order, political, social, economic, etc. that is usually Horace (65-8 B.C.)Ars Poetica 78. [L. grammatici
accompanied by disastrous confusion, violence, and grammarians, philologists ( ); certant contend, com- 1
turbulence, a) In early 1945 Nazis began to realize pete (2); et and (3); adhuc still (6); sub before, under
that their gotterdammerung was fast approaching. (7); judice judge (8); lis suit, dispute (4); est is (5):
b) The sunny and cheerful exception to the prevalent Grammarians contend and the dispute is still before
theme ofelectronic Gotterdammerung, and one ofthe the judge.] Scholars argue and the controversy con-
few games so far that women play in large numbers, tinues unresolved.
is Bally 's Pac Man {Time Int.\9S2). —attrib. Of, grand cru n., pi. grands crus [Fr. grand great, noble,
characteristic of, relating to, the end of the world or high, grand ( 1 ); cru wine, vintage (2): great vintage.]
an order. High-class wine. Wine from a famous vineyard. The
Gott sei dank. [Ger. Gott God (1); sei be (2); dank grands crus wines, especially those grown on the Cote
thanked (3): God be thanked.] Thank God. d 'Or . . . can be sampled along with lesser vintages at
gourmand or fern, gourmande n., pi. gourmands or wine caves or the many charming restaurants along
fern, gourmandes [Fr. greedy, gluttonous, gorman- the road ( Time Int. 1 979).
dizer.] A glutton. A person who eats ravenously. A grande bourgeoisie n. [Fr. grande great, noble, high,
person who is too fond of choice or good food. adj. — grand ( 1 ); bourgeoisie middle class (2): high middle
Gluttonous. Ravenous. See gastronome and gourmet. class.] Upper middle class. . . . the abnormal pro-
gourmandise n., pi. gourmandises [Fr. greediness, portion ofoverpaid sinecures which . . . were a means
gluttony.] 1. Greediness, gluttony. 2. Indulgence in for the French grande bourgeoisie to find employ-
good eating. Fondness of choice food and drinks. ment for part of their superfluous numbers.
Cf. gastronome, gourmet, and gourmand. (Suret-Canale 1971:348). See bourgeois.
grandi cultlni ISH
gt andc cuisine n |li gtMiidc gteal nohh high giand |rmd projtt n // irindi projcti [l*i imndgrcai
(I) < uhltic- cooking cooker i,i grand cooking j
noble, high, gran«l (
I ), (Hojel prDjeei, scheme, plan
<»ii .it fashionable or luxurious cooking or rncal Old ()) bigpfojeci I
A giand plan An Ambitious scheme
Myle « »f cooking wlu< li anus it preparing rich, savory, although et onomit fitot/iet are grim in the short
and* alorifi< meals Thenouvelle style started as a less run "the) look much hettei in the long run 01 man\
fattening innovative alternative la cholesterol happy of the grantls [irofets nun eventual!) heeome opera
giande < uislne (Newsweek Int l)e« I, I *>H I 40) llonal (Ml) in West Africa \
l
lh])
• ' cuisine |rtnd utigntui h ri grand* ittgntun [Fi frend
gtandt dame // 1
1 i yt uihI<- gnat, noble, high, gtattd gr< .it, noble, high, grand (
I ), seigneur loid, nobleman
(I) dame lady (,') noble lady |
A giand y\< .il Ol O) a greal lord A greal hud A gteal nobleman | I
nohh woman A lady of high ot noble birth A I tidy, ) A mail ol aristocratic and digmlied beating Ilu
ordinarily elderly, who 15 high tanking, litis digtn Managing Direi toi of AA TIS a grand seigneut wa\
lied healing, and enjoys high so< lal prestige the fine <il ilu (lignitat le\ w ha attended ilu fund raiding
gt ami Jaiiu a/ Aim in an t hmreograph) will (tain < t it immy
up With ilu ItiffrC) Halh l in a VUS It It t man >/>< •fiMiid sleele /< />/ grands sleiles || r grand greal,
rial (Newsweeklnt Ian 28, I'M) 51) M)A<faoti '\
noble, high, giand (I) sleele ag<'. centuty ()) the
annl a yiamlt danu supports lit 1 engagement la gteat age |
lite yiral leniuty lite goo<| old days
Ihlla/I and this is llkcl\ to eliminate the opposition I he seventeenth eeniury I npei tally, (he lifespan ol
of some membet s of ilu family I XIV (IMH 1715) Hut as m tlu yi and Met It
QUI*
glMlldc iMCtlllC H pi glMlldiS laCUUCS 1 1 I gtMlldciK.il these defit icnt ic.y were made up fot In an abundance
noble, high, genu! (1 1, Identic* gap omission <l< li ofdomestit servants (Surct-Canalc 197 1 \X\)
< ien< y ()) gteal gap |
A lug gap. omission, ovctstght, gt mii 1 Iflulu n (It gran greal ( I ), rlflufn refusal (2)
mi d« li< l< n< v I his t\ pe of oapt Itilum n t esscntlall) gteat refusal |
Kefusal. decline. 01 re|eclmn ol high
political and does not involve joint profet ts 1hi\ is p<»siltou, ImtKit. reward, etc Svlvestei disclosed in
ilu giande latum m Afiua (Howard Sclussi I in confidence to his close friend thai his gran r(fluto
West Africa I9K2) was prompted /n hi\ convktion thai lu Ct)uld nat
gi Mild J
«* I c- n />/ gt amis jdes | I 1 gi Mild gteal nohh peifaim efft t tivel) m an administration headed!)) <i
high, gtand ( I ), Jelc step ()) a gteat slep | I A big im ill* u rtt) ( I II gtMti rifluto
"
step leap, 01 pimp Aflei that n ma\ In fust a grand giMllsr/«/» tidi 1
1 foi thanks I
lot only a "(hank you
fclc la Mill dam fai ilu talented lit ah (\t k sweck Without i hatge, tewatd. consideration, 01 ici om|>ense
Int Aug 15, |<M.1 27) ) liallt t A shatp leap a< Done, given or received gratuitously I tee a) The
.
ORiptllk d hy a high VuV speakei distributed pamphlets among tlu audience
gtMiid Itt n c- n 1 1 1 giMnd gt< at, tnihle, high, giand ( I ). gratis b) the lawver prepared the documents fot the
lute luxury ()) great luxury |
I he peak « » I luxury t Item gratis
I Ik higheM hunt 01 degtee ol luxuty gratis dictum />/ gratis dicta 1 1 gratis fot (hanks.
gi Mild iiimI n 1 1 1 gt Mild great, mihle, high, gtand ( I ) (2). dlefuni saying, soinellung said ( I J
saying without
iiimI sickness, disease ( )
great disease |
Meditine tewatd A voluniary assertion A mere assertion A
I
I pilepsy, paitu nlarly vioh nl one with 1 onvulstvc statement whu h one is not legally obliged 10 make
spasms ( I p« III iiimI gravamen n pi gravamina 01 gravamens Med |
I
gt Mild iiimI mImiiiI n />/ gtMiids niMiMhoiils |l 1 grand accusation |cinevanec I otmal complaint I he gist,
gteat noble, high giand(l), Ai marabout Muslim basis, ot burden ol a grievance, complaint, charge,
i< hgious leailei ) gnat Muslim lehguuis leadet |
eu The gravamen of the affense tests on the stab
A politically in tally mllu< niial Muslim leadet hlngofthe \u nm without provot alum
I
i
mti ibonl gravida n pi gravidas 01 gravldae 1 1 ptegnant, with
(.1 tu«l Y\\\ n nl <.iMitds I'll* (I 1 gtMiid gteal. nohle, i Mt Jniiu A ptegnant woman Isually QUtli
In Ul \
I
hjjjh, grand ( I ). piU (2) big pti/e |

I < hampiotuhip fie*l with a numhei to slmw the numlH't of pregnancies
tat » An tnlemalmual ai ta« crvei a long distance, « < iii. woRNHihwhid muiiigi n iti.i. nvlHfravldi ( 1
nms( «»l the mule hemg winding Atyt iUtnc (iton<i |n limp If itl.i v« «
WMNgl -« v
Mfl ftftd Miii;:i -n ul.i
l'n\ ) Any piesllglnus uUnnatniual «»nle>l i\> in « gravllas n (I setunisness |

A sense of giavity ami
Ihhii rai ing, leunls, el» a) allow wx not k t luhsto dignity
at 1 1 f>i t ti\h i>n. t \ ft» then mi mlu i \ ot the amah ut gt a/le />/ » I
It thanks |
I hank you The visit of
( ,r,tn,l l'ii\ u iu -\ ( New weih \ Int Inly 1 1 , I^K V42) Alessandro Pertini to Washington gave President
h) I t iull )l. m tlalhw \t \ctith straight (irona* ft n Reagan tlu hanec to say grazte in pel son (New w k
t \ t <
win /n taking tlu Volvo Ma\te*\ tournament from Int Apnl >, l«)S: I'))
I iia\ (ietul(ttit\ ) \ at Ma<li\on Square (tan fan (.ren/lM i(( n (Cicr Circn/ boundaty (I). HegrlfT
(Newtek Int I eh I , NH2 21 concq>t(2) Ivntndary concept |

Philosophy An idea
159 gymnasium
or concept in the philosophy of Emmanuel Kant to blow up storage tanks at a heavily guarded plant
(1724 1X04) which illustrates the restriction of human in Sasolburg . . . (Newsweek Int. June 30, 1980:24).
sense per ception. 2. A soldier belonging to a military unit which operates
grit fonage n ., pi. griffonages [Fr. griffonnagc scrawl, behind the lines of the enemy, atlrib. Of, relating
scribble ] An illegible script or writing. A careless to, characteristic of, typical of, guerrillas. To rout
or crude handwriting. Kurdish guerrilla forces, the army and air force have
gringo n., pi. gringos [Sp. foreign.] Latin America. bombed the provincial capital of Sanandaj . . . (Time
A foreigner, especially a white North American or Int 1 980).
English person. Usually used with derogatory con- guillotine n., pi guillotines [Fr, a beheading device-
notation. You need something from the gringo — -just named after Joseph Ignace Guillotin (1738 1814).]
leave it to me. I know how to deal with them (Newsweek 1 . A device employing a falling sharp blade used to
Int. April 14, 1980.21 ). adj. White North American behead the condemned. 2. A paper cutter or similar
or English. Now, it is not just the IMF but a bunch of device which operates like the beheading machine.
gringo hankers who can decide how the economy — v. To behead by means of a guillotine.
will be run (South 1984). Gulag or gulag pi. Gulags or gulags short form of
grisette «.,/?/. grisettes fi r. coquettish working-girl or Glavnoe upravlenic ispravitel'no-trudovykh

shopgirl A working-class French girl. 2. A girl
] I. lagerei [Russ g(lavnoe) chief (1); u(pravlenie);
or woman, who has a decent job and also engages in management, administration, government (2);
prostitution. One of the secretaries, apparently a (ispravitePno-) (of) correctional (3); (trudovykh)
grisette, always comes to work visibly tired. (of) labor (4); lag(erei) of camps (5): Chief Adminis-
grosse aventure n. [Fr. grosse bigaventure (1); tration of Correctional Labor Camps ] 1. The system
chance, venture (2): big chance or venture.] French of slave-labor camps in the Soviet Union. 2. A forced
Maritime Law. A contract of bottomry; i.e., a con- labor camp, especially one for political insurgents
tract in which a ship is used as security for a loan. In and protestors.
such a contract the lender assumes the risk of losing guru /?., pi. gurus [Hindi guru venerable, weighty.]
his/her investment if the ship is lost. 1 . Hinduism. A personal instructor, teacher, or guide-
grotesque adj. [Fr. from It. grottcsco from grotta cave: in spiritual or religious matters. The /'resident s free-
of a cave or grotto ] Distorted. Bizarre. The badly spending wife . . . once flew to India for a personal
broken bone jutted out through the skin of his arm at meeting with her guru . . . (Newsweek Int. Feb. 1
9,
a grotesque angle. n. —
1. Something distorted or 1979: 15). 2. Sikhism. One of the ten principal religious
bizarre. 2. An artistic style which combines natural leaders generally recognized by the Sikhs, starting
and bizarre forms or shapes. from Nanak (1469-1539) and ending with Gobmd
grotesqueric or grotesquery n. [Fr.] 1 . Something dis- Singh ( 1666-1 708). 3. One who serves as a personal
torted or bi/arre. 2. A distortion. guide, teacher or authority in basic intellectual and
Grundgcdanke n., pi. Grundgedanken [Ger. Grund spiritual affairs, a) Professor Alec Nove, a guru
ground, foundation ( 1); Gcdankc thought (2): foun- among analysts of communist economies (The
dational thought.] Fundamental idea. Basic or fun- Economist 1 987 ). b) His iconoclastic theories about
damental conception. language and writing have supplanted the structural-
gubernator or Jem. gubernatrix n., pi. gubernators ist movement of the 1950s and made him something
or fern, gubernatrices [L. helmsman, steersman, of a guru to avant-garde academics (Newsweek . . .
leader.] A director. A ruler. A governor. Int. May II, 1981:46).

guerre a outrance n., pi. guerres a outrance [Fr. gusto n. [It. pleasure, taste, delight, will, whim Profound ]
guerre war ( 1 ); a to, toward, in, by, with, until (2); appreciation. Enthusiastic, intense, or keen enjoyment
outrance excess (3 ): war to excess.] Total, full-scale or delight, a) . . . the diminutive Teng is a larger-than-life
or all-out war. In this age ofnuclear warfare, all sane rustic whose earthy charm does not quite conceal
men sincerely pray that there should he no conflict the power he wields, or the gusto with which he wields
which would precipitate a guerre a outrance. Cf. a it (Newsweek Int. Feb. 5, 1979:22). b) Shortly another
outrance and outrance. anniversary will be upon us. . . . We must not celebrate
guerrilla n., pi. guerrillas [Sp. little war.] 1 . A person it with gusto (Harrison E. Tucker in West Africa 1 986).
who participates in irregular warfare. A person belong- gymnasium n pi gymnasia or gymnasiums [L. from
,
ing to an independent predatory group or band which Gk. gumnasion a place to exercise naked I. An ]
operates during war. A member of a group of men indoor sports facility. 2. Germany. A college prepa-
who move in small bands, engaged in irregular war- ratory high school.
fare. Early this month, guerrillas used limpet mines
H
habanera n.,pl. habaneras [Sp. habanera Havanan.] habeas corpus ad respondendum n. [L. habeas you
Music. 1 . A slow dance which originated in Havana, may/should have, hold, regard (1); corpus body (2);
Cuba, and became popular in Spain c.1850. 2. Mu- ad to, at, for, respondendum answer-
according to (3);
sic for this dance or in the style of this dance. ing (4): You may hold the body for answering.] Civil
hab. corp. abbr. for habeas corpus (q.v.). Law. A writ to transfer a defendant from the custody
habeas corpus abbr. hab. corp. or H.C. n. [L. habeas of one court to another to respond to a suit.
you may/should have, hold, regard ( ); corpus body 1

habeas corpus ad satisfaciendum n. [L. habeas you
(2): You may hold the body.] Law. You are permit- may/should have, hold, regard (1); corpus body (2);
ted to hold the body. The individual may be kept in ad to, at, for, according to (3); satisfaciendum satis-
custody. The preface to several common law writs fying (4): You may hold the body for satisfying.]
which aim at bringing before a judge or a court a English Legal Practice. A writ in which a plaintiff
person, usually in custody. Ordinarily, the privilege summons a prisoner to a superior court for the process
is not to be suspended except during periods of great of executing a judgment delivered in a lower court.
national or public danger such as war. habeas corpus ad subjiciendum n. [L. habeas you
habeas corpus ad deliberandum et recipiendum n. may/should have, hold, regard (1); corpus body (2);
[L. habeas you may /should have, hold, regard (1); ad to, at, for, according to (3); subjiciendum sub-
corpus body (2); ad to, at, for, according to (3); mitting (4): You may hold the body for submitting.]
deliberandum deliberating (4); et and (5); recipi- Law. A writ requiring inquiry into the legality of the
endum receiving (6): You may hold the body for imprisonment or detention of a person.
deliberating and receiving.] Law. A writ issued to habeas corpus ad testificandum n. [L. habeas you
transfer an accused from one jurisdiction to another may/should have, hold, regard (1); corpus body (2);
where the offense took place. Cf. habeas corpus ad ad to, at, for, according to (3); testificandum testifying
prosequendum. (4): You may hold the body for testifying.] Law. A writ
habeas corpus ad faciendum et recipiendum n. [L. requiring the presence of a prisoner in court to testify.
habeas you may /should have, hold, regard (1); corpus habeas corpus cum causa n. [L. habeas you may/
body (2); ad to, at, for, according to (3); faciendum should have, hold, regard (1); corpus body (2); cum
doing (4); et and (5); recipiendum receiving (6): You with (3); causa cause, case, reason (4): You may hold
may hold the body for doing and receiving.] Civil thebody with cause ] habeas corpus ad faciendum
Law. A writ issued by a superior court ordering a lower etrecipiendum (q.v.).
court to produce a defendant and the cause of his/her habemus optimum testem, confitentem reum. [L.
detention. Also called habeas corpus cum causa (q.v.). habemus we have, hold, regard (1); optimum best
habeas corpus ad prosequendum n. [L. habeas you (2); testem witness (3); confitentem confessing (4);
may/should have, hold, regard (1); corpus body (2); reum defendant, accused (5):We hold the best wit-
ad to, at, for, according to (3); prosequendum pros- ness, a confessing defendant.] Law. We have in the
ecuting (4): You may hold the body for prosecuting.] confessing accused person the best witness; i.e., when
Law. A writ requiring the transfer of a prisoner from an accused person pleads guilty, there is no need for
one jurisdiction where the offense was
to another, further inquiry.
committed, for trial. Cf. habeas corpus ad deliber- habemus Papam [L. habemus we have (1); Papam
andum et recipiendum. pope (2): We have a pope.] We have a new pope.
160
161 hakim
The words used to announce the election of a new Hades n. [Gk. Haides the god of the underworld, the
pope. Also used to announce the selection of a new underworld.] 1 . Greek Mythology, a) The god of the
official, colleague, etc. lower world, b) The abode of the dead. The netherworld.
habendum n., pi. habendums [L. to be had, held, re- 2. Hell. Ifyou are not satisfied, you can go to Hades.
garded.] Law. The part of a deed which in former Cf. Elysium; Tartarus; and Valhalla.
times defined an estate, showing the extent of owner- Hadith or Hadit n.,pl. Hadithat or Hadiths or Hadits
ship and sometimes the kind of tenancy, but which [Ar. hadit tradition, report.] Islam. A record of the
now infrequent or merely formal.
is pronouncements and customs of the
traditional
habendum et tenendum [L. habendum to be had, prophet Mohammed and the Companions, which is
held, regarded (1); et and tenendum to be held
(2); an appendix to the Koran. Cf. Sunna.
(3): to be had and to be held.] Law. To have and to hadj var. of hajj (q.v.).
hold. Used formerly in instruments for conveying the haec olim meminisse juvabit. Cf. forsan et haec olim
title of land from one person to another. meminisse juvabit.
habere facias possessionem n. [L. habere to have, haeredes proximi var. of heredes proximi (q.v.).
hold, regard (2); facias you may/should make, do haeredes remotiores var. of heredes remotiores (q.v.).
cause, ensure ( 1 ); possessionem possession (3): You haereditas var. of hereditas (q.v ).
may cause to have possession.] Law. The writ to be haereditas ab intestato var. of hereditas ab intestato
used in case of eviction by a successful party for the (q.v.)-
purpose of regaining actual possession of property haereditas damnosa var. of hereditas damnosa (q.v).
which the other party still occupies. haereditas jacens var. of hereditas jacens (q.v ).
habere facias visum n. [L. habere to have, hold, regard haereditas legitima var. of hereditas legitima (q.v.).
(2); facias you may /should cause, ensure (1); visum haereditas luctuosa var. of hereditas luctuosa (q.v.).
view (3): You may cause to have a view.] Law. A haereditas testamentaria var. of hereditas
writ directed to a holder of lands or holdings to permit testamentaria (q.v.).
the sheriff to have a view. haeres var. of heres (q.v.).
habitant or habitan n., pi. habitants or habitans [Fr. haeres ab intestato var. of heres ab intestato (q.v.).
inhabitant.] Quebec and Louisiana. A farmer of haeres factus var. of heres factus (q.v.).
French-Canadian descent. haeres institutus var. of heres institutus (q.v ).
habitat n.,pl. habitats [L. He/she/it inhabits or dwells.] haeres legitimus var. of heres legitimus (q.v.).
1. The natural dwelling-place, region, environment, haeres natus var. of heres natus (q.v.).
where a species of animals or plants lives,

site, etc. haeres necessarius var. of heres necessarius (q.v.).
grows, and thrives. 2. The usual home, environment, haeres suus var. of heres suus (q.v.).
resort, etc. of a people or something. Though Black haesitante adj. [L. with him/her hesitating or being
people can befound in almost every part ofthe world, stuck.] Law. Used to qualify the name of a judge or
their habitat is Africa. the names of judges to indicate a hesitating opinion.
habitue n., pi. habitues [Fr. regular attendant, visitor Cf. dissentiente.
or customer, frequenter or haunter.] A person who hafiz n. [Pers. from Ar. hafiz one who memorizes,
goes frequently to a place or type of place, a) The plane guards.] 1 . A person who has memorized the Koran.
is fullof Nigerian habitues of London, b) Habitues 2. An honorific title for such a person.
of the restaurant have decided to boycott the place Haggadah or Haggada n., pi. Haggadoth [Heb.
because ofdeteriorating services. haggada a narrative, telling.] Judaism. 1 . The body
habitue de la maision n., pi. habitues de la maision of traditional Jewish literature in general, and the non-
[Fr. habitue frequenter, regular customer (1); de of legal portion of the Talmud in particular. 2. The story
(2); la the (3); maision house (4): frequenter of the of the Hebrew exodus from Egypt as told in the Book
house.] Regular guest at a house. Friend of the family. of Exodus and as read at the Passover Seder. Cf.
Regular customer at a restaurant, an establishment etc. Halakah.
hac voce abbr. H.V or h.v. adv. [L. hac with this (1); haiku n., pi. haiku or haikus [Japan, hai amusement,
voce word, voice (2): with this word.] Under this entertainment (1); ku sentence (2): an amusement
word. Bibliographical reference entries in dictionaries sentence.] An unrhymed poem, often written about
and works which are arranged alphabetically. See hoc nature or the seasons, in a formal sequence of five-,
verbo and sub voce. seven-, and five-syllable lines. Cf. hokku.
hacienda n., pi. haciendas [Sp.] A large farm or plan- 1 . hajj or hadj or haj n., pi. hajjes or hadjes or hajes
tation, especially in the Spanish colonies of the [Ar. pilgrimage.] The pilgrimage to Mecca (q.v.)
Americas. 2. The big house where the owner of such which Muslims who can afford it are required to under-
an estate lives. take as a religious duty at least once in their lifetime.
hac lege hac with this (1); lege law (2): with
[L. this hakim n., pi. hakims [Ar. hakim wise, wise man.] A
law.] Under this stipulation or regulation. physician (usually male) in a Muslim country.
hakim 162
hakim or hakeem n., pi. hakims or hakeems [Ar. punishment imposed by the feudal court in lieu of
hakim ruler.] A male ruler or judge in a Muslim the normal death penalty. Seppuku (q.v.). 2. Suicide.
country. The Japanese business community reacted with anger
Halakah or Halacha n. [Heb. halaka rule, tradition.] at the LDP 's political hara-kiri {Newsweek Int. May
Judaism. The legal portion of Talmudic literature. 26, 1980:33).
An interpretation of the laws of scripture. Cf. harem n.,pl. harems [Turk, from Ar. harim a sacred,
Haggadah. , forbidden place.] A section of a building set aside
1 .
halal n. [Ar. halal a lawful thing.] Meat slaughtered for female members of a Muslim household. 2. A
according to Muslim holy law or sharp a (q.v.). — adj. collective term for these women. 3. A group of
1 . Pertaining to meat slaughtered in this way. 2. Allowed women serving the sexual pleasure of one male. Cf.
by Muslim holy law. seraglio.
halcyon n, pi. halcyons [L. alcyon or halcyon from haruspex or aruspex n., pi. haruspices or aruspices
Gk. halkuon kingfisher.] 1. A kingfisher. 2. Greek [L. soothsayer, diviner.] 1 . A soothsayer or diviner,
and Roman Mythology. A mythical bird which had particularly a person who predicts events by examining
the ability to calm the sea where it made its nest. — adj. phenomena. 2. A prophet or prognosticator.
natural
Calm. Peaceful. Halcyon days. was a very unanticipated event; indeed, it baffled
It
hallazgo or hallazco n. [Sp. discovery, reward for the community 's leading haruspices. Cf. auspex.
finding.] Spanish Law. Discovering, coming into pos- hashish or hasheesh n., short form hash [Ar. hasis
session of, and becoming the owner of, something hemp, grass.] A refined extract of the female cannabis
which is ownerless, such as bona vacantia (q.v.). plant which is inhaled or chewed to stimulate a state
Cf. terra manens etc. of euphoria. Cf. marijuana.
hallel n. [Heb. hallel song of praise.] Judaism. A chant hasidorHas(s)idorcha(s)sidorChas(s)id n.,pl. hasidim
based upon Psalms 1 13 through 1 18 used on special or Has(s)idim or chas(s)idim or Chas(s)idim [Heb.
Holy Days. hasid pious.] Judaism. An Hasidic Jew. A follower
hallelujah interj. [Heb. halleluyah: hallelu praise (1); of the teachings and way of life of Israel Baal Shem
Yah God (2): Praise God.] Praise God! A shout of Tov, an 1 8th-century religious leader and mystic who
praise or joy. — n., pi. hallelujahs A cry of "Praise taught that a life dedicated to God should be joyous.
God." The hallelujahs echoed through the congre- hasta la vista interj. [Sp. hasta until (1); la the (2);
gation as the dynamic preacher spoke. Cf. alleluia. vista sight (3): until the sight.] See you again! Until
hamartia n. pi. harmartias [Gk. a missed shot, a mis-
,
we meet again! Farewell! See a bientdt.
take or error, a sin.] A fatal flaw or error, especially hasta luego interj. [Sp. hasta until ( 1 ); luego next, then
a sin, which causes the downfall of a character in a (2): until then.] So long! Goodbye! See a bientdt.
drama or literary work. Hauptfeind n. [Ger. Haupt head, chief (1); Feind
Hanukkah or Hanukah or Chanukah n. [Heb. enemy (2): chief enemy.] 1 Satan. 2. Chief, principal, .
hanukka dedication.] Judaism. An eight-day festi- or main enemy.

val celebrating the rededication of the Jewish Temple hausfrau n., pi. hausfrauen or hausfraus [Ger.
in Jerusalem after the victory of the Maccabees in Hausfrau: Haus house, home (1); Frau woman,
165 B.C. wife: housewife.] Mistress or lady of the household.
haole n.,pl. haoles [Haw. foreigner.] A Hawaiian resident . . . matronly and dignified offstage, every inch the
who is not a native, especially a white non-resident, well-dressed Hausfrau . . . (Newsweek Int. Oct. 26,
hapax n.,pl. hapaxes. Short form of hapax Iegomenon 1981:53).
(q.v.). haustus n., pi. haustus [L. a drawing, drinking.] Ro-
hapax Iegomenon hapax legomena [Gk. hapax
//., pi. man and Civil Law. The right to draw water from a
once, once only (2); Iegomenon being said (1): being well or spring on another's property as well as the
said once only.] A word or expression which appears attendant right to go to and from the well or spring.
only once in a document, book, or the records of a haut or fern, haute adj. [Fr. high, eminent.] Honor-
language. able. Fashionable. High-class, a) House
. . . the White
haphtarah or haftarah or haftorah //.,/;/. haphtaroth acknowledgment that Nancy accepted an unspeci-
or haphtoroth or haphtorot or haphtoros [Heb. fied number of haute frocks during J 981 without
haptara conclusion, dismissal.] Judaism. A reading paying for them has become a lively controversy
from the prophets which follows each lesson of the (Newsweek Int. Feb. 1, 1982:39). b) The cuisine is
Torah read in synagogue on the Sabbath. not haute, but it is plentiful andfresh, based largely
hara-kiri or hari-kari n., pi. hara-kiris or hari-karis on fish and pork (Time Int. 1979). Cf. haute couture
[Japan, hara abdomen, belly ( 1 ); kiri to cut (2): belly and haute cuisine.
cutting.] 1. Suicide through the process of cutting haute bourgeoisie n. [Fr. haute high, eminent (1);
the belly which Japanese samurai either practiced bourgeoisie middle class (2): high middle class.]
voluntarily to obviate disgrace or had to undergo as Upper middle class. Professional class. See bourgeois.
163 heredad
haute couture n. [Fr. haute high, eminent (1); couture by hallucinations, silliness, delusions, and puerile
dressmaking, sewing (2): high dressmaking or sewing.] behavior.
1 . High-style, high-class, or fashionable dressmaking hegemon n.,pl. hegemons [Gk. leader, guide, commander,
or dress-designing. The art of dress-designing or de- chief] A person or state which enjoys hegemony or
signing women's high fashions. Fashionable clothes political leadership. In contemporary international
or dresses. But in haute couture, Yves Saint Laurent, politics, there can be little or no doubt that there is
Pierre Cardin and almost two dozen others showed one acknowledged hegemon, namely the U.S.A.
the verve that has long kept high fashion indisputably Hegira or Hejira n. [L. from Ar. hijrah migration.]
French (Newsweek Int. Jan. 2, 1984:58). 2. Leading 1. The migration of the prophet Mohammed from
establishments engaged in creating high fashions for Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622. 2. The Muslim era as
women. Cf. haut and couture. reckoned from this date. See Anno Hegirae. —hegira
haute cuisine n. [Fr. haute high, aristocratic, eminent, or hejira pi. hegiras or hejiras Departure, flight,
noble (1); cuisine cooking, food (2): high cooking journey, or trip from a dangerous or unpleasant place
or food.] High-class or fashionable cooking. Luxuri- to a safe or pleasant place. Exodus. Emigration. The
ous or high-class meals. ... a business class that has attractionsof the cities vis-a-vis the hardships ofthe
grown plump on fine wine and haute cuisine . . . rural areas are the main reason for the prevalent
(Newsweek Int. Nov. 30, 1981:18). —attrib. Of, re- hegira from the villages to the urban areas in many
lating to, characteristic of, high-class cookery or developing countries.
meals. The crew dined on an haute cuisine space helas interj. [Fr. alas.] Alas.
menu ofcrab soup, pate de foie gras and lobster pilaf helix n., pi. helices [Gk. spiral.] A spiral-shaped object.
(Newsweek Int. July 5, 1982:31). See cuisine. hematemesis n.,pl. hematemeses [Neo-Gk. from Gk.
haute noblesse n. [Fr. haute high, eminent (1); no- haima of blood (2); emesis vomiting (1): vomiting
blesse nobility (2): high nobility.] Upper noble class. of blood.] Medicine. Vomiting blood.
A bourgeois by origin, he had a better understanding hemiplegia n., pi. hemiplegias [Gk. hemiplegia: hemi
than Caesar, the scion of the haute noblesse, of the half (1); pleg(e) blow (2): half blow.] Medicine. Pa-
problems of ways and means (Cary 1970:5 1 1). . . . ralysis which affects only one side of the body or a
haute politique n. [Fr. haute high, eminent (1); part of it and is frequently the result of injury to the
politique politics, policy (2): high politics.] Negotia- opposite side of the brain. See paralysis.
tions conducted by high-ranking officials. Political hendiadys n. [L. from Gk. hen one (1); dia through,
intrigue which is beyond the comprehension of ordi- across (2); du(o) two (3): one through two.] One by
nary citizens. means of two. Rhetoric. The joining of two nouns to
hauteur n.,pl. hauteurs [Fr. haughtiness, arrogance.] express an idea more commonly represented by
Condescending attitude or manner, a) She lives nowa- means of a noun and an adjective; e.g., "by arms and
days in secluded hauteur in Paris ' Montparnasse, force" instead of "by armed force."
revealing herself only in her memoirs (Time Int. Hercules n., pi. Herculeses [L. equivalent of Gk.
1 979). b) He is certainly very intelligent and capable, Herakles: Hera Hera (2); kle(o)s glory (1): glory
but his hauteur has won for him the animosity of his of Hera.] 1. Greek, and Roman Mythology. A hero
colleagues and subordinates. famous for his extraordinary strength and courage
haut monde n. [Fr. haut high, eminent (1); monde who successfully completed twelve almost impos-
world (2): high world.] High society. The elite of the sible assignments or labors, including the slaying of
society. Fashionable society. The best circles. Re- the Hydra (q.v.) and the dragging of Cerberus (q.v.),
fusing to accept the moral or sartorial dictates ofthe from Hades (q.v.). 2. A man of extraordinary physical
haut monde, she lived and dressed as she pleased strength, a) Daley Thompson, the smooth muscled
(Newsweek Int. Jan. 25, 1982:56). See beau monde black Hercules, will probably go down in sporting
and tout le haut monde. history as the best, most complete decathlon star ever
hazzan See chazan. (New A frican 1 983). b) Fancying himselfa Hercules,
H.C. abbr. for 1 . habeas corpus (q.v.). 2. hors concours Kobina attempted to carry a big bag of rice and in
(q-v.). the process sprained his back.

H.C. or h.c. abbr. for honoris causa (q.v.). Hercules Furens n. [L. Hercules Hercules (2); furens
H.D. abbr. Humanitatum Doctor (q.v.).
for mad (1): mad Hercules.] 1. The Mad Hercules, the
Heauton Timorumenos n. [Gk. heauton self (1); Latin of a Greek play (414 B.C.) by the Athe-
title
timorumenos being tormented (2): being self tor- nian tragedian Euripides (died c.408 B.C.) in which
mented.] The Self-Tormentor, a Latin comedy by the hero Heracles goes mad and kills his wife and
Terence (died 159 B.C.). children. 2. A Latin play by Seneca the Younger (c.
hebephrenia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. hebe youth (2); phren 4 B.C.-65A.D.), based upon the Euripiden tragedy.
diaphragm, midriff, mind (1): mind of youth.] Medi- heredad n., pi. heredads [Sp. inheritance.] Spanish
cine. A type of schizophrenia which is characterized Law. 1. An inheritance. 2. Cultivated land.
heredad yacente 164
heredad yacente n. [Sp. heredad inheritance (2); hereditas legitima or haereditas legitima n., pi.
yacente recumbent, lying (1): lying inheritance.] A hereditates legitimae or haereditates legitimae [L.
vacant succession. An inheritance upon which the hereditas inheritance, succession (2); legitima lawful,
heir has not entered, hereditas jacens (q.v.). legitimate (1 ): lawful inheritance.] An inheritance ob-
heredero n., pi. herederos [Sp. heir.] Spanish Law. tained through the operation of the law and not by
An Heres (q.v.).
heir. the will of the deceased. See heres legitimus etc.
heredes proximi or haeredes proximi n., sing, heres hereditas luctuosa or haereditas luctuosa n., pi.
proximus or haeres proximus [L. heredes heirs (2); hereditates luctuosae or haereditates luctuosae [L.
proximi next, nearest (1): nearest heirs.] Next or hereditas inheritance, succession (2); luctuosa
nearest heirs. A deceased person's children or de- (1): mournful inheritance/
mournful, sad, sorrowful
scendants, as opposed to heredes remotiores (q.v.). succession.] A sad inheritance/succession; e.g., a
heredes remotiores or haeredes remotiores n., sing. parent inheriting a son's or daughter's estate.
heres remotior or haeres remotior [L. heredes heirs See tristis successio.
(2); remotiores more distant, remote (1): more dis- hereditas nihil aliud est quam successio in
tant heirs.] More remote heirs, i.e., kinsmen apart universum jus quod defunctus habuerit. [L.
from children or descendants, as opposed to heredes hereditas inheritance (1); nihil nothing (3); aliud
proximi (q.v.). other (4;) est is (2); quam than (5); successio suc-
hereditas or haereditas n.,pl. hereditates or haeredi- cession (6); in into, to, against, for (7); universum
tates [L. state of being an heir, inheritance.] Roman whole, entire (8); jus right, law (9); quod which ( 1 0);
and Law. Inheritance. Succession. Succession
Civil defunctus the dead (person) (11); habuerit had, held,
to the rights and liabilities of a deceased person, regarded (12): Inheritance is nothing other than suc-
whether he/she died testate or intestate. cession into the entire right which the dead person
hereditas ab intestato or haereditas ab intestato n., had.] Law. Inheritance is nothing else than succes-
pi. hereditates ab intestato or haereditates ab in- sion to all the rights of the deceased. Cf. hereditas
testato [L. hereditas inheritance (1); ab from, by est successio etc.
(2); intestato intestate (3): inheritance from intes- hereditas testamentaria or haereditas testamentaria
tate.] Inheritance from someone who died without n., pi. hereditates testamentariae or haereditates
making a will. Cf. heres ab intestato and successio testamentariae [L. hereditas inheritance, succession
ab intestato. (2); testamentaria testamentary ( 1 ): testamentary in-
damnosa n. [L. hereditas inheritance (2);

hereditas heritance.] Inheritance by means of a will. Cf. heres
damnosa ruinous, detrimental (1): ruinous inheritance.] factus.
1. Insolvent inheritance. Burdensome inheritance. heres or haeres n., pi. heredes or haeredes [L. heir,
Roman Law. An inheritance from one who died in- successor.] Successor of a deceased person.
solvent and whose debts the heir must discharge. An heres ab intestato or haeres ab intestato n., pi.
inheritance, which is so burdened with debt as to be heredes ab intestato or haeredes ab intestato [L.
a liability rather than an asset. 2. Generally, a burden- heres heir, successor (1); ab from, by (2); intestato
some or unrewarding inheritance. intestate (3): heir from the intestate.] Heir or succes-
hereditas est successio in universum jus quod de- sor of someone who dies without a will. Cf. hereditas
functus habuerit. [L. hereditas inheritance (1); est ab intestato and successio ab intestato.
is (2); successio succession (3); in into, to, against, for heres est eadem persona cum antecessore. [L. heres
(4);universum whole, entire, collective (5); jus right, heir, successor (1); est is (2); eadem the same (3);
law (6); quod which (7); defunctus the deceased (8); persona person (4); cum with (5); antecessore pre-
habuerit had, held, regarded (9): Inheritance is suc- decessor, antecedent (6): An heir is the same person
cession into the entire right which the deceased had.] with the predecessor.] Law. An heir is the same person
Law. Inheritance is succession to every right which as his/her predecessor; i.e., an heir inherits all the
the deceased possessed. Cf. hereditas nihil etc. rightsand obligations of the deceased.
hereditas jacens or haereditas jacens n., pi. heredi- heres factus or haeres factus n., pi. heredes facti or
tates jacentes or haereditates jacentes [L. hereditas haeredes facti [L. heres heir, successor (2); factus
inheritance (2); jacens lying, inactive (1): inactive/ made, having been made ( 1 ): (one) having been made
lying inheritance.] Vacant succession. An inheritance heir.] Civil Law. A person appointed heir by will. A
upon which the heir has not entered. In order that testamentary heir. Cf. hereditas testamentaria.
there shall be nothing like the Roman hereditas heres institutus or haeres institutus n., pi. heredes
jacens, it is provided . . . that until that Division [i.e., instituti or haeredes instituti [L. heres heir, succes-
Probate, Divorce and Admiralty] makes an appoint- sor (2); institutus appointed, designated ( 1 ): appointed
ment, the property shall vest in its President (Hanbury heir.] A person appointed heir through the will of the
1962:455). Cf. testamentum destitutum. deceased. Testamentary heir.
165 Hier stehe ich
heres legitimus or haeres legitimus n., pi. heredes heureux happy (1); qui (he) who (2); comme like
legitimi or haeredes legitimi [L. heres heir, succes- (3); Ulysse Ulysses (4); a has (5); fait made (6); un
sor (2); legitimus lawful, legitimate (1): lawful heir.] a (7); beau lovely, beautiful, fair, handsome, good-
A person who becomes heir by virtue of his/her birth looking (8); voyage voyage, trip (9): Happy he who,
to parents who were lawfully wedded. See heres like Ulysses, has made a beautiful voyage.] Happy
legitimus est etc. the traveler, like Ulysses, who has made a successful
heres legitimus est quern nuptiae demonstrant. [L. voyage and returned home.
heres heir, successor (2); legitimus lawful, legiti- hexahemeron or hexaemeron n., pi. hexahemerons
mate (1); est is (3); quern (the one) whom (4); or hexaemerons [Gk. hex six ( 1
hemer(a) day (2):
);
nuptiae marriage (5); demonstrant point(s) out (6): six days, a space or period of six days.] The six days of
The legitimate heir is the one whom marriage points the creation of the universe, as in the Bible's Genesis.
out.] Law. The legal heirs are those born to parents HH.D. abbr. for Humanitatum Doctor (q.v.).
lawfully wedded. See hereditas legitima. Cf. pater H.I. abbr. for hie jacet (q.v.).
is est quern etc. hiatus n., pi. hiatuses [L. aperture,
cleft, opening.] A 1 .
heres natus or haeres natus n., pi. heredes nati or gap. An A break in something. A space in
aperture.
haeredes nati [L. heres heir, successor (2); natus which something is missing. A lacuna. To be sure, the
born (1): born heir.] Civil Law. A person born heir, institution has regulations, but there is a wide hiatus
as opposed to a person made heir by other means. between theory and practice. 2. A lapse, break, or
heres necessarius or haeres necessarius n.,pl. heredes interruption in continuity or time. Academic depart-
necessarii or haeredes necessarii [L. heres heir, ments ofthe university have been asked to introduce
successor (2); necessarius necessary, of necessity programs to fill the long hiatus between the end of
(1): necessary heir.] Roman Law. Heir of necessity. one session and the beginning ofanother. 3. Linguis-
A slave appointed heir by his master and who auto- The occurrence, pronunciation, or juxtaposition
tics.
matically becomes free and heir on his master's death. of two vowels, which are not a diphthong, with no
Cf. heres suus. consonant separating them; e.g., "sofa arm."
heres suus or haeres suus n., pi. heredes sui or hie et nunc [L. hie here ( 1 ); et and (2); nunc now (3):
haeredes sui [L. heres heir, successor (2); suus one's here and now.] Immediately.
own, his/her own (1): one's own heir.] Roman Law. hie et ubique adv. [L. hie here ( 1 ); et and (2); ubique
A son who on the death of the father becomes sui everywhere (3): here and everywhere.] Here and every-
juris (q.v.) and inherits the decedent's property either where. — n. A person who is always wandering about
by will or by intestacy. The word "suus" distinguishes aimlessly or for insignificant purposes.
him from a slave. Cf. heres necessarius. hie iacet abbr. H.I. var. of hie jacet (q.v.).
Herr n., pi. Herren [Ger. lord, master, Mr.] 1. A title hie iacet sepultus abbr. H.I.S. var. of hie jacet
of courtesy used for males in German-speaking coun- sepultus (q.v.).
tries. See babu; Monsieur; san; Senhor; Senor; and hie jacet abbr. H.J. n., pi. hie jacets [L. hie here (1);
Signor. jacet he/she lies, lies at rest (2): Here he/she lies.]
Herrenvolk n.,pl. Herrenvolker or Herrenvolks [Ger. Here lies. Epitaph. Inscription on tombstone.
Herr lord, master, Mr. (1); Volk people, race (2): hie jacet sepultus abbr. H.J.S. [L. hie here (1); jacet
master race.] A people who believe that they are a he lies (2); sepultus buried (3): Here he lies buried.]
superior race and must, therefore, rule inferior Here lies buried.
peoples. White South Africans, like Hitler 's Germans, hie requiescit in pace. abbr. H.R.I.P. [L. hie here ( 1 );
seem to regard themselves as a Herrenvolk. requiescit he/she rests, reposes (2); in on (3); in,
hetaera or hetaira n., pi. hetaerae or hetaeras or pace peace (4): Here he/she rests in peace.] Here rests
hetairai or hetairas [Gk. hetaira a female compan- in peace.
ion or comrade, a courtesan.] A woman paid for sexual hie sepultus abbr. H.S. [L. hie here ( 1 ); sepultus buried,
services. See demimondaine and demimonde. interred (2): Here buried.] Here is buried.
heterozetesis n.,pl. heterozeteses [Neo-Gk. from Gk. hie sepultus est. abbr. H.S.E. [L. hie here ( 1 ); sepultus
hetero(s) another, different (2); zetesis seeking, buried (3); est is (2): Here is buried.] Here is or lies
search, inquiry, investigation (1): inquiry or investi- buried.

gation of another or different thing.] Logic. A fallacy hie situs abbr. H.S. [L. hie here (1); situs laid up, de-
in which one supposes that one is settling the point posited, situated (2): Here deposited.] Here is buried.
at issue when one is actually preoccupied with a dif- hie situs est. abbr. H.S.E. [L. hie here ( 1 ); situs laid
ferent question altogether. Ignoratio elenchi (q.v.). up, deposited, situated (3); est is (2): Here is depos-
heureka var. of eureka (q.v.). ited.] Here is or lies buried.
Heureux qui comme Ulysse a fait un beau voyage. Hier stehe ich. Ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir.
Joachim Du Bellay ( 522-1 560). Les Regrets 3
1 1 . [Fr. Amen. Martin Luther (1483-1546) at the Diet of
hinc illae lacrimae 166
Worms (1521). [Ger. hier here (1); stehe stand (3); hoi polloi pi. n. [Gr. hoi the (1); polloi many (2): the
ich I (2); Ich I (4); kann can, am able (5); nicht many.] The common people. The ordinary people.
nothing (6); anders different (7); Gott God (8); helfe The masses. The multitude. The throng. The populace.
help mir me ( 1 0); Amen Amen (11): Here I stand.
(9); The rabble. Although "hoi" means "the," the expression
I can nothing different. God help me. Amen.] Here I sometimes uses the English definite article, a) la . . .
stand. I can do nothing else. God help me. Amen, creme de la creme contributed $500 each to the Met
hinc illae lacrimae Terence (c. 185-1 59 B.C.). Andria to dine Then 1,500 of the hoi polloi, at $100 a
1 26. [L. hinc hence ( 1 ); illae those (2); lacrimae tears head, stormed the place to dance to Lester Lanin 's
(3): hence those tears.] That is the cause of those woes orchestra . . (Newsweek Int. Dec. 20, 1982: 1 8). b) The
or troubles. Cf. lacrimae rerum and sunt la*crimae success of his political career is attributable to the
rerum. fact though a member of the aristocracy, he
that,
hiragana n. [Japan, hira ordinary, plain (1); kana char- knows how to relate to hoi polloi. See canaille.
acter (2): ordinary character.] A Japanese script used hokku n., pi. hokku [Japan, hok first, opening ( 1 ); ku
for informal writing. Cf. kana; kanji; and katakana. stanza (2): first stanza.] A haiku (q.v.).
H.I.S. abbr. for hie iacet sepultus (q.v.). homicidium n. [L. the killing of a person, homicide.]
Histoire Amoureuse des Gaules n. [Fr. histoire his- Law. The taking away of the life of another.
tory (2); amoureuse amorous (1); des of the (3); homicidium ex casu n. [L. homicidium homicide ( 1 );
Gaules Gauls, French (4): amorous history of the ex arising from, out of, by reason of (2); casu acci-
Gauls.] Amorous History of the Gauls, a collection dent, occurrence (3): homicide arising from accident.]
of lightly veiled contemporary profiles, often scan- Law. Accidental homicide. Police investigations re-
dalous, by Bussy-Rabutin (1618-1693). vealed that what was suspected to be murder was in
Historia Naturalis n. [L. historia history (2); naturalis reality homicidium ex casu.
natural (1): natural history.] Natural History, an homicidium ex justitia n. [L. homicidium homicide
encyclopedia of natural phenomena by Pliny the ( 1 ); ex arising from, out of, by reason of (2); justitia
Elder (23-79 A.D.). justice (3): homicide by reason of justice.] Law. Ho-
historia vitae magistra [L. historia history (1); vitae micide in the process of administering justice or exe-
of life (3); magistra school-mistress, instructress (2): cuting the sentence of a court of law. Hanging of a
history, school-mistress of life.] History serves a di- prisoner after a conviction for murder is a good ex-
dactic purpose. History, the guide to life. History, ample of homicidium ex justitia. See qui jussu etc.
giver of instructions on life. The brief sentences in homicidium ex necessitate n. [L. homicidium homi-
which Thucydides outlines this last purpose of his cide ( 1 ); ex arising from, out of, by reason of (2);
writing should not be taken as a simple application necessitate compulsion, urgency, necessity (3): ho-
of the tag historia vitae magistra (Lesky 1966:474). micide by reason of compulsion.] Law. Homicide
See magistra vitae. prompted by unavoidable necessity. Defense coun-
H.J. abbr. for hie jacet (q.v.). sel pleaded that his client committed homicidium ex
H.J.S. abbr. for hie jacet sepultus (q.v ). necessitate, for the armed robber 's trespass to his
H.M.P. abbr. for hoc monumentum posuit (q.v.). residence compelled him to protect his life, family
Hochkonjunktur n. [Ger. hoch high ( ); Konjunktur 1 and property.
conjuncture, joining together, trend, business cycle homicidium ex voluntate n. [L. homicidium homi-
(2): high business cycle.] Boom. Prosperity. A period cide (1); ex arising from, out of, by reason of (2);
of considerable commercial boom or prosperity, par- voluntate free will, inclination (3): homicide out of
ticularly during the height of the holiday season when Law. Willful/voluntary homicide; i.e.,
free will.]
there is an influx of tourists. homicide committed deliberately and thus culpable.
hoc intuitu adv. [L. hoc with this (1); intuitu (with) homicidium per infortunium n. [L. homicidium ho-
consideration, contemplation (2): with this consid- micide (1); per by, through (2); infortunium mis-
eration.] With this expectation. fortune, calamity (3): homicide through misfortune.]
hoc monumentum posuit abbr. H.M.P. [L. hoc this Law. Homicide by misadventure. A species of excus-
(2); monumentum monument, memorial (3); posuit able homicide, as when a person accidentally causes
he/she set up, erected, built (1): He/she built this the death of another in the process of performing a
monument.] He/she erected monument. this lawful act. See per infortunium.
hoc titulo abbr: H.T. or h.t. adv. [L. hoc with this (1); homicidium defendendo n. [L. homicidium homi-
se
titulo (with) title (2): with this title.] Under this title. cide ( 1 ); defendendo by defending
se one's self (3);
In this title. Used in bibliographical references. (2) : homicide by defending one's self] Law. Homicide
hoc verbo abbr. H.V. or h.v. adv. [L. hoc with this (1); committed in the process of self-defense. A kind of
verbo (with) word (2): with this word.] Under this word. excusable homicide, as when a person is suddenly
Bibliographical reference to entries in dictionaries and attacked and has no other probable way of escaping
works arranged alphabetically. See hac voce. from attack. See se defendendo and vim vi etc.
167 homo mensura
hominum causa jus constitutum est. [L. hominum Anthropology. A human being at the stage of evolution
of humans, people (5); causa for the sake (4); jus when an erect posture was assumed,
right, law (1); constitutum established (3); est is, homo faber n. [L. homo person, human being, human
has been (2): Law has been established for the sake (1) ;faber maker (2): human maker.] Anthropology'.
of humans.] Laws exist for the benefit of humankind. The human manufacturer of tools. A human being at
homme d'affaires n., pi. hommes d'affaires [Fr. the stage in the process of evolution when tools could
horn me person, human being, man, a male ( 1 ); d' of be made. Cf. faber est suae etc. and faber fortunae
(2); affaires business, affairs (3): a man of affairs.] suae.
A business man. homo habilis n. [L. homo person, human being, human
homme decoeur n.,pl. hommes decoeur[Fr. homme (2) ; habilis fit, apt ( 1 ): fit or apt human.] Anthropology.
person, human being, a man, a male (1); de of (2); A capable or able human. A human who has ability.
coeur man of heart.] A noble
heart, feelings (3): a A human being at the stage of evolution when tools
heart. A great-hearted man. A man of feeling. A sen- and crude shelters were made and used.
sitive man. A man of keen sensibility. A generous homo hierarchicus n. [L. homo person, human being,
homme sensible.
man. See human (2); hierarchicus hierarchical (1): a hierar-
homme de lettres n., pi. hommes de lettres [Fr. chical human.] Anthropology. A human being of a
homme person, human being, a man, a male (1); de society characterized by hierarchy or inequality.
of (2); lettres letters, literature (3): a man of letters.] Cf. homo aequalis.
A literary man. A man engaged in literary activities. homoioteleuton or homoeoteleuton n., pi. homoio-
homme d'esprit n.,pl. hommes d'esprit [Fr. homme teleutons or homoioteleuta or homoeoteleutons or
person, human being, a man, a male (1); d' of (2); homoeoteleuta [Gk. homoi(os) same, like (1);
esprit wit (3): a man of wit.] A wit. A witty man. A teleut(e) ending (2): the same ending, the like ending
man with a nice wit or sense of humor. A man of of several clauses or verses.] Rhetoric. The appear-
brilliant repartee. ance in a document or book of two or more words,
homme du monde n., pi. hommes du monde [Fr. clauses, phrases, lines, verses, etc. with similar or
homme person, human being, a man, a male (1); du the same endings. The typist was asked to take note
of the monde world (3): a man of the world.]
(2); of the numerous homoioteleutons in the draft so as
Society man. A man of high society. Man-about-town. not to make typographical mistakes. Cf. saut de
A gentleman. A man of good training or upbringing. in erne au me me
Cf. femme du monde and gens du monde. homoiousion n. [Gk. homoi(os) like, similar (1);
homme du peuple n., pi. hommes du peuple [Fr. ousi(a) substance (2): similar substance.] Christianity.
homme person, human being, a man, a male (1); du A theological doctrine which maintains that Christ
of the (2); man of the people.]
peuple people (3): a and God or the Son and the Father are of similar,
A man of humble origins. A man whose manners though not necessarily of the same, substance. A
suggest a humble background. A man of working- doctrine which was rejected as heretical by the Council
class background. Cf. femme du peuple. of Nicaea in 325. Cf. homoousion.
homme sensible n.,pl. hommes sensibles [Fr. homme homo legalis n.,pl. homines legates [L. homo person,
person, human being, a man, a male (2); sensible human being, human (2); legalis legal, lawful (1): a
sensitive, impressionable (1): a sensitive man.] A legal human.] Law. A legal person. A lawful human
sensitive or impressionable man. A man of keen sen- being. A person who is legally recognized as a member
sibility. A man of feeling. See homme de coeur. of the community or as a citizen. A person who is
homo n.[L. a person, human being, human.] The human not infamous, nor outlawed nor excommunicated. Cf.
The genus of human beings.
race. probus et legalis homo.
homo aequalis n. [L. homo person, human being, human homologoumena or homologumena pi. n. [Gk.
(2); aequalis equal (1): an equal person.] An egalitar- homo(s) same ( 1 ); logoumena things being said (2):
ian. A member of an egalitarian society, i.e., a society same things being said, things having agreed upon
which observes equality. Cf. homo hierarchicus. or granted.] Christianity. Books of the New Testa-
homo alieni juris n. [L. homo person, human being, ment which from very early times have been recog-
human (1); alieni of another (3); juris of right, law nized as authoritative and biblical.
(2): a person of the law of another.] Law. A person homo ludens n. [L. homo person, human being (2);
under the control of another; e.g., a child who is under ludens playing ( 1 ): playing human being.] A definition
his/her father's authority and, legally, cannot manage of a human being as a creature which plays and jokes.
his/her own affairs. Cf. sui juris. homo mensura omnium [L. homo person, human
homo economicus var. of homo oeconomicus (q.v.). being, human (1); mensura measure (2); omnium
homoeoteleuton var. of homoioteleuton (q.v.). of all (3): the human (is) measure of all.] Human beings
homo erectus n. [L. homo person, human being, human as the measure of all things. A human being is the
(2); erectus erect, upright ( 1 ): erect or upright human.] measure of all things. A doctrine originally expounded
homo oeconomicus 168
by the Greek philosopher Protagoras (c. 481-411 benefits with honoraria from speeches, b) A barrister
B.C.), who said "A human is the measure of all things, intending to practise [in England.] must spend twelve
of things that are, that they are, and of things that are months as a pupil. His fees are an honorarium, and
not, that they are not." The doctrine denies absolute no action lies to recover them (Burke 1976:47).. . .
values, standards, and knowledge, and holds that every- honores mutant mores. [L. honores posts, offices ( 1 );
thing is relative to human judgment. See a chacun mutant change (2); mores manners, habits (3): Posts
son gout. change habits.] High position tends to change a
homo oeconomicus n. [L. homo person, human being, person's character (or attitude).
human (1); oeconomicus of domestic economy (2): honoris causa abbr. H.C. or h.c. adv. Iadj. [L. honoris
a person of domestic economy.] A person connected of honor (2); causa for the sake ( 1 ): for the sake of
with the society of market or monetary economy. honor.] As a token of honor/respect. Applicable to a
homoousion n. [Gk. homo(s) same (1); ousi(a) sub- college or university degree conferred on a person
same substance.] Christianity. A theological
stance (2): who has not actually fulfilled the normal requirements,
doctrine which maintains that Christ and God or the as an honor for meritorious public service. Severalpoli-
Son and the Father are of the same substance. This is ticians who ostentatiously display their doctoral titles
the orthodox doctrine as opposed to the condemned were conferred with the titles honoris causa rather
doctrine of homoiousion (q.v.). than for actual academic accomplishments.
homo sapiens n. [L. homo person, human being, human honoris respectum adv.ladj. [L. honoris of honor (2);
(1); sapiens being wise human being wise.] A
(2): a respectum in respect, consideration (1): in respect
wise human being. Modern-day human beings in re- of honor.] By reason of honor. By reason of privilege.
lation to the process of evolution. Human beings think Used as a reason for disqualification from serving
reflectively and have large, complex brains. Some on a jury. For instance, a Member of Congress who
scholars regard homo sapiens as the immediate pre- is empanelled for jury service may challenge himself/
decessor of the modern human, which they prefer to herself on the ground of privilege.
designate as homo sapiens sapiens. hora n. [Heb. from Gk. choros circular dance.] A cir-
homo sui juris n. [L. homo person, human being, human cular folk dance of Israel and Romania.
( ); sui of one's own, his/her own (2); juris (of) right,
1
horologium n.,pl. horologia [L. from Gk. hor(a) hour,
law (3): a human of one's own law.] Law. A person season ( ) and log(os) word, speech (2): hour speech,
1
under his/her own control; i.e., one who enjoys full something that speaks the hour, a clock.] Timepiece.
civil and social rights, who is not under the authority of An instrument used to tell time.
another person, and who can manage his/her own horresco referens. Vergil (70-19 B.C.). Aeneid ll,204.[L.
affairs. See sui juris. horresco I shudder, am terrified (1); referens report-
homo sum; humani nil a me alienum puto. Terence ing, recounting (2): I shudder recounting.] I shudder
(c. 185-159 B.C.). Heauton TimorumenosU, 25. [L. to recount, relate or report. The encounter with the
homo human being, human (2); sum I am
person, highwayman horresco referens was dreadful.
(1); humani of human (5); nil nothing (4); a from horribile dictu interj. [L. horribile horrible, terrible
(7); me me (8); alienum alien, foreign (6); puto I ( 1 ); dictu in the saying (2): horrible in the saying.] A
consider, regard (3): I am a human being; I regard terrible thing to say. The armed robbers entered the
nothing of human foreign from me.] I am a human house, stole almost everything there and, horribile
being; I consider nothing human as alien to me. dictu, decapitated all the residents.
homunculus n., pi. homunculi [L. a small person, human horror vacui n. [L. horror horror, dread (1); vacui of
being.] A human being in miniature. A dwarf. A empty space (2): horror of empty space.] A horror or
midget. dread of empty space, particularly in art.
honcho n., pi. honchos [Japan, han squad (1); cho hors catalogue adj. [Fr. hors out of, outside ( 1 ); cata-
chief, leader (2): squad chief] Leader. The person logue catalog, price list (2): outside the catalog.] Not
in charge. Used in slang. The head honcho. listed or included in the catalog or price list.
Hon(n)i soit qui mal y pense. [Fr. honni shamed, dis- hors concours abbr. H.C. adv. [Fr. hors out of, out-
honored (1); soit be (2); qui (one) who (3); mal bad, side (1); concours competition, contest (2): outside,
evil (5); y there, of it (6); pense thinks (4): Shamed or out of, competition.] In the mode, style, manner, or
be one who thinks bad of it.] Shame be to him/her fashion of a person or thing which cannot compete.
who thinks evil of it. Motto of the Order of the Garter. Citizens ofthe ostracized country who registeredfor
honorarium n., pi. honoraria or honorariums [L. that the athletic contests were shunned and treated hors
which is honorary, that which is for the sake of* concours. —
adj. 1 Disqualified. Not allowed to com-
.
honor.] An honorary reward or payment, usually pete. Excluded from competition. Not for competition.
given as remuneration for a service which ordinarily Joe cannotplayfor his club this year, for he is twenty
attracts no monetary reward, a) After his retirement years of age and thus hors concours. 2. Supreme.
from service, he supplemented his meager retirement Unrivaled. Unequaled. Peerless. Matchless. Without
169 hybris
rival or equal. There is no point in comparing Moses hotelier or hotelier n., pi. hoteliers or hoteliers [Fr. a
with his colleagues, for he is clearly hors concours. hotelkeeper.] Proprietor of a hotel. Manager of a hotel.
hors de combat adj. /adv. [Fr. hors out of, outside (1); houp-la interj. [Fr. houp hey (1); la there (2): Hey,
de of (2); combat action, combat, fight (3): out of there!] Hey, look at that over there! Used in response
combat, action, or fight.] Disabled. In a weak or dis- to an unusual, sudden, or noteworthy event. — n. A
abled condition. Knocked down. Philip used to be a hullabaloo. An unnecessary disturbance. Let's stop
formidable politician but, now that he is a septua- all this houp-la and get back to work!
genarian, he has declared himself hors de combat houri or huri n., pi. houris or huris [Fr. from Pers.
and counsels young politicians. huri nymph of paradise.] One of the 1. Islam.
hors d'oeuvre n.,pl. hors d'oeuvres or hors d'oeuvre dark-eyed young and perfectly beautiful virgins who
Usually used in the plural. [Fr. hors out of, outside are believed by Muslims to live with the blessed ones
(1) ; d' of (2); oeuvre work (3): outside of the work.] in Paradise. 2. A very charming and beautiful young
An assortment of appetizers. A tasty dish taken at woman.
the beginning of a meal for whetting the appetite. H.R.I.P. abbr. for hie requiescit in pace (q.v.).
hors serie adj. [Fr. hors out of, outside ( 1 ); serie series H.S. abbr. for 1 . hie sepultus (q.v.). 2. hie situs (q.v.).
(2) : outside of the series.] Excluded from the se- H.S.E. abbr. for 1. hie sepultus est (q.v.). 2. hie situs
ries. Not included Added subsequently.
in the series. est (q.v.).
Specially made or manufactured. Used especially in H.T. or h.t. abbr. for hoc titulo (q.v.).
reference to a special issue of a journal or periodical. hubris or hybris n. [Gk. hubris wanton violence caused
hortorium n., pi. hortoria or hortoriums [Neo-L. a by insolence.] Wanton arrogance. Overweening
place for produce.] An institution where specimens pride. Arrogant pride. The kind of sin which begins
of vegetables, fruits, flowers, etc. are collected, with ate (q.v.), leading to the crossing of limits and
nursed, preserved and studied. culminating in the punishment of the culprit, his/her
hosanna or hosannah inter/. [Gk. hOsanna from Heb. fall, overthrow or disgrace, a) // is a common story;
hosa' na': hosa 4 save, deliver (2); na' I pray, please the forger is inevitably brought down by his own
(1): Please save.] Used to shout praise or worship of hubris, or so it appears (Newsweek Int. May 16,
God. — n. A any loud cry of devotion and religious 1 983 : 15). b) // is not mere hubris to argue that Homo
fervor. Sapiens is special insome sense for each species is
hospice n.,pl. hospices [Fr. poorhouse, hospital.] 1. An unique in its own way {Newsweek Int. March 29,
. . .
establishment, usually maintained by a religious order, 1982:44). Cf. sophrosyne.

which provides food and resting-place for travelers. Huis Clos n. [Fr. huis doors (2); clos closed ( 1
): closed
2. Lodging for students, destitutes, young workers, etc., doors.] No Exit, a play by the French existentialist
usually provided by a religious order. 3. Hospital for philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980).
patients on the verge of death. hula n., pi. hulas [Haw.] A dance native to Polynesia
hospitia curiae n., sing, hospitium curiae [L. hospitia and characterized by distinctive movements of the
inns (1); curiae of court (2): inns of court.] Inns of hips, arms, and hands.
the court. Legal inns. Ifone wishes to qualifyfor legal humaniora abbr. hum.pl. n. [L. more humane things.]
practice in England, one must apply to a hospitium The humanities. See humanitas.
curiae for admission. humanitas n. [L. human nature, humanity, civilization,
hospitium n.,pl. hospitia [L. inn.] Lodging. Inn. Hos- cultivating.] Liberal education. Humanities. Study of
tel. Hospice. the liberal arts. The attitude towards the problems of
hostis humani generis n. enemy (1); humani
[L. hostis humanity as well as the morality inculcated by a study
of human (2); generis (of) race, kind (3): an enemy of the humanities. See Geisteswissenschaften;
cf the human race.] Enemy of the human race or of humaniora; and litterae humaniores.
humankind. Applicable, especially, to a pirate. Humanitatum Doctor ahhr. HH.D. // [L. humanitatum
See pirata est etc. of Humanities (2); doctor teacher (1): teacher of
hotel de ville n.,pl. hotels de ville [Fr. hotel mansion, humanities.] Doctor of Humanities. An academic
hotel (1);de of (2); ville town, city (3): mansion of degree, usually honorary, for outstanding work in the
town or city.] City hall. Town hall, especially one in humanities.

Europe in general or in France in particular. When humanum est errare [L. humanum ahuman (thing)
the Mayor of Marseilles warmly welcomed the . . . (3); est is, has been (2); errare to make a mis-
err, to
"hero of Dahomey" General Dodds .... there was take (1): To make a mistake is a human thing.] To
no reaction from the Guesdists who were opposed to err is a human characteristic.
any official reception at the hotel de ville . . . huri n., pi. huris See houri.
(Suret-Canale 1971:124). H.V. or h.v. abbr. for 1 . hoc voce (q.v ). 2. hoc verbo
hotel-Dieu n.,pl. hotels-Dieu [Fr. hotel hotel (1); Dieu (q.v.).
(of) God (2): hotel of God.] God's hotel. A hospital. hybris var. of hubris (q.v.).
Hydra 170
Hydra n. [Gk. Hudra water serpent.] Greek and Roman hypochondria n. [Gk. hupo under, below, beneath ( 1 );
Mythology. A huge monster with many heads which chondr(os) cartilage (2): under the cartilage, the ab-
was killed by Heracles (Hercules). The monster's domen, the soft parts of the body below the cartilage
central head was immortal and, when one of its heads and above the navel.] Medicine. An intense state of
was cut off, it was replaced by two, unless the wound mental and spiritual depression usually related to
was burned with hot iron. The situation in Africa is pathological anxiety about one's physical condition.
like the multi-headed Hydra. As soon as we get one In antiquity the abdomen was believed to be the seat
crisis under control mother pops up {Newsweek Int. of this mental condition. Cf. malade imaginaire.
July 19, 1982:22). —hydra pi. hydras A comply hypodynamia n., pi. hypodynamias [Neo-Gk. from
cated problem or obstacle which produces more dif- Gk. hupo under, below, beneath (1); dynami(s)
ficulties as one solves or eliminates some aspects of power, ability (2): under-ability.] Decrease or reduc-
the problem or obstacle. The nation 's economic prob- tion in power, strength, or ability.
lems, which initially seemed by no means intractable hypostasis n., pi. hypostases [Gk. from hupo under,
to most observers, are proving to be a hydra. '
below (2); stasis standing (1): standing under, founda-
*
hydrophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from hud(o)r water (2); tion.] 1. Philosophy. The foundation or underpinnings
phob(os) fear of ( 1 ): fear of water.] Psychology. 1 . Mor- of reality. 2. Theology. One of the persons of the
bid fear of water. 2. Medicine. Rabies. Trinity, and, especially, the combined divine and
hyp. abbr. for hypothesis (q.v.). human person of Jesus Christ. 3. The settling of objects
hv pa age
11 n.,pl. hy pall ages [Gk. hu pa age interchange,
1 1 in a fluid. 4. An object which has settled in a fluid.
exchange.] Rhetoric. A restructuring of standard word Sediment.

order; e.g., "The book closed he" instead of "He hyposthenia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. hupo under, below,
closed the book." Cf. hyperbaton. beneath (1); sthen(os) strength, might (2): under
hyperbaton n., pi. hyperbatons [Gk. huper, over, strength.] Physical weakness. Lack of strength.
above, in excess (2): bain(o) go, step (1): stepping hypoth. abbr. for hypothesis (q.v.).
over, overstepping.] Rhetoric. A violent change in hypotheque n. [Fr. mortgage.] French Law. Mortgage
the normal order of words for effect or emphasis; on real estate. Hypothecation. The right acquired by
e.g., quern Deus vult perdere, prius dementat (q.v.) a creditor to sell real property, given to him as security,
or "Whom God wants to destroy, He first makes for the satisfaction of the debt, if the debtor should
mad." Cf. hypallage. default.
hyperbole n., pi. hyperboles [Gk. huper bole: huper hypothermia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. hupothermos:
over, above, in excess (2); bole throwing, shooting hupo under, below, beneath (1); thermos warm, hot
(1): shooting over, overshooting, over-strained (2): under hot, less than hot.] Medicine. Drop in the
phrase, excess.] An obvious exaggeration. Extrava- temperature of the body below the normal level.
gant exaggeration, as in representing something as Sometimes induced by artificial means for the pur-
far bigger or smaller than it actually is, or depicting pose of heart surgery. If body temperature falls too
an impossibility as a reality. An extravagant or ex- low, there is a danger of death due to hypothermia
aggerated statement; e.g., "She shed rivers of tears." {Newsweek Int. Feb. 28, 1983:39).
Even allowing/or official hyperbole, the results have hypotheses non fingo Isaac Newton (1642-1727). [L.
been impressive {Newsweek Int. Oct. 19, 1981:45). hypotheses hypotheses, conjectures (3); non not ( 1 );
Cf. litotes and meiosis I shape, mold (2): I do not shape hypotheses.]
fingo
hyperemesis n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. huperemeO: hyper do not make hypotheses.
I
over, above, in excess (2); emeO I vomit (1): I vomit hypothesis abbr. hyp. or hypoth. n., pi. hypotheses
violently.] Medicine. Violent vomiting. Excessive [Gk. hupothesis: hupo under, below, beneath (2):
vomiting. See emesis and hyperemesis gravidarum. thesis placing (1): placing under, supposition, pro-
hyperemesis gravidarum [Neo-Gk huperemesis
n. posal, suggestion, subject proposed for discussion,
violent vomiting (1); L. gravidarum of pregnant the presupposition of an action, premise.] 1 . A ten-
women (2): violent vomiting of pregnant women.] tativelyassumed proposition from which logical or
Medicine. Pregnancy-related excessive vomiting. empirical inferences may be drawn to test its validity
Excessive vomiting in the course of pregnancy which or consistency with facts, a) ... we must acknowledge
usually begins as an exaggerated form of morning that the hypothesis is at present, though not improb-
sickness. able, based on insufficient evidence (Jaeger 1 970: 1 93).
hyphaeresis n., pi. hyphaereses [Gk. hupairesis: b)As long as excavations continue, our knowledge
hup(o) under, below, beneath (2); (h)airesis taking ofprehistory is, at best, a working hypothesis to be
(1): a taking away from under, an omission.] Lin- constantly tested as archaeology unearths new evi-
guistics. The omission of a letter, sound, or syllable dence. 2. An assumption or supposition made in the
in a word; e.g., "di'mond" for "diamond." course, and for the sake, of argument. 3. Rhetoric.
171 hysteropotmos
The "if clause, i.e., the antecedent clause in a con- hysteropotmos n., pi. hysteropotmoi [Gk. huster-
ditional statement. See protasis. Cf. apodosis. opotmos: husteron later, latter (1); potmos fate,
hysteron proteron n. [Gk. husteron later, latter ( 1 ); death (2): later fate, a person supposed dead who reap-
proteron former (2): latter former.] 1. Rhetoric. A pears alive.] A person who, after being presumed dead,
figure of speech in which the natural, logical, or rational surprisingly comes home after a long period of absence.
order is reversed; e.g., "They ate and cooked their meal A person who, after being presumed killed in battle,
very quickly." 2. Logic. A fallacy in which what should escapes from captivity and surprisingly returns home.
follow from what is proved is taken as the premise.
I
I. abbr. for 1. imperator (q.v.). 2. imperatrix (q.v.). id certum estquod certum reddi potest, sed id magis
3. imperium (q.v.). certum estquod de semetipso est certum. [L. id
LA. or i.a. abbr. for 1. in absentia (q.v.). 2. inter alia that ( 1 ); certum certain, definite (3); est is (2); quod
(q.v.). which (4); certum certain, definite (7); reddi to be
iacet hie abbr. I.H. or i.h. See hie iacet. made, rendered (6); potest can, is able (5); sed but
ibidem abbr. Ibid, or lb. adv. [L. in the same place.] (8); id that (9); magis more, rather (11); certum cer-
In thesame place. In the same book, article, or work. tain, definite (12); est is (10); quod which (13); de
On the same page or pages. Used in footnotes to avoid of, from, about, for (14); semetipso itself, its own
repeating source data such as author, title, and other self (15); est is (16); certum certain, definite (17):
information indicated in an immediately preceding That is certain which can be made certain, but that is
footnote. more certain which of itself is certain.] Law. What

I.C. abbr. for Jesus Christus (q.v.). can be made certain is certain, but what is certain of
Ich kann nicht anders. Martin Luther (1483-1546) at itself is more certain. For shorter form, see preced-
Diet of Worms (1521). [Ger. Ich I ( 1 ); kann can (2); ing maxim. See also certum est quod etc.
nicht no, not (3); anders other (4): I can no other.] I idee fixe n., pi. idees fixes [Fr. idee idea, thought (2);
cannot do anything else. I have no other viable op- fixe fixed (1): a fixed idea.] A set idea. An obses-
tion or alternative. My hands are tied. See Hier stehe sion. Throughout May one notion was de
'68 that
ich etc. Gaulle 's idee fixe and it finally brought him down
ichor n. [Gk. ichOr immortal blood.] Greek and Roman {Newsweek Int. March 24, 1980:1 1).
Mythology. The blood of the immortal gods. idem abbr. id. pron. [L. the same (thing).] 1. Usually
icon n., pi. icons [Gk. eikOn likeness, image, repre- used in bibliographies so as not to mention the name
sentation, semblance.] I. An image. A symbol. A of an author and title of a book when one reference
representation.A sacred image. Her yellow ribbon to it 2. Law. Used with
immediately follows another.
headband had become a hostage icon, and cultural the connotation of agreement. The two parties could
officer Kathryn Koob wore it proudly when she not enter into a binding contract because they were
stepped off the plane {Newsweek Int. Feb. 2,
. . . not at idem. See ad idem.
1981:23). 2. An idol. Something which is given un- idem agens et patiens esse non potest. [L. idem the
critical devotion. same (person) (1); agens the one doing (5); et and
ictus abbr. for jurisconsultus (q.v ). (6); patiens the one suffering (7); esse to be (4); non
id. abbr. for idem (q.v.). not (3); potest can, is able (2): The same person can-
id n.,pl. ids [L. it.] Psychology. An individual's primi- not be the one doing and the one suffering.] The same
tive, inherited, unconscious, or instinctive impulses. person cannot perform two opposing functions; i.e.,
I.D.A. abbr. for Immortalis Dei Auspicio (q.v.). plaintiff and defendant, physician and patient, etc.
id certum est quod certum reddi potest. [L. id that idem est facere, et non prohibere cum possis; et qui
(1); certum certain, definite (3); est is (2); quod non prohibet, cum prohibere possit, in culpa est
which (4); certum certain, definite (7); reddi to be (aut jubet). [L. idem the same (8); est it is (7); facere
made, rendered (6); potest can, is able (5).] Law. That to do (1); et and (2); non not (3); prohibere to pre-
is certain which can be made certain. For fuller form, vent (4); cum when (5); possis you can, are able (6);
see next maxim. See also certum est quod etc. et and (9); qui (he) who ( 1 0); non not ( 1 1 ); prohibet
173 id quod nostrum
prevents (12); cum when ( 13); prohibere to prevent word in a document by no means invalidates the in-
(15); possit he can, is able ( 1 4); in in, on ( 1 7); culpa strument; e.g., Mohammed for Muhammad. — v. To
fault, error, blame, guilt, failure ( 1 8); est is ( 1 6); aut sound the same. When we let in direct evidence of
or (19); jubet orders, commands
"To do" and (20): intenton the question of who or what is meant by a
"not to prevent" when you can is the same thing; and proper name, I still stick to my old explanation that
he who does not prevent when he can prevent is in by the theory ofspeech the proper name means only
fault (or orders it).] Law. Committing an offense and one person or thing though it may idem sonans with
not preventing it when one is in a position to prevent another proper name . . . (per J. Holmes, Holmes-
it are one and the same thing. A person who does not Pollock Letters 1941 Vol. 1:90, quoted by Megarry
prevent an offense when he is in a position to do so 1955:264). Cf. falsa demons t ratio non nocet.
isblameworthy (or does the same as a person who idem velle atque idem nolle, ea demum firma
orders the offense). See qui non improbat, amicitia est. Sallust (86-34 B.C.). Catiline 20. [L.
approbat. idem the same (thing) (2); velle to wish, desire (1);
idem est nihil dicerc, et insufficienter dicere. [L. idem atque and (3); idem the same (thing) (5); nolle not
the same (7); est is (6); nihil nothing (2); dicere to to wish, desire (4); ea that (6); demum indeed, cer-
say (1); et and (3); insufficienter insufficiently, in- tainly, in fact (7); firma true, lasting, enduring (9);
adequately (5); dicere to say (4): To say nothing and amicitia friendship ( 1 0); est is (8): To desire the same
to say it insufficiently is the same.] Law. Saying thing and not to desire the same thing that, indeed, is
nothing and saying it insufficiently are one and the true friendship.] Having the same desires and the
same thing. Applicable to prisoner's plea. same dislikes — that, indeed, is true friendship.
idem est non esse, et non apparere. [L. idem the id est abbr. i.e. [L. id that ( 1 ); est is (2): that is.] That is
same (7); est it is (6); non not (1); esse to exist, be to say.
(2); et and (3); non not (4); apparere to appear (5): id genus omne [L. id it, that (2); genus kind, class,
Not to exist and not to appear is the same.] Law. sort, race, species (3); omne all (1): all that kind.]
Not to exist and not to appear are one and the same All that sort.
thing; i.e., facts not appearing during proceedings idioglossia n., pi. idioglossias [Neo-Gk. from Gk.
are regarded as nonexistent. See de non etc. and idio(s) peculiar, personal, one's own (1); gloss(a)
quod non apparet etc. tongue, language (2): of peculiar or distinct lan-
idem est non probari et non esse; non deficit jus, guage.] Such poor pronunciation of words that one
sed probatio. [L. idem the same (7); est is (6); non seems to be using a language which is known to no
not (1); probari to be proved (2); et and (3); non not one other than the speaker. Cf. idiolalia.
(4); esse to be, exist (5); non not (9); deficit fails, is idiolalia n., pi. idiolalias [Neo-Gk. from Gk. idio(s)
wanting (10); jus right, law (8); sed but (11); peculiar, personal, one's own ( 1 ); lalia talk, chat (2):
probatio proof (12): Not to be proved and not to peculiar talk.] Idioglossia (q.v.).
existis the same; the law does not fail, but proof.] idiot savant n.,pl. idiots savants or idiot savants [Fr.
Law. Something which is not proved and something idiot idiot (2); savant learned, skillful (1): learned
which does not exist are one and the same thing. The idiot.] A person who, generally, is mentally deficient
fault is not with the law but with the proof. but is inexplicably brilliant in one particular field.
idem est scire aut scire debere aut potuisse. [L. idem I.D.N, abbr. for in Dei nomine (q.v.).
the same (3); est is (2); scire to know ( 1 ); aut either idoneus homo n.,pl. idonei homines [L. idoneus suit-
(4); scire to know (8); debere to be under obliga- able, capable, responsible (1); homo person, human
tion, be bound (5); aut or (6); potuisse to have been being (2): a suitable/ responsible person.] Civil and
able (7): To know is the same as either to be under Common Law. A solvent or responsible person. A
obligation or to have been able to know.] Law. Either lawful and upright person.
being under obligation to know or being able to know id possumus quod de jure possumus. [L. id that (2);
is same as knowing.
the possumus we can (1); quod which (3); de of, from,
idem per idem n. [L. idem the same ( ); per through 1
about, for (4); jure right, law (5); possumus we can
(2); idem the same (3): the same through the same.] A (6): We can do that which from law we can do.] We
kind of illustration which makes no real addition to are permitted to do that which we are lawfully per-
the determination of the question under consideration. mitted to do.
idem quod abbr. I.Q. or i.q. pron. [L. idem the same id quod erat demonstrandum abbr. I.Q.E.D. [L. id
(1); quod which, as (2): the same as.] The same as. that( ); quod which (2); erat was (3); demonstrandum
1
Namely. to be proved, established (4): that which was to be

idem sonans adj. [L. idem
same (2); sonans sound-
the proved.] Mathematics and Logic. That which had to
ing ( 1 ): Of the same sound.
sounding the same.] Law. be proved.
Applicable to a rule that the wrong spelling of a maid quod nostrum est sine facto nostro ad alium
terial word but with the same sound as the intended transferri non potest. [L. id that (1); quod which
id solum nostrum 174
(2) ; nostrum ours (4); est is (3); sine without (10); Ignorance of the fact excuses.] Law. Contracts made
facto deed, act, fact (12); nostro our (1 1); ad to, at, and things done when one is ignorant of a material
for, according to (8); alium another (9); transferri fact are invalid. See regula est etc.
to be transferred (7); non not (6); potest can, is able ignorantia facti excusat; ignorantia juris non
(5): That which is ours cannot be transferred to an- excusat. [L. ignorantia ignorance (1); facti of fact
other without our action.] Law. What is ours cannot (2); excusat excuses (3); ignorantia ignorance (4);
be transferred to another person without our action. juris of right, law (5); non not (6); excusat excuses
See quod meum est etc. (7): Ignorance of fact excuses; ignorance of law does
id solum nostrum quod debitis deductis nostrum not excuse.] Law. Ignorance of fact is a good ex-
est. [L. id that (1); solum alone (2); nostrum ours cuse, but ignorance of the law is no valid excuse.
(3) quod which (4); debitis with debts (7); deductis
;
See regula est etc. Cf. lex succurrit ignoranti.
(with) having been deducted, subtracted (8); nos- ignorantia judicis foret calamitas innocentis. [L. ig-
trum ours (6); est'is (5): That alone is ours which norantia ignorance (1); judicis of judge (2); foret
is ours, with the debts having been deducted.] Law. would be (3); calamitas disaster, calamity (4);
What is solely ours is what is ours after debts have innocentis of the innocent (5): Ignorance of a judge
been deducted. would be a disaster of the innocent.] Law. Ignorance
i.e. abbr. for id est (q.v.). on the part of the judge would be a disaster for the
Iesus Christus var. of Jesus Christus (q.v.). innocent.
Iesus Hominum Salvator abbr. I.H.S. var. of Jesus ignorantia juris baud excusat. [L. ignorantia igno-
Hominum Salvator (q.v.). rance (1); juris of right, law (2); haud not, by no
Iesus Mundi Salvator abbr. I.M.S. var. of Jesus means (3); excusat excuses (4): Ignorance of the law
Mundi Salvator (q.v.). by no means excuses.] Law. Ignorance of the law is
Iesus Salvator Mundi abbr. I.S.M. var. of Jesus not a valid excuse. See regula est etc.
Salvator Mundi (q.v ). ignorantia juris neminem excusat. [L. ignorantia ig-
igloo n., pi. igloos [Inuit house.] A temporary Inuit norance ( 1 ); juris of right, law (2); neminem no one,
dwelling, usually dome-shaped and made out of nobody (4); excusat excuses (3): Ignorance of the law
packed snow, excuses nobody.] Law. No one is excused from the
ign. abbr. for ignotus (q.v.). law because of ignorance. See regula est etc.
ignis fatuus n.,pl. ignes fatui [L. ignis fire (2); fatuus ignorantia juris non excusat. [L. ignorantia igno-
foolish, silly (1): foolish fire.] Will-of-the-wisp. 1. A rance (1); juris of right, law (2); non not (3);
phosphorescent light which appears sometimes in the excusat excuses (4): Ignorance of the law does not
night, usually in marshy places. 2. A deceptive ideal, excuse.] Law. Ignorance of the law is no excuse.
purpose, goal or objective. Something that is decep- See regula est etc.
tive or misleading. Anybody who is looking for the ignorantia juris quod quisque scire tenetur non
ignis fatuus of a marriage without disagreements is excusat. [L. ignorantia ignorance (1); juris of
obviously not ready for wedlock. right, law (2); quod which (3); quisque each one
ignoramus n., pi. ignoramuses [L. We are ignorant. (4); scire to know (6); tenetur is bound, under
We do not know.] 1 Law. An endorsement which in
. obligation (5); non not (7); excusat excuses (8):
former times a grand jury wrote on a bill of indict- Ignorance of the law which each one is bound to
ment when it deemed the accusation groundless or know does not excuse.] Law. Ignorance of a/the
the evidence inadequate to support the accusation. law which everyone is bound to know is no valid
No Not a true bill. 2. A very ignorant person.
bill. excuse. See regula est etc.
Dunce. Though Mr. Smith is an ignoramus, he puts ignorantia juris quod quisque tenetur scire,
on the airs of a learned and erudite person. neminem excusat. [L. ignorantia ignorance (1);
ignorantia eorum quae quis scire tenetur non juris of right, law (2); quod which (3); quisque each
excusat. [L. ignorantia ignorance (1); eorum of one (4); tenetur is bound, under obligation (5); scire
those (things) (2); quae which (3); quis one (4); scire to know (6); neminem nobody, no one (8); excusat
to know (6); tenetur is bound, obligated (5); non excuses (7): Ignorance of a/the law which everybody
not (7); excusat excuses (8): Ignorance of those is bound to know excuses nobody.] Law. Ignorance
things which one bound to know does not excuse.]
is of a law which everyone is bound to know does not
Law. Ignorance of what one must know is not an excuse anyone. See regula est etc.
excuse. ignorantia juris sui non praejudicat juri. [L. igno-
ignorantia facti n. [L. ignorantia ignorance (1); facti rantia ignorance (1); juris (of) right, law (3); sui of
of deed, act, fact (2): ignorance of fact.] Law. Igno- one's (2); non not (5); praejudicat prejudices (4);
rance of a material fact. See regula est etc. juri right, law (6): Ignorance of one's right does not
ignorantia facti excusat. [L. ignorantia ignorance prejudice the right.] Law. Ignorance of one's right is
(1); facti of deed, act, fact (2); excusat excuses (3): not detrimental to the right.
175 II Maestro
ignorantia lectionis et linguae n. [L. ignorantia ig- notknow himself.] He knows the world but does not
norance ( 1 ); lectionis of reading (2); et and (3); lin- know himself. See gnothi seauton.
guae of language (4): ignorance of reading and of II Duce n. [It. il the (1); duce leader (2): the leader.]
language.] Law. Ignorance of written and spoken lan- The Dictator. Benito Mussolini's title. "Mussjolini . . .
guage. the Social Fascist, " a full-length study that portrays

ignorantia legis neminem excusat. [L. ignorantia II Duce as a pioneering socialist (Newsweek Int. Aug.
ignorance (1); legis of law (2); neminem nobody, 1, 1983:21). Cf. Duce.
no one (4); excusat excuses (3): Ignorance of the II faut cultiver notre jardin. Voltaire (1694-1778).
law excuses no one.] Law. Ignorance of the law does Candide 30. [Fr. il it (1); faut is necessary (2);
not excuse anybody. See regula est etc. cultiver to farm, cultivate, till (3); notre our (4);
ignorantia legis non excusat. [L. ignorantia ignorance jardin garden (5): It is necessary to till our garden.]
(1); legis of law (2); non not (3); excusat excuses We must till (or cultivate) our own garden; i.e., we
(4): Ignorance of the law does not excuse.] Law. Ig- must tend to our own affairs.
norance of the law is no excuse. See regula est etc. il gran rifluto Dante Alighieri (1265-1321). Inferno
ignorantia praesumitur ubi scientia non probatur. 111,60. [It. il the (1); gran great, large (2); rifiuto
[L. ignorantia ignorance praesumitur is pre- (1); refusal, denial (3): the great refusal.] The great denial.
sumed (2); ubi where, when (3); scientia knowledge Cf. gran refiuto.
(4); non not (5); probatur is proved (6): Ignorance illicit urn collegium n., pi. illicita collegia [L. illicitum
is presumed when knowledge is not proved.] Law. illegal, illicit (1); collegium corporation, association
Ignorance is presumed where there is no proof of (2): an illegal corporation.] An organization operat-
knowledge. ing illegally. The illicitum collegium had no business
ignorare legis est lata culpa. [L. ignorare to be igno- complaining about the fraud committed by its ac-
rant (1); legis of law (2); est is (3); lata gross, serious countant.
(4); culpa fault, error, blame, guilt, failure (5): To be ills mors gravis incubat / qui notus nimis omnibus /
ignorant of the law is serious fault/neglect.] Law. ignotus moritur sibi. Seneca "The Younger" (c.4
Ignorance of the law is a serious fault. See culpa lata. B.C.-65 A.D.). Thyestes 401^03. [L. MM that per-
ignoratio elenchi n. [L. ignoratio ignorance (1); son (4); mors death (3); gravis heavy, burdensome
elenchi of proof (2): ignorance of proof] 1. Logic. (1) ; incubat lies upon, rests on (2); qui who (5);
Ignorance of proof. A fallacy which involves sup- notus known (6); nimis too much, excessively (7);
posing that by arguing to settle a different issue, one omnibus to all (8); ignotus unknown (10); moritur
has settled the point at issue. 2. An argument which dies (9); sibi to himself/herself (11): Heavy lies
is irrelevant. death upon that person who, known too much to /
ignotum per ignotius n. [L. ignotum unknown, unfa- all, / dies unknown to himself/herself.] Death lies
miliar (thing) ( 1 ); per through (2); ignotius more un- heavily upon him/her who, though known too much
known or unfamiliar (thing) (3): unknown thing to all others, dies unknown to himself/herself.
through the more unknown thing.] The unknown See gnothi seauton.
through the more unknown. Attempting to explain illud quod alias licitum non est necessitas facit
what unknown by making reference to what is even
is licitum; et necessitas inducit privilegium quoad
more unknown. He is an incompetent teacher who jura privata. [L. illud that (1); quod which (2); alias
usually confuses students by resorting to ignotum per at other times, otherwise (3); licitum permitted, lawful,
ignotius. Cf. obscurum per obscurius. allowed (6); non not (5); est is (4); necessitas neces-
I.H. or i.h. abbr. for iacet hie (q.v.). sity (7); facit makes (8); licitum permitted, lawful
ihram n. [Ar. Mhram prohibited.] Islam. 1. The state (9); et and (10); necessitas compulsion, urgency,
of personal preparation and self-denial, including necessity (11); inducit introduces ( 1 2); privilegium
sexual abstinence, during a pilgrimage. 2. The double a special enactment, privilege (13); quoad as far as
piece of cotton clothing worn by such a pilgrim. (14); jura rights, laws ( 1 6); privata private ( 1 5): That
IHS abbr. for Iesous [Gk. Iesous from Heb. Jehosua which at other times is not lawful compulsion makes
or Joshua God is salvation.] Jesus. The capital letter lawful; and compulsion introduces a privilege as far
"H" represents the Greek capital letter eta. as private rights.] Law. Necessity makes lawful what
ikebana n. [Japan, from ikeru to arrange (2); hana otherwise is unlawful; and necessity introduces a
flower (1): flower arranging.] The Japanese art of privilege as far as private rights are concerned.
floral arranging. See necessitas quod etc.
II connait Punivers et ne se connait pas. Jean de la illuminati //., sing, illuminato [It. the illuminated or
Fontaine (1621-1695). Fables 8. [Fr. il he (1); lighted.] Those who are, or claim to be, exception-
connait knows (2); 1' the (3); univers world, uni- ally enlightened.
verse (4); et and (5); ne . . . pas not (7); se himself II Maestro n. [It. il the (1); maestro master, great artist
(8); connait knows (6): He knows the world and does (2) : the master.] The great artist. His film-making
II ne faut pas 176
prowess has earned [Federico Fellini] the sobriquet position/location; i.e., immovable things belong to
"II Maestro". {Newsweek Int. March 12, 1979:57).

. . the placewhere they are found.
See maestro. Immortalis Dei Auspicio abbr. I.D.A. [L. immortalis
II ne faut pas etre plus royaliste que le roi. [Fr. il it of immortal (2); Dei (of) God (3); Auspicio by the
(1); ne . . . pas not (3); faut is necessary (2); etre to guidance, will (1): by the will of immortal God.] By
be (4); plus more (5); royaliste royalist (6); que than the guidance or will of immortal God.
(7); le the (6); roi king (9): It is necessary not to be imp. abbr. for imperator (q.v.) or imprimatur (q.v.).
more royalist tha« the king.] One should not be more impasse n., pi. impasses [Fr. blind alley, dilemma,
royalist than the king. See plus royaliste que etc. deadlock.] 1. A blind alley. A dead end. 2. A dead-
II Papa n. [It. il the (1); Papa Pope (2): the Pope.] The lock. An apparently insoluble problem. A difficulty
Pope. The Supreme Pontiff of the Roman Catholic for which there no easy solution or escape, a) An
is
Church. After declaring his joy at being back at the independent state is the one and only solution I
. . .
altar Papa exuberantly descended

of St. Peter 's, II will accept to the Palestinian impasse {Time
into the square to bless his flock {Newsweek Int Oct. Int. 1980). b) By the time Daniel left the office of the
19, 1981:55). Director, they had reached an impasse, as the latter

II Trovatore n. [It. il the ( 1 ); trovatore troubadour, stroll- seemed either unable or unwilling to correct a glaring
ing minstrel (2): the troubadour.] "The Troubadour," mistake. Cf. cul-de-sac.
an 1853 opera by Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901). Cf. impedimenta pi. n. [L. hindrances, impediments.] An
troubadour. obstacle to the completion of a task or journey. Trav-
imago n., pi. imagines or imagoes [L. image, concep- eling equipment. Luggage. The tired traveler happily
tion, idea, copy, representation.] 1. A mature, adult, deposited all his impedimenta at the residence of his
sexually developed insect. 2. Psychology, a) An ideal- fiend, giving instructions that his children would come
ized concept of a parent formed in infancy and retained to collect them.
in the unconscious mind during adulthood, b) An ide- imperator abbr. I. or imp. n.,pl. imperators [L. com-
alized conception of anybody, including oneself. mander, general, emperor.] Emperor. Commander.
imam or Imam n., pi. imams or Imams [Ar. imam General. Supreme leader.
leader.] Islam. Any one of a number of religious, politi- imperatrix abbr. I. or impx. »., pi. imperatrices [L.
cal, or intellectual leaders in an Islamic community. female commander or general, empress.] Empress.
imbroglio or embroglio n.,pl. imbroglios or embroglios imperio rationis adv. [L. imperio with command, order
[It mess, muddle.] 1. A pile of disorganized material. (1); rationis of reason (2): with command of reason.]
He is an untidy official whose desk is alwaysfilled with With the command of reason. Listening to the voice of
an imbroglio offiles, papers, letters, pamphlets and reason. Admittedly, the actions ofmen in authoritative
books. 2. A state of affairs which is difficult, compli- positions are governed by regulations, but sometimes
cated, and confusing or one which causes embarassment, they must act with discretion and imperio rationis.
misunderstanding, or argument. The Syrian ambassa- imperitia culpae adnumeratur. [L. imperitia in-
dor in Britain, who was sent packing in the experience, ignorance (1); culpae blame, fault (3);
British-Syrian imbroglio . . . {The Guardian 1986). adnumeratur is reckoned, counted with (2): Inex-
Imitatio Christi [L. imitatio imitation (1); Christi perience is counted with a fault.] Inexperience (or
of Christ (2): imitation of Christ.] Imitation of lack of skill) is considered to be a fault. The rule
Christ, a religious treatise by Thomas a Kempis imperitia culpae adnumeratur is just as true in En-
(1380-1471). glish law as in Roman law (Rogers 1975:62).
immeubles pi. n. [Fr. immovable or fixed things.] imperium imperia or imperiums [L. supreme
n.,pl.
French Law. Res immobiles (q. v. ). Bona immobilia authority, command, empire.] 1. Absolute/supreme
(q.v.). Property regarded as immovable. There are power, especially over a large area. Empire. The
three kinds: things which by their very nature cannot territory/area over which supreme power or regulatory
be moved, such as landed property or real estate; control is exercised. The British can neverforget their
things which by their purpose or destination are not glorious days when they exercised imperium over vast
to be removed from the property (e.g., agricultural portions ofthe world. 2. Regulatory control or powers.
implements and other things supplied by the land- After the suit, he relinquished every imperium over
lord); and things which are annexed to something the disputed land. 3. The right to command. The right
else and so cannot be detached or moved away (e.g., of jurisdiction. Sovereignty. Executive power. The
easements). Cf. biens meubles. Head of State exercises imperium over the entire
immobilia situm sequuntur. [L. immobilia immov- country. 4. Roman Law. Imperium also means the
able (things) ( 1 ); situm site, position, location (3); power to hear cases and deliver judgments.
sequuntur follow (2): immovable things follow imperium in imperio n. [L. imperium power, gov-
the location.] Law. Immovable things follow their ernment, sovereignty (1); in in, on (2); imperio
177 in absentia
power, government, sovereignty (3): power in group, a concert company, an opera, etc. Behind even-
power.] Government in government. Power within great rock star stands a great impresario. Elvis had
power. Sovereignty within sovereignty. A state in afed- and the Beatles had Brian Epstein
the Colonel, . . .
eral republic is, so to speak, an imperium in imperio. (Newsweek Int. June 22, 1981:51).
impetitio vasti n. [L. impetitio impeachment (1); imprimatur abbr. imp. n.,pl. imprimaturs [L. Let it
vasti of waste (2): impeachment of waste.] Law. be printed, marked, stamped.] 1. A license or per-
Impeachment for abuse, destruction, deterioration, mission granted by some countries and churches, and
mismanagement, alteration, etc. of estate, houses, especially by the Roman Catholic Church, for printing
land, garden, etc. by a tenant or a person rightfully or publishing a book. Approval of publication in
in charge of the property. countries where there is censorship. 2. A publisher's
impetus n., pi. impetus or impetuses [L. assault, at- name and address as well as date of the book's pub-
tack.] 1. A driving force. Security agents are trying lication often placed at the bottom of the title page.
to determine the impetus behind the organization 3. Approval. Sanction. Mark of approval, a) . . . the
whose clandestine activities are under investigation. film 's bold imprimatur ofcolonialism (H.O. Ekwuazi
2. Incentive. Encouragement. The student's poor per- in West Africa 1985). b) And the project had the im-
formance is attributable to lack of impetus to study. primatur of m/g/?fv Time Inc. (Newsweek Int. May
. . .
imponderabilia pi. n. [L. unweighable, imponderable 16, 1983:15).
things.] Imponderables. Issues, factors or con- imprimis adv. [L. with the first (things).] Among the
siderations which cannot be weighed or evaluated. first.
The question hinged on various imponderabilia. impromptu adj. [Fr. without preparation.] Done,
impossibilium nulla obligatio est. [L. impossibilium arranged, formed, improvised, composed, spoken,
of impossible (things) (4); nulla no (2); obligatio etc. without previous preparation, on the spur of the
obligation (3); est there is ( 1 ): There is no obligation moment, hastily, extemporaneously, offhand, a) An
of impossible things.] Law. No one is obliged to do impromptu meeting was convened to discidss the unex-
the impossible. See impotentia excusat legem. pected emergency, b) The President held an impromptu
impotentia coeundi n. [L. impotentia inability, news conference. —
adv. Extemporaneously. On the
weakness (1); coeundi of associating, combining spur of the moment. Without previous preparation,
(2): inability of associating.] Medicine. Inability study, rehearsal, consideration, etc. His brilliance,
to have sexual intercourse. Difficulty in having intelligence, and erudition are manifested by his ability
sexual intercourse. See anaphrodisia. to lecture impromptu on a wide range of topics. n., —
impotentia excusat legem. [L. impotentia helpless- pi. impromptus 1. Something done, arranged,
ness, impossibility (1); excusat excuses (2); legem formed, said, composed, etc. without preparation, on
law (3): Helplessness excuses law.] Law. Impossi- the spur of the moment, extemporaneously, hastily,
bility of satisfying an obligation imposed by a law is offhand. 2. Music. A short composition, especially
a valid excuse. Where a party through no fault on for the piano, which is intended to give the impression
his/her part cannot perform an obligation imposed of being an improvisation. This humorous impromptu
by the law, he/she is generally excused by the law. was misconstrued as a mark of perverseness. — v.
See A Timpossible argumentum ab

etc.; tr. To improvise. To do, arrange, form, say or com-
impossibili plurimum etc.; argumentum ab pose on the spur of the moment.
impossibili valet etc.; casus fortuitus etc.; impunitas semper ad deteriora invitat. [L. impunitas
impossibilium nulla etc.; lex neminem cogit ad etc.; lack of punishment, impunity ( 1
semper always (2);
);
lex nil frustra jubet; lexnon cogit etc.; lex non ad to, at, for, according to (4); deteriora worse
intendit non praecipit etc.; nemo tenetur
etc.; lex (things) (5); invitat invites (3): Lack of punishment
ad impossibile; and quod vanum etc. always invites to worse Impunity always
things.]
impotentia generandi n. [L. impotentia inability, serves as an invitation to commit worse crimes.
weakness (1); generandi of procreating, reproducing See interest reipublicae ne etc.; maleficia non
(2): inability for procreating.] Medicine. Inability to debent etc.; minatur innocentibus etc.; spes
reproduce. Applicable to both men and women. impunitatis etc.; and ut poena etc. Cf. qui parcit
See agenesia. Cf. anaphrodisia. nocentibus etc.
impresa n.,pl. impresas [It. undertaking.] A family or impx. abbr. for imperatrix (q.v .).
personal standard or emblem, usually consisting of I.M.S. abbr. for Iesus Mundi Salvator (q.v ).
symbolic images and a motto. in absentia abbr. I.A. or i.a. adv. [L. in in, on (1);
impresario n., pi. impresari or impresarios [It. one absentia absence (2): in absence.] During absence.
who undertakes.] 1. Producer, manager, director or When/though absent. The fugitive who was charged
conductor. 2. A promoter. One who handles the busi- with the theft of a colossal sum of state funds was
ness transactions of a performer, singer, musical sentenced to fifteen years imprisonment ' in absentia.
in abstracto 178
in abstracto adv. [L. in in, on (1); abstracto the ab- in alta proditione nullus potest esse accessorius sed
stract (2): in the abstract.] From/in the abstract point principalis solummodo. [L. in in, on (1); alta high
of view. The disputant insisted that the question could (2); proditione treason (3); nullus no (one) (6);
not be settled in abstracto. potest there can, is able (4); esse to be (5); accesso-
in actu adv. [L. in in, on (1); actu act, deed (2): in rius accessory (7); sed but (8); principalis principal
deed.] In reality. In application. Theoretically, the (10); solummodo only (9): In high treason no one
concept is practical; in actu, I am less certain. can be accessory but only principal.] Law. In cases
in adversum adj 'idv. [L. in into, to, against, for(l); of high treason, there can be no accessory but only a
adversum hostile, adverse (person) (2): against a hos- principal.
tile person.] Against an unwilling, hostile, or adverse in ambiguis orationibus maxime sententia spectanda
person. Done without consent. est ejus qui eas protulisset. [L. in in, on (1);
in aemu lationem vicini or inemula tionem vicini adj. ambiguis ambiguous, doubtful (2); orationibus
adv. [L. in into, to, against, for (1); aemulationem speeches, expressions (3); maxime especially, par-
rivalry, competition (2); vicini of neighbor (3): in ticularly (10); sententia purpose (4); spectanda to
rivalry of a neighbor.] Law. In dislike of a neighbor. be considered (11); est is (9); ejus of him/her, the
In hatred of a neighbor. In envy of a neighbor. An one (5); qui who (6); eas them (8); protulisset had
act done in aemulationem vicini is one done with the published, uttered (7): In ambiguous expressions the
sole purpose of hurting another person. purpose of the one who had uttered them is espe-
in aequali jure adv. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); aequali equal (2); cially to be considered.] In ambiguous expressions
jure right, law (3): in equal right.] In equal justice. we should consider, first and foremost, the purpose
in aequali jure melior est conditio possidentis. [L. of the person who uttered them.
in in, on (1); aequali equal (2); jure right, law (3); in ambiguo adv. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); ambiguo doubt, uncer-
melior better (7); est is (6); conditio condition (4); tainty (2): in doubt.] With misgivings. In uncertainty.
possidentis of the one possessing (5): In equal right The prosecutor sought an adjournment in the case
the condition of the one possessing is better.] Law. because he found himself in ambiguo. See in dubio.
In matters relating to equal right, the condition of the inamorato orfern, inamorata n.,pl. inamoratos oxfern.
party in possession of the disputed object is better; inamoratas [It. innamorato one inspired with love.]
i.e., possession by
itself is adequate title and suffices A lover. A person with whom one is in love. A person
against anybody who does not have a better title. Pos- with whom one has an intimate affair. A sweetheart.
session is nine tenths of the law. See cum de lucro inane adj. [L. empty, void, worthless, useless.] 1 . Insub-
etc.; cum par delictum etc.; favorabiliores rei etc.; stantial. Empty. She disappeared into inane space.
in pari causa possessor etc.; in pari delicto, potior 2. Silly. Insignificant. Empty. Shallow. Senseless.
est conditio possidentis; melior est conditio Ben either made no contributions to the delibera-
possidentis, ubi etc.; melior est conditio tions of the committee or made inane comments.
possidentis, et rei etc.; non possessori etc.; potior inane nomen n. [L. inane empty, useless, worthless
est conditio defendentis; potior est conditio (1); nomen name (2): an empty name.] An empty,
possidentis; and quum de lucro etc. useless, or worthless name. An empty title. On the
in aequali manu adv. [in in, on (1); aequali equal (2); surface, he is the head of the unit but, in reality, it is
manu hand (3): in equal hand.] Law. In the posses- an inane nomen, for he has no power of initiative or
sion of an impartial party. Ifparties to an instrument discretion, being merely a puppet under remote con-
deposit it with a third person to be kept on certain trol by unscrupulous potentates.
conditions, the instrument is described as being held in antis n. [L. in in, on (1); antis rows (2): in rows.]
in aequali manu. Architecture. A building style, popular in 19th-century
in aeternum adv. [L. in into, to, against, for (1); England, in which a colonnade is created by extending
aeternum perpetuity (2): into/for perpetuity.] For the side walls out beyond the front wall.
ever. A bequest under a will is meant to benefit the in aperta luce adv. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); aperta open, clear,
donee in aeternum. unclouded (2); luce light (3): in clear light.] In broad
in alieno solo adv. [L. in in, on (1); alieno of another, daylight. In the daytime. The bank robbery took place
another's (2); solo ground, soil, land (3): in the land in aperta luce.
of another.] On another's land. An unlawful activity in arbitrium judicis adv. [L. in into, to, against, for
in alieno solo may lead to a charge of trespass. (1); arbitrium judgment, decision, opinion (2); ju-
in alio loco adv. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); alio another (2); loco dicis of judge (3): to the judgment of the judge.] To
place (3): in another place.] In a different location. the opinion of the judge. At the pleasure/discretion
The court was informed by the prosecution that of the judge.
the accused person committed a similar offense in in arcta et salva custodia adv. [L. in in, on (1); arcta
alio loco. close, confined (2); et and (3); salva safe (4); custodia
179 incertae sedis
custody (5): in close and safe custody.] Under secure court closed and allows only those connected with the
confinement and protection. The judge ordered that case to remain. Cases are heard in camera to prevent
the unruly ac^ used person be placed in arcta et salva publicity either in the public interest or if the nature
custodia. See arcta et etc. of the proceedings demands it.
in articulo adv. [L. in in, on (1); articulo joint moment, incapax copulandi adj. [L. incapax incapable (1);
point of division (2): in the moment] In a moment. copulandi of coupling, uniting (2): incapable of cou-
Straightaway. Immediately. In the nick of time. pling.] Incapable of having sexual intercourse.
in articulo mortis adv. [L. in in, on (1); articulo incapax procreandi adj. [L. incapax incapable (1);
joint, moment, point of division (2); mortis of procreandi of bringing forth, producing (2): inca-
death (3): in the moment of death.] At the point of pable of producing.] Incapable of producing children,
death, a) When visitors went to visit the chief, he a) According to the medical officer, Sam is incapax
appeared to be in articulo mortis, b) Musa 's father procreandi. b) The root cause of the perennial
distributed his properties, w hen he was in articulo squabbles in the Blankson family is Mrs. Blankson 's
mortis. See in extremis. belief that her husband is incapax procreandi.
in atrocioribus delictis punitur affectus licet non in capita adv. I adj. [L. in into, to, against, for (1);
sequatur effectus. [L. in in, on (1); atrocioribus capita heads (2): to the heads.] By polls. Individu-
more serious, horrible, terrible (2); delictis crimes ally. Distribution in capita is equal distribution
(3); punitur is punished (5); affectus disposition, among individuals.
intention (4); licet even if, although (6); non not (8); in capite adj. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); capite head (2): in head.]
sequatur follows (9); effectus result, effect (7): In In chief. Applicable to feudal tenants who derive
more horrible crimes the intention is punished even Crown or the Lord.
tenure directly from the
if the result does not follow.] Law. The intention to in casu extremae necessitatis omnia sunt communia.
commit a more serious crime is punished even if the [L. in in. on (1); casu case, event (2); extremae of
result does not follow. See actus non facit etc. extreme, utmost (3); necessitatis (of) compulsion,
in autre droit adv. [Obs. Fr. in in. on (1): autre an- urgency, necessity (4); omnia all (things), everything
other (2); droit right (3): in another right.] Law. In (5); sunt are (6); communia common (7): In case of
another's right. In the right of another person. As a extreme compulsion all things are common.] Law.
representative of another person. Applicable to ex- In the case of extreme necessity all things are com-
ecutors, administrators, trustees, etc. See autre droit. mon, i.e.. public, property. In times of crisis-disaster
in banc adv. [Obs. Fr. in in. on (1); banc bench, court a private property can become public property and
(2): in the bench.] On the bench. En banc (q.v.). At used without liability for trespassing. For instance,
Common law, Serjeants had an exclusive right of in time of war a house may be pulled down, if the
audience in the Court of Common Pleas during term defense of the state so demands. Also, if a highway
banc (Megarry 1973:23.).
time, while sitting in is impassable, a person may lawfully use adjoining
in banco adv. on ( ): banco bench (2): on the
[L. in in, 1 land. See jura publica etc.; Le salut etc.; lex citius
bench.] Law. While on the judicial bench. etc.; lex necessitatis etc.: necessitas est etc.:
in bonam partem adv. [L. in into, to. against, for(l); etc.; privatum commodum etc.;
necessitas publica
bonam good (2): partem side, part (3): into (or for) privatum incommodum etc.: privilegium non va-
the good part.] In a favorable manner. To the advan- let etc.; salus populi etc.; and salus publica etc.
tage. Incase of ambiguity or doubt, the evidence Cf. nemo cogitur rem etc.
should be interpreted in bonam partem of the ac- In Catilinam n. [L. in into, against ( 1
): Catilinam Catiline
cused. See in bona parte. Cf. in mala parte. (2): against Catiline.] Against Catiline, a series of four
in bona parte adv. [L. in in, on (1); bona good (2); speeches addressed by Cicero (106-43 B.C.) as consul
parte side, part (3): in the good part.] In bonam to the Roman Senate about the conspiracy of Catiline
partem (q.v.). to overthrow the government in 63 B.C.
in bonis defuncti adv. [in in. on (1); bonis goods, incendium aere alieno non exuit debitorem. [L.
property (2); defuncti of the deceased (3): in the prop- incendium fire, conflagration ( ); aere from bronze, 1
erty of the deceased.] Among the goods or belongings money (6): alieno (from) another's, foreign (5); non
of the dead person. In bonis defuncti were many- not (2); exuit exempts, rescues (3); debitorem debtor
things which were actually the property of various (4): Fire does not exempt a debtor from another's
and relations.
friends money.] Law. Fire loss does not rescue a debtor from
I.N.C. abbr. for in nomine Christi (q.v ). debt obligations.
in camera adv. I adj. [L. in in, on (1); camera chamber incertae sedis adj. /adv. [L. incertae of uncertain
(2): in chamber.] Law. In chambers. In private. A case (1); sedis (of) abode, residence, habitation (2): of
is heard in camera when the judge either conducts the uncertain abode.] Residence unknown. In an uncertain
proceedings in his private room or gets the door of the situation/ position. Applicable to taxa (q.v.).
incerta persona 180
incerta persona n., pi. incertae personae [L. incerta in commercio adj. [L. in in, on (1); commercio com-
uncertain, doubtful (1 ); persona person (2): uncertain merce (2): in commerce.] Roman and Civil Law. Able
person.] Law. A person who cannot be identified or to be acquired or owned privately. Subject to private
ascertained. Applicable to a corporation, a juristic ownership. See in patrimonio Cf. extra commer-
person, a posthumous heir, or a person whose iden- cium and extra patrimonium.
tity cannot be established until after the will has been incommunicado or incomunicado or fern.
executed. incommunicada or incomunicada adv.ladj. [Sp. not
incerta pro nullis habentur. [L. incerta uncertain in communication.] In a condition lacking means of
(things) (1); pro as, for (3); nullis no (things) (4); communication. Being kept in solitary confinement.
habentur are had, held, regarded (2): Uncertain Not being allowed to communicate with unauthorized
things are regarded as no things.] Uncertain things, persons, a) the two women were
. . . then taken . . .
i.e., things which are not proved, are considered as back to the Sihala police rest house outside
nothing. Rawalpindi and kept incommunicado (Newsweek Int.
incipit v. [L. It begins.] Here begins. The traditional April 16, 1979:28). b) The abuse ofNamibians' most
formula for beginning a new piece of writing in Lati.^ basic human rights where detainees areforcibly im-
or a vernacular language in the medieval period. prisoned; held incommunicado; denied the right to
in civilibus ministerium excusat, in criminalibus legal representation . . . (Nicholas R. Winterton in
non item. [L. in in, on (1); civilibus civil (things) West Africa 1987).
(2); ministerium service, employment (3); excusat in concreto adv. [L. in in, on (1); concreto concrete,
excuses (4); in in, on (5); criminalibus criminal solid (2): in concrete.] From a concrete point of view.
(things) (6); non not (7); item likewise (8): In civil Concretely. Cf. in abstracto.
things employment excuses, in criminal things not in consimili casu adv. [L. in in, on (1); consimili very
likewise.] Law. In civil cases service is a valid excuse, similar (2); casu event, occurrence (3): in a very simi-
but it is not so in criminal cases. lar event.] In a like case. A precedent which was set
in Claris non est locus conjecturis. [L. in in, on (1); in consimili casu was applied in this particular case.
Claris clear, manifest (things) (2); non not (4); est in consimili casu, consimile debet esse remedium.
there is (3); locus room, place (5); conjecturis for [L. in in, on (1); consimili very similar (2); casu
conjectures, guesses (6): In clear things there is not event, case (3); consimile very similar (7); debet
room for conjectures.] Law. When matters are clear, ought, should (5); esse to be (6); remedium remedy
there is no room for conjectures. Cf. cum adsuntetc. (4): In a very similar case the remedy ought to be very
inclusio unius est exclusio alterius. [L. inclusio similar.] Law. In a like case the remedy ought to be
inclusion ( 1 ); unius of one (2); est is (3); exclusio entirely alike. See de similibus idem est judicium.
exclusion (4); alterius of the other of two (5): in consuetudinibus, non diuturnitas temporis sed
Inclusion of one is the exclusion of the other of two.] soliditas rationis est consideranda. [L. in in, on ( 1);
Law. The inclusion of one person/thing implies the consuetudinibus customs (2); non not (3);
exclusion of the other. See designatio unius etc. diuturnitas long duration (4); temporis of time (5);
incognito or fern, incognita adj. unknown.] Not [It. sed but (6); soliditas solidness, solidity (7); rationis
identified. Unknown. Concealed or hidden under a of reason (8); est is (9); consideranda to be consid-
fictitious name or false identity. The corpse remained ered (10): In customs, not long duration of time but
incognito for a long time. — n. pi.
, incognitos orfern. solidness of reason is to be considered.] In deciding
incognitas 1. A person who appears, lives, travels, the validity of a custom, the solidity of its reason,
etc. with identity concealed. 2. The state or condi- not its antiquity, should be considered.
tion of such a person. —incognita neut. pi. n. Things in contractibus, benigna; in testamentis, benignior;
or places which are uncertain or unknown. — adv. in restitutionibus, benignissima interpretatio
With one's name or identity concealed. Appearing, facienda on (1); contractibus con-
est. [L. in in,
traveling, etc.under disguise or with a fictitious name, tracts (2); benigna liberal (3); in in, on (7);
a) The Prime Minister, traveling incognito, arrived at testamentis wills (8); benignior more liberal (9); in
Kennedy International Airport yesterday and hurriedly in, on (10); restitutionibus restorations, restitutions
took a taxi to an undisclosed destination, b) . . . the (11); benignissima most liberal (12); interpretatio
prince and the actress flew incognito to the Carib- interpretation (4); facienda to be made (6); est is (5):
bean . . . (Newsweek Int. Oct. 18, 1982:23). In contracts interpretation is to be made liberal; in
in commendam adv. [L. in into, to, against, for (1); wills more liberal; in restitutions most liberal.] Law.
commendam trust (2): into trust.] 1. In trust. Under Contracts must be interpreted liberally, wills more
the management or supervision of someone without and restitutions most liberally.
liberally,
legal title. Applicable to a benefice. 2. Louisiana. A in contractibus tacite insunt quae sunt moris
limited partnership. Cf. commenda. et consuetudinis. [L. in in, on (1); contractibus
181 index expurgatorius
contracts (2); tacite silently, tacitly (9); insunt are published in the early days of printing, i.e., in the
contained in (8); quae (things) which (3); sunt are late 15th-century. 3. Anything in its earliest stages
(4); moris of custom, usage (5); et and (6); of development. Cf. ab incunabulis.
consuetudinis of custom, usage (7): In contracts in curia adv. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); curia court (2): in court.]
things which are of custom and usage are silently Law. In open court, a) Thejudge demanded an apology
contained.] Law. In contracts matters of usage and from the counsel in curia, b) The convict insulted the*
custom are implied (or are deemed to be incorpo- judge in curia.

rated). in custodia legis adv.ladj. [L. in in, on (1); custodia
in contumaciam adv. [L. in into, to, against, for (1); custody (2); legis of law (3): in the custody of the
contumaciam stubbornness, obstinacy (2): into ob- law.] Law. In legal custody. Applicable to deeds,
stinacy.] In disobedience to, or contempt of, a court's documents, the subject-matter of disputes and exhib-
summons or order. The expression is mostly used in its kept by officials of the court.
ecclesiastical law with reference to a person who ig- I.N.D. abbr. for in nomine Dei (q.v ). Cf. I.D.N.
nored a court's order or summons and was consequently indecorum n. [L. that which is unbecoming or unseemly.]
convicted or condemned in absentia. Something unbecoming or indecorous. Impropriety.
in corpore adv. [L. in in, on (1); corpore body (2): in David regards Peter 's conduct as an unforgivable
body.] In substance. indecorum.
in criminalibus, probationes debent esse luce inde datae leges ne fortior omnia posset. [L. inde
clariores. [L. in in, on (1); criminalibus criminal therefore (1); datae given (3); leges laws (2); ne in
(things) (2); probationes proofs (3); debent ought, order that not (4); fortior stronger (person) (5); om-
should (4); esse to be (5); luce than light (7); clariores nia all things, everything (7); posset might be able
clearer (6): In criminal things proofs should be clearer (6): Therefore laws were given in order that the stronger
than light.] Law. In criminal cases proofs should be might not be able to do everything.] Therefore laws
clearer than light. are promulgated in order that the stronger person may
in criminalibus, sufficit generalis malitia not do whatever he/she can and wishes.
intentionis cum facto paris gradus. [L. in in, on in Dei nomine abbr. I.D.N. [L. in in, on (1); Dei of
(1); criminalibus criminal (cases) (2); sufficit suf- God nomine name (2): in the name of God.]
(3); In
fices (10); generalis general (3); malitia malice (4); God's name. Cf. in nomine Dei.
intentionis of intention (5); cum with (6); facto deed, in delicto adj. /adv. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); delicto fault, wrong,
act, fact (7); paris of equal (8); gradus (of) degree crime (2): in fault.] In the crime. Alao informed the
(9): In criminal cases, a general malice of intention police of his own volition that Tola is a partner in
with an act of equal degree suffices (or is sufficient).] delicto. Cf. in pari delicto.
Law. In criminal cases, a malicious intent to cause in deserto adv.ladj. [L. in in, on (1); deserto solitary,
general harm is sufficient, even if there was no intent lonely (2): in solitary.] In a solitary condition. By
to cause harm to the particular person harmed. See one's self. Alone.
actus non facit etc. index n., pi. indices or indexes [L. pointer finger, one
in criminalibus, voluntas reputabitur pro facto. [L. who discloses, an informer, a spy, that which discloses.]
in in, on (1); criminalibus criminal (cases) (2); 1. Something which points out or guides, especially an
voluntas will, desire (3); reputabitur will be re- alphabetical list of items with page references found at
garded, reckoned (4); pro as, for (5); facto deed, act, the end of a publication. 2. Mathematics. A sign usu-
fact (6): In criminal cases desire will be regarded as ally written as a superscript or a subscript and used
the act/deed.] Law. In criminal cases the intention to to indicate the performance of a mathematical op-
perform the act will be considered the act itself. The eration, such as an exponent. 3. Roman Catholic-
maxim needs to be qualified. The will cannot be taken Church (formerly). A list of forbidden books and
for the act until something has been done in an at- films. See index expurgatorius and index librorum
tempt to put it into effect. See actus non facit etc. prohibitorum. — v. 1. To point out or indicate. 2. To
incubus n., pi. incubi or incubuses [L. a person who provide with an alphabetical list. To index a book.
lies upon.] 1. An evil spirit which is believed to lie index animi sermo. or sermo index animi. [L. index
upon people while asleep and, in the case of women, indicator, exponent (2); animi of mind, intention (3);
to have sexual intercourse with them. 2. Nightmare. sermo speech, language (1): Speech (is) an indicator
A person/thing which, like a nightmare, oppresses of the mind.] Language is an indication of intention;
people. After the demise of his father when he was i.e., the best guide to the meaning or intention of an
free from the incubus ofparental control, he began instrument is its language. Also, speech shows what
to achieve spectacular success in all undertakings. is in the mind. See verba sunt etc.
incunabulum n., pi. incunabula [L. baby clothes, index expurgatorius n., pi. indices expurgatorii [L.
cradle.] 1. The early work of an author. 2. A book index indicator, index, indication (2); expurgatorius
Index Librorum 182
cleansing, purifying (1): cleansing or purifying endure, suffer (2): untutored to endure poverty.] Not
index.] 1. A list of material (as in written works) taught how to endure poverty.
that has been proscribed. 2. Roman Catholic Church in dubiis, benigniora praeferenda sunt. [L. in in,
(formerly). A list of books, initially published on (1); dubiis doubtful (things) (2); benigniora
separately but subsequently published as part of more liberal (things) (3); praeferenda to be preferred
Librorum Prohibitorum (q.v.), which
the Index (5); sunt are (4): In doubtful things more liberal
members of the church should not read, pending things are to be preferred.] Law. In case of doubt,
the deletion, alteration, or revision of the offending more liberal interpretations are preferable. See in
passages. dubio, pars etc.
Index Librorum Prohibitorum n., pi. indices in dubio adj. /adv. [L. in in, on (1); dubio doubt (2): in
librorum prohibitorum [L. index indicator, index, doubt.] In case of uncertainty. Since the court was in
indication ( 1 ); librorum (of) books (3); prohibitorum dubio, the accused was freed. See in ambiguo.
of prohibited, forbidden (2): index of forbidden or in dubio, pars mitior est sequenda. [L. in in, on (1);
prohibited books.] 1. A list of books that have been dubio doubt (2); pars part (4); mitior milder (3);
proscribed or banned. 2. Roman Catholic Church. A est is (5); sequenda to be followed (6): In doubt,
list of books condemned by authority of the Church the milder part is to be followed.] Law. In case of
and, therefore, not to be read by members of the doubt the milder option must be followed. See in
Church. The name Index was chosen . . . "for what dubiis etc.; in dubio, sequendum etc.; in re dubia
seemed like several good reasons; it was short; it etc.; nobiliores et benigniores etc.; quisquis
recalled the Catholic Index Librorum praesumitur etc.; semper in dubiis etc.; tutius
Prohibitorum; ..." (West Africa 1981). Cf. index erratur etc.; and tutius semper etc.
expurgatorius. in dubio, sequendum quod tutius est. [L. in in, on

indicia n., sing, indicium [L. signs, marks, proofs, ( 1 ) dubio doubt (2); sequendum to be followed (6);
;
evidence, notices, indications.] 1. Evidence. Proof. quod (that) which (3); tutius safer (5); est is (4): In
Press editorials, gossip, and informal conversation doubt, that which is safer is to be followed.] Law. In
are generally regarded as indicia ofpeople 's atti- case of doubt we must adopt the safer course of action.
tude towards the government. 2. Medicine. The See in dubio, pars etc.
symptoms of a disease or medical condition. All the induciae or indutiae pi. n. [L. suspension of hostilities,
indicia of imminent death were present. truce, armistice.] International Law. Suspension of
in dictione adj. [L.in in, on ( 1 ); dictione wording, saying hostilities. A truce. An agreement made during war
(2): in wording.] Logic. In the wording. A logical to refrain from hostilities for some time.
fallacy which is based upon the wording of the phrase. induciae legales or indutiae legales or simply indu-
The opposite of extra dictione (q.v.). ciae or indutiae pi. n. [L. induciae truce (2); legales
indigenat n. [Fr. denizenship, the natives, indige- lawful, legal ( ): legal or lawful truce.] Roman, Civil,
1
nousness.] French Colonial Administration. Native Scots, and English Law. Permissible time during
status as distinct from French citizenship. Natives or which (1) a party should appear to answer a citation
subjects were under a different judicial system, which or summons or (2) a party should prepare a case for
empowered officials to exact a summary penalty trial.
without going through formal judicial procedures. in eadem causa adv. [L. in in, on ( 1); eadem the same
Cf. indigenato. (2) ; causa cause, case, reason (3): in the same case.]
indigenato n. [Port, denizenship, the natives, indigenous- same state. Instead of carrying out renova-
In the
ness.] Portuguese Colonial Administration. Native on the buildings of the testator, the successor
tions
status as distinguished from Portuguese citizenship. left them in eadem causa.
Hitherto, under the indigenato system, Portuguese inedita pi. n. [L. things not given forth.] Literary ma-
citizenshipwas conferred only on those who had which has not been published.
terial
reached a "certain degree of culture" (West Africa, in emulationem vicini var. of in aemulationem vi-
1986). Cf. indigenat. cini (q.v.).
indigene or indigene n., pi. indigenes or indigenes in eodem negotio adv. [L. in in, on (1); eodem the
[Fr. native.] Indigenous person, plant, or animal. same (2); negotio business, affair (3): in the same
individuum n.,pl. indi vidua or individuums [L. atom, affair.] In the same matter or business.
indivisible particle.] 1. An atom. An indivisible en- in eo, quod plus sit, semper inest et minus. [L. in in,
tity. 2. An individual entity, instance, or being, i.e., on ( ); eo that (2); quod which (3); plus more, greater
1
as distinct from a group. (5); sit is (4); semper always (7); inest there is in, is
indocilis pauperiem pati adj., pi. indociles pauperiem contained (6); et also (9); minus less (8): In that
pati Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes 1,1,18. [L. indocilis which is greater there is always contained the less
untaught, untutored, untrained, unteachable (1); also.]The less is always contained in the greater.
pauperiem poverty, limited means (3); pati to See majus continet minus.
183 in flagrante delicto
inertia n., pi. inertiae or inertias [L. inactivity, laziness, infanta n., pi. infantas [Sp./Port. royal princess.] Spain
idleness.] 1. Physics. The characteristic of resting and Portugal. Daughter of the king and queen. Also
matter to stay at rest and of moving matter to move the wife of an infante (q.v.). Cf. dauphine.
in a straight line until it meets a resisting force in the infante n., pi. infantes [Sp./Port. royal prince.] Spain
opposite direction. 2. Inertness. Inactivity. Sluggishness. and Portugal. Son of the king and queen, though not
Opposition to change. . . . many marriages lastfrom the eldest. Cf. dauphin and principe.
sheer inertia, for lack of any other option, or "for in favorem vitae, libertatis, et innocentiae, omnia
the sake ofthe children" . . . (Newsweek Int. July 13, praesumuntur. [L. in into, to, against, for (3);
198 1 :45). See vis inertiae. favorem favor (4); vitae of life (5); libertatis of free-
in esse adj. /adv. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); esse to be, being (2): dom (6); et and (7); innocentiae of innocence (8);
in being.] Actually existing. In actual existence. Ac- omnia all (things) ( 1 ); praesumuntur are presumed
tually. In actual fact. For a gift under a will to be (2) All things are presumed for the favor of life, free-
:
valid, it must be given to a person in esse. Cf. in fi- dom, and innocence.] Law. Every presumption is
eri and in posse. made in favor of life, freedom, and innocence. See de
in excelsis adv. [L. in in, on ( 1); excelsis high, elevated, morte hominis etc.
distinguished (things) (2): in high things.] In the high- inferno n.,pl. inferni or infernos [It. hell.] 1 . Hell. A
est, utmost, or supreme degree. Superlatively. Okoro place or situation where there is intolerable suffering,
has, in excelsis, most of the qualities which are es- misery, or torment. 2. A place which resembles hell
sential for success in life. in its chaos, turbulence, darkness, lawlessness, etc.
in exitu adv.ladj. [L. in in, on (1); exitu issue, event, 3. Conflagration. Intolerable heat, a) The smouldering
result (2): in issue.] Of concern. In question. Under embers ofreligious fanaticism . . . have leapt into an
dispute. all-consuming inferno in the northeastern town of
in expeditione adj. /adv. [L. in in, on (1); expeditione Gombe . . . {West Africa 1985). b) On a routine mission,
expedition, campaign (2): on an expedition.] During a Marine Corps jet crashed on the deck ofthe U.S.S.
a campaign. While on military service. Nimitz, turning the aircraft carrier into a floating
in extenso abbr. in ex. adv. [L. in in, on (1); extenso inferno (Newsweek Int. Jan. 4, 1982:31). —Inferno
length, the enlarged (2): in length.] At full length. The title of the first part of La Commedia Divina
From the beginning to the end. In its entirety. At the (q.v.) of Dante Alighieri ( 1 265- 1321).
moment I intend to touch on the matter in summary, in fieri adj. [L. in in, on (1); fieri to become, becom-
but at the appropriate time I will treat it in extenso. ing (2): in becoming.] In the process of being made.]
in extremis adv. [L. in in, on (1); extremis extreme, In the process of development. Pending. The estab-
utmost (things) (2): in extreme things.] In extremity. lishment of a Legal Aid Council in the town is in
In desperate case. In extreme circumstances. At the fieri. Cf. in esse and in posse.
point of death. The old man postponed the drafting in fine adv. [L. in in, on (1); fine end (2): in the end.]
of his will until the last moment when he was in ex- Finally. In sum.
tremis. See in articulo mortis. Cf. ad extremum. infinitum in jure reprobatur. [L. infinitum the
inf. abbr. for infra (q.v.). endless, unlimited (1); in in, on (2); jure right, law
in facie curiae adv. [L. in in, on (1); facie face, pres- (3) ; reprobatur condemned (4): The endless in
is
ence (2); curiae of court (3): in the face of the court.] law is condemned.] What is endless is reprehensible
Law. In the presence of the court. Before the court. in law. Applicable to litigation. See circuitus est
The accused was denied bailfor misbehaving in facie evitandus; debet esse etc.; dilationes in lege etc.;
curiae. expedit reipublicae ut etc.; interest reipublicae

in facie ecclesiae adv. Iadj. [L. in in, on ( ); facie face, res judicatas etc.; interest reipublicae ut sit etc.;
1
presence (2); ecclesiae of assembly, church (3): in judicia sunt tanquam etc.; judicium semper etc.;
the face of the church.] In the presence of the church. lex dilationes etc.; lex reprobat moram; mora
Before the church, a) In facie ecclesiae Carolyn ex- reprobatur etc.; nemo bis punitur etc.; nemo debet
pressed her disbelief in the teachings of the Bible. bis vexari pro etc.; nemo debet bis vexari si constet
b) Under the canon law, adopted by the common law, etc.; non bis in idem; and res judicata pro etc.
marriage could be by (I) a public celebration of the in flagrante hello adv. [L. in in, on (1); flagrante
marriage service in a church, known as a celebration burning, blazing (2); bello war (3): in blazing war.]
in facie ecclesiae; (2) by a clandestine celebration As the war was being fought or was going on. In the
anywhere conducted by one in priest 's orders (Burke heat of the war. Cf. flagrante bello.
1976:214). in flagrante delicto adj. I adv. [L. in in, on (1); fla-
in faciendo adv. [L. in in, on (1); faciendo doing (2): grante burning, blazing (2); delicto crime (3): in
in doing.] In the process of performing an act. blazing crime.] In the very act of committing a crime.
in facto adv. [L. in in, on (1); facto deed, act, fact (2): Immediately after the crime. Red-handed. Cf. fla-
in deed.] In fact. In actuality. grante delicto.
inflatus 184
inflatus n., pi. inflatus or inflatuses [L. a blowing in, infra jurisdictionem adj. /adv. [L. infra below, under,
inspiration.] Inspiration. Afflatus (q.v.). within (1); jurisdictionem jurisdiction (2): under
in forma pauperis adv.ladj. [L. in in, on (1); forma jurisdiction.] Within the jurisdiction.
form, manner (2); pauperis of a pauper, poor (person) infra praesidia adv. Iadj. [L. infra below, under, within
(3): in the manner of a pauper.] Law. In the manner, (1) ; praesidia guards, protection, garrison (2): under
or with the status, of a pauper. As a poor person. guards.] Completely under protection or control. In
Applicable to exemption from fees and costs of a safe custody. Used in international law with respect
legal suit on account of poverty. Bosede was granted to captured goods brought under the complete pro-
permission to file an appeal in forma pauperis. tection of the captors.
See pauper. Cf. non indiget. in fraudem creditorum adv. [L. in into, to, against,
in foro conscientiae adv. [L. in in, on (1); foro forum, for (1); fraudem deceit, cheating (2); creditorum
court (2); conscientiae of conscience (3): in the forum of creditors (3): for cheating of creditors.] Law. With
of conscience.] In the court or tribunal of conscience. intent to cheat (or defraud) creditors.
Morally or privately, as opposed to legally Viewed in fraudem legis adv. [in into, to, against, for (1);
or viewing it from the moral, instead of the leg-", fraudem cheating, deceit, detriment (2); legis of
context. Mr. Adebayo made an extrajudicial contract law (3): for cheating of the law.] Law. For the det-
with Mr. Popoola, although he was not unaware that riment of the law. With intent to circumvent/evade
it was binding only in foro conscientiae. See forum the rules of law. In fraudem legis learned counsel
conscientiae. for the plaintiffquoted a provision from a repealed
infra abbr. inf. prep. [L. below, under, within.] Below. decree.
Under. Beneath. Inferior to. — adv. Below. Under- in futuro adv. on (1); futuro the future (2):
[L. in in,
neath. Used in bibliographical references to direct in the future.] At a future time. As a result of the
the reader to something in a subsequent section of confusion which engulfed the installation ofthe chief,
the book. See post. Cf. supra. the government promulgated the Chieftaincy Decree
infra aetatem adj. [L. infra below, under, within (1); to guide kingmakers in futuro. Cf. in praesenti.
aetatem age (2): under age.] Below legal age. Not in generalibus latet error. [L. in in, on (3); generalibus
yet of age. Applicable to minors. general (things) (4); latet is concealed, lies hidden
infra annos nubiles adj. /adv. [L. infra below, under, (2) ; error error, mistake (1): Error lies hidden in
within (1); annos years (3); nubiles marriageable (2): general things.] Error is concealed in general expres-
under marriageable years.] Below the age of marriage. sions. Cf. dolosus versatur in generalibus and fraus
Aishatu was engaged when she was infra annos nubiles latet etc.
and the nuptial ceremony was heldfive years afterwards. in genere adv. /adj. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); genere kind, rank,
infra annum adv. [L. infra below, under, within (1); class (2): in kind/class.] In quality. The two television
annum year (2): under a year.] Within a year. In less sets produced as exhibits agree in genere. Cf. in specie.
than a year. The court, ably and laudably, disposed ingenium n., pi. ingenia [L. mind, intellect.] Innate
of three hundred land cases infra annum. talent. Inborn ability.
infra corpus civitatis adv. [L infra below, under, ingenue n.,pl. ingenues [Fr. ingenuous, simple, artless,
within ( 1 ); corpus body (2); civitatis of country, state guileless, innocent, unsophisticated.] 1. A naive, un-
(3): within the body of the country.] Within the ter- sophisticated, innocent girl or young woman. The
ritorial limits of a country. Aliens found infra corpus Casanova 's attempt to take advantage of the ingenue
civitatis without valid immigration documents are was aborted by the timely arrival ofherfriends. 2. A
usually arrested, detained, and deported. character of that nature represented on the stage.
infra dignitatem abbr. infra dig. adj. [L. infra below, 3. A naive, unsophisticated, innocent, simple, or inex-
under, within (1); dignitatem dignity (2): beneath perienced person. The recommendation ofMr. Toks,
dignity.] Below dignity. Undignified. It is infra an ingenue, for the position ofPublic Relations Officer
dignitatem for counsel to fight in public. ofthe firm was unanimously rejected by members of
infra dignitatem curiae adj. [L. infra below, under, the Board of Directors. — adj. Of, characteristic of,
within (1); dignitatem dignity (2); curiae of court relating to an ingenue. Unsophisticated. Naive (q.v.).
(3): below the dignity of the court.] Not worthy of Her ingenue comportment suggests that she is a new
the court's consideration or attention. // is infra girl in town.
dignitatem curiae for it to offer an open advice to in globo adv. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); globo globe, mass, body
one of the parties in a dispute. (2): in mass or body.] Completely. As a whole. View-
infra furorem adv. [L. infra below, under, within (1); ing it generally. Totally. In toto (q.v.). In its entirety.
furorem madness, insanity (2): under insanity.] in gremio adv. [L. in in, on (1); gremio bosom, lap,
While insane. In a fit of insanity. Benjamin killed his protection (2): in the lap or bosom.] In abeyance.
wife infra furorem. See in nubibus.
185 in jure, non remota
in gremio legis adv.ladj. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); gremio bosom, in integrum adv. [L. in into, to, against, for ( 1 ); inte-
lap, protection (2); legis of law (3): in the bosom of grum the fresh, untainted, pure, whole (2): into the
the law.] Under the protection of the law. In the con- whole.] To the former condition. To the original state.
it was decided that the parties
of every country, the fundamental human
stitution At the arbitration
rights are in gremio legis. should be restored in integrum.
in hac parte adv. [L. in in, on (1); hac this (2); parte in invidiam adv. [L. in into, to, against, for (1);
side (3): on this side.] In this behalf. invidiam prejudice, unpopularity (2): for unpopu-
in heredes non solent transire actiones quae poenales larity.] In order to arouse prejudice.
ex maleficio sunt. [L. in into, to, against, for (10); in invitum adv. [L. in into, to, against, for (1); invitum
heredes heirs (11); non not (7); solent are accus- unwilling (person) (2): against an unwilling person.]
tomed (8); transire to pass, cross over (9); actiones Against a person's consent/will. Against a person who
actions (1); quae which (2); poenales penal (4); ex does not consent or assent. By force of law, regardless
arising from, out of (5); maleficio crime, evil deed of consent. A movefor an amicable settlement made in
(6); sunt are (3): Actions which are penal arising out invitum may not succeed.
of crime are not accustomed to pass to heirs.] Law. iniquissima pax est anteponenda justissimo bello.
Criminal penal actions are usually not inherited by [L. iniquissima most unjust, unfair (1); pax peace
heirs. See in restitutionem etc. (2); est is (3);anteponenda to be preferred, valued

in his quae de jure communi omnibus conceduntur, above (4); justissimo to most just, reasonable (5);
consuetudo alicujus patriae vel loci non est bello (to) war (6): The most unjust peace is to be
alleganda. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); his these (things) (2); quae preferred to the most just war.] The most unjust peace
which (3); de of, from, about, for (6); jure right, law (8); is preferable to the most just war.
communi common (7); omnibus to all (5); conceduntur iniquum est aliquem rei suae esse judicem. [L.
are granted (4); consuetudo custom, usage, tradition iniquum unfair, unjust (2); est it is ( 1 ); aliquem (that)
(9); alicujus of any ( 1 0); patriae (of) country (11); vel one, anyone (3); rei (of) matter, affair (7); suae of
or (12); loci (of) place (13); non not (15); est is (14); his/her own (6); esse to be (4); judicem judge (5): It
alleganda to be alleged, adopted (16): In these things is unjust that one be a judge of his/her own affair.]
which are granted to all from common right, the custom Law. It is a travesty ofjustice for one to be a judge in
of any country or place is not to be alleged.] Law. With his/her own cause. See nemo debet esse etc.
respect to those rights which are universally granted to in itinere adv.ladj. [L. in in, on (1); itinere way, journey
all persons, the custom of any country or place must not (2): on the journey.] On the way. During transportation.
be used as an excuse for ignoring them. The goods imported by United Company Ltd. were
in his verbis adv. [in in, on ( 1 ); his these (2); verbis words destroyed in itinere. Cf. en route and en voyage.
(3): in these words.] In these words. As follows. The in judicio non creditur nisi juratis. [L. in in, on (1);
expression is usually used to introduce quotations. He judicio judicial proceeding, legal process (2); non
addressed the audience in his verbis: "Distinguished not (4); creditur belief is given (3); nisi except, unless
"
ladies and gentlemen, I need not (5); juratis to the sworn (6): In judicial proceeding
in hoc signo vinces. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); hoc this (2); signo belief is not given except to the sworn.] Law. Injudicial
sign, standard (3); vinces you will conquer (4): In proceedings, only those who have taken an oath are
this sign you will conquer.] You will be victorious believed. See jurato creditur etc.
under this standard (the cross). Constantine is said in jure adv. [L. in in, on (1); jure right, law (2): in
to have seen these words in a vision, made the cross law.] According to law. In right. Injustice. In court.
and won the Battle of the Milvian
his military standard, The magistrate ruled that, in jure, the expatriate had
Bridge (Oct. 28, 3 12 A.D.). Motto of the College of the right to institute action against the Ministry of
the Holy Cross. Education.
in iisdem terminis adv. [L. in in, on (1); iisdem the in jure alterius adv. [L. in in, on (1); jure right, law
same (2); terminis limits, boundaries (3): in the same (2); alterius of another (3): in the right of another.]
limits.] In the same terms. Law. In another person's right. See autre droit.
in infinitum adv. [L. in into, to, against, for(l); infinitum in jure cessio n. [L. in in, on (2); jure right, law (3);
the endless, unceasing (2): into the endless/unceasing.] cessio surrender, giving up (1): surrender in law.]
Indefinitely. Endlessly. Infinitely. Applicable to posts, Law. Handing over in a court of law. A legal proce-
positions or titles with perpetual succession. Cf. ad dure in ancient Rome whereby the defendant admits
infinitum. formally in the presence of the judge the validity of
in initio adv. [L. in in, on (1); initio beginning (2): in the plaintiffs claim to a disputed property and the
the beginning.] At the beginning. In the land suit, judge accordingly sanctions the concession.
the plaintiff's devastating evidence, in initio, forced in jure, non remota causa sed proxima spectatur.
the defendant to seek an amicable settlement. [L. in in, on (1); jure right, law (2); non not (3);
injure omnis 186
remota remote (4); causa cause, case, reason (7); (6); facientis of the one doing (7): One's own injury
sed but (5); proxima proximate (6); spectatur is con- will not fall to the benefit of the one doing it.] Law.
sidered (8): In law not the remote, but the proximate, One should not derive a benefit from one's own in-
cause is considered.] Law. What is given legal con- jury (or wrongful act). See ex turpi causa etc.
sideration is the proximate, not the remote cause. In injuria servi dominum pertingit. [L. injuria injury,
certain actions, such as those dealing with negligence, wrong (1); servi of servant, slave (2); dominum
it is necessary to prove that the defendant's negli- master (4); pertingit reaches (3): The injury of a ser-
gence was the proximate, not just the remote, cause vant reaches the master.] Law. A master is liable for
of the harm or damage. See causa causans. an injury caused by his servant. See qui facit per
in jure omnis definitio periculosa est. [L. in in, on alium etc.
(1); jure right, law (2); omnis every (3); definitio injuria sine damno n. [L. injuria injury, wrong (1);
definition (4); periculosa dangerous, hazardous (6); sine without (2); damno damage (3): injury without
est is (5): In law every definition is dangerous.] Law. damage.] Law. A legal injury which is not accompa-
Every legal definition is hazardous See omnis nied by damage. Cf. injuria absque damno.
definitio etc. See actio non datur etc.
in jure proprio adv. [L. in in, on (1); jure right, law in limine abbr. in lim. adv. Iadj. [L. in in, on (1); limine
(3); proprio one's own, individual (2): in one's own threshold (2): on the threshold.] At the very begin-
right.] Law. In the right belonging to one's self. ning or outset. At the preliminary stage. Counsel's
in jure uxoris adv. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); jure right, law (2); argument was dismissed in limine by the presiding
uxoris of wife (3): in the right of a wife.] Law. By judge because his propositions were not supported
the right of a wife. Applicable to a right, title, etc. by legal authorities.
which, though inherited by the wife, is exercised by in loc. abbr. for in loco (q.v.).
the husband. Cf. jure uxoris. in loc. cit. abbr. for in loco citato (q.v ).
injuria n., pi. injuriae [L. injury, wrong, insult.] In- in loco abbr. in loc. adv. [L. in in, on (1); loco place
justice. Invasion of the rights of another. (2): in place.] In place of. Instead of.
injuria absque damno n. [L. injuria injury, wrong in loco citato abbr. in loc. cit. adv. [L. in in, on (1);
(1); absque without, away from (2); damno damage loco place (2); citato cited, mentioned (3): in the place
(3): injury without damage.] Law. A legal injury cited.] In the place mentioned.
which is not accompanied by damage. The expres- in loco parentis adv. [L. in in, on (1); loco place,
sion is used with reference to the legal principle that position (2); parentis of parent (3): in the place of
a wrong which does not cause damage or loss is not a parent.] As a parent. Exercising parental influ-
actionable. Cf. injuria sine damno. See actio non ence, authority, and responsibility. Mr. Akpan
datur etc. stands in loco parentis to his friend's son, Samuel
injuria fit ei cui convicium dictum est, vel de eo fac- Ajani.
tum carmen famosum. [L. injuria injury, wrong (1); in loco tutoris adv. [L. in in, on (1); loco place (2); tu-
fit is done (2); ei to him (3); cui to whom (4); toris of guardian, tutor (3): in the place of a guardian.]
convicium reproach, abuse, insult (5); dictum est has As a guardian. Dauda, who stands in loco tutoris
been said (6); vel or (7); de of, from, about, for (1 1); towards Abudu, has disappointingly deserted him.
eo him ( 1 2); factum (est) has been made (10); carmen in majorem cautelam [L. in into, to, against, for (1);
song, poem (9); famosum defamatory, slanderous (8): majorem greater (2); cautelam caution (3): for
Injury is done to him to whom an insult has been said greater caution.] For greater precaution. For greater
or a slanderous song has been made about him.] Law. security. See ad abundantiorem cautelam.
A person about whom an insult has been uttered or a in majore summa continetur minor. [L. in in, on ( 1 );
slanderous song composed has been injured. majore greater (2); summa sum, substance (3);
injuria non excusat injuriam. [L. injuria injury, continetur is contained, comprised (4); minor less
wrong ( 1 ); non not (2); excusat excuses (3); injuriam (5): In the greater sum is contained the lesser.] Law.
injury, wrong (4): A wrong does not excuse a wrong.] The lesser sum is contained in the greater sum. When
Law. Two wrongs do not make a right. See ex turpi the totality of a debt has been settled, all the smaller
causa etc. items have been equally settled. See majus continet
injuria non praesumitur. [L. injuria injury, wrong minus.
(1); non not (2); praesumitur is presumed (3): Injury in malam partem adv. [L. in into, to, against, for(l);
is not presumed.] Law. Wrong or harm is not taken malam bad (2); partem part (3): into a bad part.] In
for granted; i.e., it must be proven. a bad sense. Unfavorably,
injuria propria non cadet in beneficium facientis. in mala parte adv. [L. in in, on (1); mala bad (2);
[L. injuria injury, wrong (2); propria one's own, parte part, side (3): in the bad part.] Unfavorably.
individual (1); non not (3); cadet will fall (4); in To the disadvantage. In a bad sense. In malam
into, to, against, for (5); beneficium favor, benefit partem (q.v.). In a case where a party makes an
187 in obscuris
ambiguous stipulation, the contract should be inter- in mortua manu adv. [L. in in, on (1); mortua dead
in malam partem of the said party. Cf. in
preted (2); manu hand (3): in a dead hand.] Law. In mort-
bonam partem and in bona parte, main. Applicable to property owned by religious
in maleficiis voluntas spectatur, non exitus. [L. in bodies. Cf. en mort mayne and manus mortua.
in, on (1); maleficiis offenses, crimes (2); voluntas in nomine Christi abbr. I.N.C. adv. [L. in in, on (1);
intention (3); spectatur is considered (4); non not nomine name (2); Christi of Christ (3): in the name,
(5); exitus result (6): In crimes, the intention is con- of Christ.] Christianity. In Christ's name. In the name
sidered, not the result.] In criminal cases what is con- of Jesus Christ.
sidered is the intention, not the result. See actus non in nomine Dei abbr. I.N.D. adv. [L. in in, on ( ); nom- 1
facit etc. ine name (2); Dei of God (3): in the name of God.]
in maleficio, ratihabitio mandato comparatur. [L. In God's name. Used as an introduction to wills and
in in, on (1); maleficio crime, evil deed (2); ratiha- other legal documents. In nomine Dei, let all that I
bitio sanction, ratification (3); mandato to command, wish for my heirs happen. Cf. in Dei nomine.
order (5); comparatur is compared (4): In crime, in nomine Patri et Fili et Spiritus Sancti [L. in in, on
sanction is compared to order.] Law. In malfeasance, nomine name (2); Patri of the father (3); et and
(1);
sanctioning the deed is tantamount to ordering it. Cf. (4); Fili of the son (5); et and (6); Spiritus of the
qui non improbat, approbat. spirit, ghost (8); Sancti holy, sacred (7): In the name
in manibus curiae adv. [L. in in, on (1); manibus of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.]
hands (2); curiae of court (3): in the hands of the Christianity. In the name of the Father, the Son, and
court.] In the court's control. The decision to grant Holy Ghost. A prayer to the Divine Trinity.
the
or refuse bail rests in manibus curiae. in nomine Sanctae Trinitatis abbr. I.N.S.T. adv. [L.
in manu adv.ladj. [L. in in, on (1); manu hand (2): in in in, on (1); nomine name (2); sanctae of holy (3);
hand.] Red-handed; i.e., being apprehended with sto- trinitatis (of) trinity (4): in the name of the Holy
len goods or the smoking gun in one's possession. Trinity.] Christianity. In the name of the Holy Trinity,
ofrobbery came
Investigations in the celebrated case i.e., God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy
toan end when Comfort was arrested with the stolen Spirit.
goods in manu. in novo casu, novum remedium apponendum est.
in medias res adv. [L. in into, to, against, for ( 1 ); medias on (1); novo new (2); casu case, event
[L. in in, (3);
middle, middle of (2); res matters, things, property, novum new (4); remedium remedy (5);
business, affairs (3): into the middle of things.] Into apponendum to be applied (7); est is (6): In a new
the heart of the matter. Starting in the middle of a case, a new remedy is to be applied.] A new remedy
story or narrative. The speaker plunged in medias must be applied to a new case.
res, and it took the audience a long time to follow in nubibus adv. [L. in in, on (1); nubibus clouds (2):
the thrust of the arguments. in the clouds.] In abeyance. In legal custody. Under
in memoriam adv. [L. in into, to, against, for (1); me- the control of the law. a) The distribution of the
moriam memory, remembrance (2): for memory.] properties of the deceased has been in nubibus for
In memory of. To the memory of. The expression is a considerable period of time due to the absence of
usually used on tributes to the dead. the head of the family, The usufruct
b) existed . . .
in mercibus illicitis non sit commercium. [L. in in, in nubibus . . . (Asante 1975:9). See in gremio.
on (1); mercibus goods, commodities (3); illicitis in nuce adv. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); nuce nut (2): in a nut.] In
illicit, non not (4); sit there should be
unlawful (2); a nutshell. In his opening remarks, he summarized
(5); commercium trade, commerce (6): In illicit the workers demands in nuce.
'
goods there should not be commerce.] Law. There innuendo n.,pl. innuendos [L. by nodding.] A slight 1 .
should be no trade in illicit (or contraband) goods. or indirect hint. 2. Law. The beginning of a charge of
in mitiori sensu adv. [L. in in, on (1); mitiori milder libel or slander in which the libelous or slanderous
(2); sensu sense (3): in a milder sense.] With a gentler statement is explained.
interpretation, a) Taking into consideration the am- in nullius bonis adj. [L. in in, on (1); nullius of no
biguities in the statute and the circumstantial nature one, nobody (3); bonis goods, property (2): in the
of the evidence adduced, the judge interpreted the goods of nobody.] 1 . Law. Nobody's goods. Belonging
b)And the words themselves
statute in mitiori sensu. to nobody. 2. Ancient Times. Applicable to wreck and
shall be taken in mitiori sensu (James v. Rutlech treasure-trove. See nullius in bonis.
[1599] 4 Co. Rep. 176. Megarry: 1955:193). in obscuris, inspici solere quod verisimilius est, aut
in mora adv.ladj. [L. in in, on ( 1 );
mora delay, procras- quod plerumque fieri solet. [L. in in, on (1);
tination (2): in delay.] Law. In default. Applicable to a obscuris obscure, unintelligible (things) (2); inspici
debtor who failed to return the thing borrowed at the tobe considered, examined (4); solere to be accus-
scheduled time. Samata is now in mora for his inabil- tomed (3); quod what, that which (5); verisimilius
ity to make payment on the stipulated date. more probable, plausible (7); est is (6); aut or (8);
in odium 188
quod what, that which (9); plerumque generally, superior (7); haberi to be had. held, regarded (6);
commonly (12); fieri to happen, be done (11); solet debet ought, should (5): In an equal case, the one in
is accustomed (10): In obscure things to be accus- possession should be regarded as superior.] Law. In
tomed to be considered what is more probable or what an equal case, the person in possession should be
is accustomed to happen generally.] Law. In case of considered to have a better claim to the property.
obscurity, it is the usual practice to consider what is See in aequali jure melior etc.
more probable or what happens generally. Cf. in du- in pari delicto adv. adj. [L. in in, on (1); pari equal,
bio, pars etc. like (2); delicto fault, wrong (3): in equal wrong.]
in odium spoliatoris omnia praesumuntur. [L. in Law. Equally at fault. A person in pari delicto is also a
into. to. against, for (3); odium hatred, enmity (4); particeps criminis (q.v.), but the latter is not always
spoliatoris of spoiler (5); omnia all (things), every- necessarily in pari delicto. Generally, where "A" has
thing (1); praesumuntur are presumed (2): All things entered into a contract with "B" on account of intimi-
are presumed to the hatred of a spoiler.] Law. Every dation, duress, compulsion, fraud, etc.. "A" and "B"
presumption is made to the disadvantage of a wrong- are deemed to be not in pari delicto, and the former
doer. See omnia praesumuntur contra spoiLtorem may recover whatever he she transferred or paid.
inoficiocidad n. [Sp. absence of diligence.] Spanish Cf. socius criminis. See in aequali jure melior etc.
Law. Any deed, such as a donation, testament, or in pari delicto, potior est conditio defendentis. [L.
dower, which is contrary to obligation, duty, natural in in, on (1); pari equal (2); delicto fault (3); potior
affection, or piety. A deed which adversely affects better, preferable (4); est is (5); conditio condition
the rights of heirs or creditors. Such a deed may be (6); defendentis of the one defending (7): In equal
revoked or modified. See donatio inofficiosa. fault better is the condition of the one defending.]
in omnibus adv. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); omnibus all (things) Law. In a case where both parties are equally in fault,
(2): in all things.] In all. In everything. On all points. the condition of the defendant is better than that of
The civil suitfiled by the plaintiffis similar in omnibus the plaintiff. See in aequali jure melior etc.
to the one just decided. in pari delicto, potior est conditio possidentis. [L. in
in omnibus quidem, maxime tamen in jure, aequitas in. on ( 1 ); pari equal, like (2); delicto fault (3); potior
spectanda sit. [L. in in, on ( ); omnibus all (things)
1 better, preferable (4); est is (5); conditio condition
(2); quidem indeed (3); maxime especially, most (6); possidentis of the one possessing (7): In equal
particularly (5); tamen but, nevertheless (4); in in, fault better is the condition of the one possessing.]
on (6); jure right, law (7); aequitas equity (8); Law. In a case where both parties are equally in fault,
spectanda to be considered, regarded (10); sit should the condition of the possessor is better than that of
be (9): In all things, but especially in law, equity the opponent. See in aequali jure melior etc.
should be considered.] Fairness must be considered in pari materia adv. [L. in in. on ( 1 ); pari equal, like
in everything but especially in regard to law. (2); materia matter, theme (3): in a like matter.] In
inops consilii adj. [L. inops destitute, poor, indigent an equal matter. In an analogous case. On the same
(1) ; consilii of advice, plan, judgment (2): destitute matter/ subject. There is practically no precedent in
of advice.] Without advice. Without legal represen- pari materia with which this case can be compared.
tation. Law. Applicable to a person who acts without in parte sive in solido adv. [L. in in. on ( 1); parte part
legal counsel. The accused chose to appear in court (2); sive or (3); in in, on (4); solido the whole, entire
inops consilii and, not surprisingly, was found guilty. (5): in part or in the whole.] In part or as a whole.
See in propria persona and pro se For a part or the whole. Cf. in solido.
in ovo adv [L. in in, on (1); ovo egg (2): in the egg.] in partibus infidelium abbr. I.P.I, adv. [L. in in.
1 .
In embryo. In the embryonic stage. The nasty little on (1); partibus parts, regions, districts (2);
boy seemed to be a bandit in ovo. 2. At the beginning infidelium of the faithless, the unbelieving, the
of a process. In ovo, the problem seemed impos- infidels (3): in the regions of the infidels unbelievers.]
sible, but with persistence they were able to find a 1. Christianity. In a non-Christian area. Applicable
solution. to a non-resident bishop of a diocese with a predomi-
in pais or in pays adv. [Obs. Fr. in in, on (1); pais nantly non-Christian population. 2. In the territory
country (2): in the country.] Law. Without legal proof (or among) ideologically hostile people. His mis-
cess. See pais I. sion was rendered all the more herculean by the fact
in pari causa adv. [L. in in. on (1); pari equal, like that he was propagating his doctrine in partibus
(2) ; causa cause case, reason (3): in an equal case.] infidelium.
In a case in which the parties have equal rights ac- in parvo adv. [L. in in, on (1); parvo little (2): in
cording to law. little.] In miniature. In microcosm. An observation
in pari causa possessor potior haberi debet. [L. in of the working habits of officials in governmental
in, on (1); pari equal (2); causa cause, case, reason institutions in any particular town shows, in parvo,
(3) ; possessor the one in possession (4); potior better, the attitude of these officials in the entire country.
.
189 in propria causa
in patrimonio adj. [L. in in. on ( 1 1: patrimonio inherit- in posse adj. adv. [L. in in. on ( 1 ): posse to be able,
ance (2): in the inheritance.] Law Subject. to pnvate being able (2): in being able.] In possibility . Not
ownership. Can be acquired owned privately. See actually existing. Potentially. A corporation in the
in commerci Cf. extra commercium arc extra process of being formed is a corporation in posse,
patrimonium while a corporation w hich is already formed is a
in pays See in pais corporation in esse. See in esse: in fieri; and posse
in pectore adj. [L. in in. on 1 1 i: pectore breast, heart in potentia adv. [L. in in. on ( 1 1: potentia power,
(2): in the breast.] In secret. Secretly. Though Peter ability (2): in power ] In ability rather than fact. Po-
is my friend, he keeps his plans in pectore and does tentially.
not discuss them with me. Cf in petto. in potestate parentis adj. [L. in in. on I 1 i: potestate
in pendenti adv. [L. in in. on ( 1 j: pendenti the hang- power (2): parentis of parent (3): in the pow er of a
ing (2): in the hanging.] In suspense suspension. In parent.] Law. In the parent s control. Under the
the absence of a successor, the distribution of" the parent's superv ision.
estate of the deceased was held in pendenti. in pr. abbr. for in principio q •
in perpetuum adv. [L. in into. to. against for per- |

\ i: in praesenti adv [L. in in. on ( 1 1: praesenti the present
petuum perpetuity all time (2): for perpetuity .] For
, (2): in the present.] At the moment. At the present
ever. In perpetuity. Executors of a will cannot hold time. Capital punishment has been abolished in many
the properties of the testator in perpetuum. countries in praesenti. Cf. in futuro.
in personam adj. adv [L. in into. to. against for (1); in praesentia majoris cessat potentia minoris. [L. in
personam person (2): against the person.] Law. An in. on (1): praesentia presence 1 . majoris jf
action which is directed against a particular person greater, more (3): cessat ceases, stops (6); potentia
and in which the court exercises power on the defen- power (4): minoris of lesser, smaller (5): In the pres-
dant alone, a) Talatu instituted an action in personam ence of the greater, the power of the lesser ceases.]
against Diago in connection with a contract which Law The superior pow er overrides the inferior
.
the latter failed to complete, b) The only difference pow er e.g.. a superior court overrides the decision
in this respect between a judgment in personam and of an inferior court. The view of the majority over-
a judgment in rem is that the former is conclusive rides that of the minority. See majus continet minus.
onh between the parties and their representatives, in praesentia majoris potestatis. minor potestas
while the latter is conclusive against all the world cessat. [L. in in. on ( 1 1: praesentia presence 2
(Morris 1973:1019). Cf. actio in rem. majoris of greater 1 3 >: potestatis :f power -
in petto adj. adv [It. in in. on (1): petto breasL chest minor smaller (5 i; potestas power (6 . cessat :eases.
(2): in breast or chest.] Secretly. Privately. Without stops ("): In the presence of the greater power, the
announcement or disclosure. Used especially for a smaller power ceases.] Lav. . When a greater power is
Cardinal who is appointed by the Pope without be- present it absorbs the smaller power. A lesser author-
ing named in a meeting of the Church's governing ity is incorporated into a greater authority.
body. Cf. in pectore in pretio emptionis et venditionis. naturaliter licet
in pios usus adv [L. in into. to. against, for ( 1 ); pios contrahentibus se circumvenire. [L. in in. c r
religious, devout, loyal, dutiful (2): usus uses (3): pretio price (2 . emptionis of buying (3); et and
for religious uses.] For religious purposes. 4 . venditionis of selling i
5 i: naturaliter naturally
in plena vita adv. [L. in in. on (1 y. plena full i 2 k vita (7): licet it is permitted, allowed (6); contrahentibus
life (3): in full life.] In full life. themselves (10):
to contracting (persons) (8): se
in pleno lumine adv [in in. on (1): pleno full 1 circumvenire to outwit, cheat (9): In the price
lumine light (3): in full light] In the light of day. In of buying and selling, it is permitted naturally to
public. The assassination of the Prime Minister took contracting persons to cheat themselves.] Law.
place in pleno lumine. In determining the price in a session of buying
in poenalibus causis benignius interpretandum est and selling, the contracting parties are naturally
[L. in in. on ( 1 y. poenalibus penal (2): causis causes, allowed to cheat themselves.
cases (3); benignius more liberally, favorably (6): in primis adv [L. in in. on primis first (things) ( 1 ):
interpretandum ro be interpreted (5 . est it is (4): (2): in the first things.] In the first place. In his pre-
In penal cases, it is to be interpreted more liberally ]
sentation of the case, he argued, in primis. that ....
Law . In penal cases, there is the need to make more in principio abbr in pr. adv Genesis 1: 1 and John 1: 1
liberal interpretation. [L. in in. on ( 1 ): principio origin, beginning, com-

in pontificalibus adj [L. in in. on ( 1 ): pontificalibus mencement ( 2 ): in origin] In the beginning. At first.
insignia or attire of a pontiff (2): in the insignia or In principio. all the workers agreed to pay the le\y.
attire of a pontiff.] In the vestments, insignia, or full but later on some of them decided against it.
attire of a bishop, cardinal, or pope. In one's official in propria causa nemo judex sit L in in. on
attire, insignia, or vestments. See pontificalia. propria one's own (2): causa cause, case, reason
in propria persona 190
(3);nemo no one (4); judex judge (6); sit should be who (4); auctoritates authorities (6); legum of laws
one's own case no one should be judge.] Law.
(5): In (7); allegat cites, quotes (5); quia because (9);
No one ought to be a judge in his/her own cause. perspicua manifest, clear ( 1 0); vera truths (11); non
See nemo debet esse etc. not(13); suntare(12); probanda to be proved(14):
in propria persona adv. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); propria one's In clear matters, he' who cites authorities of laws
own (2); persona person (3): in one's own person.] makes a mistake because manifest truths are not to
In one's own proper person. Without an attorney's be proved.] Law. In clear cases, it is an error to cite
assistance. Personally. Despite the fact that Edwin legal authorities, because manifest truths need not
appeared in propria persona, he was able to secure be proved.
his acquittal. See inops consilii and pro se. in re communi melior est conditio prohibentis. [L.
in puris naturalibus adj. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); puris pure in in, on (1); re matter, thing, property, business, af-
(2); naturalibus natural (3): in pure natural.] In a fair (3); communi common (2); melior better (4);
natural state.Completely naked. The situation est is (5); conditio condition (6); prohibentis of one
seemed quite complicated on the surface, but once forbidding (7): In a common property, better is the
some superficial difficulties were removed it was, condition of the one forbidding.] Law. In matters of
in puris naturalibus, quite simple. joint ownership of property, the partner who exer-
inquisitor n., pi. inquisitors [L. searcher, examiner, cises the right of veto has a better case. See in re
inspector, investigator, collector of evidence.] 1. A communi neminem etc.; in re communi potior

person who questions or investigates. An official, etc.; and in re pari potiorem etc.
such as a sheriff or coroner, whose functions involve in re communi neminem dominorum jure facere
inquiring or examining. 2. A person who is a member quicquam, invito altero, posse. [L. in in, on (2); re
of an inquisition. An official of an investigating com- matter, thing, property, business, affairs (4); communi
mittee who asks questions harshly and completely common (3); neminem none (5); dominorum of
ignores an individual's sensibilities, objections and owners (6); jure by right, law (7); facere to do (8);
rights.Tumi resolutely shuns a political career, for quicquam anything (9); invito (with being) unwilling
he has a pathological fear of appearing one day (11); altero with the other (10); posse to be able,
before the official inquisitors of a military tribunal. (that) be able (1): that, in a common property, none
in quo quis delinquit, in eo de jure est puniendus. of the owners by law is able to do anything, with the
[L. in in, on (1); quo what (2); quis any one (3); other being unwilling.] Law. In matters ofjoint owner-
delinquit offends, does wrong (4); in in, on (5); eo ship of property, none of the owners can rightly do
that (6); de of, from, about, for (8) jure right, law anything against the will of the other. See in re com-
(9); est he is (7); puniendus to be punished (10): In muni melior etc.
what any one offends, in that he is of right to be pun- in re communi potior est conditio prohibentis. [L.
ished.] Law. A person should rightly be punished for in in, on (1); re matter, thing, property, business,
the offense which he/she has committed; i.e., not for affair (3); communi common (2); potior better,
some other deed or action. See nemo ex alterius etc. preferable (4); est conditio condition (6);
is (5);
in re prep. [L. in in, on ( 1), re matter, thing, property, prohibentis of one forbidding (7): In a common
business, affair (2): in the thing/matter.] In the affair property, preferable is the condition of the one forbid-
of. In the matter of. Concerning. In the case of. — n. ding.] Law. In matters ofjoint ownership of property,
Law. A judicial proceeding in which there is no oppos- the partner who exercises the right of veto has a
ing party but there is merely a matter to be decided, stronger case. See in re communi melior etc.
such as the estate of a bankrupt, a guardianship, or in re dubia, benigniorem interpretationem sequi, non
an application respecting a proposed highway. minus justius est quam tutius. [L. in in, on (1); re
in re aliena adj. Iadv. [L. in in, on (1); re matter, thing, matter, thing, property, business, affair (3); dubia
property, business, affair (2); aliena of another (3): doubtful (2); benigniorem more liberal, favorable (5);
in the property of another.] In another's property. interpretationem interpretation (6); sequi to follow
[In traditional property concepts] the usufruct . . . was (4); non not (8); minus less (9); justius more just ( 1 0);
not a species ofownership; it consisted ofperpetual est is (7); quam than (11); tutius safer ( 1 2): In a doubt-
rights of beneficial use in re aliena . . . (Asante ful matter, to follow the more liberal interpretation is
1975:5). no less juster than (it is) safer.] Law. In case of doubt,
in rebus adv. [L. in in, on (1); rebus matters, affairs following the more liberal interpretation is not only
(2): in matters.] Law. In the matters, affairs, or cases just but also safe. See in dubio, pars etc.
of.Followed by names of plaintiffs and defendants. in re dubia magis inficiatio quam affirmatio
in rebus manifests, errat qui auctoritates legum intelligenda. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); re matter, thing, prop-
allegat; quia perspicua vera non sunt probanda. erty, business, affair (3); dubia doubtful (2); magis
[L. in in, on (1); rebus matters (3); manifestis clear, rather, more (5); inficiatio negative, denial (4); quam
evident (2); errat makes a mistake, errs (8); qui (he) than (6); affirmatio affirmative (7); intelligenda to
191 insignia
be understood (8): In a doubtful thing, the negative sententiae of judgment (7): It is absolutely unjust to
rather than the affirmative is to be understood.] Law. give anyone the freedom of judgment in one's own
In case of doubt, the negative is preferable to the matter.] Law. It is an absolute travesty of justice to
affirmative. See actori incumbit etc. allow anyone to serve as a judge in his/her own cause.
in rem adj. [L. in into, to, against, for(l); rem matter, See nemo debet esse etc.
thing, property, business, affair (2): against a thing.] in rerum natura adv. Iadj. [L. in in, on (1); rerum of
Law. Against a thing. Proceedings in rem are held in matters, things, property, business, affairs (3); natura
a court which has jurisdiction to determine right to, nature (2): in the nature of things.] In the world of
status of, or title to property and, though the judg- material things. In existence. Genuine. The bailiffal-
ment is binding on the whole world, the court may leged that the plaintiffis fictitious or, in other words,
not necessarily have the power to enforce obedience not in rerum natura.
on the parties affected. Joe took an action in rem to in restitutionem, non in poenam heres succedit. [L.
recover his landfrom the squatters. See actio in rem. in into, to, against, for (3); restitutionem restora-
in rem actio est per quam rem nostram quae ab alio tion (4); non not (5); in into, to, against, for (6);
possidetur petimus, et semper adversus eum est poenam penalty, punishment (7); heres heir, suc-
qui rem possidet. [L. in into, to, against, for (2); cessor (1); succedit succeeds, inherits (2): An heir
rem matter, thing, property, business, affair (3); actio succeeds into restoration, not into punishment.] Law.
action, deed, legal suit ( 1 ); est is (4); per through, by An heir is liable to restore property unlawfully ac-
(5); quam which (6); rem matter, thing, property, quired by the ancestor but not to pay the penalty for
business, affair (9); nostram our (8); quae which an ancestor's criminal offense. See crimina morte
(10); ab from, by (12); alio another (13); possidetur extinguuntur; dolus auctoris etc.; in heredes etc.;
is possessed (11); petimus we demand, sue for, claim mors omnia solvit; and poena ex delicto etc.
(7) ; et and (14); semper always (16); adversus I.N.R.I. abbr. for Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judaerum
against ( 1 7); eum the person ( 1 8); est it is ( 1 5); qui (q.v.).
who (19); rem matter, thing, property, business, affair in s. abbr. for in situ (q.v.).
(21); possidet possesses (20): A legal suit against in saecula saeculorum adv. [L. in into, to, against, for
the thing is by which we seek our property which is (1); saecula ages, generations (2); saeculorum of
possessed by another and (is) always against the person ages, generations (3): to ages of ages.] For ever and
who possesses the property.] Law. A legal action ever. The institution of marriage and the attendant
against the thing is one by which we sue for our prop- procreation will continue to exist in saecula
erty which is possessed by another, and it is always saeculorum.
directed against the one who possesses the property. insanus est qui, abjecta ration?, omnia cum impetu
See actio in rem. et furore facit. [L. insanus mad, insane (2); est he/
in rem judicatam adv. [L. in into, to, against, for (1); she is (1); qui who (3); abjecta (with) having been
rem matter, thing, property, business, affair (2); thrown away, cast aside (5); ratione with reason (4);
judicatam decided, concluded (3): into a matter de- omnia all (things) (7); cum with (8); impetu vio-
cided.] Law. Into a matter conclusively settled. Into lence, force (9); et and (10); furore rage, madness,
a judgment. The contract which was the subject-matter fury (1 1); facit does (6): He/she is insane who, with
of dispute between Banjo and Saka has passed in reason having been thrown away, does all things with
rem judicatam. See res judicata. violence and fury.] A person who throws away reason
in re pari potiorem causam esse prohibentis constat. and does everything with violence and fury is insane.
[L. in in, on (1); re matter, thing, property, business, Cf. furiosis nulla etc.; furiosus absentis etc.;
affair (3); pari equal (2); potiorem better, preferable furiosus solo etc.; and furiosus stipulari etc.
(8) ; causam cause, case, reason (5); esse to be, (that) insculpsit v. [L. He/she sculpted.] He/she carved it.
is (7); prohibentis of one forbidding, prohibiting (6); Used to indicate the creator of a piece of sculpture.
constat it is established, certain (4): In an equal thing Cf. caelavit.
it is established that the cause of the one forbidding in se adv. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); se one's self, him/her/itself,
is better.] Law. Where a thing is equally owned by themselves (2): in itself.] In and of itself. By nature.
several persons, it is established that the party who Intrinsically.
imposes his veto has a better case. Applicable to part- in sha Allah or inshallah inter/. [Ar. in if (1); sha
nerships. See in re communi melior etc. wishes, wills (3); Allah Allah, God (2): if Allah wills.]
in re propria iniquum admodum est alicui licentiam By the grace of Allah (or God). There will, in sha
tribuere sententiae. [L. in in, on (8); re matter, thing, Allah, be a meeting ofthe association today. Cf. Deo
property, business, affair (10); propria one's own volente and laus Deo.
(9) ; iniquum unfair, unjust (3); admodum absolutely insignia or insigne n. pi.,
insignia or insignias [L. mark,
(2); est it is (1); alicui to anyone (5); licentiam li- indication, sign, signal, badge, garb.] 1. A badge, em-
cense, freedom (6); tribuere to give, assign (4); blem, symbol, or other distinguishing sign of authority,
in siniili materia 192
honor, dignity, or office. A rivalfaction in the succes- newspaper asking prospective distributors to send
sion dispute hasforcibly seized the insignia ofthe king- applications with a deposit of $10,000 each.
ship. 2. A characteristic, peculiar, or typical sign by in statu pupillari adv.ladj. [L. in in, on (1); statu po-
which something is identified. Characteristics. sition, condition (2); pupillari of orphan, ward (3):
in simili materia adv. I adj. [L. in in, on (1); simili simi- in the position of an orphan or ward.] As a student,
lar, like (2); materia matter, subject-matter (3): in a pupil or ward. Classified as a student or pupil. Matricu-
similar matter.] Dealing with a similar matter. Dealing lation in the university qualifies one to be regarded in
with a related subject. statu pupillari.
in situ abbr. in s. adv. I adj. [L. in in, on (1); situ posi- in statu quo adv. [L. in in, on (1); statu state, condi-
tion, site, situation (2): in position.] In its original tion (2); quo in which (3): in the state/condition in
or natural situation or position. Left untouched and which.] In the former position. In the same state/con-
undisturbed, a) A developed land attracts heavier dition, a) By the decision of the appellate court in
compensation than one left in situ, b) decomposition the ejection case, the applicant was left in statu quo.
of rocks in situ. b) [In civil cases.] an interlocutory injunction may

in solido adv. Iadj. [L. in in, on (1); solido solid, whole, be granted at any time after the issue of the writ to
entire (2): on the whole.] As a whole. Involving ah'. maintain things in statu quo (Burke 1976: 178).
Joint and several. Jointly and severally, a) The brothers in stipulationibus cum quaeritur quid actum sit
are bound in solido by an agreement to pay the debt. verba contra stipulatorem interpretanda sunt. [L.
b) The contract imposes on the entire family an in in in, on (1); stipulationibus agreements, stipula-
solido obligation. Cf. in parte etc. tions (2); cum when (3); quaeritur it is asked, there
in solo alieno [L. in in, on (1); solo ground, land, soil is a question (4); quid what (5); actum sit has been
(3); alieno another's (2): on another's land.] Law. done (6); verba words (7); contra against, opposite
On another's ground. On someone else's property. (10); stipulatorem one making the stipulation (11);
Cf. in solo proprio. interpretanda to be interpreted (9); sunt are (8): In
in solo proprio [L. in in, on ( 1 ); solo ground, land, soil agreements when there is a question as to what has
(3); proprio one's own, individual (2): on one's own been done, the words are to be interpreted against
land.] Law. In one's own ground. On one's own prop- the one making the stipulation.] Law. In case of dis-
erty. Cf. in solo alieno. puted stipulations, words must be interpreted against
insomnia n., pi. insomnias [L. sleeplessness.] Medi- the one who made the stipulation; i.e., words of the
cine. Sleeplessness. Inability to get the requisite stipulation should be interpreted against the one who
amount of sleep over a period of time. made the stipulation, while words of the promise
insouciance n.,pl. insouciances [Fr. heedlessness, un- should be interpreted against the one who made the
concern, carelessness.] Unconcern or indifference, promise. See quaelibet concessio etc.
especially to the impression which one creates, in stirpes adv.ladj. [L. in into, to, against, for (1);
a) Agnes always complains about Joel 's insouciance stirpes descendants, family stocks (2): into family
over the clothes he wears, b) the epitome ofslob
. . . stocks.] Law. By stocks. By roots. By representation
insouciance (Time Int. 1982).
. . .
of branches of the decedent's descendants. Appli-
in specie adv. Iadj. [L. in in, on (1); specie kind, ap- cable to intestate inheritance and synonymous with
pearance, resemblance, likeness (2): in likeness.] In per stirpes but distinguished from per capita (for each
kind. James offered to lend Jonathan some commodi- person).
ties on condition that they would be returned in institor n.,pl. institors [L. factor, broker, hawker, ped-
specie. Cf. in genere. dler.] Civil Law. An agent, such as
Roman and Scots
inspeximus [L. We have inspected/examined.] We a broker or manager of a business concern, whose
have inspected a document. Law. Used in charter or transactions are binding on the principal.
letters patent. After the word inspeximus, the grantor Institutio Oratoria n. [L. institutio arrangement,
recites verbatim and confirms the former grant and instruction (2); oratoria oratorical (1): oratorical
then adds other privileges, if need be. instruction.] Oratorical Instruction, a pedagogical
I.N.S.T. abbr. for in nomine Sanctae Trinitatis (q.v.). treatise on oratory and rhetoric by Quintilian (c.35
instanter adv. [L. urgently, vehemently.] At once. In- A.D.-??).
stantly. Freddie ordered the intruder to leave his resi- int. abbr. for interim (q.v.).
dence instanter. intaglio n., pi. intaglios [It. engraving.] 1. The art of
in statu nascendi adv. I adj. [L. in in, on (1); statu working lines, carvings, and designs into hard mate-
condition, state, position (2); nascendi of being born rials such as metal and stone. 2. An object worked in
(3): in the condition of being born.] In the nascent such a way.
stage. In the course of being developed. Though the integer n., pi. integers [L. untouched, entire, whole,
manufacturing company is in statu nascendi, an ad- complete.] 1. Mathematics. Any natural or whole
vertisement has been placed in a national daily number, such as 1, 2, 3, or 4, as distinguished from a
193 interest reipublicae
fraction. 2. A whole. A complete or full entity. For an Ministers, and most of the Permanent Secretaries.
organization tofunction successfully and meaningfully, 2. Law. Between persons who are alien to the dis-
its various parts should discard their individual aspi- puted matter. Cf. inter ceteros.
rations andfunction as one body, an integer. inter alios res gestas aliis non posse praejudicium
integer vitae adj. [L. integer whole, complete, intact, facere saepe constitutum est. [L. inter between,
virtuous (1); vitae of life (2): virtuous of life.] Living among (5); alios some, other (persons) (6); res matters,
a virtuous life. things, property, business, affairs (3); gestas done

integrant adj. [Fr. integral.] Constituent. Component. (4); aliis to others (11); non not (8); posse to be able
Inherent. The chief accountant resents the deputy (7); praejudicium prejudice (10); facere to do, make
registrar 'sencroachment on an integrant part ofhis (9); saepe often (2); constitutum est it has been
powers. established, decided that ( 1 ): It has often been estab-
intellectus n. [L. discernment, perception, understand- lished that things done among some persons cannot do
ing.] Ability to understand and comprehend. The prejudice to others.] Law. It has often been established
human intellect. An adult, basically, is a person who that the acts of persons alien to a cause cannot preju-
has the requisite intellectus to understand his/her acts dice it. See res inter alios acta alteri etc.
and their consequences. inter apices juris adv. [L. inter among, between (1);
intelligentsia or intelligentzia n., pi. intelligentsias apices summits, highest ornaments (2); juris of right,
or intelligentzias [Russ. intelligentsiya the intellec- law (3): among the highest ornaments of law.] Law.
tuals.] Usually used as a collective sing. noun. 1. A Among the extreme applications of law. Among the
class of highly educated and articulate persons who law's subtleties.
arrogate to themselves the right to participate in, and inter arma silent leges. See silent enim leges inter
guide, national affairs. 2. A class of persons devoted arma.
to intellectual pursuits and engaged in mental rather interbella or interbellum adj. [L. inter between (1);
than menial or manual work. Along with so many bella war(s) (2): between wars.] Happening, occurring
other critics around the world, the French intelli- or subsisting between wars, especially the period
gentsia has detected an American crisis offaith . . . between the First and the Second World Wars. Germans
{Newsweek Int. Feb. 23, 1981:50). of the interbellum period deeply resented the terms
intentio inservire debet legibus, non leges intentioni. of the treaty of Versailles and found no difficulty in
[L. intentio intention (1); inservire to be submis- supporting Hitler.
sive (3); debet ought, should (2); legibus to laws inter ceteros adv. [L. inter among, between (1);
(4);non not (5); leges laws (6); intentioni to inten- ceteros the other (people) (2): among the other
The intention ought to be submissive to the
tion (7): people.] Among the other persons. The tribunal in-
laws, not the laws to the intention.] The intention vited, inter ceteros, the former Minister of Finance.
should conform to the laws and not vice versa. Ap- Cf. inter alios.
plicable to the intention of the testator. inter conjuges adj. /adv. [L. inter among, between ( 1 );
intentio mea imponit nomen operi meo. [L. intentio conjuges married persons (2): between married per-
intention (2); mea my (1); imponit imposes (3); sons.] Between husband and wife. Between a married
nomen name (4); operi (on) work, deed, action (6); couple. The courts usually handle matters inter
meo on my (5): My intention imposes a name on my conjuges with great care and concern. See inter
deed.] Law. My action derives its name from my in- virum et uxorem.
tent. Cf. actus non facit etc. interdictum n.,pl. interdicta [L. prohibition.] Injunc-
inter absentes adv.ladj. [L. inter among, between (1); tion. Interdict.
absentes the absent (ones) (2): among the absent interest reipublicae ne maleficia remaneant
ones.] Among those not present. The meeting had to impunita. [L. interest it interests, concerns, is ex-
be postponed thirty minutes, since prominent mem- pedient (1); rei publicae the public affair, the state
bers ofthe association were inter absentes. Cf. inter (2); ne that not (3); maleficia crimes, evil deeds (4);
praesentes. remaneant should remain (5); impunita unpunished

inter alia abbr. I.A., i.a. or int. al. adv. [L. inter among, (6) : It interests the state that crimes should not remain
between (1); alia others, other (things) (2): among unpunished.] Law. It is a matter of interest/concern
other things.] In addition to or together with other to the state that evil deeds should not go unpunished.
items or matters. The new manager had to consider, See impunitas semper etc.
inter alia, the problem ofproviding houses for the interest reipublicae ne sua quis male utatur. [L. inter-
junior staff. est it interests, concerns, is expedient (1); rei publicae

inter alios adv. [L. inter among, between (1); alios the public affair, the state (2); ne that not (3); sua his/
some, other (people) (2): among other people.] her own (6); quis any one (4); male badly, ruinously
1. Among other persons. Prominent guests at the (7) ; utatur should use (5): It concerns the state that any
reception were, inter alios, the Prime Minister, all one should not use his/her own ruinously.] Law. It is a
interest reipublicae quod 194
matter of concern to the state that one should not put interim between sessions of the conference was prof-
one's property to improper use. See sic utere tuo etc. itably utilized in exchanging pleasantries and making
interest reipublicae quod homines conserventur. or renewing acquaintances. —adv. Meanwhile. As he
[L. interest it interests, concerns, is expedient (1); awaited his turn at the interview he, interim, kept
rei publicae the public affair, the state (2); quod that musing upon the bright career awaiting him. adj. —
(3); homines human beings (4); conserventur be Temporary. Provisional. Happening, appointed, or
preserved (5): It concerns the state that human beings made for the meantime. The regime, which was her-
be preserved.] Law. It is a matter of concern to the alded with fanfare and aroused great expectations,
state that human life be preserved. See de morte turned out to be a mere interim government.
hominis etc. interim committitur n. [L. interim meanwhile, in the
interest reipublicae res judicatas non rescindi. meantime (2); committitur he is committed (1): He
[L. interest it interests, concerns, is expedient that is committed meanwhile.] Law. A court order com-
(1) ; rei publicae the public affair, the state (2); res mitting a person to prison until the time when further
matters, things, property, business, affairs (3); action will be taken.

judicatas decided, determined (4); non not (5); interiora secreta pi. n. [L. interiora inner, internal,
rescindi to be rescinded (6): It concerns the state thai more intimate (1); secreta secrets, mysteries (2): inner
matters decided not be rescinded.] Law. It is a matter secrets.] Internal secrets. The club has some interiora
of concern to the state that judicial decisions not be secreta which are not to be divulged to the uninitiated.
revoked. See infinitum in etc. intermedium n., pi. intermedia or intermediums [L.
interest reipublicae suprema hominum testamenta intermediate thing.] An intermediary. A medium. An

rata haberi. [L. interest it interests, concerns, is agent. The firm does not conduct business directly
expedient (1); rei publicae the public affair, the state with the public, but through intermedia.
(2) ; suprema (that) last (3); hominum of human intermezzo n., pi. intermezzi or intermezzos [It.
beings, persons (5); testamenta wills (4); rata valid, intermediate thing.] A musical or dramatic interlude
1 .
approved (7); haberi (to) be had, held, regarded (6): between acts of a dramatic performance or opera. 2. A
It concerns the state (that) last wills of human beings short independent piece in similar style. 3. A diver-
be regarded valid.] Law. It is a matter of interest/concern sion, interlude, affair or episode. She had insisted
to the state that people's last wills be considered valid. that her film career was finished, but now it turns
See in testamentis etc.; mens testatoris etc.; testa- out that the four years away from the camera were
tor is ultima etc.; and ultima voluntas etc. only an intermezzo {Newsweek Int. July 6, 1981:1 9).
interest reipublicae ut carceres sint in tuto. [L. in- inter nos adv. [L. inter among, between (1); nos us
terest it interests, concerns, is expedient ( 1 ); rei pub- (2): between us.] Between ourselves. The courts will
licae the public affair, the state (2); ut that (3); always enforce what we agree upon inter nos, unless
carceres prisons, jails (4); sint should be (5); in in, the transaction is offensive to public policy, natural
on (6); tuto safe, secure (condition) (7): It interests justice, equity, or good conscience.
the state that prisons should be in secure condition.] internuncio n. [It. internunzio a mediator, go-between,
Law. It is a matter of concern to the state that prisons messenger.] A go-between. A messenger operating
1 .
be secure. between two parties. 2. A diplomatic representative

interest reipublicae ut quilibet re sua bene utatur. of the Pope whose rank is lower than that of the nuncio.
[L. interest it interests, concerns, is expedient (1); Cf. internuntius.
rei publicae the public affair, the state (2); ut that internuntius n., pi. internuntii [L. a mediator, go-
(3) ; quilibet anyone, all, everyone (4); re matter, between, messenger.] 1. Internuncio (q.v.). 2. A
thing, property, business, affair (7); sua his/her own broker. A go-between. Cf. internuncio.
(6); bene well, properly (8); utatur uses (5): It con- inter pares adv.ladj. [L. inter among, between (1);
cerns the state that everyone uses his/her property pares equal (persons) (2): between equals.] Among
well.] Law. It is in the state's interest that people use equals. At the morning's parade, the principal se-
their property properly. See sic utere tuo etc. lected Kwame as a leader inter pares. Cf. parium
interest reipublicae ut sit finis litium. [L. interest it judicium and per pares.
interests, concerns, is expedient ( 1 ); rei publicae the inter partes adv.ladj. [L. inter between, among (1);
public affair, the state (2); ut that (3); sit there should partes sides, parties (2): Between
between parties.]
be (4); finis end (5); litium of lawsuits (6): It concerns the parties. The court declared the agreement inter
the state that there should be an end of lawsuits.] Law. partes null and void on the ground that it was based
It is in the state's interest that a lawsuit not drag on on turpis causa. Cf. ex parte.
forever. See infinitum in etc. inter praesentes adv. Iadj. [L. inter among, between ( 1 );
interim abbr. int n.,pl. interims [L. meanwhile, in the praesentes those present (2): among those present.]
meantime.] The time intervening. Interval of time. The Among the parties present. The Bar Association
195 intra fidem
elected two members inter praesentes to represent it a living person to another, a) A gift ofa self-acquired
at the annual delegates conference ' in New York. property made inter vivos is valid in law. b) But if
Cf. inter absentes. there a sole survivor offamily land, he is in (he
is
interpres legum a., pi. interpretes legum [L. interpres position ofan individual landholder and can dispose
interpreter (1); legum of laws (2): interpreter of laws.] of the land inter vivos or by will (James 1982:5 1 ).
A person or thing which makes the law clear. // is gen- in testamentis plenius testatoris intentionem
erally accepted that custom is the best interpres legum. scrutamur. [L. in in, on (1); testamentis wills (2);
interpretatio talis in ambiguis semper fienda est ut plenius more fully (4); testatoris of testator (6);
evitetur inconveniens et absurdum. [L. intentionem intention (5); scrutamur we carefully

interpretatio interpretation (3); talis such (7); in in, search (3): In wills we carefully search more fully
on (1);ambiguis ambiguous (things) (2); semper for the intention of the testator.] Law. In wills we
always fienda to be done (6); est is (4); ut that

(5); search scrupulously for the testator's intention.
(8); evitetur be/is avoided (12); inconveniens in- See interest reipublicae suprema etc.
convenient (9); et and ( 1 0); absurdum absurd (11): intifada n. [Ar. intifada shaking off.] A political and
Inambiguous things, interpretation is always to be social movement by Palestinians to shake off the rule
done such that the inconvenient and absurd is of Israel.
avoided.] Whenever there is ambiguity, interpreta- in totidem verbis adv. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); totidem just as
tion should be made in such a way as to avoid an many, just so many (2); verbis words (3): in just as
inconvenient and absurd solution. many words.] In so many words. Word for word. In
interregnum n., pi. interregna or interregnums [L. exactly thesame words. The lecturer penalized the
an interval between two reigns.] The time between a student for using his handout in totidem verbis.
monarch's death and the choice of a successor. A See totidem verbis.
reign during a temporary vacancy or suspension of in toto adv. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); toto the whole (2): on the
government. A period when the normal governmen- whole.] As a whole. Totally. Completely. Entirely.
tal activities are suspended. Though only appointed Altogether. I accept your suggestion in toto.
acting President in an interregnum, he fancied him- in toto et pars continetur. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); toto whole
self the de jure President and took to arbitrary acts. (2); et also (5); pars part (3); continetur is contained,
interrex n.,pl. interreges [L. a temporary king, viceroy, comprised (4): In the whole the part is also contained.]
regent.] A provisional or temporary ruler. A person The whole contains the parts. See majus continet
who wields supreme power during a transitional minus.
period. The interrex, who was appointed after the intra anni spatium adv. [L. intra within (1): anni of
coup d 'etat, has become the de jure Head of State. year (3); spatium interval, space (2): within the inter-
in terrorem adv.ladj. [L. in into, to, against, for (1); val of a year.] Within a year.
terrorem terror (2): for terror.] For fright. By way in tractu temporis adv. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); tractu course,
of intimidation/threat. Applicable, among others, to track (2); temporis of time (3): in the course of rime.]
a legacy given on condition that the legatee should Over a period of time. The accountant confessed to
not dispute certain aspects of the legacy. Also appli- the police that he had embezzled the colossal sum of
cable to a condition whichis a mere threat. A clause money in tractu temporis.
fixing damages in the event of breach will not be in traditionibus scriptorum, non quod dictum est,
implemented where it is in the nature of a penalty- sed quod gestum est inspicitur. [L. in in, on (1);
fixed in terrorem of the party in breach (Freedland traditionibus deliveries (2); scriptorum of written
1976:250-251). (things) (3); non not (4); quod (that) which, what
inter se or inter sese adv.ladj. [L. inter among, between (5); dictum said (7); est is, has been (6); sed but (8);
(1); se or sese themselves (2): among themselves.] quod (that) which, what (9); gestum done (1 1); est
Among or between themselves. The Senior Advocates is, has been (10); inspicitur is considered, investi-
held a meeting to discuss matters inter se. gated (12): In deliveries of written things, not what
interstitium n.,pl. interstitia or interstitiums [L. that has been said, but what has been done, is consid-
which stands between.] The space in-between. An ered.] Law. In the delivery of written documents, what
interstice. is considered is not what has been said, but what is
inter virum et uxorem adj. /adv. [L. inter among, done; i.e., whatever is said in the process of delivery
between (1); virum man, husband (2); et and (3); has no legal effect on the delivery. See non quod
uxorem wife (4): between husband and wife.] Between dictum est etc. Cf. traditio loqui etc.
spouses. Intervention in a dispute inter virum et uxorem intra fidem adj. [L. intra within ( ); fidem belief, cre- 1
is a delicate affair. See inter conjuges. dence, faith (2): within belief] Acceptable. Credible.
inter vivos adj. Iadv. [L. inter among, between ( 1 ); vivos The evidence of the prosecution witness seems to be
the living (2): between the living.] During life. From intra fidem.
intra luctus tempus 196
intra luctus tempus adv. [L. intra within (1); luctus Introibo v. [L. I will go.] I will go. The first word of
of mourning (3); tempus time (2): within the time of Psalm 43:4 with which the Tridentine Mass began.
mourning.] During the period of mourning. The dis- n. The first prayer of the Mass. —
tribution of the properties of the deceased was held Introit n. [L. He enters, he goes in.] Christianity. The
in abeyance intra luctus tempus. beginning of a service, especially the first part of the
intra muros adj. [L. intra within ( 1 ); muros walls (2): Tridentine Catholic Mass.
within the walls.] Pertaining to the internal affairs or intromissio n. [L. sending in, letting in, admitting.]
politics, i.e., of an organization, institution, etc. The 1. Meddling with the affairs of another. 2. Insertion,
President asked her employees to be cautious about particularly of penis into vagina,
broadcasting inira muros matters. in usu adv. [L. in in, on (1): usu use (2): in use.] Law.
in transitu abbr. in trans, adv. [L. in in, on (1); tran- In the process of being used,
situ passage, transit (2): in passage.] During passage in utero adj. I adv. [L. in in, on ( 1 ); utero womb, uterus
from one place to another. In transit. On the way. Ifa (2): in the womb/uterus.] Medicine. Before birth. In
buyer becomes insolvent before the goods arrive by the womb. The fact that the baby shows symptoms
sea, the sellerhas a remedy of stoppage in transitu of a venereal disease suggests that the infection
before the ship docks at the port. occurred in utero.
intra parietes adv. [L. intra within (1); parietes walls inv. abbr. for invenit (q.v.).
(2): within walls.] Between walls. Out of court. In in vacuo adv. [L. in in, on (1); vacuo vacuum, empty,
an amicable manner. Though the dispute between void (2): in a vacuum.] In an empty space. Without
Aikins and Hereford is undoubtedly a serious one, context, a)Laws are not made in vacuo, for their pro-
they opted to settle it intra parietes. mulgation prompted by some circumstances in the
is
intrapartum adj. [L. within birth or delivery.] Medi- society and they are intended to achieve certain pur-
cine. Happening to the mother during childbirth. poses, b) The Acting Attorney-General then proceeded
intra vires adv. Iadj. [L. intra within (1); vires power, to argue on his objection to the proceedings being
strength (2): within the power.] Within the powers. brought in vacuo (Aihe and Oluyede 1979: 149).
Within the scope of authority. // is intra vires of a inveniens libellum famosum et non corrum-
court to try contempt committed in its face. Cf. extra pens punitur. [L. inveniens (one) coming upon,
vires and ultra vires. finding (1); libellum writing (3); famosum defama-
intra vitam adv. [L. intra within (1); vitam life (2): tory, slanderous (2); et and non not (5);
(4);
withinlife.] In the lifetime of the subject. During life. corrumpens destroying, ruining (6); punitur is pun-
The diagnosis which the doctor made intra vitam is ished (7): One finding slanderous writing and not
at variance with the results of the postmortem ex- destroying (it) is punished.] Law. A person who finds
amination. — adj. intravitam Pertaining to a subject but does not destroy a libelous publication is punished.
which is alive. The post mortem examination does invenit abbr. inv. or invt. v. [L. He/she found, invented
not support the doctor 's intravitam diagnosis. it.] He/she devised it. He/she discovered it. He/she
intrigant or fern, intrigante n., pi. intrigants or fern. designed it. Used to indicate the author of a design,
intrigantes [Fr. intriguer, schemer.] One who engages invention, etc. Cf. caelavit.
in secret plots or schemes. The institution
of invenit et delineavit abbr. inv. et del. [L. invenit he/
is full
intrigants whose stock-in-trade is abject servility and she found, designed, invented (1); et and (2);
character assassination. delineavit he/she drew (3): He/she designed and drew
intrigue n., pi. intrigues [Fr. scheme, plot, love affair.] it.] He/she is the designer and drawer. Cf. caelavit.
1. A clandestine, covert, or secret plot or plan.The in ventre sa mere adj. [Obs. Fr. in in, on ( 1 ); ventre
seat ofpower has been converted into a citadel of belly, stomach (2); sa one's (3); mere mother (4): in
intrigues, where schemers ply their sordid trade. 2. A the belly of one's mother.] In the womb. En ventre
secret or clandestine love affair, especially one in sa mere (q.v.).
which a married woman is involved, —v. intr. 1 . To in verbo abbr. I.V. or i.v. adv. [L. in in, on (1); verbo
plot or plan secretly. Abraham alleged that Jose in- word (2): in the word.] Under the word. Used for
trigued with Regina against him. 2. To engage in a references to dictionaries and other works arranged
clandestine or secret love affair. v. tr. 1 To acquire, — . alphabetically. See in voce; quae vide; Q.V.; sub
make, or accomplish through clandestine plots. The hac voce; sub hoc verbo; sub verbo; and sub voce.
headmaster of the school is a man of negligible abil- inv. et del. abbr. for invenit et delineavit (q.v ).
ity who intrigued his way into his position. To arouse 2. in via usucapiendi adv. [L. in in (1); via way, course
the curiosity, interest, or desire of. Adam brought some (2); usucapiendi of acquiring ownership by use (3):
news which intrigued everybody in the room. in the course of acquiring ownership by use.] Law.
introductio n. [L. leading in, introduction.] Insertion. In the course of acquiring ownership by use, pre-
Cf. emissio and erectio. scription, or usucaption.
197 Islam
in vinculis adv. [L. in in, on (1); vinculis fetters, bonds, (3); ut that (4); jure by right, law (6); regantur they
prison (2): in fetters.] 1 . In custody. In chains. In prison. be guided (5): The laws themselves desire that they
2. Figuratively. In a condition close to servitude which be guided by right.] The laws themselves wish to be
is the result of acceptance of harsh terms. Far from guided by what is right.
helping him to solve his problems, the loan which ipse dixit n. Cicero (106-^43 B.C.). De natura deorum
Keith receivedfrom the moneylender has put him in 1,5, 1 0. [L. ipse he himself ( 1 ); He him-
dixit said (2):
vinculis. self said.] A dictum (q.v.). A saying. An assertion
in vino Veritas [L. in in, on (2); vino wine (3); Veritas based on authority, rather than proved, a) Aristotle 's
truth (1): truth in wine.] There is truth in wine. Wine ipse dixit that barbarians are natural slaves who
brings out the truth; i.e., under the influence of alcohol, should be treated like animals has almost unani-
a person's pent-up feelings and hidden thoughts, indeed, mously been rejected by posterity, b) However, such
his/her true character, can be revealed. Cf. vulgoque a rule cannot justify the head in determining the ten-
Veritas etc. ancy on his mere ipse dixit that the land is required
invita Minerva adv. [L. invita with unwilling (2); by the family (James 1982:210).
(with) Minerva (2): with an unwilling Minerva.] ipsissima verba pi. n. [L. ipsissima the very, them-
Without the sanction of Minerva, the Roman goddess selves (1); verba words (2): the very words.] The
of knowledge and the arts. Without the sanction of words themselves. The identical, precise, or exact
the gods. Without divine inspiration. Unwillingly. words. When she transcribes from the shorthand,
invito beneficium non datur. [L. invito to the un- he expects only his ipsissima verba {The Guardian
willing (person), against one's will (4); beneficium October 29, 1985:9).
benefit, favor, honor (1) non not (2); datur is given ipsissimis verbis adv. [L. ipsissimis in the very, them-
(3): A benefit is not given to an unwilling person.] selves (1); verbis (in) words (2): in the very words.]
Law. A benefit is not given to a person against his/her In the words themselves. In the same, identical, pre-
will; i.e., when the law confers a privilege/benefit upon cise, or exact words.
a person, he/she is free to decline it. See beneficium ipso facto adv. [L. ipso (by) itself (2); facto by deed,
invito etc. act, fact
( ): by the act/fact itself.] By the mere fact.
1
in vitro adj. Iadv. [L. in in, on (1); vitro glass (2): in By the very nature of the case. As a consequence of
glass.] Medicine. Outside the living body. In a test the mere fact/act. a) He assumes that by my criti-
tube or any artificial device. Thanks to the work of cism of the young generation, ipso facto, I belong
Drs. Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards, a poten- to the old school of thought, b) The official, who is
tially barren woman can now give birth to a child, resolutelyopposed to irrational dictatorship, does
even quadruplets, through the in vitro fertilization not believe that the fact that an order has been
and embryo transfer process. issued means, ipso facto, that it has to be obeyed.
in vivo adj. I adv. [L. in in, on (1); vivo living (thing) See facto.
(2): in a living thing.] Happening, observable, etc. in ipso jure adv. [L. ipso (by) itself (2); jure by right,
a plant's or animal's living body. law ( 1 ): by law itself.] By operation of law. The land-
in voce abbr. I.V. or i.v. adv. [L. in in, on (1); voce lordforfeited one of his buildings ipso jure.
word, voice (2): in the word.] Under the word. Used I.Q. or i.q. idem quod (q.v.).
abbr. for
for references to dictionaries and other works af- I.Q.E.D. abbr. for id quod erat demonstrandum (q.v.).
ranged alphabetically. See in verbo and sub voce. ira furor brevis est. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Epistles,
invt. abbr. for invenit (q.v.). 1,2,62. [L. ira anger (1); furor insanity, madness,
iota n., pi. iotas [Gk. the letter "i."] 1. The smallest rage (4); brevis brief, short (3); est is (2): Anger is a
letter of the Greek alphabet, i.e., "i." 2. The small- brief insanity.] Anger is a brief spell of madness.
est possible quantity. A very small amount, degree, irredenta n., pi. irredentas [It. unredeemed.] An area
or quantity, a) They can organize the affairs of the which historically, culturally, or ethnically is related
country as stupidly and selfishly as they desire with- to one country but is, de jure, incorporated into an-
out any iota of danger to the security of their jobs other. European colonialism has created many
(The Guardian 1987). b) There is no iota of doubt irredentas in Africa.
in my mind that he is not qualified for his present Islam n.Mslam submission, resignation.] 1. The
[Ar.
position. religious faith proclaimed by Mohammed and em-
I Pagliacci pi. n. [It. i the (1); pagliacci clowns, braced by Muslims who, basically, submit themselves
buffoons (2): the clowns.] "The Clowns," an 1892 to the will of Allah by recognizing Allah as the only
opera by Ruggiero Leoncavallo (1858-1919). God and Mohammed's position as the instrument
I.P.I, or i.p.i. abbr. for in partibus infidelium (q.v.). through whom the will of Allah was revealed. 2. The
ipsae leges cupiunt ut jure regantur. [L. ipsae civilization or culture based on the Islamic religion.
themselves (2); leges laws (1); cupiunt wish, desire 3. The entire Muslim world. All Muslims. Cf. Muslim.
isogenesis 198
isogenesis n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. iso(s) equal, like (1); (6): Use yours in such a way that you not hurt
genesis origin, source (2): equal or like origin.] Simi- another's.] Law. Use your property in such a way
larity or likeness in origin, source, or development. that you not harm your neighbor's. See sic utere
issei n., pi. issei or isseis [Japan, from is first (1); sei tuo etc.
generation (2): first generation.] A Japanese who has item adv. [L. in the same way.] Also. Used to mark
immigrated to the United States. A first-generation each point in a list. —
A point in an. 1. A single list.
Japanese- American. Cf. Nisei and Sansei. object in a series or collection. 2. A brief notice in a
ita lex scripta est. [L. ita so (1); lex law (2); scripta journal or newspaper.
written (4); est is, has been (3): So the law has been ite missa est [L. ite go (1); missa sent (3); est he/she/it
written.] That is what the law says. is, has been (2): Go, she has been sent.] Go, the mass
ita te Deus adjuvet. [L. ita so (1); te you (4); Deus is ended. The conclusion of the Catholic liturgy.
God (3); adjuvet let help (2): So let God help you.] iter n., pi. itinera or iters [L. journey, road, way, pas-
So help you God. sage.] Roman Law. The right to pass over another's
ita utere tuo ut aiienum non laedas. [L. ita in such landed property either by horse or on foot.
a way (3); utere use (1); tuo yours (2); ut that (4); izzat n. [Urdu 'izzat from Pers. 'izza glory.] Honor.
aiienum another's (7); non not (5); laedas you hug Kudos (q.v ). Cf. accolade 3.
J
J. or j. abbr. for 1. judex (q.v.). 2. jus (q.v.). government was commended for presenting a
j'accuse n. Emile Zola (1840-1902). [Fr. j' I (1); ac- Janus-faced budget, which takes due consideration
cuse accuse, charge (2): I accuse.] Accusation(s). of both the past and the future. 2. Characterized by
Allegation(s). Charge(s). The mayor also retaliated two contrasting features or aspects. Janus-like —
with his own j'accuse {Newsweek Int., Nov. I, Resembling Janus in that it looks, behaves, acts, etc.
1982:15). in contrasting or opposite ways. Joan has been doing

jacens hereditas or jacens haereditas See hereditas her best to understand Adam, but her efforts have been
jacens. frustrated by the Janus-like nature of his behavior.
jacquerie n. [Fr. from Jacques James, a common male J.B. abbr. for Jurum Baccalaureus (q.v.).
name like "John."] 1. "La Jacquerie" was an upris- J.C. abbr. for Jurisconsultus (q.v ).
ing of peasants against the French nobility in 1358. J.C.B. abbr. for 1 . Juris Canonici Baccalaureus (q.v.).
2. Any revolt of peasants or the oppressed, especially 2. Juris Civilis Baccalaureus (q.v.).
a bloody one. J.C.D. abbr. for 1. Juris Canonici Doctor (q.v ).
jacta alea est. Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.). [L. jacta 2. Juris Civilis Doctor (q.v.).
thrown, cast (3); alea die (1); est is, has been (2): J.C.L. abbr. for 1. Juris Canonici Licentiatus (q.v.).
The die has been thrown.] The die is cast. See alea 2. Juris Civilis Licentiatus (q.v ).
jacta esto; alea jacta est; and Rubicon. J.D. abbr. for 1. Juris Doctor (q.v ). 2. Jurum Doc-
jacta est alea. See jacta alea est. tor (q.v.).
janitor n., pi. janitors [L. doorkeeper.] The building Jeder nach seinen Fahigkeiten, jedem nach seinen
custodian responsible especially for cleaning, heat- Bediirfnissen. Karl Marx (1818-1883). [Ger. Jeder
ing, etc. each (1); nach according to (2); seinen his (3);
januis clausis adv. [L. januis with doors (1); clausis Fahigkeiten capabilities, abilities (4); jedem to each
(with) having been shut, closed (2): with doors having (5); nach according to (6); seinen his (7);
been shut or closed.] Secretly. In secret. Behind Bediirfnissen needs, requirements (6): Each accord-
closed doors. In camera. ing to his abilities; to each according to his needs.]
Janus n. [L. god of entering and exiting, beginning
the Each member of society should contribute accord-
and ending.] Ancient Rome. The guardian of doors, ing to his/her capabilities; society should give to each
entrances, and gates and the god of beginnings and according to his/her needs. Cf. suum cuique.
endings, Janus was represented as having two faces, jehad var. of jihad (q.v.).
one on the front of his head, the other at the back. je ne sais quoi or je-ne-sais-quoi n. [Fr. je I (1); ne not
The opening of the doors of his temple indicated (3); sais know (2); quoi what, which (4): I know not
that Rome was at war, while their closing indicated what.] Something. Something or other. Something
that Rome was at peace. Laitin argument is that 's which is indefinable. A thing which defies adequate
each of these two schools of thought is like one or description or expression. He has an air ofje ne sais
the other of the two faces of Janus — one looking quoi about him.
Asiwaju
into the past, the other into the future (A.I. Jesus Christus abbr. I.C. n. [L. Jesus from Heb. Jehosua
in West Africa 1987). —
Janus-faced 1. Looking, or Joshua God is salvation (1); L. Christus from Gk.
viewing or gazing in two opposite directions. The christos anointed (2): Jesus Christ.] Jesus the Anointed.
199
Jesus Hominum Salvator 200
Jesus Hominum Salvator abbr. J.H.S. n. [L. Jesus against those who have not embraced the Islamic
Jesus (1); hominum of human beings, people (3); faith. // is doubtful that Sunnis would respond to a
salvator savior (2): Jesus, savior of human beings.] jihad proclaimed by a Shiite imam such as Khomeini
Jesus, Redeemer of Humankind. (Newsweek Int. Dec. 1, 1979:25). 3. A war, crusade
Jesus Mundi Salvator abbr. J.M.S. n. [L. Jesus Jesus or campaign undertaken in support of, or in opposi-
(1) ; mundi of world (3); salvator savior (2): Jesus, tion to, a doctrine, belief or principle,
savior of the world.] Jesus, Redeemer of the World. jinriksha or jinricksha or jinrikisha n. [Japan, from
Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judaerum abbr. I.N.R.I. John jin person (1); riki strength, power (2); sha vehicle,
1 9: 1 9. [L. Nazarenus the Nazarene
Jesus Jesus ( 1 ); A small carriage
carriage (3): person-power vehicle.]
(2) rex king Q), Judaerum of the Jews (4): Jesus

; with two-wheels and drawn by one or two people. A
the Nazarene King of the Jews.] Jesus of Nazareth, ricksha.
King of the Jews. Words placed on the cross of Jesus jiva n., pi. jivas [Skt. jiva soul.] Hinduism and
by order of Pontius Pilate. Janinism. The soul or life-giving principle.
Jesus Salvator Mundi abbr. J.S.M. var. of Jesus J.M.S. abbr. for Jesus Mundi Salvator (q.v.).
Mundi Salvator (q.v.). joie de vivre n. [Fr. joie enjoyment, delight (1); de of
jete" n., pi. jetes [Fr. cast, flung, thrown, a step in a (2) ; vivre living (3): enjoyment of living.] Exhilaration.
dance.] Ballet. A sharp leap during which the free High spirits. Enthusiasm. Carefree or enthusiastic
leg is thrust outward. To the rich sound ofantiphonal enjoyment of life, a) Debts and a broken marriage
brass, the dancers take to the air in jete afterjete, in tempered his joie de vivre . . . (Newsweek Int. June
dazzling lifts, in fiery pas de deux . . . {Newsweek 1 , 198 1 :23). b) John is a vivacious and charismatic
Int. My 27, 1981:53). man whose joie de vivre is truly infectious.
jeu de mots n., pi. jeux de mots [Fr. jeu play, game jongleur n., pi. jongleurs [Fr. jester, entertainer.]
(1); de of (2); mots words (3): play of words.] A Medieval France and England. A migrant entertainer
play upon words. Pun. who performed songs, recited poetry, etc.
jeu d'esprit n., pi. jeux d'esprit [Fr. jeu play, game jour en banc n. [Fr. jour day ( 1 ); en in (2); banc bench
(1); d' of (2); esprit mind, wit (3): game or play of (3) a : day in bench.] Law. A day in court; i.e., a day
mind.] Witticism. A piece of writing which displays for appearance in court before a panel ofjudges, such
wit or cleverness. It is this kind ofjeu d'esprit that as an appellate court. Cf. jour en nisi prius and jour
makes his letters worth reading (Newsweek Int. . . . en pays.
March 23, 1981:49). jour en nisi prius n. [Fr. jour day (1); Fr. en in (2);
jeune fille fatale n.,pl. jeunes filles fatales [Fr. jeune L. nisi unless (3); L. prius before (4): a day in unless
young (2); fille girl (3); fatale fatal ( 1 ): a fatal young before.] Law. A day for appearance before a court
girl.] 1. A dangerous girl or young woman. 2. A flir- which tries factual issues. Such a court usually com-
tatious girl. A girl or young woman who attracts men prises a judge and a jury. See jour en pays and nisi
in an inexplicable and mysterious manner. 3. A young prius Cf. jour en banc.
seductress who entices men into embarrassing or jour en pays n. [Fr. jour day (1); en in (2); pays the
dangerous situations. A young woman who seduces country (3): a day in the country.] A jour en nisi
men through the use of her charm and then proceeds prius (q.v.) as opposed to a jour en banc (q.v.).
to exploit them. Cf. femme fatale. J.S.M. abbr. for Jesus Salvator Mundi (q.v ).
jeune premier n.,pl. jeunes premiers [Fr. jeune young Jubilate Deo [L. jubilate rejoice, shout for joy (1);
(man) (2); premier foremost (1): foremost young Deo to God (2): Shout for joy to God.] 1. The first
man.] An actor playing the juvenile lead, i.e., as the words of Psalm 100. 2. Music. A composition based
young hero. Cf. jeune premiere. upon this psalm. 3. Any joyous shout.
jeune premiere n., pi. jeunes premieres [Fr. jeune Juden hetze n. [Ger. Juden Jew ( ); Hetze hunt, baiting 1
young (woman) (2); premiere foremost ( 1 ): foremost (2): Jew-baiting.] Persecution of Jews. Anti-Semitism.
young woman.] Leading young lady. An actress play- Judenrat n., pi. Judenrats [Ger. Juden Jew, Jewish
ing the juvenile lead, i.e., as the young heroine. (1); Rat council (2): Jewish council.] A committee
Cf. jeune premier. for the Jewish community in an area under German
jeunesse doree n. [Fr. jeunesse youth (2); doree golden, control during the Second World War.
gilded (1): gilded youth.] Wealthy and fashionable Judenrein adj. [Ger. Juden Jew, Jewish ( 1 ); rein pure,
young people. Thejeunesse doree in universities drive free (2): Jew free.] Without Jews. Used in Nazi Ger-
flashy cars and make their lecturers look like paupers. many to refer to organizations and groups from which
J.H.S. abbr. for Jesus Hominum Salvator (q.v.). Jews had been removed.
jihad or jehad n., pi. jihads or jehads [Ar. jihad judex abbr. J. or j. n., pi. judices Roman Law. [L.
struggle, contest.] Islam. 1. A struggle for personal, judge.] A private person entrusted with the duty of
spiritual perfection. 2. A holy war waged by Muslims hearing and determining a case, and almost comparable
201 judicia posteriora
to a modern arbitrator or referee appointed by a court. judex est lex loquens. [L. judex judge (1); est is (2);
Judge. lex law (3); loquens speaking (4): The judge is the
judex ad quem n. [L. judex judge (1); ad to, at, for, law speaking.] Law. A judge is the mouthpiece of
according to (2); quem whom (3): a judge to whom.] the law.
Law. A judge of an appellate court. A judge to whom judex habere debet duos sales: salem sapientiae,
an appeal is made. Cf. judex a quo. ne sit insipidus; et salem conscientiae ne sit
judex aequitatem semper spectare debet. [L. ju- diabolus. [L. judex judge ( ); habere to have, hold,1
dex judge ( 1 ); aequitatem equity (5); semper always regard (3); debet ought, should (2); duos two (4);
(3); spectare to look at, regard, consider (4); debet sales salts (5); salem salt (6); sapientiae of wisdom
ought, should (2): A judge should always consider (7); ne in order that not, lest, so as not (8); sit he/she
equity.] Law. A judge should always take equity into may be (9); insipidus insipid, tasteless (10); et and
consideration. (11); salem salt (12); conscientiae of conscience
judex ante oculos aequitatem semper habere debet. (13); ne in order that not, so that not, so as not (14);
[L. judex judge ( 1 ); ante before (6); oculos eyes (7); sit he/she may be (15); diabolus diabolical, devil-
aequitatem equity (5); semper always (3); habere ish, fiendish (16): A judge ought to have two salts:
to have, hold, regard (4); debet should, ought (2): A the salt of wisdom so that he/she may not be insipid;
judge should always have equity before his eyes.] and the salt of conscience so that he/she may not be
Law. A judge should always bear in mind the prin- diabolical.] Law. A judge should have two kinds of
ciples of equity. salt: the salt of wisdom so as not to be unwise, and
judex a quo n. [L. judex judge (1); a from (2); quo the salt of conscience so as not to be evil.
whom (3): a judge from whom.] Law. A judge from judex non potest esse testis in propria causa. [L.
whose court an appeal is made. Cf. judex ad quem. judex judge ( 1 ); non not (3); potest can, is able (2);
judex bonus nihil ex arbitrio suo faciat, nee esse to be (4); testis witness (5); in into, to, against,
proposito domesticae voluntatis, sed juxta leges for (6); propria one's own, personal (7); causa cause,
et jura pronuntiet. [L. judex judge (2); bonus good case, reason (8): A judge is not able to be a witness
(1) ; nihil nothing (4); ex out of (5); arbitrio will, in a personal cause.] Law. A judge cannot bear wit-
pleasure (7); suo his own (6); faciat may/should do ness in his/her own case. See nemo debet esse etc.
(3) ; nec nor (8); proposito by proposal, design (9); judex non potest injuriam sibi datam punire. [L.
domesticae of personal, one's own (10); voluntatis judex judge (1); non not (3); potest can, is able
(of) wish, desire, choice (11); sed but ( 1 2); juxta in (2); injuriam wrong (5); sibi to one's self,
injury,
accordance with (14); leges laws (15); et and (16); datam given (6); punire to punish
himself/herself (7);
jura rights, laws ( 1 7); pronuntiet should pronounce, (4): A judge cannot punish a wrong given to himself/
decide (13): A good judge should do nothing out of herself.] Law. A judge cannot punish a wrong in-
his own will nor by the proposal of his own desire but flicted on himself/herself; i.e., a person cannot serve
should decide in accordance with the laws and rights.] as a judge in a case affecting him/her personally.
Law. A good judge should set aside the dictates of his See nemo debet esse etc.
own will and desire, and pronounce judgment in ac- judex non reddit plus quam quod petens ipse
cordance with the rules of law and justice. See optima requirit. [L. judex judge (1); non not (2); reddit
non exacte etc.
est lex etc. Cf. lex gives back, restores, grants (3); plus more (4); quam
judex damnatur ubi nocens absolvitur. Publilius than (5); quod what; (that) which (6); petens the per-
Syrus (c.85^3 B.C.). Sententiae 247. [L. judex son seeking or demanding, plaintiff (7); ipse him-
judge damnatur is declared guilty, condemned
( 1 ); self/herself (8); requirit demands (9): A judge does
(2) ; ubi when (3); nocens guilty, criminal (person) not give back more than what the person seeking him-
(4) ; absolvitur is set free, acquitted (5): A judge is self/herself demands.] Law. A judge does not grant
declared guilty when a guilty person is set free.] more than that which is demanded by the plaintiff
Law. The judge is condemned when a criminal is himself/herself. See ne judex etc.
acquitted. judices non tenentur exprimere causam sententiae
judex debet judicare secundum allegata et pro- suae. [L. judices judges (1); non not (2); tenentur
bata. [L. judex judge (1) debet ought, should (2); are bound, obligated (3); exprimere to express, ar-
judicare to judge, pass judgment (3); secundum in ticulate (4); causam cause, case, reason (5);
accordance with (4); allegata things alleged (5); et sententiae (of) opinion, judgment, sentence (7); suae
and (6); probata things proved (7): The judge ought of their (6): Judges are not bound to express the reason
to pass judgment in accordance with things alleged for their opinion.] Law. Judges are not under obliga-
and things proved.] Law. A judge should pass judg- tion to explain the reason for their judgment.
ment on the basis of the allegations and proofs. judicia posteriora sunt in lege fortiora. [L. judicia
See judicis est judicare etc. judgments (2); posteriora later, latter (1); sunt are
judicia sunt 202
(3) ; in in, on (5); lege law (6); fortiora stronger, more given by a judge who is not appropriate is of no
valid (4): Later judgments are stronger in law.] Law. importance.] Law. A judgment delivered by a judge
Later (or more recent) judgments are more valid in who has no jurisdiction over the case is null and void.
law than earlier judgments. Cf. judiciis See extra territorium jus etc.
posterioribus etc. judicium Dei n. [L. judicium judgment (1); Dei of
judicia sunt tanquam juris dicta, et pro veritate God (2): judgment of God.] Trial by ordeal. It was
accipiuntur. [L. judicia judgments ( 1 ); sunt are (2); believed in antiquity that the outcome of a trial by
tanquam as if, so to speak (3); juris of right, law ordealwas an expression of the judgment of God.
(5) ; dicta say'ngs (4); et and (6); pro for, as (8); judicium est quasi juris dictum. [L. judicium judg-
veritate truth (9); accipiuntur are accepted (7): Judg- ment (1); est is (2); quasi as it were, so to speak, as
ments are, so to speak, sayings of law and are ac- one might say (3); juris of right, law (5); dictum
cepted as truth.] Law. Judgments are, so to speak, saying (4): Judgment is so to speak the saying of law.]
pronouncements of the law and are considered to be Law. Judgment is, so to speak, an expression/saying
true. See infinitum in etc. See also judicium est of law. See judicia sunt tanquam etc.
quasi etc. judicium non debet esse illusorium; suum effectum

judicia suum effectum habere debent. [L. judicia habere debet. [L. judicium judgment (1); non not
judgments (1); suum their own (4); effectum effect, (3) ; debet ought, should (2); esse to be (4); illusorium
result (5); habere to have, hold, regard (3); debent illusory (5); suum its own (8); effectum effect (9);
ought (2): Judgments ought to have their own effect.] habere to have, hold, regard (7); debet ought, should
Law. Judgments should be executed. Cf. judicium (6): A judgment should not be illusory; it ought to
non debet etc. have effect.] Law. A judgment should be true, not
judiciis posterioribus fides est adhibenda. [L. judiciis imaginary and it should have its effect; i.e., its deci-
(to) judgments (5); posterioribus to later, latter (4); sion should be carried out. Cf. judicia suum etc.
fides credence, credit (1); est is (2); adhibenda to be judicium parium n. [L. judicium judgment (1);
rendered, offered (3): Credence is to be rendered to parium of equal (persons) (2): judgment of equal
later judgments.] Law. Later judgments must be given persons.] Former English Law. Judgment of a
credence. Cf. judicia posteriora etc. person's peers. Trial by jury.
judici officium suum excedenti non paretur. [L. judicium redditur in invitum. [L. judicium judg-
judici (to) a judge (3); officium duty, function, office ment (1); redditur is given, delivered (2); in against,
(6) ; suum one's own, his/her own (5); excedenti into (3); invitum unwilling (person) (4): Judgment
exceeding, going beyond (4); non not, no ( 1 ); paretur is delivered against an unwilling person.] Law. Judg-
it is obeyed/obedient, there is obeying/being obedi- ment is given against a person, whether he/she likes
ent (2): There is no being obedient to the judge going it or not.
beyond his/her function.] Law. The judgment of a judicium semper pro veritate accipitur. [L. judi-
judge who goes beyond his/her jurisdiction is not cium judgment ( ); semper always (3); pro as, for
1
enforced i.e., is null and void. See extra territorium (4) ; veritate truth (5); accipitur is accepted (2):
jus etc. Judgment is always accepted as the truth.] Law. A
judicis est judicare secundum allegata et pro- judgment is always considered to be true. See in-
bata. [L. judicis of judge (2); est it is (1); judicare finitum in etc.
to judge, decide (3); secundum in accordance with judo n. [Japan, from ju soft (1); do way (2): the soft
(4) allegata things alleged (5); et
; and (6); probata way.] A form of Japanese wrestling used as sport
things proved (7): It is of a judge to decide in accor- and physical training and based upon the art of bal-
dance with things alleged and things proved.] Law. ance and leverage. Cf. jujitsu.
It is the duty of a judge to pronounce judgment in juge de paix n., pi. juges de paix [Fr. juge judge (1);
accordance with the allegations and proofs. See judex de of (2); paix peace (3): judge of peace.] French
debet judicare secundum etc. Law. Justice (or judge) of the peace. A judge of low
judicis est jus dicere non dare. [L. judicis of judge rank who not only serves as a police magistrate but
(2); est it is (1); jus right, law (4); dicere to declare, also summarily decides minor controversies, espe-
state (3); non not (5); dare to give (6): It is of a judge which hinge on matters of fact.
cially those
to declare right, not give it.] Law. It is the duty of a juge destruction n., pi. juges destruction [Fr. juge
judge to declare or state, not create, the law. judge ( 1 ); d' of (2); instruction investigation (3): judge
judicium a non suo judice datum nullius est of investigation.] French Law. Examining magistrate.
momenti. [L. judicium judgment ( ); a by (3); non 1 A magistrate for criminal cases who receives com-
not (5); suo his/her/its own, appropriate (6); judice plaints, collects the evidence by interrogating parties
judge (4); datum given (2); nullius of no (8); est is and witnesses, investigates the case and formulates
(7) ; momenti (of) importance, weight (9): A judgment charges on the basis of the evidence. Though he does
203 jura sanguinis
not determine guilt, his findings usually influence the abrogated (2); quo in which (5); constituuntur they
proceedings in court.See Untersuchungsrichter. are made, established (6): Laws are abandoned in
Jugendstil n. [Ger. Jugen youth ( 1 ); Stil style (2): youth the same way in which they are made.] Law. Laws
The German equivalent of art nouveau (q.v.).

style.] are abolished in the same way in which they are es-
juggernaut n. [Hindi jagannath from Skt. jagat tablished; i.e., the same procedure used to pass a law
moving, world ( 1 ); nathah lord (2): moving lord, world must be used to remove it. See eodem modo quo
lord.] 1 .Title of the Hindi god Krishna. 2. A belief or quid constituitur dissolvitur.
organized group which demands absolute devotion. jura in personam pi. n. [L. jura rights, laws (1); in
3. An unavoidable, destructive power or force. into, to, against, for (2); personam a person (3): rights
juicio de concurso de acreedores n. [Sp. juicio judg- against a person.] Rights against an individual. The
ment de of (2): concurso contest, assembly (3);
( 1 ); question whether equitable rights and interests are
de of (4); acreedores creditors (5): judgment of the jura rem orjura in personam is a question ofmore
in
contest of creditors.] Spanish Law. Where a debtor's than purely academic importance (Hanbury . . .
estate is inadequate for settling the claims of his/her 1962:444). Cf. jura in rem.
various creditors, a judgment directing that each jura in re pi. n. [L. jura rights, laws (1); in in, on (2);
creditor's claim should be considered in accordance re matter, thing, property, business, affair (3): rights
with his rank and form. Cf. concurso. in a thing.] Rights in a matter.
jujitsu or jujutsu or jiujitsu or jiujutsu n. [Japan, jujitsu jura in rem pi. n. [L. jura rights, laws (1); in into, to,
from ju soft ( 1 );
jitsu arts (2): the soft arts.] A Chinese against, for (2); rem matter, thing, property, busi-
and Japanese art of self-defense based upon using a ness, affair (3 ): rights against a thing.] Rights against
combination of special holds, throws, and blows against something. On the nature of equitable rights.
an attacker's own strength and body mass. Maitland was never tired of reiterating that, though
Julie ou la Nouvelle Heloise n. [Fr. Julie Julie ( 1 ); ou they have come to look very like jura in rem, they
or (2); la the (3); nouvelle new (4); Heloise Heloise can never gain a place in this category . . . (Hanbury
(5): Julie or the new Heloise.] Julie or the New 1962:23). Cf. jura in personam.
Heloise, an epistolary novel ( 1 76 1 ) by Jean-Jacques jura majestatis pi. n. [L. jura rights, laws ( 1 ); majesta-
Rousseau (1712-1778). tis of sovereignty, majesty (2): rights of sovereignty.]
Junior abbr. Jr. adj. [L. younger.] Younger in rank or Civil Law. Rights of control or rule. Rights of maj-
age. Used as a title in a proper name to indicate the esty. Cf. jura summi imperii.
younger of two individuals with the same name, es- juramentum est indivisibile, et non est admittendum
pecially a son and his father. John Fitzgerald in parte verum et in parte falsum. [L. juramen-
Kennedy, Jr. — n. junior pi. juniors. A third-year tum oath (1); est is (2); indivisibile indivisible (3);
student in high school or college. Cf. Senior. et and (4); non not (6); est is (5): admittendum to
junta n.. pi. juntas [Sp. council, board, assembly.] be received, admitted (7); in in. on (8); parte part
1. A governmental consultative, deliberative, or (9); verum true ( 1 0); et and ( 1 1 ); in in, on ( 1 2); parte
legislative assembly, committee, or council. 2. A part (13): falsum false (14): An oath is indivisible
revolutionary, usually military, transitional govern- and is not to be received in part true and in part false.]
ment, a) A fact-finding commission . . . paid a visit Law. An oath is indivisible and should not be re-
to Turkey to pose a fe^v pointed questions to the garded as partly true and partly false. Cf. omne
five-member ruling junta {Time Int. 1982). b) The sacramentum etc.
Argentine military junta sounded a retreat to the jura naturae sunt immutabilia. [L. jura rights, laws
barracks last week {Newsweek Int. March 14, (1); naturae of nature (2); sunt are (3); immutabilia
1983:30). 3. A group of persons who have formed a immutable, unchangeable, unalterable (4): The laws
close association for a common objective. A number of nature are immutable.] The laws of nature cannot
of lecturers have formed a scholarly junta to pro- be changed.
mote the publication of articles. jura novit curia. [L. jura rights, laws (3); novit knows,
Juppiter ex alto perjuria ridet amantum. Ovid (43 understands (2); curia court The court knows
(1):
B.C.-17 A.D.). Ars Amatoria 1,633. [L. Juppiter the laws.] Law. It is the court which knows the laws.
Jupiter ( 1 ); ex out of, from, away from (2); alto high jura publica anteferenda privatis. [L. jura rights,
(3); perjuria perjuries (5); ridet laughs at (4); laws (2); publica public ( 1 ): anteferenda to be pre-
amantum of those loving (6): Jupiter from high ferred, placed before (3); privatis private (ones) (4):
laughs at the perjuries of those loving.] From the Public rights are to be preferred to private ones.] Law.
heights of heaven Jupiter laughs at lovers' lies. Public rights must take precedence over private ones.
jura eodem modo destituuntur quo constituuntur. See in casu extremae etc.
[L. jura rights, laws (1); eodem in the same (3); jura sanguinis nullo jure civili dirimi possunt. [L.
modo (in) way (4); destituuntur are abandoned, jura rights, laws (1); sanguinis of blood (2): nullo
jura summi 204
by no (5); jure (by) right, law (7); civili (by) civil extradited, particularly if his country has a treaty
(6); dirimi to be destroyed, frustrated (4); possunt with the country of refuge. See jus gentium.
can, are able (3): Rights of blood can be destroyed jure humano adv. [L. jure by right, law (2); humano
by no civil law.] Law. Rights of kindred/blood can- (by) human ( 1 ):

by human law.] Law. By human law
not be destroyed by any civil law. as opposed to natural or divine law.
jura summi imperii pi. n. [L. jura rights, laws (1); jure mariti adv. [L. jure by right, law (1); mariti of
summi of highest, topmost (2); imperii power, com- husband (2): by right of a husband.] By the right of a
mand (3): rights of the highest power.] Rights of sov- husband. See jus mariti. Cf. jure uxoris.
ereignty. Rights of absolute dominion. Cf. jura jure naturae aequum est neminem cum alterius
majestatis. detrimento et injuria fieri locupletiorem. [L. jure
jurato creditur in judicio. [I jurato to the sworn (4); by right, law (1); naturae of nature aequum
(2);
creditur it is believed, belief is given (3); in in, on equitable, fair (4); est it is (3); neminem no one
( 1 ); judicio judgment (2): In judgment belief is given (5); cum
with (8); alterius of another (12);
to the sworn.] Law. In delivering judgment, the per- detrimento loss, detriment (9); et and ( 1 0); injuria
son under oath is believed. See in judicio etc. injury, harm (11); fieri to become, becomes (6);
juratores sunt judices facti. [L. juratores jurois, locupletiorem richer, wealthier (7): By the law of
juries (1); sunt are (2); judices judges (3); facti of nature it is equitable (that) no one become richer
fact, deed (4): Jurors are judges of fact.] Law. Jurors with loss and injury of another.] Law. By the law of
are judges of the fact or deed. See ad quaestionem nature it is not equitable that a person should acquire
facti etc. wealth to the financial or physical loss of another.
Jur. D. abbr. for Juris Doctor (q.v.). See nemo debet ex etc.
jure accrescendi adv. [L. jure by right, law (1); ac- jure successionis adv. [L. jure by right, law (1);
crescendi of growing up, increasing, becoming successionis of succession, inheritance (2): by right
greater (2): by right of increasing.] By the right of of succession.] According to the law of succession.
survivorship. Tola became the sole beneficiary ofthe Johnson acquired the two buildings andfive carsjure
land jure accrescendi. See jus accrescendi. successionis.
jure belli adv. [L. jure by right, law (1); belli of war jure uxoris adv. [L. jure by right, law (1); uxoris of
(2) : by the right of war.] By the law of war. wife (2): by right By the right of a wife.
of a wife.]
jure civili adv. [L. jure (by) law (2); civili by civil ( 1 ): Used, for instance, in common law, in a conveyance
by the civil law.] According to civil law. by a husband of the estate of his wife. Cf. jure mariti.
jure dignitatis adv. [L. jure by right, law (1); dignitatis Juris Baccalaureus abbr. J.B. n. [L. juris (of) right,
of dignity, distinction, eminence (2): by right of dig- law (2); baccalaureus bachelor (1): Bachelor of
nity.] By right of distinction. Because of honor. Law.] An undergraduate degree in law.
Honoris causa (q.v.). Applicable to an academic Juris Canonici Baccalaureus abbr. J.C.M. n. [L. ju-
degree awarded to a person for distinguished services ris (of) right, canonici of canon (2);
law (3);
to the public. baccalaureus bachelor ( 1 ): Bachelor of Canon Law.]
jure divino adv. [L. jure (by) right, law (2); divino by An undergraduate degree in canon law.
divine ( 1): by divine right.] By right emanating from Juris Canonici Doctor abbr. J.C.D. n. [L. juris (of)
the law of God. Kings generally believe that they right, law (3); canonici of canon (2); doctor teacher
hold their positions jure divino. (1): teacher of canon law.] Doctor of Canon Law. A
jure domini adv. [L. jure by right, law (1); domini of terminal graduate degree in canon law.
master, owner, proprietor (2): by the right of the Juris Canonici Licentiatus abbr. J.C.L. n. [L. juris
master.] By right of ownership. The landlord, jure (of) right, law (3); canonici of canon (2); licentiatus
domini, notified the tenant to vacate the apartment licentiate (1): Licentiate in Canon Law.] An academic
within three months or be prepared to face the igno- degree conferred by a university or seminary for
miny of ejection. completion of an advanced curriculum in canon law.
jure emphyteutico adv. [L. jure (by) right, law (2); Juris Civilis Baccalaureus abbr. J.C.B. n. [L. juris
emphyteutico (by) emphyteutic, pertaining to an (of) right, law (3); civilis of civil (2); baccalaureus
inheritable and alienable leasehold ( 1 ): by emphyteutic bachelor (1): Bachelor of Civil Law.] An undergradu-
right.] Law. By right of inheritable and alienable ate degree in civil law.
lease-hold. By the right of emphyteusis. See Juris Civilis Doctor abbr. J.C.D. n. [L. juris (of) right,
emphyteusis. law (3); civilis of civil (2); doctor teacher ( 1 ): teacher
jure gentium adv. [L. jure by right, law (1); gentium of civil law.] Doctor of Civil Law. A terminal gradu-
of nations (2): by law of nations.] By the law of na- ate degree in civil law.
tions. By international law. A person who commits Juris Civilis Licentiatus abbr. J.C.L. n. [L. juris (of)
an offense regarded as a crime jure gentium may be right, law (3); civilis of civil (2); licentiatus licentiate
205 jus angariae
(1) : Licentiate in Civil Law.] An academic degree juris tantum adj. [L. juris of right, law (1); tantum
conferred by a European university for completion of only, alone, merely (2): of law only.] Law. Of law
an advanced curriculum in civil law. de jure.

alone. See juris et
jurisconsultus abbr. i-ctus or J.C. n. [L. skillful in the Jurum Baccalaureus abbr. J.B. n. [L. jurum of rights,
law, lawyer.] Roman Law. A person of remarkable laws (2); baccalaureus bachelor (1): Bachelor of
legal knowledge who is consulted not only by advo- Laws.] An undergraduate degree in law.
cates and magistrates but also by private individuals. Jurum Doctor abbr. J.D. n. [L. jurum of rights, laws
jurisdictionis fundandae causa adv. [L. jurisdictionis (2); doctor teacher (1): teacher of laws.] Doctor of
of jurisdiction (2); fundandae (of) to be established Laws. A terminal graduate degree in law.
(3); causa for the sake (1): for the sake of jurisdic- jus abbr. J. or j. n., pi. jura [L. right, law.] Roman
tion to be established.] For the sake of establishing Law. 1. A court of justice. 2. That which is binding.
jurisdiction. Law. The law in the abstract or as an aggregate. A

Juris Doctor abbr. J.D. or Jur. D. n. [L. juris of right, particular system of law; e.g., jus civile or the civil
law (2); doctor teacher (1): teacher of law.] Doctor law. 3. A right. A legal right, power, authority, pre-
of Law. A terminal graduate degree in law. rogative or permission. 4. Justice. Justness. 5. Roman
juris effectus in executione consistit. [L. juris of right, Law. An action or proceeding before the praetor.
law (2); effectus effect (1); in in, on (4); jus abstinendi n. [L. jus right, law (1); abstinendi of
ex(s)ecutione execution (5); consistit consists in, refraining, abstaining (2): right of abstaining or re-
depends upon (3): The effect of the law consists in fraining.] Roman Law. The right of an heir to reject
execution.] The effect of the law depends upon its the inheritance if, for instance, it is overburdened with
execution. The law draws its effectiveness from its debt. Cf. jus deliberandi.
enforcement. jus abutendi n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); abutendi of abus-
juris et de jure adj. [L. juris of right, law (1); et and ing, misusing (2): right of abusing.] The right to
(2) ; de of, from, about, for (3); jure right, law (4): of abuse. Roman and Civil Law. Absolute ownership,
law and of right.] Law. There are two kinds of pre- including the power to make full use of, alienate, and
sumption. Presumption juris et de jure is one whose even destroy property. Cf. jus utendi.
rebuttal the law does not permit, being regarded as jus accrescendi n. [L. jus right, law (1); accrescendi
conclusive, while a presumption juris tantum is one of growing up, increasing (2): right of increasing.]
which may be rebutted, if the evidence is available. Roman and Civil Law. The right of survivorship. The
See praesumptio juris et de jure. Cf. juris tantum right of accrual. A right relating to joint ownership,
and praesumptio juris. whereby on the death of a party, the remaining party
juris ignorantia est cum jus nostrum ignoramus. [L. automatically acquires the rights, property, liabilities,
juris of right, law (3); ignorantia ignorance (2); est etc. of the deceased, a) The doctrine ofjus accrescendi
it is (1); cum when (4); jus right, law (7);nostrum is one of the main characteristics of a joint tenancy.
our (6); ignoramus we are ignorant, do not know b) But if he/she, [i.e., the executor] dies after probate,
(5) : It is ignorance of the law when we are ignorant then, unless he was one of several joint executors, in
of our right.] Ignorance of the law and ignorance of which case the office goes to the others by jus accre-
our rights are one and the same thing. scendi, . . . (Hanbury 1962:452). See jure accrescendi.
juris praecepta sunt haec: honeste vivere; alterum jus actus n. [L. jus right, law (1); actus of driving,
non laedere; suum cuique tribuere. [L. juris of way (2): right of driving or way.] Roman Law. The
right, law (4); praecepta precepts, rules (3); sunt right of driving, i.e., the right to use a carriage, or
are (2); haec these (1); honeste decently, properly drive cattle, through a place.
(6) ; vivere to live (5); alterum another (9); non not jus ad rem n. [L. jus right, law (1); ad to, at, for, ac-
(7) laedere to hurt (8);

; suum one's own, his/her own cording to (2); rem matter, thing, property, business,
( 1 2); cuique to each one (11); tribuere to give ( 1 0): affair (3): right to a thing.] Civil and Canon Law.
These are rules of the law: to live decently; not to Right to acquire a particular property by reason of
hurt another; to give to each one his/her own.] These another person's legal obligation. In contrast to jus
are precepts of the law: living a decent life; refrain- in re, which is a complete right to a thing, jus ad rem
ing from harming another; and giving to each person is an incomplete right to a thing or a right without
his/her due. possession. Cf actio in rem.
juris publici or publici juris adj. [L. juris (of) right, jus albanagii n. [Late L. jus right, law (1); albanagii
law (2); publici of public, common (1): of public of confiscation of property of an alien (2): right of
right.] Law. Of public use. Of common use. Appli- the confiscation of the property of an alien.] Droit
cable to such things as belong to the state and can be d'aubaine (q.v ).
used by everybody; e.g., rivers, bridges, roads, harbors, jus angariae n. [Late L. jus right, law (1); angariae
etc. See bienes comunes. of angary (2): right of angary.] International Law.
jus belli 206
In former times, the right of a belligerent to seize he hadjustified, in the name ofjus communicationis
neutral ships in its territory and use them for trans- et societatis, the right of the Spaniards to take pos-
portation, should the need arise. Also, the right of a session (Suret-Canale 1971:357).
belligerent to seize, use, or destroy property of neutral jus constitui oportet in his quae ut plurimum
states located temporarily in its territory or that of accidunt, non quae ex inopinato. [L. jus right, law
the enemy. (1); constitui to be made, established (3); oportet
jus belli n. [L. jus right, law (1); belli of war (2): law ought, is proper (2); in in, on (4); his these (things)
of war.] International Law. The law applicable to (5); quae which (6); ut plurimum as much as pos-
wars, showing the right things to be done by or to sible (8); accidunt happen (7); non not (9); quae
belligerent powers and neutral states. (those things) which (10); ex out of, from, directly
jus bellum dicendi n. [L. jus right, law (1); bellum after, away from (11); inopinato the unexpected (12):
war (3); dicendi of declaring (2): right of declaring Law ought to be made in these things which happen
war.]The right to declare war. as much as possible, not those things which happen
jus canonicum n. [L. jus right, law (2); canonicum from the unexpected.] Laws should be made to cover
canon (1): canon law.] Church law. Ecclesiastical those cases which occur frequently, and not those
law. Jus ecclesiasticum (q.v.). which occur contrary to normal expectations.
jus civile n. [L. jus right, law (2); civile civil (1): civil jus conubii or jus connubii n. [L. jus right, law (1);
law.] Civil law. The system of the law peculiar to a conubii of marriage (2): right of marriage.] 1. The
particular state, as distinct from international law. right of marriage or intermarriage. 2. The collection
That which any people has established for itself is of rules governing intermarriage.
calledjus civile . . . (Curzon 1979:53). See jus civile jus coronae n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); coronae of crown;
est etc. diadem (2): right of the crown.] The right to the
jus civile est quod sibi populus constituit. [L. jus right, crown. The right of succeeding to the throne.
law (2); civile civil ( 1 ); est is (3); quod (that) which, jus deliberandi n. [L. jus right, law (1); deliberandi
what (4); sibi for itself (7); populus people, nation of deliberating (2): right of deliberating.] Roman and
(5); constituit establishes, decrees (6): Civil law is Civil Law. The right given to an heir to deliberate
that which a people establishes for itself] The civil and decide within a fixed period whether to accept
law is that law which a nation establishes for itself. an inheritance or not. Cf. jus abstinendi.
See jus civile. jus dicere, et non jus dare. [L. jus right, law (2); dicere
jus classis im mitendae n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); classis to say, declare, mention (1); et and (3); non not (4);
of fleet (2); immitendae (of) to be sent in, admitted jus right, law (6); dare to give (5): to say law, and
(3): right of fleet to be sent in.] The right to send a not to give law.] Law. To declare, and not to make,
fleet of warships into the territorial waters of another law; i.e., the function of a judge.
country. jus disponendi n. [L. jus right, law (1); disponendi of
jus cogens n.,pl. jura cogentia [L. jus right, law (2); disposing (2): the right of disposing.] Law. The right
cogens compelling, forcing (1): compelling law.] or power to dispose of or alienate property. The owner
International Law. A law which must be followed ofself-acquired property has jus disponendi.
under all circumstances and cannot be put aside even jus distrahendi n. [L. jus right, law (1); distrahendi of
by mutual agreement. alienating, removing (2): right of alienating/removing.]
jus commercii n. [L. jus right, law (1); commercii Law. The right to sell pledged goods in the event of
of commerce (2): right of commerce.] Roman and non-payment.
Civil Law. The right to acquire, own, and alienate jus dividendi n. [L. jus right, law (1); dividend] of
property, to make contracts, and to have business dividing, distributing (2): right of dividing.] Law. The
transactions. right to dispose of real estate by will.
jus commune n. [L. jus right, law (2); commune jus dominationis n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); dominationis
common (1): common law.] 1. The common law of of supremacy, despotism (2): right of supremacy.]
England. 2. The common or natural law, as distinct Law. The right of supremacy. Overriding power.
from the jus singulare (q.v.) set down for special jus duplicatum n. [L. jus right, law (2); duplicatum
cases. The government
making every effort not to
is double, doubled ( 1 ): double right.] Law. The right of
promulgate any law which may derogate from the possession combined with the right of property.
jus commune. jus ecclesiasticum n. [L. jus right, law (2); ecclesias-
jus communicationis et societatis n. [L. jus right, law ticum ecclesiastical (1): ecclesiastical law.] Church
( 1 ); communicationis of common ownership (2); et law.Jus canonicum (q.v.).
and (3); societatis of association, fellowship (4): right jus edicendi n. [L. jus right, law (1); edicendi of
of common ownership and association.] The right of decreeing (2): right of decreeing.] Roman Law. The
shared ownership and social connection. elsewhere . . . right enjoyed by curule magistrates (i.e., aediles.
207 jus intrandi
praetors, quaestors and governors of provinces) to armed forces, the police, etc. The right or power to
make edicts respecting their spheres of jurisdiction. punish criminals.

See jus edicere. Cf. jus honorarium. jus habendi n. [L. jus right, law (1); habendi of hav-
jus edicere n. [L. jus right, law (1); edicere to decree ing, holding, regarding (2): right of having.] The right
(2): right to decree.] Right of decreeing. The right to to have real possession of property.
decree. Jus edicendi (q.v.). Cf. jus honorarium. jus habendi et retinendi n. [L. jus right, law (1); ha-
jus emphyteuticarium n. [L. jus right, law (1); bendi of having, holding, regarding (2); et and (3);
emphyteuticarium emphyteutic, pertaining to an retinendi of retaining (4): right of having and re-
inheritable and alienable leasehold (2): emphyteutic taining.] Law. The right to have and retain.
right.] The right of inheritable and alienable lease- jus hereditatis n. [L. jus right, law (1); hereditatis
hold. See emphyteusis. of inheritance (2): right of inheritance.] The right

jus emphyteuticum n. [jus right, law (1); emphy- to inherit.
teuticum emphyteutic, pertaining to an inheritable jus honorarium n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); honorarium
and alienable leasehold (2): emphyteutic right.] Jus of a magistrate (2) law of a magistrate.] Magisterial
emphyteuticarium (q.v ). See emphyteusis. law. Roman Law. The law laid down by the edicts of
jus est norma recti; et quicquid est contra normam the curule magistrates, such as the praetors and the
recti est injuria. [L. jus right, law (1); est is (2); aediles. Cf. jus edicendi and jus edicere.
norma rule (3); recti of right, uprightness (4); et and jus immunitatis n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); immunitatis
(5); quicquid whatever, whatsoever (6); est is (7); of immunity, exemption from burdens (2): right of
contra against, opposite (8); normam rule (9); recti immunity.] Civil Law. The right to immunity. The
of right, uprightness (10); est is (1 1); injuria injury law of immunity. The right to be exempted from
(12): Law is a rule of right and whatever is against public obligations.
the rule of right is injury.] Law. Law is a rule of right jus inpersonam n. [L. jus right, law (1); in against
and anything which is against the rule of right is an personam person (3): right against a person.]
(2) ;
offense or injury to the law. See fraus et jus etc.; Law. A right against a person. The right to take legal
jus et fraus etc.; and lex est norma recti. action against a particular person or persons forming
jus et fraus numquam cohabitant. [L. jus right, law a group, or the right to enforce a legal obligation on
( 1 ); et and (2); fraus fraud (3); numquam never (4); them. Cf. actio in rem.
cohabitant live/dwell together (5): Right and fraud jus in re n. [L. jus right, law (1); in in, on (2); re matter,
never live together.] Law. Justice and deceit never thing, property, business, affair (3): right in a thing.]
coexist. See fraus et jus etc. and jus est norma etc. Law. A right in a thing. A right which implies com-
jus ex injuria non oritur. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); ex out plete ownership and possession and can be enforced
of (4); injuria injury (5); non not (2); oritur arises, against anybody in the world. See actio in rem.
comes forth (3): Right does not rise out of injury.] jus in re aliena n. [L. jus right, law (1); in in, on (2);
Law. A right does not come from a wrong. See ex re matter, thing, property, business, affair (3); aliena
turpi causa etc. of another (4): right in the thing of another.] Law. A
jus fruendi n. [L. jus right, law (1); fruendi of enjoy- right to or based upon the property of another. An
ing (2): right of enjoying.] Roman and Civil Law. easement in another's property.
The right to enjoy the property of another without jus in rem n. [L. jus right, law (1); in into, to, against,
damaging it substantially. for (2); rem matter, thing, property, business, affair
jus gentium n. [L. jus right, law (1); gentium of na- (3) right against a thing.] Law. A right against a thing.
:
tions, peoples (2): law of nations.] 1. The law of It is the right which can be enforced against anybody
nations. International law; i.e., the law ordained by anywhere in the world who interferes with a legally
natural reasonand observed by all nations. "... that protected right, such as enjoyment of property or free-
law which natural reason establishes among all dom from slander. See actio in rem.
mankind, is observed by all peoples, and is for that jus in re propria n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); in in, on (2);
reason called jus gentium " (Gaius in Curzon re matter, thing, property, business, affair (4); pro-
1979:53). 2. Roman Law. The body of laws regulat- pria one's own (3): right in one's own property.]
ing the affairs of Rome's subject aliens, and relations Law. Full ownership as distinguished from jus in re
between foreigners, or between Roman citizens and aliena or an easement in another's property.
foreigners. See jure gentium; jus inter gentes; and jus inter gentes n. [L. jus right, law (1); inter among
quod naturalis ratio etc. (2); gentes nations (3): law among nations.] Inter-
jus gladii n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); gladii of sword (2): national law. See jus gentium.
right of the sword.] Law. The right of the sword. The jus intrandi n. [L. jus right, law (1); intrandi of en-
law's power of execution. The right or power de- tering (2): right of entering.] Law. The legal right to
rived from control of the forces of coercion, i.e., the enter, i.e., land.
jus mariti 208
jus mariti /;. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); mariti of husband The law respecting persons who enjoy special interre-
(2): right of a husband.] Law. The legal right of a lationship such as husband and wife, parent and child,
husband, especially his right to his wife's movable masters and servants. The right of persons who have
property. See jure mariti. minimal rights such as foreigners, lunatics, and slaves.
jus mercatorum n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); mercatorum jus possessionis n. [L. jus right, law (1); possessionis
of merchants, traders (2): law of merchants.] Mer- of possession (2): right of possession.] Law. The right
cantile law. See lex mercatoria. Cf. consuetudo of possession; i.e., ordinary possession which may
mercatorum. not include ownership.
jus militare //. [L. jus right, law (2); militare military, jus possidendi n. [L. jus right, law (1); possidendi of
martial (1): military law.] The law of the military. possessing (2): right of possessing.] Law. The right
Cf. jus civile. of possessing i.e., of both ownership and possession.
jus naturae or jus natu rale n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); naturae jus postliminii n. [L. jus right, law (1); postliminii of
of nature (2): law of nature.] Natural law. Law based on postliminy, recovery/restoration of rank and privileges
nature. The law which, supposedly, governed all human (2): right of recovery of rank and privileges.] 1 . Roman
beings before the advent of civilization. The law observed and Civil Law. The right of postliminy; i.e.. the right
by all nations. Jus naturae or jus naturale is essential '.,
of a person who has been restored to his/her previ-
the jus gentium, i.e., the law observed by all humankind. ous condition to be treated as though there had never
See lex naturalis Cf. jus naturale est etc. been a change of status. 2. International Law. The
jus naturale est quod apud homines eandem habet right of the owner to recover property captured by
potentiam. [L. jus right, law (2); naturale natural the enemy but recaptured by a fellow-citizen, a
quod (that) which (4); apud among
(1); est is (3); fellow-subject, or an ally.
(8);homines human beings, persons (9); eandem jus primae noctis n. [L. jus right, law (1); primae of
the same (6); habet has, holds, regards (5); first (2); noctis (of) night (3): right of the first night.]
potentiam force, power (7): Natural right is that The right of somebody who was not the bridegroom
which has the same force among human beings.] (e.g., a feudal lord) to deflower the bride. Jus primae
Natural right is the kind of right which enjoys recog- noctis is a major point of contention between the
"
nition throughout the world. English and the Scots in the film "Braveheart.
jus non habenti tute non paretur. [L. jus right, law jus privatum n. [L. jus right, law (2); privatum private
(6); non not (4); habenti (to) the one having, holding, (1): private law.] I. Private law, i.e., the law govern-
regarding (5); tute safely (3); non not ( 1 ); paretur it ing the conduct, rights, and obligations of individuals.
is obeyed, there is obeying (2): There is no obeying 2. Private right or ownership; i.e., a priv ate person's
safely the one not having a right.] Law. One can dis- right or title to property. Cf. jus publicum.
obey with impunity a person who does not hav e the jus prohibendi n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); prohibendi of
right. See extra territorium jus etc. preventing (2): right of preventing.] Law. The right
jus non patitur ut idem bis solvatur. [L. jus right, law of prev enting. The right or power of veto.
(1); non not (2); patitur allows, permits (3); ut that jus proprietatis n. [L. jus right, law (1); proprietatis
(4); idem the same (5); bis twice (7); solvatur be paid of property (2): right of property.] Law. The right of
(6): The law does not allow that the same thing be property or ownership. Applicable to right of own-
paid twice.] Law. The law forbids double payment on ership, regardless of actual possession.
the same object. Cf. bona fides non patitur etc. jus publicum n. [L. jus right, law (2); publicum public
jus non scriptum n.. pi. jura non scripta [L. jus right, (1): public law.] 1 . Public law; i.e., the law as it relates
law (1); non not (2); scriptum written (3): law not to government, its functionaries, the constitution, and
written.] The unwritten law; i.e., custom and similar criminal jurisdiction. 2. Public right/ ownership. Cf. jus
usages. See leges non scriptae and lex non scripta. privatum.
Cf. lex publica and lex scripta. jus publicum privatorum pactis mutari non potest [L.
jus oneris ferendi n. [L. jus right, law (1); oneris of jus right, law (2); publicum public ( 1 ); privatorum of
burden (2); ferendi (of) to be carried (3): right of private (persons) (7); pactis by agreements, contracts
burden to be carried.] Roman Law. The right of car- (6); mutari to be changed (5); non not (4); potest can,
rying a burden or load. The right to support and build is able (3): Public right cannot be changed by agree-
upon the wall of the house of a neighbor. ments of priv ate persons.] Law. Agreements made by
jus pecoris pascendi n. [L. jus right, law (1); pecoris private persons cannot change or modify public law or
of cattle (2); pascendi (of) to be pastured, fed (3): right. See conventio privatorum etc.
right of cattle to be pastured.] Law. The right of pas- jus quaesitum n. [L. jus right, law (1); quaesitum to
turing cattle. Cf. servitus pascendi. ask for, beg, request (2): right to request.] Law. 1 . A
jus personarum n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); personarum of right to recover. Applicable to the obligee in an obli-
persons (2): law of persons.] Law. Right of persons. gation. 2. A special or select law.
209 justitia debet
jus quaesitum tertio n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); quaesitum jus soli n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); soli of soil (2): right of
to ask for, beg, request (2); tertio to/for a third (party) soil.] Law. The law of the place of a person's birth.
(3): right to request for a third party.] haw. Rights to A legal principle that a child's citizenship or alle-
recover on behalf of a third party. There is no jus giance is determined by the place of birth. Thus, a
quaesitum by way of benefit in a contract.
tertio child of Nigerian parentage born in the U.S.A. can
jus recuperandi n. [L. jus right, law (1); recuperandi claim American citizenship. Cf. jus sanguinis.
of recovering (2): right of recovering.] Law. The right jus spatiandi et manendi n. [L jus right, law (1):
of recovering, e.g., land. spatiandi of walking about (2); et and (3); manendi
jus relictae n. [L. jus right, law (1); relictae of the of remaining, tarrying (4): right of walking about.]
woman left behind (2): right of the woman left be- The public's right to walk across an open space or to
hind.] The right of the widow. Scots Law. The right use it for recreational purposes.
of a widow to a third of the free movable estate of jus strictum or strictum jus n. [L. jus right, law (2):
her deceased husband if they have issue or half of strictum tight, strict (1): strict law.] Strict law: i.e..
the estate if there are no children. Cf. jus relicti. strict and rigorous application of the law. Cf.
jus relicti n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); relicti of the person aequitas.
left behind (2): right of the person left behind.] The jus suffragii n.. pi. jura suffragii [L. jus right. law
right of the widower. Scots Law. The right of a wid- (1); suffragii of vote (2): right of vote.] Roman Law.
ower to a third of his deceased wife's free movable The right to vote. Suffrage. Democracy thrives best
estate if they have issue or half of the estate if there in a situation where citizens exercise their jus
are no children. Cf. jus relictae. suffragii without interference.
jus respicit aequitatem. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); respicit jus suum cuique [L. jus right, law (2): suum one's
considers, respects (2); aequitatem equity (3): Law own. his/her/its own (1); cuique to each (3): one's
considers equity.] Law. Law respects fairness. See lex own law to each.] Law. To each individual (is owed)
respicit aequitatem. one's own rights.
jus respondendi n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); respondendi justa causa n. [L. justa just (1): causa cause, case,
of responding (2): right of responding.] Roman Law. reason (2): just cause.] Law. A just cause or ground.
The right of giving an opinion on or interpreting The court ruled that the eviction of the tenant by the
legal matters. The jus respondendi was the right landlord was based purely on justa causa.
given to some eminent jurists in ancient Rome to juste-milieu n.. pi. juste-milieux [Fr. juste fair, right
interpret the law. If a number ofjurists agreed in their (1) ; milieu mean, middle (2): fair mean.] The golden
interpretation, the advice thus given was apparently mean, happy medium, or middle course, especially a
binding on the judge. policy of government marked by moderation as well
jus retentionis n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); retentionis of as give-and-take. See aurea mediocritas.
keeping back, retaining (2): right of keeping back.] jus tertii n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); tertii of third (party)
Law. The right of keeping back or retaining. The right (2) : right of a third party.] Law. The right of a third
of lien. party, a) In an action by the plaintifffor the recovery
jus retractus n. [L. jus right, law (1); retractus of re- ofpossession ofthe premises from the defendant, the
traction, withdrawal, recantation, revocation (2): right court rejected the latter !s argument based on jus tertii.
of retraction.] Law. The right of retraction or with- b) . no defence for a person who has interfered
. . it is
drawal. The maker ofa will has jus retractus as long with goods in the possession of the plaintiff to plead
as he/she is and compos mentis.
alive jus tertii. i.e., that some third party has a better title
jus sanguinis n. [L. jus right, law (1); sanguinis of to the goods than the plaintiff'(Rogers 1975:347).
blood (2): right of blood.] Law. The right of blood. justicies n.. pi. justicies [Late L. You may bring to
Blood right. A legal principle that a child's citizen- trial. You may do justice.] Former English Law. A
ship is determined by the parent's citizenship. The writ ordering a sheriff to try a case such as trespass
court adopted the jus sanguinis principle to deter- vi et armis (q.v.) which ordinarily is beyond his com-
mine the citizenship of the child. Cf. jus soli. petence. One way in which the king dealt with these
jus scriptum n., pi. jura scripta [L. jus right, law (2); pleas was to issue a writ ofjusticies which consti-
scriptum written (1): written law.] Law. Written law, tuted the sheriffas a royal judge and directed him to
as opposed to jus non scriptum (q.v.). Statute law. hear the issue (Newton 1983:9).
Cf. droit ecrit. justificandum n.. pi. justificanda [L. that which must
jus singulare n. [L. jus right, law (2); singulare unique, be justified.] Something which must be justified.
individual, particular ( 1 ): particular right.] Roman and justificans ;? ,/?/ justificantia [L. justifying.] Something
Civil Law. A peculiar/individual rule; i.e.. a right or (e.g., a principle) that serves the purpose ofjustifying.
law designed for special cases. Cf. jus commune and justitia debet esse libera, quia nihil iniquius venali
lex generalis. justitia; plena, quia justitia non debet claudicare:
justitia est constans 210
et celeris, quia dilatio est quaedam negatio. [L. delayed, protracted (6): Justice is not to be denied, it
justitia justice (1); debet ought, should (2); esse to is not to be delayed.] Law. Justice must be neither
be (3); libera free (4); quia because (5); nihil nothing denied nor delayed. See justitia nemini etc.
(6); iniquius more unjust/unfair than (7); venali for justitia non novit patrem nec matrem; solam
sale, corrupt, venal, bribe-bought (8); justitia justice veritatem spectat justitia. [L. justitia justice (1);
(9) ;
plena full (10); quia because (1 1); justitia jus- non not (2); novit knows (3); patrem father (4); nec
tice (12); non not debet ought, should (13);
(14); and not, nor (5); matrem mother (6); solam alone
claudicare to limp, to be defective, to be lame (15); (10); veritatem truth (9); spectat looks at, considers
et and (16); celeris quick, fast (17); quia because (8); justitia justice (7): Justice does not know father
(18); dilatio dt!ay; postponement (19); est is (20); nor mother; justice considers truth alone.] Law. Jus-
quaedam a certain, a kind of, as one might say (21); tice knows neither father nor mother; i.e., it ignores
negatio denial (22): Justice ought to be free, because blood-ties and aims exclusively at the truth.
nothing (is) more unjust than bribe-bought justice; full, See justitia nemini etc.
because justice should not be lame; and fast, because justitia omnibus [L. justitia justice (1); omnibus to/
delay is a kind of denial.] Law. Justice should be: free, for all (2): justice to all.] Justice for all. Motto of the
because there is nothing more unjust than justice for District of Columbia. It has always been the wish of
sale; complete, because justice should not be faulty or all people that governments adopt the principle of
flawed; and quick, because delay is a form of denial. justitia omnibus.
justitia est constans et perpetua voluntas jus suum justitium n. [L. a suspension of the courts, judicial va-
cuique tribuendi. Justinian (4883-565). [L. justitia cation, holiday.] Civil Law. A suspension of judicial
justice ( 1 ); est is (2); constans unchangeable, uniform proceedings. Judicial vacation.
(3); et and (4); perpetua continuous, uninterrupted jus tollendi n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); tollendi of taking
(5); voluntas inclination, desire (6); jus right, law away, removing (2): right of taking away.] Law. The
(10) ; suum his/her own (thing) (9); cuique to each, right of removing, i.e., the right to take away what
each one (8); tribuendi of/for granting, giving (7): one has added to property if one, being a bona fide
Justice is an unchangeable and continous desire for possessor, is obliged to surrender the property.
giving to each his/her own.] Justinian. Law. Justice is justus titulus n., pi. justi tituli [L. justus just (1);
a uniform and continuous inclination to give (or of titulus inscription, heading, title, label (2): just title.]
giving) to each one his/her right (or what is due). Law. Just title.
justitia est duplex, viz., severe puniens et vere jus ubique docendi n. [L. jus right, law (1); ubique
praeveniens. [L. justitia justice (1); est is (2); du- everywhere (3); docendi of teaching, instructing (2):
plex twofold, double (3); viz. abbr. for videlicet right of teaching everywhere.] The right to teach any-
namely, that is to say (4); severe severely (6); where. An eminent scholar enjoys both in theory and
puniens punishing (5); etand (7); vere truly (8); in practice jus ubique docendi and may be invited to
praeveniens preventing, anticipating (9): Justice is teach/lecture anywhere in the world.
twofold, namely, punishing severely and truly pre- jus utendi n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 ); utendi of using (2):
venting.] Law. Justice plays a twofold role, namely, right of using.] Law. The right to use, and derive profit
punishing the guilty severely and truly preventing from, property without destroying it substantially.
offenses. Cf. melior est justitia etc. Cf. jus abutendi.
justitia firmatur solium. [L. justitia by justice (3); jus utendi, fruendi, abutendi n. [L. jus right, law ( 1 );
firmatur is strengthened, reinforced (2); solium utendi of using (2); fruendi of enjoying (3); abu-
throne (1): The throne is strengthened by justice.] tendi of abusing (4): right of using, enjoying, and
Justice strengthens the power of the monarch or of abusing.] Law. The right to use, to enjoy, and to
the government. abuse. Applicable to ownership.
justitia nemini neganda est. [L. justitia justice (1); jusvagum aut incertum n. [L. jus right, law (4);
nemini to no one, nobody (4); neganda to be denied vagum vague, unsettled (1); aut or (2); incertum
(3); est is (2): Justice is to be denied to nobody.] Law. uncertain (3): vague or uncertain right.] Law. A law
Nobody should be denied justice: i.e.. there should which is vague or uncertain. Bad laws can be borne;
be no discrimination in the dispensation of justice. but the jus vagum aut incertum . . . is as sore an evil
See ad officium non est etc.; justitia
etc.; justitia and as heavy a curse as any people can suffer; . . .
non novit etc.; lex deficere non etc.; lex non debet {Hole v. Rittenhouse, 25Pa.491 [1855], quoted by
deficere etc.; lex non deficit etc.; lex non novit etc.; Megarry 1973:141). Cf. misera est servitus, ubi etc.
lex uno ore etc.; and nec curia etc. jus venandi et piscandi n. [L. jus right, law (1);
justitia non est neganda, non differenda. [L. justitia venandi of hunting (2); et and (3); piscandi of fish-
justice (1); non not (3); est is (2); neganda to be ing (4): right of hunting and fishing.] Law. The right
denied (4); non not (5); differenda to be deferred, to hunt and fish.
211 juxta donatoris
jus vitae necisque n. [L. jus right, law (1); vitae of when the author was a youth and thus characterized
life (2); necisque and of killing (3); right of life and by immaturity. On his deathbed, the writer requested
killing.] The right of life and death. Roman Law. Ap- that his juvenilia be destroyed. 2. Literary or artistic
plicable to patria potestas (q.v.) or the absolute work done or designed for young people.
power of a father over his children, by virtue of which juxta conventionem adv. [L. juxta in accordance with,
he could banish, enslave, or put a child to death. In- according to (1); conventionem covenant, agree-
deed, on the birth of a child, this power was given ment, compact (2): in accordance with the covenant.]
concrete expression during a ceremony, when the According to the agreement.
father had to decide whether to accept the child or juxta donatoris voluntatem [L. juxta in accordance
not. See familia with, according to ( 1 ); donatoris of giver, donor (3);
juvenilia pi. n. [L. youthful or juvenile things.] Used voluntatem wish, desire (2): in accordance with the
as either sing, or pi. 1 . Literary or artistic work done desire of the giver.] According to the wish of the donor.
K
Kaaba n. [Ar. ka'bah square building.] The holiest B.C., when he saw Brutus among his assassins. Cf.
shrine of Islam, located in Mecca (q.v.), Sau

:
.i et tu, Brute?
Arabia. The shrine to which Muslims face in daily kai ta loipa abbr. K.T.L. or Ictl. [Gk. kai and (1); ta
prayer. the (2); loipa remaining (things), rest (3): and the
kabala or kabbala See cabala. remaining things.] And the rest. And so forth. Et
kabuki or Kabuki n. [Japan, from ka song (1); cetera (q.v.).
bu dance (2); ki art, artist (3): song (and) dance art.] kakemono n.,pl. kakemonos [Japan, from kake hang-
A form of Japanese drama characterized by the elabo- ing (1); mono object (2): hanging object.] A vertical
rate costumes and stylized movements of the actors form of Japanese scroll painting. Cf. makimono.
who both sing and dance. kakidrosis n., pi. kakidroses [Neo-Gk. from Gk.
Kaddish n. [Aram, qaddis holy.] Judaism. A prayer kak(os) evil, bad (1); (h)idrosis sweating (2): evil
used in daily praise of God and in mourning for the or bad sweating.] Secretion of foul sweat. Secretion
dead. of sweat with unpleasant scent.
kaffee-klatch or kaffeeklatch n., pi. kaffee-klatches kamaaina n. [Haw. kama'aina: kama child (2); 4
aina
or kaffeeklatches [Ger. Kaffeeklatsch: Kaffee cof- land ( 1 ): land child.] Someone who has lived in Hawaii
fee (1); Klatsch gossip (2): coffee gossip.] Conver- for an extended period of time.
sation over coffee or the gathering at which such con- Kama Sutra n. [Skt. kama love (1); sutra thread, rule
versation takes place. Cf. klatch. (2): love rule.] The Art of Love. The title of a sex
Kafir or Kaffir or Cafir or Caffir n., pi. Kafir or manual in ancient Sanskrit.
Kafirs or Kaffir or Kaffirs or Cafirs or Caffirs [Ar. kamikaze n., pi. kamikazes [Japan, kami divine (1);
one kafir who denies, infidel.] 1. A member of the kaze wind (2): divine wind.] 1. World War II. A Japa-
Bante family in South Africa. 2. An offensive name nese pilot who deliberately crashed on a target, usu-
for a Xhosa. 3. Southern Africa. An offensive term ally a ship, often destroying it and, in the process,
for a Black person. 4. A leguminous tree native to committing suicide. The mystique of the kamikaze
South Africa. pi. South Africa. Mine shares. — also lives on {Time Int. 1980). 2. An airplane loaded with
kaffir An A person who is not a Muslim.
unbeliever. explosives and used for the exercise.
kahuna n., pi. kahunas [Haw.] A priest. A holy or kana n., pi. kana or kanas [Japan, from ka false (1);
wise person. A person with supernatural powers. na name (2): false name, character.] A form of Japa-
kairos n. [Gk. right time.] The appropriate time. The nese writing based upon syllabic characters and used
moment of opportunity. The critical point. The student especially for transliteration of foreign words. Cf.
had an instinctfor recognizing kairos, for approach- hiragana; kanji; and katakana.
ing his parents for money at just the right time. kanji n., pi. kanji or kanjis [Japan, from Chin, han
Kaiser n., pi. Kaisers [Ger. Caesar, ruler, king, em- Chinese (1); zi characters (2): Chinese characters.]
peror.] The emperor of Germany and Austria. Cf. A Japanese writing system based upon Chinese char-
Caesar and czar. acters. Cf. hiragana; kana; and katakana.
kai su teknon? interj. Julius Caesar (10CM4 B.C.). Kapelle or Capelle n., pi. Kapellen or Capellen [Ger.
[Gk. kai and, also, even (2); su you ( 1 ); teknon child (3): chapel, band, orchestra.] 1.The orchestra or choir of
You, also, child?] You, too, son? The words uttered a papal or royal chapel. 2. An orchestra. A musical
by Julius Caesar on the Ides of March (March 1 5) 44 group.
212
213 koan
Kapellmeister or capellmeister abbr. Kpmtr. n., pi. his divine powers and lived on earth with all the
Kapellmeister or capellmeister [Ger. Kapel(le) physical limitations of a human being. Based upon
chapel (1); Meister master (2): chapel master, band- Philippians 2:7.
master, conductor.] Music. Conductor of an orchestra kibbutz n., pi. kibbutzim or kibbutzes [Heb. qibbus
or choir. Now, in the tradition ofEuropean Kapellmeister, gathering.] An Israeli collective farm or settlement
Zukennan will both conduct and play with the Saint which owned and managed by the members of the
is
Paul Chamber Orchestra, . . . {Newsweek Int. Oct. cooperative. Thousands of German youngsters flock
20, 1980:61). Cf. maestro di cappella. to Israel every year to work in the kibbutzes
kaput or kuputt adj. [Ger. tired, exhausted.] 1. Done {Newsweek Int. May 18, 1981: 21). Cf. kolkhoz and
for. Ruined. Completely destroyed. Finished. 2. Ren- sovkhoz.
dered useless or incapable of functioning. 3. Terribly Kiblah or kiblah or qibla(h) or kibla n. [Ar. kibla
outmoded. that which is opposite.] Islam. I. The direction of

karaoke n. [Jap. kara empty ( ); Oke(sutora) orchestra
1
the Kaaba (q.v.) in Mecca (q.v.) towards which pray-
(2): empty orchestra.] Music. Pre-recorded backing Muslims face. 2. A niche in the wall of a building
ground music to accompany live singing. facing Mecca. Cf. mihrab.
karate n. [Japan, kara empty (1); te hand (2): empty kindergarten or kindergarden abbr. kind. n.,pl. kin-
hand.] A Japanese system of self-defense without the dergartens or kindergardens [Ger. Kindergarten:
use of weapons, which involves injuring the oppo- Kinder children (1); Garten garden (2): children-
nent by using the edge of the open hand, foot, elbow garden, garden of children, infant-school, nursery-
or head to strike the opponent's vital nerve-centers. school.] Nursery-school. School for infants. A
karma n. [Skt. karman deed, fate.] 1 . Fate. Destiny. pre-primary school for children of 4 to 6 years of age,
2. Hinduism and Buddhism. The cumulative effect where the pupils play interesting games, sing songs,
which one's actions in various stages of existence go through physical exercises, etc., the program being
have on an individual's destiny. 3. A special aura or designed to foster the natural and social development
atmosphere. of the pupils. — adj. Relating to education at the
kasbah See casbah. pre-primary school level. He is a man whose intel-
Kashrut or kashrut or Kashruth or kashruth n. [Heb. lectual development does not seem to have advanced
kashrut fitting.] Jewish dietary law. beyond the kindergarten stage.
katabasis or catabasis n., pi. katabases or catabases Kinder, Kirche, Kiiche [Ger. Kinder children (1);
[Gk. kata down, from, according to (2); basis going Kirche church (2); Kiiche cooking, kitchen (3): chil-
( 1 ): going down, the way down, descent.] 1 . Marching dren, church, and cooking.] Motherhood, religious
back. Retreat, particularly in war. 2. Meteorology. The devotion, and domesticity, the pillars of traditional
flow of cold or cool downward direction.
air in a German womanhood.
katakana n. [Japan, from kata one (1); kana character kiosk n. [Fr. kiosque from Turk, kiushk pavilion.] A
(2) : one character.] An angular form of Japanese writ- small open booth for selling merchandise or posting
ing used especially for foreign words and documents. advertisements.
Katzenjammer n. [Ger. Katz cat (1); Jammer wail, kismet n. [Turk, from Arab, kisma(t) fate.] 1 . Destiny.
cry (2): cat-wailing, hangover, morning-after feeling, Fortune. 2. The title of a musical by Jerome Kern
moral qualms, hesitation.] 1. A loud, harsh sound. (1885-1945).
2. Hangover. The headache, nausea, and physical klatch n., pi. klatches [Ger. Klatsch gossip.] A gath-
weakness which one experiences in the morning fol- ering for light conversation and gossip.
lowing a night of excessive drinking. Abel woke up Kleinkrieg n., pi. Kleinkriege [Ger. klein small (1);
in the morning with his wallet almost depleted and a Krieg war (2): small war.] Guerrilla warfare.
distressing katzenjammer. 3. Distress, headache, dis- kleptomania or cleptomania n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk.
organization, and depression resembling a hangover klept(es) thief (2); mania madness (1): madness of
after a night of heavy drinking, but caused by some- a thief, theft-related madness.] Psychology. A mental
thing else. "The Katzenjammer Kids, " an American disorder manifested by a compulsive desire to steal,
comic strip popular in the early twentieth century, especially, things of minor economic value. Mrs.
was about children who caused such distress and Soab 's marriage is seriously threatened by her klep-
headache. tomania, for her behavior at supermarkets causes
kayak or kaiak n. [Inuit] A light canoe made out of her husband considerable embarrassment.
skins with one or two circular openings for paddlers. klutz n., pi. klutzes [Yid. klots a blockhead.] A
— v. To travel by such vehicle. wooden-headed person. A stupid or clumsy person.
kendo n. [Japan.] The art of fencing with bamboo sticks. koan/? [Japan, from ko public (1); an matter (2): public
kenosis n. [Gk. kenOsis emptying.] Christianity. The matter.] Zen Buddhism. A paradoxical riddle used
theological concept that Jesus emptied himself of his for meditation and for the acquisition of innate
divinity when he became human; that is, he put aside knowledge.
kobald 214
kobald or kobold n.,pl. kobalds or kobolds [Ger. Kobald ktema es aei n. Thucydides. [Gk. ktema possession
goblin in a silver mine.] A mischievous elf or gnome (1); es into (2); aei always (3): a possession into al-
believed to haunt houses and underground places, ways.] A possession for ever. The writer hoped that
especially mines and caves. Cf. leprechaun and ogre. his work would be a ktema es aei and, indeed, he has
koine n., pi. koines [Gk. koine common, the common not been disappointed. Cf. monumentum aere
language.] I. A form of Greek widely used during perennius.
the Hellenistic Age and the period of the Roman K.T.L. or k.t.l. abbr. for kai ta loipa (q.v.).
Empire. 2. A language or dialect which is widely kudos n. [Gk. kudos glory, praise.] 1 . Glory. Renown.
used. Cf. lingua franca. Prestige. Fame emanating from achievement.
koinonia n. [Gk koinonia fellowship, communion.] Credit. Martha 's charitable activities in the town
Christianity. Fellowship among Christians. won for her considerable kudos. 2. Praise bestowed,
kolkhoz n., pi. kolkhozy or kolkhozes short form of a) Navon responded by delivering two highly ac-
kollektivnoe khozyaistvo [Russ. koll(ektivnoe) claimed speeches and won kudos even from the
. . .
collective ( 1 ); khoz(yaistvo) economy, farm (2): col- hostile Egyptian press (Newsweek Int. Jan. 10,
lective farm.] 1. A collective farm in Russia. 2. A 1 983 5 ). b) His daredeviltry earned kudos from his
: 1
system of collective farming based on the Russian companions, but left him with a cracked vertebra,
model. Cf. kibbutz and sovkhoz. torn back muscles and a corset for the pain (Time
Kol Nidre n. [Aram, kol all ( 1 ); nidhre vows (2): all vows.] Int. 1980). Cf. accolade 3 and izzat.
Judaism. 1 . The first words of a prayer recited at the Kultur n. [Ger. culture.] 1 . Culture. The body of custom-
beginning of Yom Kippur (q.v.). 2. The prayer itself. ary practices and beliefs, societal forms and material
kore n., pi. korai [Gk. kore maiden.] Art. A Greek features characteristic of a people, religious group,
statue, usually in stone, representing a fully-clothed social class, etc. 2. German culture, particularly that
young woman. Cf. kouros. of the Nazi period, which was regarded as the best
kosher or kasher or koscher or coshar or cosher adj. and emphasized the superiority of German civiliza-
[Yid. from Heb. kasher right.] 1. Judaism. Clean. tion to that of other nations.
Proper. Ritually pure. Adhering to Jewish dietary Kulturgeschichte n. [Ger. Kultur culture (1);
regulations. A kosher meal. 2. Legitimate. Real. Au- Geschichte history (2): culture history.] The history
thentic. A kosher business deal. of a culture or civilization. Cf. Kunstsgeschichte.
kouros n., pi. kouroi [Gk. young man, boy.] Art. A Kulturkampf n., pi. Kulturkampfe [Ger. Kultur
Greek statue, usually in stone, representing a naked culture ( 1 ); Kampf struggle (2): cultural struggle.]
young man. Cf. kore. Conflict or struggle between State and Church (or
kowtow or kotow n. [Chin, kou to knock (1); tou head religious authorities), especially over which side
(2): knocking or striking the head.] 1. Chinese custom should control education and the appointment of
of kneeling and touching the ground with the forehead religious officials.
as a mark of respect, homage, worship, or submission Kulturkreis n.,pl. Kulturkreise [Ger. Kultur culture
to a superior person. 2. A display or an act of obsequi- ( 1 ); Kreise circle (2): culture circle.] Culture or area
ousness, servility, or total submission. — v. intr. 1. To of culture. A culture complex which originates in one
kneel and touch the ground with the forehead as a mark area and spreads over extensive areas.
of respect, homage, worship or total submission. Like a Kunstsgeschichte n. [Ger. Kunst art (1); Geschichte
Chinese, the teacher kowtowed to the headmaster and history (2): art history.] The history of the art of a
left the office. 2. To display obsequious deference to people, culture, or civilization. Cf. Kulturgeschichte.
the desires of a superior official, etc. To act obsequi- Kwanza n. [Swahili? kwanzaa harvest of first fruit.]
ously or with abject servility. To cringe or fawn. The African-American holiday of cultural solidarity and
employee made it unequivocally clear to the arrogant cooperation celebrated Dec. 26 to Jan. 1
andpower-obsessed supervisor that he believed in work- kyrie eleison. [Gk. kurie O lord (1); eleeson have
ing industriously, not in kowtowing. mercy, have pity (2): O Lord, have mercy.] 1 . The
Kpmtr. abbr. for Kapellmeister (q.v.). first words of a Christian prayer of petition. Also
Kriminalroman n. [Ger. Kriminal criminal (1); Roman known as the "Kyrie." 2. A musical composition
novel (2): criminal novel.] A novel about crime. A based on this prayer.
thriller.
1. abbr. for 1. lex(q.w). 2. liaison (q. v.). 3. locus (q. v.). life. Good living. . . . while there the couple took
la fern, definite article [Fr. and The (followed
It. the.] advantage of la bonne vie by dropping some tanker
by the family name of a woman.) Used either in ad- profits in shops along the chic Avenue Montaigne
miration (i.e.. "the famous") or in contempt (i.e.. "the {Time Int. 1979). Cf. la dolce vita.
notorious"), a) la Pompadour, b) la Du Barry; c) la laborare est orare. [L. laborare to work (1); est is
Pickford; d) la Callas: e) la Midler. (2): orare to pray (3): To work is to pray.] Working
la belle dame sans merci John Keats (1795-1821). is praying; i.e.. menial labor is a form of prayer. For
[Fr. la the ( 1 ): belle pretty, beautiful, lovely, fine (2): a fuller form, see orare est etc.
dame lady (3); sans without (4); merci pity , mercy labor vincit omnia. [L. labor work, labor (1): vincit
(5): the beautiful lady without pity.] The lady beau- conquers (2): omnia all Work
things, everything (3):
tiful but without mercy. The title of a poem written conquers all things.] Work conquers everything.
by Keats in 1819. Motto of the State of Oklahoma. Cf. amor omnia
La Belle Epoque n. [Fr. la the ( 1 ); belle pretty, beau- vincit.
tiful, lovely, fine (2): epoque epoch, period, age (3): L'absence est a Pamour ce qu'est au feu le vent: il
the lovely epoch.] The fine age or period: i.e.. the eteint le petit, grand. Comte de
il allume le
Edwardian era or the era of Edward VD of England, Bussy-Rabutin (1681-1693). Histoire Amoureuse des
an age of opulence and a feeling of material secu- Gaules: Maximes d Amour II. [Fr. P the ( ): absence 1
rity, spanning the period from c.1890 to 1914. whose absence (2): est is (3); a to. toward, in. by. with, until
civilization was brought to an end by the First World (4): P the (5); amour love (6): ce that (7); qu' which
War. "As a reactionary; I, ofcourse, look back long- (8): est is ( 1 1 ); au to the. toward the. in the. by the.
La Belle Epoque, " said William F. Buckley

ingly on with the. until the (12): feu fire: heat (13): le the (9):
{Newsweek Int. Dec. 20. 1982:18). See belle epoque. vent wind (10): il it (14); eteint extinguishes, puts
la belle France n. [Fr. la the (1): belle beautiful (2); out ( 1 5); le the ( 1 6); petit small, little ( 1 7); il it ( 1 8);
France France (3): the beautiful France.] The beau- allume lights, sets alight (19); le the (20): grand
tiful, attractive or pleasant spots, resorts or areas of great; big (2 1 ): Absence is to love that which wind is
France. Some of the best of la belle France is within to fire: it extinguishes the little, it lights the big.]
convenient reach of Paris {Time Int. 1979). Absence does to love what wind does to fire; it ex-
labium majus iL.pL labia majora [L. labium lip (2); tinguishes the weak, but inflames the strong.
majora larger, greater (1): larger lip.] An external lachryma Christi n. [L. lachryma or lacrima tears (
1 };
fatty fold which bounds the vulva. Cf. labium minus. Christi of Christ (2): tears of Christ.] Christ's tears.
labium minus n..pl. labia minora [L labium lip (2); A sweet red wine popular in southern Italy.
minora smaller (1): smaller lip.] An internal fold la ciudad del oro [Sp. la the (1): ciudad city (2): del
which bounds the vulva. Cf. labium majus. of the (3); oro gold (4): the city of gold.] A place of
La Boheme n. [It. la the (1); Boheme Bohemia (2): great wealth and prosperity . El Dorado. Many young
the Bohemia.] "Bohemia. u an 1896 opera by men who flock to Lagos, thinking that it is la ciudad
Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924) about a pair of Bo- del oro. get frustrated eventually and take to criminal
hemian lovers in Paris. activities.
la bonne vie n. [Fr. la the ( 1 ); bonne good, happy (2); La Comedie Humaine n. [Fr. la the (1): comedie
vie life (3): the good life.] The happy, comfortable comedy (3): humaine human (2): the human comedy.]
215
La Commedia Divina 216
The Human Comedy, a collection of fiction by is changeable.] Woman is fickle. From an aria in act
Honore de Balzac (1799-1850), first published in 3 of Rigoletto, an opera by Giuseppe Verdi (1813-
1 842 and published posthumously in 47 volumes, de- 1901). A phrase used to suggest the fickleness of
picting 19th-century society in its broadest and woman. Cf. varium et mutabile etc.
frankest scope. Includes works like La Cousine Bette laesa majestas n. [L. laesa injured, wounded (1);
La Peau de Chagrin (q.v.).
(q.v.) and majestas majesty High trea-
(2): injured majesty.]
La Commedia Divina n. [It. la the (1); commedia son. A crime or an offense against sovereign power
comedy (3); divina divine (2): the divine comedy.] or a ruler who represents sovereign power.
The Divine Comedy, the religious and philosophical See crimen laesae majestatis and lese-majeste.
Italian epic by Dante Alighieri (1265-1321). laesio enormis n. [L. laesio injury (2); enormis enor-
La commedia e finita. Ruggiero Leoncavallo (1858- mous, extraordinary enormous injury.] Roman
(1):
1919). I Pagliacci II, end. [It. la the (1); commedia and Civil Law. The loss incurred by a vendor who
comedy (2); e is (3); finita finished, ended (4): The sells something at a loss of 50% or more, or by a
comedy is finished.] The comedy is over. See La purchaser who buys something at double (or more)
farce est jouee. its price.
La Coupe et les Levres [Fr. la the (1); coupe cup (2>; laesio ultra dimidium n. [L. laesio injury (1); ultra
et and (3); les the (4); levres lips (5): the cup and the beyond, over (2); dimidium half (3): injury beyond
lips.] "The Cup and the Lips," a poem by Alfred de half] Laesio enormis (q.v.).
Musset (1810-1857). laesio ultra duplum n. [L. laesio injury (1); ultra be-
La Cousine Bette [Fr. la the (1); cousine (female) yond, over (2); duplum double (3): injury beyond
cousin (2); Bette Bette (3): the cousin Bette.] Cousin double.] Laesio enormis (q.v.).
Bette, an 1847 novel by Honore de Balzac ( 1 799- Laetare v. [L. rejoice.] Rejoice. The first word of an
1850) and part of La Comedie Humaine (q.v.). ancient Christian prayer. — n. The fourth Sunday in
la creme de la creme n. [Fr. la the (1); creme cream Lent, when this prayer has traditionally been recited.
(2); de of (3); la the (4); creme cream (5): the cream La farce est jouee. Francois Rabelais (c. 1494-c. 1 553)
of the cream.] The best of the best. The most distin- at the point of death. [Fr. la the ( 1 ); farce farce, com-
guished. The most eminent among the elite At the edy (2); est is (3); jouee played, performed; acted
opening of "La Belle Epoque, 1890-1914, " ... la The farce (or comedy) is played.] The farce or
(4):
creme de la creme contributed $500 each to the Met comedy of life is over. The farce or comedy has come
to dine . . . {Newsweek Int. Dec. 20, 1982:18). See to an end. See La commedia e finita.
creme de la creme. Cf. canaille; hoi polloi; sans- Paffaire n., pi. F the (1); affaire
les affaires [Fr.
culottes; and vulgus. affair, matter The affair. The inci-
(2): the affair.]
lacrimae rerum Vergil (70-19 B.C.). Aeneid 1,462. dent. Scandal. Invariably followed by the name of
[L. lacrimae tears (1); rerum of matters, things, 's image
the person concerned. The Chief Executive
property, business, affairs (2): tears of things.] The was considerably dented by his handling ofI 'affaire
inherent unhappiness of human life. The tragedy of Cecilia. See affaire —
pi. Business. Commerce.
fate, predestination, or human destiny. The La foi consiste a croire ce que la raison ne croit
anticlimatic end ofour goodfriend 's career is a clear pas. Voltaire (1694-1778). [Fr. la the (1); foi faith,
manifestation of lacrimae rerum. See hinc illae trust (2); consiste consists, is composed of (3); a to,
lacrimae and sunt lacrimae rerum. toward, in, by, with, until (4); croire to believe, be-
lacuna n., pi. lacunae or lacunas [L. ditch, pit, hole, lieving (5); ce that (6); que which (7); la the (8);
gap, defect.] A gap. A defect. A flaw. A missing part. raison good sense, reason, judgment (9); ne . . . pas
He seems to be a highly educated person, but there not (11); croit believes (10): Faith consists in be-
are some lacunae in his educational background lieving that which reason does not believe.] Faith
which become glaring during discussions of a sub- consists in believing what cannot be rationally
lime nature. Cf. lacune. proven. Cf. Fe que no duda etc.
lacune n.,pl. lacunes [Fr. from L. lacuna.] A gap, flaw, la forza del destino [It. la the (1); forza force (2); del
defect, deficiency, missing portion, or vacant space. of the (3); destino destiny, fate (4): the force of the
Cf. lacuna. destiny.] The force of destiny or fate. My grandfather
la dolce vita n. [It. la the ( 1 ); dolce sweet, pleasant (2); believes that every human act is attributable to la
vita life (3): the sweet life.] The life of luxury or forza del destino. —La Forza del Destino "The
happiness. Luxurious living. After many years of Power of Destiny, " an 1 862 opera by Giuseppe Verdi
unappreciated and unrewarding hard work in his (1813-1901).
country, Okoro decided to go elsewhere in pursuit la France profonde n. [Fr. la the ( 1 ); France France
of la dolce vita. See dolce vita and la bonne vie. (3); profonde deep, great, profound (2): deep France.]
La donna e mobile. donna woman (2);
[It. la the (1); Serious-minded, high-society French people. The
e is (3); mobile changeable, fickle (4): The woman lifestyle of such people. As a former . . . organiser of
217 lapsus memoriae
Gaullist rallies, Mr. Pasqua has a close, iffar from the (1); mejor best (2); salsa sauce (3); del of the
neutral, feelfor la France profonde {The Economist (4); mundo world (5); es is (6); el the (7); hambre
mi). hunger (8): The best sauce in the world is the hunger.]
La gloire et le repos sont choses qui ne peuvent Hunger is the best sauce in the world. Hunger gives
loger en meme gite. Montaigne (1533-1592). the best taste to food.
Essais 1,39. [Fr. la the (1); gloire fame, glory (2); la meme chose adj. [Fr. la the (1); meme same, very
et and (3); le the (4); repos rest, repose (5); sont are (2); chose thing (3): the same thing.] The same thing.
(6); choses things (7); qui which (8); ne not (10); Unchanged. Unaltered. Constant. Yet ifmuch remains
peuvent can, are able (9); loger to live, lodge (11); la meme chose at the fabled luxury hotel in Paris,
en in (12); meme same (13); gite home, bed (14): much has also changed {Newsweek Int. April 2,
Fame and rest are things which cannot live in the 1979:39). Cf. Plus ca etc.
same home.] Fame and rest cannot be bedfellows Landwehr n. [Ger. Land land (1); Wehr weapon,
(or dwell together). defense (2): land defense, militia.] Militia (q.v.). Re-
laissez-aller or laisser-aller n. [Fr. laissez allow; aller serve forces. The section of the national armed forces
to go: allow to go.] Carelessness. Lack of constraint or which has completed active military service and con-
self-restraint. Abandon (q.v.). Carefree or easygoing stitutes the reserve forces or second line of defense.
attitude. Oil wealth is too often squandered through la nostalgie de la boue Emile Augier ( 820-1 889). Le 1
a general laisser-aller and the conspicuous consump- Mariage d 'Olympe 1, 1 . [Fr. la the ( 1 ); nostalgie nos-
tion of imported luxury goods (Howard Schissel in talgia, homesickness (2); de of, for (3); la the (4);
West Africa 1982). boue mud, mire, filth, dirt (5): the nostalgia for the
laissez-faire n. [Fr. laissez allow; faire to do: allow to Homesickness for the gutter.
gutter.]
do, non-interference, non-intervention, inaction, Laocoon n., pi. Laocoons [Gk. LaokoOn ] 1. Greek
passiveness.] 1 . The motto of eighteenth-century and Roman Mythology. A Trojan who protested
French economists who disapproved of excessive against bringing the wooden horse into Troy. As
regulation of industry by the state. 2. A doctrine divine punishment, he and his two sons were killed
which opposes state interference in the affairs, es- by two huge serpents. A sculpture of the first century
pecially economic affairs, of individuals. 3. A B.C., now in the Vatican, shows his heroic struggles
policy, practice, or philosophy characterized by against the serpents. 2. A person who struggles
non-interference with the rights of the individual. bravely with intolerable and perplexing problems.
A policy of inaction or drift, a) In general, how- Dan, though a very controversial man, is generally
ever, their attitude was one of laissez-faire . . . admired as a Laocoon in the face of crushing diffi-
(Robinson 1974:100). b) The government is pursu- culties. — adj. Struggling bravely with intolerable and
ing a policy of laissez-faire. — adj. Of, relating to, perplexing problems. A Laocoon attitude.
or in accordance with the doctrine, philosophy, or La Peau de Chagrin n. [Fr. la the (1); peau skin (2);
practice of non-interference, or one which advocates de of, by (3); chagrin grief, sorrow (4): the skin of
the restriction of such interference to measures required sorrow.] The Skinof Sorrow, a novel by Honore de
for maintaining peace and protecting the rights of prop- Balzac (1799-1850) and part of La Comedie
erty, a) laissez-faire attitude; b) laissez-faire policy; Humaine (q.v ). See chagrin.
c) laissez-faire spirit. lapsus n., pi. lapsus [L. falling, slip, fall.] A trivial or
laissez-passer n.,pl. laissez-passers [Fr. laissez allow; small fault. An error. A slip. It is a good well-written
passer to pass: allow to pass.] Pass. Permit. The coun- book with a few lapsus which, however, do not de-
try insists that any foreigner who wishes to enter its tract from its quality.
territory should obtain a laissez-passer. lapsus calami n. [L. lapsus slipping, error ( 1 ); calami
la Jacquerie See jacquerie. of a reed (used as a pen) (2): slipping or error of the
La ley favor la vie d'un home. [Obs. Fr. la the (1); ley reed.] A slip of the pen. An inadvertent or accidental
law (2); favor favors (3); la the (4); vie life, existence mistake in writing. The grammatical mistake in the
(5); d' of (6); un a (7); home person, human being letter is obviously a lapsus calami.
(8): Law favors the life of a person.] The law favors a lapsus linguae n. [L. lapsus slipping, error (1); lin-
human being's life. See de morte hominis etc. guae of tongue (2): slipping or error of the tongue.]
La Marseillaise n. [Fr. la the (1); Marseillaise (song) A slip of the tongue. An accidental or inadvertent
of Marseilles (2): the song of Marseilles.] "The mistake in speech. The explanation of the witness
Marseillaise." The French National anthem. The indicates that the mentioning ofBola name was no
's
words were written in 1792 by Rouget de ITsle. The more than a lapsus linguae.
song got its name because it was sung by Marseilles lapsus memoriae n. [L. lapsus slipping, error (1);
revolutionaries as they entered Paris in 1792. memoriae of memory (2): slip of the memory.] A
La mejor salsa del mundo es el hambre. Miguel de memory lapse. A slip of memory. When the clarity
Cervantes (1547-1616). Don Quixote 11,5. [Sp. la of a matter is obscured by length of time, the courts
La raison 218
make allowance for lapsus memoriae, par-

usually hope (3); voi you (4); ch' who (5); entrate enter (6):
ticularly in the case

of the unlettered. Abandon every hope, you who enter.] Abandon all
La raison du plus fort est toujours la mcilleurc. hope, all you who enter here, i.e., the gates of hell,
Jean de la Fontaine (1621-1695). Fables 1,10. [Fr. lata culpa See culpa lata.
la the (1); raison reason, motive (2); du of the (3); lata culpa dolo aequiparatur. [L. lata gross, copious
plus fort strongest (person) (4); est is (5); toujours (1); culpa fault, error, blame, guilt, failure (2); dolo
always, ever (6); la meilleure the best (7): The reason to fraud, guile (4); aequiparatur is compared, likened
of the strongest is always the best.] The reason given (3): Gross negligence is likened to fraud.] Law. Serious
by the strongest is always the best. Might makes right. negligence is equivalent to fraud.
La reconnaissance de la plupart des homines n'est latens ambiguitas n. [L. latens hidden, concealed,
qu'une secrete envie de recevoir de plus grands secret, latent (1); ambiguitas ambiguity, equivocal-
bienfaits. Francois, Due de La Rochefoucauld ness (2): a latent ambiguity.] A hidden ambiguity.
(1613-1680). Maximes 298. [Fr. la the (6); recon- latet anguis in herba. Vergil (70-19 B.C.). Eclogue
naissance gratitude, thankfulness (7); de in, with ( 1 ); 111,93. [L. latet lurks, lies hidden (2); anguis snake
la the (2); plupart greatest part, majority (3); des of (1) ; in in, on (3); herba grass (4): A snake lurks in
the (4); hommes human beings, persons, men (-5); the grass.] A snake is hiding in the grass. There is a
n' . . . qu' only, merely (9); est is (8); une a (10); defect, hindrance, or drawback in the matter. when . . .
secrete secret (11); envie desire, longing (12); de of Lord Kenyon wished "to illustrate in a strong manner
(13); recevoir to receive, get (14); de of (15); plus the conclusiveness ofsome fact, (he) thus addressed
grands greater, bigger (16); bienfaits benefits, favors the Jury, 'Why, Gentlemen of the Jury, it is as plain
"'
(17): With the majority of human beings, gratitude as the noses upon yourfaces! Latet anguis in herba!
is merely a secret desire to receive bigger favors.] (Megarry 1973:153). Cf. anguis in herba.
With most human beings, gratitude is merely a secret latifundio n., pi. latifundios [Sp. from L.] A large
desire to receive even bigger favors. landed estate. Latifundium (q.v.).
lares et penates pi. n. [L. lares protecting deities (1); latifundium n.,pl. latifundia [L. from latus broad (1)
et and (2); penates household gods (3): protecting and fundus farm (2): broad farm.] A large landed
deities and household gods.] 1. Ancient Rome. The estate or farm, usually belonging to an absentee owner
deitieswhich protect the household and family. 2. A who uses the services of slave or semi-servile labor in
person's most precious personal effects and house- tilling it. It was prevalent in ancient Rome and in east-
hold goods. Sue dashed out of the burning house, ern Europe in the period before the First World War.
carrying her lares et penates. La trahison des clercs Julien Benda. [Fr. la the (1);
largesse or largess n. [Fr. generosity.] 1 . The giving of trahison treachery, treason (2); des of the (3); clercs
a generous gift or the gift itself. 2. A generous nature. clerks, ecclesiastics, learned people (4): the treason
larghetto adv./adj. [It. a little largo.] Music. In a some- of the learned people.] The Treachery of the edu-
what slow manner, faster than largo (q.v.) but slower cated classes, a 1927 philosophical work by Julien
than adagio (q.v.). — n., pi. larghettos A composition Benda (1867-1956).
or passage played in such a tempo. La Traviata n. [It. la the ( 1 ); traviata corrupted woman,
largo adv./adj. [It. broad, generous.] Music. In a slow, prostitute (2): the corrupted woman.] "The Prostitute,"
dignified tempo, slower than adagio (q.v.). —n.,pl. lar- an 1853 opera by Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901).
gos A composition or passage played in such a tempo. laudator n., pi. laudators [L. praiser, eulogizer or pan-
L Arlesien ne
' n. [Fr. P the ( 1 ); Arlesienne woman from egyrist.] A person who eulogizes or praises. A person
Aries woman from Aries.] "The Woman from
(2): the who testifies to another's character.
Aries," a 872 play by Alphonse Daudet ( 1 840- 1 897)
1 laudator temporis acti n. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Ars
for which George Bizet ( 1 838- 1 875) composed some Poetica 173. [L. laudator praiser, eulogizer, panegy-
more well-known background music. rist (1); temporis (of) time (3); acti of passed, spent
Part pour Part Victor Cousin (1792-1867). [Fr. P the (2) praiser of passed time.]
: A person who eulogizes/
( 1 ); art art (2); pour for (3); P the (4); art art (5): the praises the past. Frank is a well-known laudator
art for the art.] Art for the sake of art. Art for art's temporis acti who sees nothing commendable about
sake. The view that art should be given free rein and currentfashions which attract thefancy ofthe youth.
not subjected to social, political, or moral restrictions; laus Deo abbr. L.D. interj. [L. laus praise ( 1 ); Deo to God
nor should it be produced for economic reasons. See (2): praise to God.] Praise be to God. Cf. in sha Allah.
ars gratia artis. laus Deo et Gloria abbr. L.D.E.G. interj. [L. laus praise
La Scala n. [It. la the (1); scala stairs (2): the stairs.] ( 1 Deo to God (4); et and (2); gloria glory (3): praise
);
The famous opera house of Milan, Italy. and glory to God.] Praise and Glory be to God.
Lasciate ogni speranza voi ch'entrate! Dante laus Deo semper abbr. L.D.S. interj. [L. laus praise
Alighieri (1265-1321). Inferno 111,9,4. [It. lasciate (1); Deo to God (2); semper always (3): praise to
leave, abandon (1); ogni each, every (2); speranza God always.] Praise be to God always.
219 Le crime fait
laus tibi [L. laus praise (1); tibi to you (2): praise to Lebenslust n. [Ger. Lebens of/for life (2); Lust de-
you.] Praise be to you. sire, zest (1): desire for life.] A passion for life. Joie
Lavabo v. [L. I will wash.] Christianity. The first word de vivre (q.v.).
of a prayer recited by the celebrant while washing Lebensraum n. [Ger. from Leben life ( 1 ); Raum room,
his/her hands in preparation for celebrating the Eu- space (2): living space.] A concept popularized by
charist. — n. 1. The prayer itself. 2. The washing of Germany's Nationalist Socialist Party. 1. Territory
the hands at the Eucharist. —lavabo n.,pl. lavaboes believed to be necessary for a state's existence and
A basin used for hand-washing. economic growth. Hitler 's Germany coveted vast por-
La vida es duda, y la fe sin la duda es solo mucrte. of Europe, regarding them as her Lebensraum.
tions
Miguel de Unamuno (1864-1937). Poesias "Salmo Land believed to be necessary for the existence,
2.
H." [Sp. la the (1); vida life (2); es is (3); duda activities and development of an individual, institu-
doubt (4); y and (5); la the (6); fe faith (7); sin with- tion, community, etc. The institution is in dire need
out (8); la the (9); duda doubt (10); es is (1 1); solo of more lebensraum.
only (12); muerte death (13): The life is doubt and Lebenswelt n. [Ger. Lebens of life (2); Welt world
the faith without the doubt is only death.] To be alive world of life.] A person's immediate environ-
(1) :
is to have doubts and a faith without doubts is only ment and experiences. The people, places, and things
the equivalent of death. Cf. Fe que no duda etc. which make up the world of an individual person.
La vida es sueno. [Sp. la the (1); vida life (2); es is Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme n. [Fr. le the ( ); bour- 1
(3);sueno dream, sleep (4): Life is a dream.] Life is geois bourgeois (2); gentil kind, gentle (3); homme
a Dream, a play by Pedro Calderon de la Barca man, person (4): the bourgeois gentleman.] The
(1600-1681). f. La vie est etc. Bourgeois Gentleman, a 1670 comedy by Moliere
La vie en rose [Fr. la the (1); vie life (2); en in (3); (1622-1673).
rose rose (4): the life in rose.] Life seen through rose- Le coeur a ses raisons que la raison ne connait pas.
colored glasses. Life seen optimistically. The title of Blaise Pascal (1623-1662). Pensees IV,277. [Fr. le
a song made popular by the French chanteuse Edith the (1); coeur (2); a has (3); ses its (4); raisons rea-
Piaf (1915-1963). sons (5); que which (6); la the (7); raison, reason,
La un songe.
vie est nous veillons dormants et . . . reasoning (8); ne . . .pas not (9); connait know (10):
veillants dormons. Montaigne. Essais 11,12. [Fr. la The heart has its reasons which (the) Reason does
the (1); vie life, existence (2); est is (3); un a (4); not know.] Emotions and intellect make decisions
songe dream (5); nous we (6); veillons we are awake on different bases.
(8); dormants sleeping (7); et and (9); veillants le commencement de la fin n. Talleyrand (1754-
awake (10); dormons we sleep (11): Life is a 1838). [Fr. le the (1); commencement beginning,
dream. Sleeping we are awake and awake we
. . . commencement (2); de of (3); la the (4); fin end
sleep.] Life is a dream. We are awake while sleeping (5): commencement of the end.] The beginning of
and we sleep while awake. Cf. La vida es sueno. the end. For a fuller form of the quotation, see Voila
La vie parisienne n. [Fr. la the (1); vie life (3); le commencement etc.
parisienne Parisian (2): the Parisian life.] "Parisian le congres n. [Fr. congress.] 1. Legislative congress.
Life," an 1866 comic opera by Jacques Offenbach 2. French Law. A way of disproving a charge of im-
(1819-1880). potence which involved having sexual intercourse
La vita nuova n. [It. la the (1); vita life (3); nuova It was abolished in 1677. Cf. coitus
before witnesses.
new (2): the new life.] The New Life, the title of a coram testibus.
collection of 3 love poems and prose commentary
1 Le contrat fait la loi. [Fr. le the (1); contrat contract
by Dante Alighieri ( 1 265-1 32 1 ) written in dolce stil (2) fait makes (3); la the (4); loi law, rule (5): The
;
nuovo (q.v.) and describing his love for Beatrice and contract makes the law.] Law. The contract makes
his personal spiritual journey. the law; i.e., the agreement of the parties to a con-
layette n., pi. layettes [Fr. baby-linen.] A full set of tract constitutes its law. See consensus facit legem.
clothing, bedding and equipment for a new-born baby. le contrat social n. [Fr. le the (1); contrat contract,
lb. abbr. for libra (q.v.). agreement (3); social social (2): the social contract.]
L.C. or I.e. abbr. for loco citato (q.v.). The ideal social order and relationship between hu-
L.Ch. abbr. for Licentiatus Chirurgiae (q.v ). man beings as developed in Du contrat social (q.v.),
L.D. abbr. for Laus Deo (q.v.). a 1762 political and philosophical treatise by Jean-
L.D.E.G. abbr. for Laus Deo et Gloria (q.v ). Jacques Rousseau (1712-1 778).
L.d'H. abbr. for Legion d'Honneur (q.v ). Le crime fait la non pas l'echafaud. [Fr. le
honte et
L.D.S. abbr. for laus Deo semper (q.v ). the (1); crime crime makes (3); la the (4);
(2); fait
Lebensform n. [Ger. Lebens of/for life (2); Form form, honte shame, disgrace (5); et and (6); non pas not
shape ( 1
): form of life.] The social and moral aspects (7); V the (8); echafaud scaffold, gallows (9): The
of human life. crime makes the disgrace and not the scaffold.] Law.
lectio difficilior 220
What causes disgrace is the crime, not the punish- of a people or a nation. . . . its sixth book summa-
ment. See C'est le crime etc. and ex delicto non etc. rized the history of man in a legende des siecles,
lectio difficilior See difficilior lectio. wherein the idea of continuous progress first found
lector benevole n. [L. lector reader (2); benevole be- clear expression (Cary 1970:464).
nevolent, kind (1): kind reader.] An address to the legerdemain n.,pl. legerdemains [Fr. leger light, swift
kind reader. A writer's plea for understanding from (1); de of (2); main hand (3): light/swift of hand.]
his/her readers. Sleight of hand. Conjuring. Magic/trickery performed
le droit de talion n. [Fr. le the ( 1 ); droit right, law (2); with the hands. A clever trick/deception. A deceitful,
de of (3); talion retaliation (4): right of retaliation.] crafty or artful argument. This is a very big diplo-
The right to retaliate. Lex talionis (q.v.). When matic problem, and not even the Foreign Minister 's
asked if retaliatory measures against the families of well-known legerdemain is likely to solve it.
the suspects — le droit de talion . .
—
were excluded, leges humanae nascuntur. vivunt, et moriuntur.
Lacle retorted that . . . (Achim Rende in West Africa [L. leges laws (2); humanae human (1); nascuntur
1985). are born (3); vivunt they live (4); et and (5);
legalis homo See homo iegalis. moriuntur they die (6): Human laws are born, they
legato adv. /adj. [It. bound together.] Music, in a bound live and they die.] Human laws are made; they have
fashion. With the notes connected or bound together. binding force; and they become obsolete.
— n.,pl. legatos A passage played in a bound fashion. leges non scriptae n. [L. leges laws (1); non not (2);
legatos violare contra jus gentium est. [L. legatos scriptae written (3): laws not written.] Unwritten
envoys, ambassadors (6); violare to injure (5); con- laws; i.e., customary laws. See jus non scriptum
tra against, opposite (2); jus right, law (3); gentium leges posteriores priores contrarias abrogant. [L.
of nations (4); est it is (1): It is against the law of leges laws (2); posteriores later ( 1 ); priores former
nations to injure ambassadors.] Injuring ambassadors (ones) (4); contrarias contrary, conflicting (5);
is forbidden by international law or the law of nations. abrogant annul, abrogate (3): Later laws annul con-
legatum n., pi. legata [L. that which is bequeathed, a flicting former ones.] Later laws negate earlier laws
bequest, legacy.] Civil Law. Bequest or a legacy. that conflict with them. Where two acts are irrecon-
legatum morte testatoris tantum confirmatur sicut cilable, the former act is replaced with the latter. Also
donatio inter vivos traditione sola. [L. legatum a later act repeals a former one either expressly or by
legacy, bequest (1); morte by death (4); testatoris of implication. See lex posterior etc.
testator (5); tantum only, alone (3); confirmatur is legessuum ligent latorem. [L. leges laws (1); suum
confirmed, established (2); sicut just as (6); donatio theirown (3); ligent should bind (2); latorem mover,
gift, donation (7); inter among, between (8); vivos proposer (4): Laws should bind their own proposer.]
living (persons) (9); traditione by transfer, surrender The one who proposes a law should be bound by it.
( 1 0); solo (by) alone, only ( 1 1 ): A legacy is confirmed leges vigilantibus, non dormientibus, subveniunt.
only by the death of the testator, just as a gift among [L. leges laws (1); vigilantibus the watchful, vigi-
living persons is confirmed by transfer alone.] Law. A lant (3); non not (4); dormientibus the sleeping (5);
bequest is established only by the death of the testator subveniunt come to help, aid (2): Laws come to help
just as among living people a gift becomes a gift only the watchful, not the sleeping.] Laws come to the aid
when it is transferred to the recipient. An heir is not of those who are vigilant, not those who are asleep;
entitled to a bequest until the testator dies just as a i.e., laws give relief to those who are conscious of,
person does not receive a gift until the giver gives it. not those who do not care about, their rights. See lex
See ambulatoria est etc.; nemo est heres etc.; nemo vigilantibus etc.; vigilantibus, et non etc.; and
heres etc.; omne testamentum etc.; testamentum vigilantibus lex succurrit. Cf. vigilantibus non
omne etc.; and voluntas testatoris est etc. dormientibus etc.
legatum optionis n. [L. legatum legacy (1); optionis legibus sumptis desinentibus, lege naturae utendum.
of choice, option (2): legacy of choice.] Roman and [L. legibus with laws ( 1 ); sumptis (with) which have
Civil Law. A legacy in which the testator directs the been taken up, assumed (2); desinentibus (with)
beneficiary to choose anything from his property. ceasing (3); lege law (5); naturae of nature (6);
legatum parti tionis n. [L. legatum legacy, bequest (1); utendum there must be a using of (4): With laws
partitionis of partition, division, distribution (2): which have been assumed ceasing, there must be a
legacy of partition.] Civil Law. A legacy of division. using of the law of nature.] When laws which are
Applicable to a situation where a legatee divides the ordained by the state fail, we must resort to the law
legacy with the heir. of nature.
legende des siecles n. [Fr. legende legend, story (1); Legion d'Honneur abbr. L.d'H. n. [Fr. legion legion
des of the (2); siecles ages, centuries (3): legend of (1); d' of (2); honneur honor (3): Legion of Honor.]
the ages.] 1 . The title of a verse history of the French The Legion of Honor. An Order founded in 1802
people by Victor Hugo. 2. A comprehensive history by Napoleon, whose membership is conferred for
.
221 Le salut
meritorious civil or military service. Joining French I'embarras des richesses [Fr. P the ( 1 ); embarras en-
Richard gathered information on
intelligence .... cumbrance, difficulty, embarrassment (2); des of the
German U-boat operations for which she received (3) ; richesses riches (4): the difficulty of the riches.]
the Legion d'Honneur award (Newsweek Int. Feb. 1.An Embarassment of Riches, a 1726 comedy by
22, 1982:50). See cordon rouge 1. Abbe D' Allainval ( 770-1 753). 2. An excess of good
1
legionnaire n.,pl. legionnaires [Fr. legionnaire legion- choices.
ary.] A member of a legion, particularly the French Le Medecin malgre lui n. [Fr. le the (1); medecin
Foreign Legion. Mobutu 's regime [was] saved by the doctor, physician (2); malgre despite (3); lui himself
grace of French legionnaires (New African 1 980). (4) the doctor despite himself]
: The Doctor Despite
legis interpretatio legis vim obtinet. [L. legis of Himself a 1666 comedy by Moliere (1622-1673).
law (2); interpretatio interpretation (1); legis of Le Misanthrope n. [Fr. le the (1); misanthrope mis-
law (5); vim force (4); obtinet obtains, acquires (3): anthrope, people-hater (2): the people-hater.] The
Interpretation of the law acquires the force of law.] In- Misanthrope, a 1666 comedy by Moliere ( 1 622—
terpretations of law are the equivalent of law. Cf. omnis 1673).
interpretatio etc. and sententia facit jus etc. lemma//.,/)/, lemmata or lemmas [Gk. lemma some-
legis nexus n. Tacitus (c.55 —c. 117 A.D.). Annals 111,28. thing received, receipt, statement, assumption,
[L. legis of law (2); nexus binding, linking, inter- theme.] 1. Logic. A secondary proposition the valid-
weaving, combination ( 1 ): binding of law.] The knot ity of which is used to prove a primary proposition.
of law. The complexity of law. 2. A statement. An assumption. A theme. 3. The
legitima portio See portio legitima. word or phrase appearing in a glossary or dictionary
legitime n. [L. according to law, lawfully, legitimately.] entry.
Civil and Scots Law. A portion of the patrimony of Le Neveu de Rameau n. [Fr. le the ( 1 ); neveu nephew
which children cannot be disinherited except with de of (3); Rameau Rameau (4): the nephew of
(2);
lawful reason. See pars legitima; pars rationabi- Rameau.] Rameau's Nephew, a novel by Denis
lis; and portio legitima. Diderot (1713-1784), published posthumously.
legitime imperanti parere necesse est. [L. legitime Le Nozze di Figaro n. [It. le the (1); nozze marriage
lawfully, legitimately (5); imperanti a person com- (2); di of (3); Figaro Figaro (4): the marriage of
manding (4); parere to obey (3); necesse necessary Figaro.]"The Marriage of Figaro," an Italian opera
(2); est it is ( 1 ): It is necessary to obey a person com- (1786) by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791).
manding lawfully.] Law. We must obey a person who lento adv. /adj. [It. slowly.] Music. In a slow tempo.
exercises lawful authority. See qui jussu etc. — n., pi. lentos A passage played slowly.
Legum Baccalaureus abbr. LL.B. n. [L. legum of laws Leo n. [L. lion.] 1. Astronomy. A lion-shaped constel-
(2); baccalaureus bachelor (1): Bachelor of Laws.] lation located near Cancer and Virgo. 2. Astrology.
A first professional degree in law. The fifth sign of the zodiac dominant from July 23
Legum Doctor abbr. LL.D. n. [L. legum of laws (2); through August 22. 3. A person born under this sign.
doctor teacher ( 1 ): teacher of laws.] Doctor of Laws. leonina societas See societas leonina.
An academic degree, usually honorary, for work in Le Petit Prince n. [Fr. le the ( 1 ); petit little (2); prince
the law. prince (3): the little prince.] The Little Prince, a novel
Legum Magister abbr. LL.M. n. [L. legum of laws by the French aviator and writer Antoine de Saint
(2); magister master (1): Master of Laws.] A Exupery (1900-1944).
predoctoral graduate degree in law. leprechaun n., pi. leprechauns [Ir. luprachan from
lei n., pi. leis [Haw.] A wreath or garland of flowers lu small (1); chorp body (2): small body.] A small
and other things placed around a person's neck in supernatural creature usually dressed in green and
Hawaii as a mark of love and esteem. wearing a hat with a broad rim and buckle. This crea-
leitmotiv n.,pl. leitmotive [Ger. Leitmotiv: leiten to ture is said to know the location of buried treasure
lead, guide (1); Motiv motive, subject, theme (2): and pots of gold. Cf. kobald.
guide theme, key-note.] 1. Music. A distinctive Les absents ont toujours tort. Philippe Nericault dit
theme or phrase, especially one in opera associated Destouches ( 1 680-1 754). L 'Obstacle imprevu 1,6. [Fr.
with a particular person, idea, or situation and recur- les the ( 1 ); absents absent (2); ont have (3); toujours
ring whenever he/she/it reappears. 2. A dominant always (5); tort wrong, fault (4): The absent have fault
theme, word, phrase, idea, emotion, or motif that always.] The absent are always in the wrong.
keeps recurring. The leit-motiv ofHassan 's novels is Le Sacre du Printemps n. [Fr. le the (1); sacre rite
the rejected lover. Cf. motif 1 (2); du of the (3); printemps spring (4): the rite of
Le Malade imaginaire n. [Fr. le the (1); malade ill, the spring.] "The Rite of Spring," a 1913 ballet by
sick, diseased (person) (3); imaginaire imaginary (2): Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971).
the imaginary sick person.] The Hypochondriac, a Le salut du peuple est la supreme loi. [Fr. le the ( ); 1
1673 comedy by Moliere (1622-1673). salut safety, salvation (2); du of the (3); peuple
Les Contes 222
people, nation (4); est supreme su-

is (5); la the (6); Les Poetes maudits pi. n. [Fr. les the (1); poetes poets
preme, paramount The safety of the
(7); loi law (8): (3) maudits cursed (2): the cursed poets.] The
;
people is the supreme law.] Law. The most impor- Cursed Poets, an 1884 literary study, by Paul
tant law is public safety. See in casu extremae etc. Verlaine ( 1 844-1 886), of several literary artists who
Les Contes d'Hoffmann pi. n. [Fr. les the (1); contes were not sufficiently recognized and esteemed in
tales, stories (2); d' of (3); Hoffmann Hoffmann (4): their unhappy lifetimes.
the stories of Hoffman.] "The Tales of Hoffmann," les sans-culottes See sans-culottes.
the last opera (1880) of Jacques Offenbach (1819— Les Trois Mousquetiares pi. n. [Fr. les the (1); trois
1880) and his only serious one. three (2); mousquetiares musketeers (3): the three
lese-majeste or lese majesty or leze majesty n., pi. musketeers.] The Three Musketeers, an 1844 novel
lese-majestes or lese majesties or leze majesties by Alexandre Dumas ( 1 803- 1 870).
[Fr. lese injured, wounded (1); majeste majesty (2): Les Troyens Troyens Trojans
pi. n. [Fr. les the (1);
injured or wounded majesty.] Law. High treason. A (2): the Trojans.] "The Trojans," an opera by Hector
crime against sovereign power. An offense which vio- Berlioz (1803-1869).
lates the dignity of a ruler or detracts from the majesty Le style, c'est P horn me. [Fr. le the (1); style style
of a sovereign, constituted authority, or a nation. Qte (2); c' it (3); est is (4); I' the (5); homme person,
commission looked severely on their habit of
. . . human being, man, male (6): The style, it is the per-
drawing administrators out on wildgoose chases as son] A variant of Le style est Phomme meme
almost lese-majeste (West Africa 1986). See crimen (q.v.). Le style c 'est I 'homme, and Hoving 's style
laesae majestatis and laesa majestas. reflects the character he showed when he was in
Les Femmes Savantes pi. n. [Fr. les the (1); femmes power at the museum —windy, lapel-grabbing and
women (3); savantes learned (2): the learned women.] insincerely populist (Time Int. 1981). Cf. stilus
The Learned Women, a 1672 comedy by Moliere virum arguit.
(1622-1673). Cf. femme savante. Le style est V horn me meme. G. De Buffon ( 1 707—
Les Fleurs du Mai pi. n. [Fr. les the (1); fleurs flowers 1788). [Fr. le the (1); style style (2); est is (3); I' the
(2); du of the (3); Mai evil (4): the flowers of the (4)homme person, human being, man, male (5);
;
evil.]The Flowers ofEvil, a 857 collection of poems 1 meme himself/herself (6): The style is the person
by the French symbolist Charles Baudelaire (1821 himself] The style is the person himself; i.e., the
1867). Cf fleurdu mal. personality of an author is reflected in his/her style.
Les Fourberies de Scapin pi. n. [Fr. les the (1); See L'homme meme.
fourberies knavery, cheating, deceit (2); de of (3); Le superflu, chose tres necessaire. Voltaire ( 694- 1
Scapin Scapin (4): the knavery of Scapin.] The Knav- 1778). Le Mondain 22. [Fr. le the (1); superflu
ery ofScapin, a 1671 comedy by Moliere (1622- 1673). superfluous, needless, unnecessary (2); chose thing
Les Guepes pi. n. [Fr. les the (1); guepes wasps (2): (5) ; tres very (3); necessaire necessary (4): The
the wasps.] The Wasps, a satirical review by Alphonse superfluous, a very necessary thing.] The unnec-
Karr( 1808-1 890). essary is a very necessary thing.
Les lois ne se chargent de punir que les actions L'etat, c'est moi. Louis XIV (1638-1715). [Fr. 1' the
exterieures. [Fr. les the (1); lois laws (2); ne que . . . (1); etat state (2); c' it (3); est is (4); moi me, I (5):
only (6); se chargent undertake (3); de of (4); punir to The state, it is I.] I am the State; i.e., every power is
punish (5); les the (7); actions actions (9); exterieures vested in me. The leader ofthe militaryjunta continued
external, outward (8): The laws undertake to punish only to behave as though the country were his patrimony
the outward actions.] Law. Laws undertake to punish and, like Louis XIV, he might as well have kept on
"
only outward actions. Cf. actus non facit. saying, "L etat, c 'est moi.
Les Miserables pi. n. [Fr. les the (1); miserables Peternel retour n. [Fr. P the (1); eternel eternal (2);
wretched, miserable (ones) (2): the wretched ones.] retour return (3): the eternal return.] 1. The unceasing
1 . The Miserable Ones, an 1 862 epic novel by Victor or unending return. The view that ideas keep coming
Hugo (1802-1885). 2. short form Les Mis A 1980 back. 2. The belief that souls are continually returning.
musical adaptation of Hugo's novel by Alain Boublil, Transmigration of souls. Metempsychosis (q.v.).
Claude-Michel SchOnberg, and Herbert Kretzmer. Lethe n. [Gk. lethe forgetting, forgetfulness.] 1 . Greek
Les Pecheurs de perles pi. n. [Fr. les the ( 1 ); pecheurs and Roman Mythology. A river in the Lower World
fishers (2); de of (3); perles pearls (4): the fishers of whose water, on being drunk, produces forgetfulness
pearls.] "The Pearl Fishers," an 1863 opera by of whatever one has done in the past. 2. Oblivion or
Georges Bizet ( 838-1 875). 1 forgetfulness of the past.
Les Plaideurs pi. n. [Fr. les the ( 1 ); plaideurs litigants, Petoile [Fr. P the (1); etoile star (2); du of
du nord.
suitors (2): the suitors.] The Suitors, a tragedy by the (3);nord (4): the star of the north.] The Star of
Racine (1639-1699). the North. Motto of the State of Minnesota.
223 lex citius tolerare
le tout Paris n. [Fr. le the (2); tout all (1); Paris Paris levant et couchant adj. [Fr. levant rising up (1); et
(3): all (the) Paris.] All Paris. People who set the pace and (2); couchant lying down (3): rising up and lying
in Parisian fashion. Fashionable Parisians. The so- down.] Law. Applicable to trespassing animals and
cialites or smart set of Paris. The 500 guests come meaning that they have remained on the land long
from the worlds ofshow business, food, high fashion enough to lie down, to rest and rise up to feed, the
and that mysterious constellation of trend setters estimated minimum period for such activities being
known as le tout Paris {Newsweek Int. Oct. 18, a night and a day, which is adequate to sustain legal
1982:18). Cf. tout Paris. distraint. See couchant 1 and levant.
L'Etre et le Neant [Fr. V the ( 1 ); etre to be, being (2); levari facias n. [L. levari to be taken, taken away (2);
et and (3); le the (4), neant nothingness (4): the being facias you should/may cause (1): You should/may
and nothingness.] Being and Nothingness, a philo- cause to be taken away.] Law. A writ of execution
sophical treatise by the French existentialist Jean-Paul ordering the sheriff to seize and sell the lands and
Sartre (1905-1980). Cf. en-soi and pour-soi. goods of a judgment debtor for the settlement of the
lettera liberatoria n. [It. lettera letter (2); liberatoria debt, or to use the rents and profits of the judgment
liberatory (1): a liberatory letter.] A letter which ex- debtor's land for the purpose. See fieri facias.
onerates, exempts, frees, etc Marcinkus produced levee enmasse or levy en masse n.,pl. levees en masse
a lettera liberatoria signed by Calvi that purported or levies enmasse [Fr. levee rising (1); en in (2);
to free the Vatican bankfrom financial responsibility masse bulk, mass (3): rising in mass.] Rising as one
(Newsweek Int. July 19, 1982: 19). body. A mass military uprising. The taking up of arms
lettre de cachet n., pi. lettres de cachet [Fr. lettre by citizens to resist external aggression. Mobiliza-
letter (1); de of (2); cachet seal, stamp (3): letter of tion of all able-bodied adult men of military age.
seal.] Sealed letter. Arbitrary warrant of arrest, de- lex n., pi. leges [L. law.] A law. A statute.
tention, or imprisonment. Letter, usually, from a king lex actus See lex loci actus.
or despot, bearing the official seal and ordering the lex aequitate gaudet; appetit perfectum; est norma recti.
arrest and imprisonment, without the benefit of a trial, [L. lex law ( 1 ); aequitate in equity (3); gaudet rejoices,
of a person named in it. Originally used in France delights (2); appetit strives for, desires (4); perfectum
for punishing political opponents and personal the perfect (5); est it is (6); norma rule (7); recti of right,
enemies, was abolished during the 1 789 revolution.
it uprightness (8): The law delights in equity; it strives for
Galba had but recently saved his life by inter-

. . . the perfect; it is a rule of right.] The law takes delight in
cepting a lettre de cachet from Nero (Cary . . . equity; it aims at perfection; it is a rule of right.
1970:595). lex aeterna n. [L. lex law (2); aeterna eternal, ever-
lettre de marque n., pi. lettres de marque [Fr. lettre lasting (1): eternal law.] The eternal law established
letter (1); de of (2); marque mark, retaliation, re- by God. In its role as guardian oflex aeterna (God 's
prisal (3): letter of mark.] A letter of retaliation or eternal law) the Church had to exercise total sover-
reprisal. Letter of marque. A written authority given eignty over the state (Curzon 1979:55).
by a government to a citizen to attack and plunder lex aliquando sequitur aequitatem. [L. lex law (2);
the goods of citizens of another country in retaliation. aliquando sometimes (1); sequitur follows (3);
A license granted to a citizen by a government, em- aequitatem equity (4): Sometimes law follows eq-
powering him to fit out a ship and use it for plundering uity.] Sometimes the law follows fairness.
the enemy or for piracy. Officially, the practice was Cf. aequitas sequitur legem.
abolished in 1 856 by the Congress of Paris. Cf. marque. lex celebrationis See lex loci celebrationis.
Lettres Persanes pi. n. [Fr. lettres letters (2); persanes lex citius tolerare vult privatum damnum quam
Persian ( 1 ): Persian letters.] Persian Letters, a satire publicum malum. [L. lex law (1); citius more
( 1 72 1 ) by Montesquieu ( 1 689- 1 755) in which the let- quickly, rapidly (4); tolerare to tolerate, endure (3);
ters of two Persians traveling in Europe are used to vult wishes, is minded (2); privatum private (5);
criticize both Persian and French society. damnum loss, damage (6); quam than (7); publi-
Lettres Portugaises pi. n. [Fr. lettres letters (2); cum public (8);malum evil (9): The law is minded
portugaises Portugese (1): Portugese letters.] to tolerate more quickly a private loss than a public
Portugese Letters, an epistolary novel by Gabriel- evil.] Law. The law is inclined to tolerate a private
Joseph de Guilleragues ( 1 628- 685). 1 loss more readily than a public evil. Thus, when a
levant adj. [Fr. rising up.] Law. Applicable to trespass- superior officer, commenting on a subordinate of-
ing animals. See couchant 1 and levant et couchant. ficer in an official report, defames him, the latter has
— Levant. 1. The countries of the eastern Medi- no remedy by way of action against the former. Simi-
terranean, i.e., where the sun rises. 2. A kind of larly, no action lies against an advocate or a witness
leather.— adj. Eastern. A levant sea. v. British. To — for defamation made in the course of judicial pro-
rise up and disappear without paying one's debts. ceedings or inquiry. See in casu extremae etc.
lex commercii 224
lex commercii [L. lex law ( 1 ); commercii of commerce sunt are (8); utilia useful (9); et and (10); neces-
(2): law of commerce.] Law. The law governing busi- saria necessary ( 1 1 ); et and ( 1 2); contraria contrary
ness transactions. Commercial law. (things) (14); prohibet forbids (13): Law is the greatest
lex communis n. [L. lex law (2); communis common, system which orders those things which are useful
universal ( common law.]
1 ): Law. The common law. and necessary and (which) forbids the contrary.] Law.
Cf. droit common and droit coutumier. Law is the supreme rule/system which commands
lex contractus See lex loci contractus. what is useful and necessary and prohibits the oppo-
lex contra id quod praesumit probationem non site. Cf. lex est sanctio sancta etc.
recipit. [L. lex law (1); contra against, opposite lex est sanctio sancta, jubens honesta et prohibens
(5) ; id that (6), quod which
praesumit it pre- (7); contraria. [L. lex law (1); est is (2); sanctio sanction
sumes (8); probationem proof (4); non not (2); (4) ; sancta sacred, inviolable (3); jubens ordering
recipit admits, welcomes, entertains (3): The law (5) ; honesta decent, proper (things) (6); et and (7);
does not admit proof against that which it presumes.] prohibens forbidding, prohibiting (8); contraria
Law. The law does not entertain/welcome proof opposite, contrary, reverse (things) (9): Law is a sacred
against what it presumes. sanction, ordering decent things and forbidding con-
lex deficere non potest in justitia exhibenda. [L. lex trary things.] Law. Law is an inviolable sanction,
law (1); deficere to fail, be wanting (4); non not (3); which orders decent conduct and forbids the opposite.
potest can, is able (2); in in, on (5); justitia justice Cf. lex est ratio summa etc.
(6) ; exhibenda that must be delivered, exhibited (7): lex est tutissima cassis; sub clipeo legis nemo
The law cannot fail in the justice that must be deliv- decipitur. [L. lex law (1); est is (2); tutissima very
ered.] Law. The law should not fail in its delivery of safe, safest (3); cassis helmet (4); sub under (5);
justice. See justitia nemini etc. nemo no one, no-
clipeo shield (6); legis of law (7);
lex de futuro, judex de praeterito. [L. lex law (1); de of, body (8); decipitur is deceived (9): Law is the safest
from, about, for (2); futuro future (3); judex judge (4); helmet; under the shield of law no one is deceived.]
de of, from, about, for (5); praeterito past (6): The law is Law. Law is a very safe helmet; under the shield of
about the future, the judge about the past.] Law. The law law nobody is misled.
concerns itself with the future, the judge with the past. lex et consuetudo parliamenti n. [L. lex law (1); et
lex delicti See lex loci delicti. and (2); consuetudo custom, usage, tradition (3);
lex dilationes semper exhorret. [L. lex law (1); parliamenti of parliament (4): the law and custom
dilationes delays (4); semper always (2); exhorret of parliament.] Law. The law and custom followed
shudders The law always shudders at
at, dreads (3): by parliament. Lex et consuetudo parliamenti permit
delays.] Law. The law does not like delays. punishment of contempt committed in its face.
See infinitum in etc. lex fori n. [L. lex law (1); fori of court (2): law of the
lex domicilii or lex loci domicilii n. [L. lex law (1); court.]Law. The law of the court where proceedings
domicilii of domicile, home, dwelling-place (2): the are being held or where a case is tried. The law of
law of the domicile.] Law. The law of the place of a the court deals with matters of remedy or procedure
person's domicile. Usually applied in cases respecting in the court where a suit is brought, and it is an inte-
marriage, separation, divorce, contracts, etc. gral part of the law of the state.
dictamen rationis.
lex est [L. lex law (1); est is (2); lex generalis n. [L. lex law (2); generalis general (1):
dictamen dictate, saying (3); rationis of reason (4): general law.] Law. A general law; i.e., a law to be
Law is the dictate of reason.] Law. The law is the applied generally as distinct from a law to be applied
decree of reason. to a particular person/situation. Cf. jus singulare.
lex est exercitus judicum tutissimus ductor. [L. lex lexicon n.,pl. lexica or lexicons [Gk. lexikon of or for
law ( 1 ); est is (2); exercitus of army (5); judicum of words.] 1. A dictionary. A wordbook. A book of
judges (6); tutissimus safest (3); ductor leader, com- words, arranged alphabetically, and their meanings.
mander, general (4): The law is the safest general of It is not easy to learn a language for which there is
the army of judges.] Law. The law is the most reli- no lexicon. 2. The vocabulary or stock of words of a
able guide of the fraternity of judges. language, a particular speaker, a subject, a group of
lex est norma recti. [L. lex law (1); est is (2);norma documents, an occupation, etc. According to his medi-
rule, norm (3); recti of right, uprightness (4): Law is cal lexicon, pregnancy should be terminated only if
a rule of right.] Law. Law is the standard of upright- it jeopardizes the mother's life. 3. Record. Account.
ness. See jus est norma recti etc. The man declared that, in his search through the
lex est ratio summa quae jubet quae sunt utilia et entire lexicon ofhuman endeavors, he has yet to find
necessaria et contraria prohibet. [L. lex law (1); a single instance ofsuch behavior. Cf. lexis.
est is (2); ratio system, science (4); summa great- lex injusta non est lex. [L. lex law (2); injusta unjust
est, supreme, best (3); quae which (5); jubet orders, ( 1 ); non not (4); est is (3); lex law (5): An unjust law
commands (6); quae (those things) which, what (7); is not law.] Law. An unjust law is not a law at all.
225 lex nemini operatur
lex intendit vicinum vicini facta scire. [L. lex law solution (3): law of the place of payment.] Law. The
( 1 ); intendit maintains, asserts (2); vicinum neighbor law of the place of solution; i.e., of the place where
(3); vicini of neighbor (6); facta deeds, acts, facts payment or performance will take place.
(5); scire to know

The law maintains a neighbor
(4): lex lux gentium. [L. lex law (1); lux light (2); gentium
knows the deeds of a neighbor.] Law. The law asserts of nations, races (3): Law (is) the light of nations.]
that a neighbor is aware of the actions of his/her Law. The law is the light which guides nations.
neighbor. Cf. vicini viciniora etc. lex mercatoria or lex mercatorum n. [L. lex law (2);
lexis n.,pl. lexes [Gk. speech, diction, a word, a phrase, mercatoria mercantile (1): law of merchants.] Law.
text of an author.] Stock of words. Vocabulary. The Mercantile law. Commercial law. The law-merchant.
celebrated lexicographer is compiling a lexis oflaw. The system of laws adopted and observed by com-
Cf. lexicon. mercial nations. See jus mercatorum. Cf. consuetudo
lex loci See lex loci contractus. mercatorum.
lex loci actus or lex actus n. [L. lex law (1); loci of lex naturalis n. [L. lex law (2); naturalis natural ( 1 ): natu-
place (2); actus of act (3): law of the place of the ral law.] Law. The law of nature. The law applicable
act.] Law. The law of the place where the deed was to all human beings. The law established by natural
done or a transaction took place. principles and morality. Lex naturalis is . . . the result
lex loci celebrationis or lex celebrationis n. [L. lex of man 's participation in the cosmic law (Curzon
law ( 1 ); loci of place (2); celebrationis of celebration, 1979:57). See jus naturae.
ceremony (3): law of the place of celebration.] Law. lex necessitatis est lex temporis scilicet instantis.
The law of the place where a contract or a marriage is [L. lex law ( 1 ); necessitatis of compulsion, urgency,
celebrated. In case of conflict, the court in deciding the necessity (2); est is (3); lex law (4); temporis of time
validity of a marriage or a contract, applies the law (5); scilicet certainly, that is (6); instantis of present,
of the place where the couple were married or the immediate (7): The law of compulsion is the law of
contract was concluded. time, that is, of the present.] Law. The law of neces-
lex loci contractus or lex contractus or lex loci. n. [L. sity is the law of the actual time; i.e., of the immediate
lex law ( 1 ); loci of place (2); contractus of drawing present. See in casu extremae etc.
together, shrinking, contract, agreement (3): law of the lex neminem cogit ad vana seu inutilia peragenda.
place of the contract.] Law. The law of the place where [L. lex law (1); neminem no one, nobody (3); cogit
a contract was made or is to be performed, a) Lex loci compels, forces (2); ad to, at, for, according to (4);
contractus normally permits the parties to incorpo- vana fruitless, vain (things) (5); seu or (6); inutilia
rate local customary practices into the agreement. useless (things) (7); peragenda to be done, carried
b). . . though the lex loci contractus must regulate and out (8): The law compels no one to fruitless or use-
interpret the contract, yet the lexfori must govern the less things to be done.] Law. The law compels no
remedy (Megrah and Ryder 1972:310). See locus one to the doing of fruitless or useless things. When
contractus. an obligation, which initially was possible, is ren-
lex loci delicti or lex loci delicti commissi or lex delicti dered impossible by an unforeseen circumstance such
n. [L. lex law (1); loci of place (2); delicti of wrong, as an act of God or an act of law or an act of the
offense, crime (3): law of the place of the offense.] Law. obligee, the obligor is released from the obligation.
The law of the place where a wrong or tort is com- See impotentia excusat legem.
mitted. The courts are permitted by the lex loci delicti lex neminem cogit ostendere quod nescire prae-
to inspect the scene of the action. See locus delicti. sumitur. [L. lex law (1); neminem no one, nobody
lex loci delicti commissi See lex loci delicti. (3); cogit compels, forces (2); ostendere to show (4);
lex loci domicilii See lex domicilii. quod (that) which, what (5); nescire not to know
lex loci rei sitae or lex rei sitae (an inaccurate form) (7); praesumitur he/she is presumed (6): The law
or lex situs n. [L. lex law (1); loci of place (2); rei forces no one to show that which he/she is presumed
(of) matter, thing, property, business, affair (4); si- not to know.] Law. The law does not force anybody to
tae of situated (3): law of the place of the situated show/declare what he/she is presumed not to know.
thing/property.] Law. The law of the place where a lex nemini facit injuriam. [L. lex law (1); nemini to
property/thing is located. Applicable to lands and no one; nobody (4); facit makes, does (2); injuriam
other immovable things which are governed by the injury, wrong (3): The law does wrong/injury to no
law of the country where they are situated. When one.] Law. The law does not harm anybody. See actus
Andrew consulted his lawyer about his intention to curiae neminem gravabit.
recover landed properties situated in five countries, lex nemini operatur iniquum. [L. lex law ( 1 ); nemini
he was advised that the lex loci rei sitae would be to no one, nobody operatur does, offers (2);
(4);
applied in each case. See locus rei sitae. iniquum unjust, unfair (thing) (3): The law does an
lex loci solutionis or lex solutionis n. [L. lex law (1); unjust thing to no one.] Law. The law does injustice
loci of place (2); solutionis of payment, performance, to no one. See actus curiae neminem gravabit.
lex nil facit 226
lex nil facit frustra. [L. lex law (1); nil nothing (3); aliquid something (4); impossibile impossible (5):
facit does, makes (2); frustra no purpose
in vain, to Law does not aim at something impossible.] Law.
(4): The law does nothing to no purpose.] Law. The The law does not aim at the impossible.
law does not attempt either to do, or to force one to See impotentia excusat legem.
do, what would be futile. See impotentia excusat lexnon novit patrem, nec matrem; solam veritatem.
legem. [L. lex law(l); non not (2); novit knows (3); patrem
lex nil facit frustra, nil jubet frustra. [L. lex law (1); father (4); nec nor (5); matrem mother (6); solam
nil nothing makes (2); frustra in vain,
(3); facit does, alone, only (8); veritatem truth (7): Law knows not
to no purpose (4); nil nothing (6); jubet orders, com- father nor mother; the truth alone.] Law. The law pays
mands (5); frustra in vain, to no purpose (7): The no attention to father or mother, but only the truth.
law does nothing in vain; it orders nothing in vain.] See justitia nemini etc.
Law. The law neither does nor orders anything in lex non oritur ex injuria. [L. lex law (1); non not (2);
vain. See impotentia excusat legem. oritur arises (3); ex out of, from, directly after, away
lex nil frustra jubet. [L. lex law (1); nil nothing (3); from (4); injuria injury (5): Law does not arise from
frustra in vain, to no purpose (4); jubet orders (2): injury.] Law. The law does not arise from injury.
The law orders nothing to no purpose.] Law. The law lex non praecipit inutilia, quia inutilis labor stultus.
does not order anything in vain. See impotentia [L. lex law (1); non not (2); praecipit orders, bids
excusat legem. (3); inutilia useless (things) (4); quia because (5);
lex non a rege est violanda. [L. lex law (1); non not inutilis useless (6); labor labor, work (7); stultus
(3) ; a by (5); rege king (6); est is (2); violanda to be foolish, silly (8): Law does not order useless things
broken, violated (4): The law is not to be broken by because useless labor is foolish.] Law. The law does
the king.] Law. The king must not break the law. not order useless things to be done because useless
lex non cogit ad impossibilia. [L. lex law ( 1 ); non not work is foolish. See impotentia excusat legem.
(2); cogit forces, compels (3); ad to, at, for, accord- lex non requirit verificari quod apparet curiae. [L.
ing to (4); impossibilia impossible (things) (5): The lex law (1); non not (2); requirit asks, demands (3);
law does not compel to impossible things.] Law. The verificari to be proved, verified (4); quod (that)
law does not compel one to do the impossible. See which, what (5); apparet is apparent, evident (6);
impotentia excusat legem. curiae to court (7): Law does not demand to be
lex non curat de minimis. See de minimis non proved what is apparent to the court.] Law. The law
curat lex. does not demand proof of what is apparent to the
lex non debet deficere conquerentibus in justitia court. See manifesta probatione etc.
exhibenda. [L. lex law ( 1 ); non not (3); debet ought, lex non scripta n. [lex law (1); non not (2); scripta
should (2); deficere to fail, be deficient (4); con- written (3): law not written.] Law. Unwritten law
querentibus to those complaining (8); in in, on (5); (e.g., custom or common law), as distinct from statu-
justitia justice (6); exhibenda to be shown, delivered tory law. See jus non scriptum.
(7): Law ought not to fail injustice to be delivered to lex patriae n. [lex law (1); patriae of fatherland, country
those complaining.] Law. The law should not fail to (2): law of one's fatherland/country.] Law. National
dispense justice to those who bring their complaints. law. The law of one's country. In some cases, an
See justitia nemini etc. expatriate may enjoy the privilege of being treated
lexnon deficit in justitia exhibenda. [L. lex law (1); in accordance with his/her lex patriae.
non not (2); deficit fails, is deficient (3); in in, on lex plus laudatur quando ratione probatur. [L. lex
(4) ; justitia justice (5); exhibenda to be shown, deliv- law (1); plus more (3); laudatur is praised (2);
ered (6): Law does not fail in justice to be delivered.] quando when (4); ratione by reason (6); probatur
Law. The law does not fail in its dispensation ofjustice. it is approved (5): Law more praised when it is
is
The law does not fail in the rendering of justice. approved by reason.] Law. A commendable law is
See justitia nemini etc. one which conforms to reason. See cessante ratione
lex non exacte definit; sed arbitrio boni viri etc.; lex semper intendit etc.; animaratio est legis
permittit. [L. lex law (1); non not (2); exacte pre- etc.; ratio legis est etc.; and ubi eadem ratio, ibi
cisely, exactly (4); definit defines (3); sed but (5); eadem etc. Cf. sensus verborum est anima legis.
arbitrio to judgment, decision (7); boni of good (8); lex posterior derogat priori. [L. lex law (2); poste-
viri (of) man (9); permittit leaves, entrusts (6): Law rior later (1); derogat repeals in part, modifies (3);
does not define precisely, but leaves it to the judgment priori former (4): A
later law modifies a former one.]
of a good man.] Law. The law does not give exact Law. A later law overrules one which precedes it.
definitions, but relies on the judgment of a good man. See constitutiones tempore etc.; leges posteriores
Cf.judex bonus nihil etc. and optima est lex etc. etc.; and priores leges etc.
lexnon intendit aliquid impossibile. [L. lex law (1); lex privata n. [lex law (2); privata private ( 1 ): private
non not (2); intendit aims at, gives attention to (3); law.] Roman Law. A stipulation of a private contract.
227 L'homme est ne libre
lex prospicit, non respicit. [L. lex law (1); prospicit lex spectat naturae ordinem. [L. lex law (1); spectat
looks forward (2); non not (3); respicit looks back- regards, considers (2); naturae of nature (4);
ward (4): The law looks forward; it does not look ordinem order (3): Law considers the order of nature.]
backward.] Law. The law looks forward, not back- Law. The law takes into consideration the natural order
ward; i.e., makes provisions for the future, not the of things.
past. See nova constitutio etc. and omnis nova lex successionis [L. lex law ( 1 ); successionis of suc-
constitutio etc. cession, inheritance (2): law of succession.] Law. The
lex publica n. [lex law (2); publica public (1): public law of inheritance.
law.] Roman Law. A written law or a law passed by lex succurrit ignoranti. [L. lex law (1); succurrit
one of the popular assemblies. Cf. jus non scriptum. helps, assists (2); ignoranti ignorant (person) (3):
lex punit mendacium. [L. lex law (1); punit punishes Law helps the ignorant.] Law. The law provides as-
(2) ; mendacium falsehood, untruth (3): The law sistance to the ignorant person. Cf. ignorantia facti
punishes falsehood.] Law. The law punishes the tell- excusat, ignorantia etc.
ing of lies. lex succurrit minoribus. [L. lex law (1); succurrit
lex rei sitaeSee lex loci rei sitae. minoribus minors (3): Law helps
helps, assists (2);
lex rejicit superflua, pugnantia, incongrua. [L. minors.] Law. The law provides assistance to those
lex law (1); rejicit rejects, disdains (2); superflua under age. Cf. succurritur minori etc.
superfluous (things) (3); pugnantia fighting (things) lex talionis n. [L. lex law (1); talionis of retaliation
(4); incongrua incongruous (things) (5): Law rejects (2): law of retaliation.] Law. The law of revenge. The
superfluous, fighting, and incongruous things.] Law. principle of retributive justice which goes back to
The law rejects the superfluous, the inconsistent, and remote antiquity and whose best known exponents
the incongruous. are Hammurabi and Moses ("an eye for an eye; a
lex reprobat moram. [L. lex law (1); reprobat disap- tooth for a tooth"). See le droit de talion; retorsio
proves of, dislikes (2); moram delay, procrastination facti; and retorsion de droit.
(3) : Law disapproves of delay.] Law. The law dislikes lex terrae n. [L. lex law ( 1 ); terrae of land, earth, coun-
delay or postponement. See infinitum in etc. try (2): law of the land.] Law. The common law of
lex respicit aequitatem. [L. lex law (1); respicit the land.
respects, regards (2); aequitatem equity (3): Law lex uno ore omnes alloquitur. [L. lex law (1); uno
respects equity.] Law. The law has regard for fair- with one (4); ore (with) mouth (5); omnes all (3);
ness. See jus respicit aequitatem. alloquitur speaks to, addresses (2): Law addresses
lex scripta n. [lex law (2); scripta written (1): written all people with one mouth.] Law. The law speaks to
law.] Law. Statute or an act of parliament. Cf. jus everybody with one mouth; i.e., the law does not dis-
non scriptum. criminate. See justitia nemini etc.
lex semper dabit remedium. [L. lex law (1); semper lex validitatis n. [L. lex law (1); validitatis of validity
always (3); dabit will give (2); remedium remedy, cure, (2) : law of validity.] Law. The law of validity or legal
relief (4): Law will always give a remedy.] Law. The force. Applicable to presumptions of validity in such
law will always offer non datur etc.
relief. Cf. actio matters as contracts, marriages, etc.
lex semper intendit quod convenit rationi. [L. lex vigilantibus, non dormientibus subvenit. [L. lex
lex law (1), semper always (2); intendit aims at law (1); vigilantibus the awake (3); non not (4);
(3); quod (that) which, what (4); convenit agrees dormientibus the sleeping (5); subvenit helps (2):
with (5); rationi reason (6): Law always aims at Law helps those who are awake, not those who are
what agrees with reason.] Law. The law always aims asleep.] Law. The law assists those who pay attention,
at what is consistent with reason. See lex plus not those who do not. See leges vigilantibus etc.
laudatur etc. L'homme est, je vous Pavoue, un mechant animal.

lex situs n. [lex law (1); situs of location, situation (2): Moliere (1622-1673). Tartuffe V,6. [Fr. I' the (1);
law of location/situation.] Law. The law of the loca- homme person, human being, man, male (2); est is
tion, lex loci rei sitae (q.v.). a) Litigations affecting (3) ; je I (4);P it (6); avoue I admit,
vous you (7);
immovable properties are usually governed by the admit to (5); un a (8); mechant vicious, wicked (9);
lex situs, b) . . . in the last resort the land can only be animal animal (10): The human being is, I admit to
dealt with in a manner permitted by the lex situs you, a vicious animal.] A human being, I confess to
(Morris 1973:61). you, is a vicious animal.
lex solutionis See lex loci solutionis. L'homme est ni libre, et partout il est dans les fers.
lex specialis derogat generali. [L. lex law (2); Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). Le Contrat
specialis special ( 1 ); derogat repeals in part, modi- Social 1 [Fr. P the ( 1 ); homme person, human being,
.
fies (3); generali general (4): A special law repeals man, male (2); est is, was (3); n6 born (4); libre free
in part a general one.] Law. A special law modifies (5); et and (6); partout everywhere (7); il he (8); est
a general one. is (9); dans in (10); les the (1 1); fers chains, fetters
l'homme meme 228
( 1 2): The human being was born free, but everywhere libellus famosus See famosus libellus.
he is in chains.] Human beings are born free but are libera me Domine [L. libera free (1); me me (2);
everywhere enchained. Domine lord (3): Free me, Lord.] "Free me, O Lord."
l'homme meme [Fr. V the ( ); homme person, human The first words in a traditional Christian prayer for
being, man, male (2);
1
meme himself (3): the human the dead. — The prayer itself.
n. 1 . 2. A musical com-
being himself.] An author's personality as discerned position based upon this prayer.
or reflected in his style. See Le style etc. liberavi animam meam. Bernard of Clairvaux (1092—
L'homme n'estqu'un roseau, I'etre le plus faible 1 1 53). Epistles 37 1 . [L. liberavi I have freed, liberated
de la nature, mais c'est un roseau pensant. Blaise (1); animam soul, mindmeam my (2):
(3); I have
Pascal (1623-1662). Pensees VI,347. [Fr. V the (1); freed my soul.] I have liberated my soul.
homme person, human being, man, male (2); n' not libertad n.[Sp. freedom.] Freedom. Liberty, a) Upon
(3); est is (4); qu' but, only (5); un a (6); roseau arrival many broke into cheers of "libertad! " (Time
reed (7); 1' the (8); etre being (9); le the (10); plus Int. 1980). b) After their first euphoric shouts of
more, most(l 1); faible weak, feeble (12); deof(13); "libertad! " many refugees began grumbling about
la the (14); nature nature (15); mais but (16); c' he/ life in their new world (Newsweek Int. Jan. 5,
she/it (17); est is (18); un a (19); roseau reed (2 .); 1981:42).
pensant thinking (20): The human being not is but a libertas est naturalis facultas ejus quod cuique
reed, the being the most feeble of (the) nature, but it facere libet, nisi quod de jure aut vi prohibetur.
is a thinking reed.] Humankind is only a reed, the [L. libertas liberty, freedom ( 1 ); est is (2); naturalis
weakest being in nature, but it is a thinking reed. natural (3); facultas power, opportunity (4); ejus of
Rebecca West's book title The Thinking Reed is based that (5); quod which (6); cuique to each (8); facere
upon this statement. to do (9); libet it pleases, is agreeable (7); nisi un-
L'hypocrisie est un hommage que le vice rend a la less, except ( 1 0); quod (that) which ( 1 1 ); de of, from,
vertu. Due de ia Rochefoucauld. (1613-1680). about, for (13); jure right, law (14); aut or (15); vi
Maximes 298. [Fr. 1' the (1); hypocrisie hypocrisy by force (16); prohibetur is forbidden, prohibited
(2); est is (3); un a (4); hommage homage, praise (12): Freedom is the natural power of that which
(5); que which (6); le the (7); vice vice (8); rend pleases each one to do except that which is forbidden
pays (9); a to, toward, in, by, with, until (10); la the by right or by force.] Freedom is the right bestowed
(11); vertu virtue (12): The hypocrisy is a praise by nature on each one to do as one pleases, provided
which the vice pays to the virtue.] Hypocrisy is praise that one does not do what is forbidden by law or by
which vice pays to virtue. force.
liaison abbr. 1. n.,pl. liaisons [Fr. joining, linking, bond, libertas inaestimabilis res est. [L. libertas freedom,
connection, intimacy, love affair.] 1. Close contact, liberty (1); inaestimabilis invaluable (3); res mat-
connection, or bond between independent bodies, ter, thing, property, business, affair (4); est is (2):
entities, etc. Interrelationship. "We are always in liai- Liberty is an invaluable thing.] Liberty is priceless.
son with the Nigerians and have been trying to find See libertas non etc.
ways "
to facilitate exchanges. (Gnolera quoted in libertas non recipit aestimationem. [L. libertas
West Africa 1981). 2. An illicit affair between a man freedom, liberty ( 1 ); non not (2); recipit admits, allows
and a woman. . . . there were many notorious ex- (3) ; aestimationem valuation, determination of value
amples of incest such as . Woodsworth 's much-
. .
(4) Freedom does not allow valuation.] Freedom is
:
rumored liaison with his sister (Newsweek Int. July beyond price. See libertas inaestimabilis res est.
2, 1979:41). 3.Intercommunication between different Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite! [Fr. liberte liberty, freedom
arms of an organization, such as an army, for effective (1); egalite equality (2); fraternite fraternity, brother-
maintenance of mutual understanding, cooperation, hood (3): Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!] Freedom,
and promptitude of action. Liaison between the army, Equality, and Brotherhood. A French revolutionary
navy and airforce is handled at the top by a royal
. . . slogan.
military staff(Time Int. 1978). 4. Linguistics. The pro- liberum arbitrium n. [L. liberum free(l); arbitrium
nunciation of the last consonant of a word which is judgment, decision, power (2): free judgment.] Free
usually silent when the first letter of the next word is will.
a vowel or silent "h"; e.g., les affaires. liberum veto n. [L. liberum free ( 1
) and Eng. from L.
Liaisons dangereuses pi. n. [Fr. liaisons joinings, veto I The word "veto" is
forbid, veto (2): free veto.
linkings, bonds, connections, intimacies, love affairs used here in its English sense.] Veto exercised by a
(2); dangereuses dangerous (1): dangerous connec- member of a body in a situation where unanimous ap-
tions.]Dangerous Liaisons, a 1792 novel by the proval is required for acceptance of a proposal. Though
French soldier and writer Pierre Ambroise Francois the council is ostensibly a democratic body, the chair-
Choderlos de Laclos (1741-1803). man tacitly enjoys the power of liberum veto so that
lib. abbr. for libretto (q.v.). he can override the wishes of all other members.
—
229 lis mota
libido sexualis n. [L. libido desire, eagerness (2); the requisitioning ofmanpower had no explicit basis
sexualis sexual (1): sexual desire.] Desire for sexual in legislation (Suret-Canale 1971:253).
intercourse. . . . the nipples, the tongue, the lips, the Limbo n. [L. LimbO from in limbo: in in, on ( 1 ); limbo
neck, indeed almost the entire body may be judi- border (2): on the border.] Theology, especially Chris-
ciously utilized to maintain and increase the libido tianity. On the border of hell. A place where the Souls
sexualis (Newsweek Int. July 18, 1983:39). of the innocent, especially the unbaptized, are kept
libra n.,pl. librae [L. scales, balance, unit of measure.] away from all punishment except separation from
Ancient Rome. A unit of measure equal to about 12 God. — limbo n., pi. limbos 1 . A place of oblivion,
ounces. abbr. lb. An abbreviation for one pound, a neglect or confinement. A state of oblivion, neglect
unit of weight equal to 16 oz. (453.592 grams) or 12 or confinement. A condition or state of being forgot-
apothecary ounces. £ An abbreviation for the pound ten, neglected, unwanted or confined, a) American
(equivalent to 1 00 pence), the monetary unit of Great diplomats in Taipei were working in limbo
Britain. —Libra 1. Astronomy. A scales-shaped con- (Newsweek Int. March 26, 1979: 37). b) Travelers
stellation located near Scorpio and Virgo. 2. Astrol- who arrived at the closed border found themselves
ogy. The seventh sign of the zodiac dominant from in limbo. 2. A transitional place, state or situation.
September 23 through October 23. 3. A person born Chiedu is 1 8 years old, an age which is a limbo be-
under this sign. tween boyhood and adulthood. 3. An intermediate
libretto abbr. lib. n., pi. librettos or libretti [It. little or uncertain stage. The decision is still in limbo.
book.] 1 . The words or text of an opera or a musical limes n., pi. limites [L. boundary, limit, landmark.]
play. The story takes on a tragic intensity, and the Ancient Rome. A fortified boundary line, particularly
words of the libretto come through sharp and clear the Empire's system of frontier defense which con-
(Newsweek Int. Jan. 18, 1982:50). 2. A book which sisted of the construction of forts, camps, and signal
contains such words or text. towers which, in conjunction with natural barriers,
licentia loquendi n. [L. licentia license, leave (1); ditches, or trenches served the purpose of keeping
loquendi of/for speaking (2): license for speaking.] the enemy in check until the arrival of troops from
Law of Former Times. Permission to speak. Leave the interior of a province.
to imparl. Leave to confer with the plaintiff with a lingua n.,pl. linguae [L. tongue, language.] 1 . Language.
view conge d'emparler.
to settling the dispute. Cf. Speech. The lingua which these students acquired at
Licentiatus Chirurgiae abbr. L.Ch. n. [L. licentiatus school still serves them as the medium through which
licentiate ( 1 ); chirurgiae of surgery (2): Licentiate of they express themselves when together (Thomas
Surgery.] Licentiate in Surgery. An academic degree Cooke in West Africa 1985). 2. Tongue. An organ,
conferred by a European university for completion such as hypopharynx, which structurally and func-
of an advanced curriculum in surgery. tionally resembles a tongue.
licet v. [L. It is permitted.] It is allowed. lingua franca n., pi. linguae francae or lingua francas
Liebestod n., pi. Liebestods [Ger. Liebes of love (2); [It. lingua language (2); franca Frankish ( 1
): Frankish
Tod death (1): death of love.] Music. A song sung language.] 1. A common language comprising Italian.
by one or two lovers as they prepare, especially in an Spanish, Greek, French, and Arabic which is spoken
opera, to commit suicide. in Mediterranean ports. 2. A language used for com-
Lied or lied n., pi. Lieder [Ger. song.] Music. An art munication over an extensive area by various peoples,
song sung by a soloist with piano accompaniment. a) Today . . . English is the closest thing to a lingua
Lieder ohne Worter n. [Ger. Lieder songs (1); ohne franca around the globe (Newsweek Int. Nov. 15,
without (2); Worter words (3): songs without words.] 1982:42). b). . . blind nationalism, foolish pride . . . and
Songs Without Words, eight books of short tone po- economic short-sightedness will prevent sub-Saharan
ems for piano by Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847). Africa from adopting an indigenous lingua franca
lien abbr. In n., pi. liens [Fr. bond, tie, band, chain, (Anyetei Ako-nai in West Africa 1986). Cf. koine.
fetter.] A charge, encumbrance upon, or right to keep liquet n., pi. liquets [L. it is clear, apparent, evident.]
property, personal or real, until the payment of debt The matter is clear. Used to indicate certainty about
or satisfaction of an obligation. It may be acquired the facts or truth of a matter. Cf. non liquet.
either by operation of law or through a contract. The lis pendens n. [L. lis suit (1); alibi elsewhere
alibi
company was merely exercising its lien on the goods, (3);pendens hanging, pending (2): a suit hanging
pending payment. elsewhere.] Law. A suit pending elsewhere. Where
lieu n. [Fr. place, spot, position, stead.] — in lieu adv. proceedings in a case between a plaintiff and a de-
Instead. Unlike other mercenaries who received gold fendant are pending in a court, the plaintiff can be
and silver as remuneration, mercenaries from the prevented from taking the case to another court. Cf. lis
Balearic islands received women in lieu. — in lieu pendens.

of prep. In the place of. Instead of. As a substitute lis mota n. [L. lis suit, controversy (1); mota moved
for. While statute labour in lieu of taxes was legal, (2): suit moved.] Law. Commencement of a suit or
lis pendens 230
controversy. Used with reference to statements or documents remain.] Written words endure/last. What
declarations made in connection with a point which is written down is a safe record of the past.
subsequently features in legal proceedings. For in- littera legis n. [L. littera letter of the alphabet ( 1 ); legis
stance, if a pedigree member of a fam-
is made by a of law (2): the letter of the alphabet of the law.] The
ily, it is admissible as evidence, if it was made be- letter of the law.
fore contemplation of litigation; but if made after, it Litterarum Baccalaureus abbr. Litt.B. n. [L.
would be inadmissible. litterarum of letters, literature, documents, records
lis pendens n. [L. lis suit (2); pendens hanging, pend- (2); baccalaureus bachelor ( 1 ): Bachelor of Letters.]
ing (1): hanging suit.] Law. A pending lawsuit. Bachelor of Literature. An undergraduate degree in
When there is a pending lawsuit, the court trying literature.
the case acquires control over the subject matter Litterarum Magister abbr. Litt.M. n. [L. litterarum
until judgment is finally delivered. Also, a written of letters, literature, documents, records (2); magister
notice of the pending suit is recorded in the registry, master (1): Master of Letters.] Master of Literature.
and it shows the parties, the court handling the case, A predoctoral graduate degree in literature,
and the disputed property. The effect of the notice is litterateur or litterateur n., pi. litterateurs or
to warn those who have an interest in the disputtJ litterateurs [Fr. a person of letters.] A writer by pro-
property that they will be bound by whatever judicial fession. A literary person. One engaged in literary
decision is taken. See lite pendente and pendente lite pursuits.
etc. Cf. lis alibi pendens. litterati or literati pi. n. [L. the lettered, learned, liber-
lite pendente or pendente lite adv. [L. lite with suit ally educated.] The educated class. People of letters/
(1); pendente (with) hanging, pending (2): with the learning. The intelligentsia (q.v.). Learned people.
suit hanging.] Pending the suit/litigation. While the The litterati of the country tend to assume that they
litigation or the case is pending. While litigation con- have not only a monopoly ofknowledge but also an-
tinues. During litigation, a) Thejudge ruled that, lite swers to all the problems of the nation.
pendente, the defendant should not leave the country litteratim or literatim adv. Iadj. [L. letter for letter.]
and ordered him to surrender his passport, b) Counsel Literal. Literally. See au pied de la lettre.
askedfor an injunction to restrain the defendantfrom Litt.M. abbr. for Litterarum Magister (q.v.).
disposing of the property, pendente lite, and it was L.L. or 1.1. abbr. for loco laudato (q.v.).
granted. See lis pendens. LL.B. abbr. for Legum Baccalaureus (q.v.).
literatim var. of litteratim (q.v.). LL.D. abbr. for Legum Doctor (q.v ).
litotes n., pi. litotes [Gk. litotes plainness, simplicity, LL.M. abbr. for Legum Magister (q.v.).
assertion by means of understatement.] Rhetoric. A In abbr. for lien (q.v.).
figure of speech in which an assertion is understated L'obligation sans cause, ou sur une fausse cause, ou
by expressing the opposite of the assertion in the sur cause illicite, ne peut avoir aucun effet. [Fr. 1'
negative; e.g., "'How are you?' John asked. 'Not the (1); obligation obligation (2); sans without (3);
bad,' answered Moses." See meiosis. Cf. hyperbole. cause cause, consideration (4); ou or (5); sur on, upon
Litt. B. abbr. for Litterarum Baccalaureus (q.v.). (6); une a, one (7); fausse false, inaccurate (8); cause
litterae or literae pi. n. [L. letters, literature, documents, cause, consideration (9); ou or (10); sur on, upon
records.] Written or literary works. Books. Instead (11); cause cause, consideration (13); illicite unlaw-
ofpersonal travel and investigation we find now a ful, illicit (12); ne not (15); peut can, is able (14);
pilgrimage over other men s books. This is a literature avoir to have ( 1 6); aucun any ( 1 7); effet effect ( 1 8):
which is wholly based on litterae (Lesky 1966:330). The obligation without cause, or based on a false
litterae humaniores pi. n. [L. litterae letters, litera- cause, or on an unlawful cause, cannot have any ef-
ture, documents, records (2); humaniores more human, fect.] Law. An obligation without consideration, or
humane, refined ( 1 ): more humane letters.] The humani- based upon a false consideration, or based upon an
ties, especially study of Greek and Roman classics. unlawful consideration, cannot have any effect.
Cf. humanitas. See ex turpi causa etc.
litterae patentes pi. n. [L. litterae letters, literature, L'Obstacle imprevu n. [Fr. 1' the (1); obstacle ob-
documents, records (2); patentes open, evident (1): stacle (3); imprevu unforeseen, unexpected (2): the
open/evident letters.] Letters patent. unexpected obstacle.] The Unexpected Obstacle, a

litterae recognitionis pi. n. [L. litterae letters, literature, play by Philippe Nericault dit Destouches (1680—
documents, records ( 1 ); recognitionis of examination, 1754).
recognition (2): letters of examination.] Maritime Law. locatio n., pi. locatios [L. letting out.] Roman, Scots,
Bill of lading. and Civil Law. Letting or leasing.
litterae scriptae manent. abbr. L.S.M. or l.s.m. [L. loco citato abbr. L.C., I.e. or loc. cit. adv. [L. loco in
litterae letters, literature, documents, records (2); place (1); citato (in) cited, quoted, mentioned (2):
scriptae written (1); manent remain (3): Written in the place cited.] In the passage cited or quoted.
231 longa possessio parit
Used in bibliographical references to passages locus delicti n. [L. locus place (1); delicti of offense
previously cited. See loco primo citato and loco (2): place of the offense.] Law. The locality where
supra citato. an offense was committed. See lex loci delicti.
loco laudato abbr. L.L. or I.I. or loc. laud. adv. [L. locus in quo n. [L. locus place (1); in in, on (2); quo
loco in place ( 1 ); laudato (in) praised (2): in the place which (3): place in which.] Law. The place where an
praised.] In the place cited or quoted with approval. offense, especially an offense of trespass on another's
loco primo citato abbr. loc. primo cit. adv. [L. loco in land, is alleged to have been committed.
place (1); primo first, at first (2); citato (in) cited, locus paenitentiae n., pi. loci paenitentiae [L. locus
quoted (3): in the place first cited.] In the passage place (1); paenitentiae of repentance (2): place of
first quoted or cited. See loco citato and loco supra repentance.] Law. An opportunity to withdraw from
citato. an incomplete contract before it is legally confirmed.
loco supra citato abbr. L.S.C. or l.s.c. adv. [L. loco in An opportunity to have a change of heart or refrain
place (1); supra above (3); citato (in) cited, quoted from an intended crime.
(2): in the place cited above.] In the passage quoted or locus regit actum. [L. locus place (1); regit, rules, gov-
cited above. See loco citato and loco primo citato. actum act (3): The place rules the act.] Law.
erns (2);
locum tenens abbr. locum, L.T. or l.t n., pi. locum The place governs the act. A rule in private interna-
tenentes [L. locum place (2); tenens holding (1): tional law that, if a matter is transacted in one country
holding a place.] One holding a place or position. A to be effective in another, it must primarily comply with
person who holds an office temporarily as a substitute the laws of the place where the matter is transacted.
or deputy, especially a clergyman or doctor. A substi- locus rei sitae n. [L. locus place ( 1 ); rei of matter, thing,
tute or deputy. In the absence of the Chief Medical property, business, affair (2); sitae (of) situated (3):
Officer, Dr. Hanson served as locum tenens. place of a thing situated.] Law. The place where a
locus n., pi. loci or loca [L. place, spot, locality.] A thing is situated. Ordinarily, proceedings in rem are
place. A place associated with an event of legal sig- held at the locus rei sitae. See lex loci rei sitae.
nificance, or where something happens. locus sigilli abbr. L.S. or l.s. n., pi. loci sigilli [L. locus
locus celebrationis n. [L. locus place (1); celebratio- place (1); sigilli of seal (2): The
place of the seal.]
nis of celebration (2): place of celebration.] Law. The place for the seal. Documents bearing the locus sigilli
place of celebration, i.e., of marriage. are deemed to be authenticated. Cf. locus signi.
locus classicus »., pi. loci classici [L. locus passage, locus signi abbr. L.S. or l.s. n. [L. locus place ( 1 ); signi
subject (2); classicus high-class, classic (1): a high- of seal, signet (2): place of the seal.] The place for
class passage or subject.] The best known or classic the seal. Cf. locus sigilli.
example. A standard passage which is usually used locus standi n.,pl. loci standi [L. locus place ( 1 ); standi
to explain a subject or word. On the needfor the pros- of standing(2): place of standing.] Law. 1. An ac-
ecution to prove their case beyond reasonable doubt, knowledged or recognized position. 2. Legal capacity
the presidingjudge referred to Woolmtngton v. DPP to prosecute or defend an action. Standing. A right
A C 462, a locus classicus.
( 1 935) to be heard. A right to appear before a court or any-
locus communis n.,pl. loci communes [L. locus place body to answer a particular question. The landlord 's
(2); communis common ( 1 ): common place.] A com- son, who instituted an action against the tenant for
monplace. A passage usually quoted in to obtain power of attorney
a particular ejection, was advised
context. from his father since he had no locus standi.
locus contractus n. [L. locus place (1); contractus of Logos n. [Gk. word, speech, account.] 1. Christianity.
drawing together, shrinking, contract, agreement (2): The word of God, especially in the second person of
place of the contract.] Law. The place where a con- the Trinity, as described in John 1:1.2. The rational,
tract is made. The locus contractus, needless to say, organizing spirit of the world.
is the proper forum for the institution of a legal ac- longa patientia trahitur ad consensum. [L. longa long
tion for damages in case of a breach. See lex loci (1); patientia patience, forbearance (2); trahitur is
contractus. dragged (3); ad to, at, for, according to (4);

locus contractus regit actum. [L. locus place ( I ); con- consensum consent (5): Long patience is dragged to
tractus of drawing together, shrinking, contract, consent.] Law. Long forbearance is tantamount to
agreement (2); regit rules, governs (3); actum act consent. Cf. qui non improbat, approbat.
(4):The place of contract rules the act.] Law. The longa possessio jus parit. [L. longa long (1); posses-
law of the place where the contract was made gov- sio possession (2); jus right, law (4); parit gives birth
erns it. to, produces, creates (3): Long possession gives birth
locus criminis n. [L. locus place ( 1 );
criminis of crime to right.] Law. A long period of possession confers
(2): place of the crime.] Law. The locality where the or produces a right to possession.
crime was perpetrated. The magistrate moved the longa possessio parit jus possidendi; et tollit ac-
court to the locus criminis. tionem vero domino. [L. longa long (1); possessio
longo intervallo 232
possession (2); parit gives birth to, produces, cre- Law. Used to describe the intent with which larceny
ates (3); jus right, law (4); possidendi of possessing is committed,
(5); et and (6); tollit takes away, removes (7); ac- lucrum cessans n. [L. lucrum profit, gain (2); cessans
tionem action (8); vero from true, real, actual (9); ceasing (1): ceasing profit.] Law. Damages/interest
domino owner (10): Long possession produces right awarded for loss of profit which may be reasonably
of possessing and takes away action from the true expected. . . . the loss may be in the nature of a dam-
owner.] Law. A long or continued possession con- num emergens, not merely a lucrum cessans (Hanbury
fers right of possession and takes away right of legal 1962:522). See damnum infectum. Cf. damnum
action from the real owner, emergens.
longo intervallo adv. [L. longo by long ( 1 ); intervallo lucrum interceptum n. [L. lucrum profit, gain (2);
(by) interval (2): by a long interval.] By a long interval interceptum intercepted (1): intercepted profit.]
of time. Lucrum cessans (q.v.).
longum tempus et longus usus, qui excedit memo- luctuosa hereditas or luctuosa haereditas See heredi-
riam hominum, sufficit pro jure. [L. longum long tas luctuosa.
(1); tempus time (2); et and (3); longus long (4); lucus a non lucendo n. [L. lucus clearing, grove ( 1); a
usus use (5); qui who, which (6); excedit excels from (2); non not (3); lucendo being light, clear (4):
(7); memoriam memory (8); hominum of humans, a clearing from not being clear.] Logic. An absurd
people, (9); sufficit suffices (10); pro for, as (11); derivation. An illogical explanation. Something
jure right, law (12): Long time and long use which whose qualities are at variance with what is sug-
exceed the memory of people suffices as a right.] gested by its name, a) The lecturer spoke at length
Law. Length of time and use which extend beyond on political developments, drawing parallels be-
human memory are sufficient for the purposes of a tween Nigeria and Ghana, but it was abundantly-
right. clear that his conclusion was a lucus a non lucendo.

loquitur v. [L. He says.] He speaks. b) But though legally immune, he may be liable in
Los Angeles pi. n. [Sp. los the (1); angeles angels (2): equityfor equitable waste. This phrase ofthe lucus is
the angels.] City of Our Lady of the Angels. A city a non lucendo type; it means not waste which is
in southern California founded by the Spanish in equitable, but, on the contrary, waste which is so
1781. inequitable that equity will restrain it, as being a
lotus or lotos n., pi. lotuses [Gk. lotos ] Greek Mythol- clear abuse ofany licence to commit waste (Hanbury
ogy-. A fruit eaten by the Lotophagi or Lotus-eaters 1962:49). See non sequitur.
which makes a person forget one's home and friends lues n.,pl. lues [L. plague, pestilence, infection.] Medi-
and instead desire to live, in dreamy satisfaction or cine. Syphilis.
forgetfulness, in the Lotus-land for ever. — lotus- luftmensch n.,pl. luftmenschen [Yid. from Ger. Luft
An indolent person who indulges in daydreaming.
eater air ( 1 ) and Mensch person (2): an air person, a dreamer,
One who lives the life of lazy leisurely enjoyment. an airhead.] A person with no definite occupation
After ten continuous years of strenuous and highly- who indulges in speculation and daydreaming. But
rewarding work, Sam has gone to a holiday resort, to many of the young in the '60s, the laidback
where he intends to live the life of a lotus-eater for luftmenschen of the counterculture, manners were
three months. as superfluous as flatware at McDonald's . . .
( Time
L.S. or l.s. abbr. for 1 . locus sigilli (q.v.). 2. locus signi Int. 1978).
(q.v.). Luftwaffe n. [Ger. Luft air ( ); Waffe weapon (2): air
1
L.S.C. or l.s.c. abbr. for loco supra citato (q.v.). weapon, air force.] The German air force from 1935
L.S.M. or l.s.m. abbr. for litterae scriptae manent to 1945.
(q.v.). lumen naturale n. [L. lumen light (2); naturale natu-
L.T- or l.t. locum tenens (q.v.).
abbr. for ral (1): natural light] Natural light. Innate understand-
lubricum linguae non facile trahendum est in ing. The child seemed to grasp the concept by lumen
poenam. [L. lubricum a slipping (1); linguae of naturale.
tongue (2); non not (4); facile easily, readily (5); lumen siccum n. [L. lumen light (2); siccum dry (1):
trahendum to be dragged (6); est is (3); in into, to, dry light.] Dry light. Dry understanding. Unadorned
against, for (7); poenam punishment, penalty (8): A wisdom. Rational knowledge of objectivity as de-
slipping of the tongue is not easily to be dragged into scribed by Francis Bacon (1561-1626).
punishment.] Law. A slip of the tongue should not lumpen adj. [Ger. Lumpen rags, tatters.] Of, belong-
easily be subjected to punishment. ing to, relating to, being a member of the indigent,
lucri causa adj. /adv. [L. lucri of gain, profit (2); causa uneducated, inferior subclass of the populace. In those
for the sake (1): for the sake of gain.] For the pur- early books, he spoke with the voice of the outsider,
pose of gain. For the purpose of making money. the lumpen-man of the cities, the bum who wasn 't
233 Lyceum
part of the system ofsociety {Newsweek Int. June 23, lusus naturae n. [L. lusus game, sport ( 1 ); naturae of
1980:31). nature (2): a sport of nature.] A game of nature. An
Lumpenproletariat n. Karl Marx (1818-1883). [Ger. unusual product of nature.
Lumpen rags, tatters ( 1 ); Fr. proletariat poor working lux mundi n. [L. lux light ( 1 ); mundi of the world (2):
class (2): the ragged, poor, working class.] The indi- light of the world.] 1. The light of the World. Jesus'
gent populace. The poor, uneducated masses. description of himself at John 8:12. 2. Art. A repre-
lupanar n., pi. lupanars [L. house of a she-wolf or sentation of Jesus holding a light and in search of
prostitute, brothel.] A house of ill repute. A brothel. human souls.
Cf. bordello. luxe n., pi. luxes [Fr. luxury.] Elegance. See de luxe.
lupus in fabula n. [L. lupus wolf (1); in in, on (2); Iycee n.,pl. lycees [Fr. from Gk. Lukeion a school es-
fabula story (3): wolf in the story.] I. The fabled tablished by Aristotle in Athens.] A secondary or high
wolf, especially in the traditional animal fables of school, particularly one established by the state. A
Aesop and Phaedrus. 2. The villain in the story. 3. A lyceum. Cf. baccalaureat.
person who appears just at the time when something Lyceum n., pi. Lyceums [L. from Gk. Lukeion an
is being said about him/her. epithet of the God Apollo.] 1 . Ancient Athens. A grove
lustrum n., pi. lustra or lustrums [L. a purification sacred to the god Apollo Lykeios where Aristotle held
ceremony, a five-year period.] 1 . Ancient Rome. The his discourses or taught his pupils. 2. A lecture hall.
purification of all Romans which was held after the A place where lectures or public discussions are held.
census, i.e., after every five years. 2. Ancient Rome. 3. An institution or association which promotes
The census (q.v.). 3. A period of five years. A education by organizing public lectures, entertain-
quinquennium (q.v.). The regime had a lustrum of ment, concerts, etc. 4. A lycee (q.v.). A secondary
good and purposeful administration before plunging school, especially one in continental Europe.
into a reign of terror and atrocities.
M
M. abbr. for Monsieur (q.v.). lady (2): my young lady, a young unmarried woman.]
M.A. abbr. for Magister Artium (q.v.). 1 . Miss. Prefixed to the name of an unmarried French
macabre adj. [Fr. grim, gruesome, deathly, ghastly.] woman or girl as a title of courtesy. 2. A French
1. Dealing with, or treating, death. 2. Designed to woman who is unmarried. 3. A French nurse or gov-
produce a horrible effect. Emphasizing the gruesome. erness. Cf. Frau; Fraulein; Madame: Senhora:
In this sense, it may be used as a noun. Her novels Senhorita; Senora; Senorita; Signora; and Signorina.
usually dwell on macabre scenes or the macabre. Madonna n., pi. Madonnas [It. from ma my (1) and
3. Ghastly. Distressing. Horrible. Unpleasant. Dread- donna lady (2): my lady.] Christianity. A picture or
ful. The sights were macabre to me. Mutilated bodies, statue of the Virgin Mary, i.e., the mother of Jesus.
mortally injuredpassengers, . . . (The Guardian 1986). madrasah or medresseh n. [Ar. madrasa a place to
machismo n. [Sp. masculinity.] Exaggerated mascu- study.] Islam. An advanced school for Islamic studies.
linity, virility or manly pride. Compulsive desire to madrigal n.,pl. madrigals [It. simple, original, an un-
show one's Toughness. Perhaps because of
virility. accompanied song.] Music. A musical composition
the notorious Argentine machismo, thejunta has misfor two or three voices with no instrumental accom-
judged Thatcher (Newsweek Int. April 26, 1982:4). paniment.
macho adj. [Sp. masculine.] Virile. Extraordinarily Maecenas n., pi. Maecenases [L. Gaius Maecenas
masculine, forceful, or energetic. Tough. He should (c.70-8 B.C.).] 1 . A friend and counselor of the Roman
have known that no American president, particularly emperor, Augustus. He was a generous patron of litera-
a president as macho as Kennedy, could tolerate that ture who sponsored Horace and Vergil. 2. A generous
(Newsweek Int Nov. 28, 1983:42). patron or benefactor, particularly a generous patron
Mach tpolitik n. [Ger. Macht power, might ( 1 ); Politik of art and literature.
politics (2): power politics.] A political doctrine maelstrom n., pi. maelstroms [Obs. Dutch for
which emphasizes the use of power, especially physi- maalstroom: malen whirling ( 1 ) and stroom stream
cal power, for achieving the objectives of a nation. (2): whirling stream.] 1. A great whirlpool or eddy.
Machtubernahme n. [Ger. Macht power, might (3); Water which moves with great rapidity in a circular
fiber over (2); nehmen take ( taking-over power.]
1 ): direction, producing in the center a cavity into which
Taking over, seizure, coming into, or assumption of floating objects in the vicinity are sucked. 2. Some-
power, particularly political power, through violent thing which, like a whirlpool, draws people and things
means. Cf. coup d'etat and putsch. irresistibly and destroys them. A force which is vio-
Madame abbr. Mme or Mdme n., pi. Mesdames or lent and destructive. He is essentially an innocent
Madames abbr. Mds or Mmes [Fr. ma my (1) and boy from the countryside who was attracted to, and
dame lady (2): my lady, a married or mature woman.] destroyed by, the maelstrom ofurban life. Cf vortex.
1. Mistress, Mrs. or Madam. Prefixed to the name maestoso adv. /adj. [It. majestic, majestically.] Music.
of a married French woman as a title of courtesy. In a majestic manner.
2. Proprietress of a house of prostitution. Cf. Frau; maestro n., pi. maestri or maestros [It. master, great
Fraulein; Mademoiselle; Senhora; Senhorita: artist.] A person who is accomplished in, or a teacher
Senora; Senorita; Signora; and Signorina. of, a field such as music or art. An eminent musi-
Mademoiselle abbr. Mile n., pi. Mesdemoiselles or cian, composer, Jones boasted that he
artist, etc. . . .
Mademoiselles [Fr. ma my ( 1 ) and demoiselle young himself was "the maestro ofrevolutionary sex, "able
234
235 magnifique
to copulate "fifteen times a day. " (Newsweek Int. magna charta or magna carta n., pi. magna chartas
June I, 1981:52). See II Maestro. or magna cartas [L. magna great charta writing, ( 1 );
maestro di cappella n. [It. maestro master (1); di of paper, charter (2): great charter.] 1. The charter of
(2); cappella chapel (3): master of chapel.] Choir- rights given by England's King John at Runnymede
master of a church. The director or leader of a church on June 15, 1215. 2. A statement of principles em-
choir. Cf. Kappellmeister. bodied in a document, usually guaranteeing rights
mafia or maffla n., pi. mafias or maffias [It. boldness, and establishing procedures. Initially, many Nigeri-
a Sicilian criminal society which operates secretly.] ans regarded the constitution of the Second Republic
1. A secret organization which engages in political as the nation 's magna carta, but their expectations
terrorism. The recent terrorist activities have been were soon disappointed.
attributed to the operations ofa mafia from a neigh- magna componere parvis adv [L. magna great (things)
boring country. 2. A secret criminal international (2); componere to compare (1); parvis with little,
organization which controls such illicit commercial small (things) (3): to compare great with small.] To
activities as gambling, prostitution, peddling of hard compare great with little things. Cf. si parva licet etc.
drugs, etc. The mafia is in such firm control of the magna cum laude adv. /adj. [L. magna great (2); cum
city that nobody can engage in certain commercial with (1); laude praise (3): with great praise.] With
activities without prior negotiation with it. Cf. great distinction. Used to indicate a high degree of
dacoit. petit truand, and yakuza. academic performance. John Mensah graduated'from
mafioso n., pi mafiosi or mafiosos [It. one connected magna cum laude. See cum laude; maxima
college
with the mafia.] A member of the mafia. The man cum laude; and summa cum laude.
who was assassinated under mysterious circum- Magna Mater n. [L. magna great, large (1); mater
stances yesterday seems to have been a mafioso. mother (2): great mother.] The Great Mother. The
Magen David or Mogen David n. [Heb. magen shield mother goddess. Applied to a number of female fer-
(1); dawid of David (2): shield of David.] The six- tility deities, especially the Egyptian Isis and the
pointed star of Judaism. Phrygian Cybele.
Magister Artium abbr. M.A. n. [L. magister master magnas inter opes inops adj. Horace (65-8 B.C.).
( 1 ); artium of arts (2): Master of Arts.] A predoctoral Odes 111,16,28. [L. magnas great (3); inter in the
graduate degree in the liberal arts. See Artium Mag- midst of, among, surrounded by (2); opes wealth,
ister. riches (4); inops destitute, indigent (1): destitute in
Magister Chirurgiae abbr. M.C. or M.Ch. or M.Chir. the midst of great wealth.] Destitute in the midst of
n. [L. magister master (1); chirurgiae of surgery affluence.
(2) : Master of Surgery.] A predoctoral graduate degree Magnificat n., pi. Magnificats [L. He she it magnifies,
in surgery. Cf. Chirurgiae Magister. extols, or esteems highly.] 1 . Christianity. The first word
Magister Chirurgiae Dentalis abbr. M.Ch.D. n. [L. of the prayer said by Mary the mother of Jesus at the
magister master (1); chirurgiae (of) surgery (3); Annunciation. 2. The hymn or canticle of the Virgin
dentalis of dental (2): Master of Dental Surgery.] A Mary, based on this prayer. See magnificat anima mea
predoctoral graduate degree in dental surgery. Dominum. —magnificat n., pi. magnificats A song
Magister Chirurgiae Orthopaedicae abbr. of praise.
M.Ch.Orth. n. [L. magister master (1); chirurgiae magnificat anima mea Dominum [L. magnificat he/
(of) surgery (3); orthopaedicae of orthopaedic (2): she/it magnifies, extols, or esteems highly (3); anima
Master of Orthopaedic Surgery.] A predoctoral soul, mind (2); mea my ( 1 ); Dominum My Lord (4):
graduate degree in orthopedic or corrective surgery. soul magnifies the Lord.] My soul glorifies the Lord.
magister dixit n. [L. magister master, teacher ( 1 ); dixit The first words of the canticle of Mary at Luke :46-55, 1
said, spoke (2): The master said.] An assertion by an when she learns from the angel Gabriel that she is to
authority, often the founder of a school of thought, be the mother of Jesus. Cf. Magnificat.
though not necessarily proved. Ipse dixit (q.v.). . . . magnifico n., pi. magnificos or magnificoes [It. gor-
both Marx and En gels mistrusted the use ofthe word geous, magnificent.] 1. An eminent person. A person
"Marxism " because they sensed in it the odour of holding a high office. A person of distinguished or
dogma and of magister dixit ('Niyi Alabi in West attractive appearance. The ceremony was a grand
Africa 1983). affair and
it attracted all the magnificoes of the town.
magistra vitae n. [L. magistra mistress, instructress 2. Something exceptionally good or outstanding.
(1); vitae of life (2): mistress of life.] Guide to life. Something which is superlative or supreme. Mrs. Toss
Giver of instructions on life. Something which serves went Christmas shopping, lookingfor a gift, a magnifico.
a didactic purpose. Polybius took history literally as for her husband.
the magistra vitae, trusting that its mastery would magnifique adj. [Fr. magnificent, great.] Wonderful.
lead to an understanding ofpolitical situations . . . Great.Used especially as an exclamation in English.
(Lesky 1966:776). See historia vitae magistra. That was magnifique!
magno intervallo 236
magno intervallo adv. [L. magno by big, great (1); maitre n., pi. maitres [Fr. maitre master.] Principal.
intervallo (by) interval, distance (2): by a big inter- Instructor. Tutor. Teacher. Director. One who is an
val.] By a big interval of time or distance. expert in, or master of, an artistic or scholarly field.
magnum bonum n. [L. magnum great, large (1); . . . a quiet effort by some 180 dissidents among the
bonum good (thing) (2): great good (thing).] A great school 's 600 members to break the maitre Is auto-
good. cratic rule and conduct their own research
magnum opus n. [L.magnum great (1); opus work (Newsweek Int. June 16, 1980:63).
(2): great work.] An important literary or artistic maitre d' abbr. for maitre d'hotel (q.v ).
work. An artist's or author's greatest work. Chinua maitre de ballet or fern, maitresse de ballet n., pi.
Achebe 's Things Fall Apart is easily his magnum maitres de ballet or fern, mattresses de ballet [Fr.
opus. maitre master ( 1 ); de of (2); ballet ballet (3): master

Magus n., pi. Magi [L. from Gk. magos from Old of ballet.] Ballet. Ballet master. A person who orga-
Pers. magus.] 1 . A priest of Zoroastrianism. One of nizes and trains a company of dancers.
a class of Median and Persian priests who were also maitre d'hotel or maitre d'hotel abbr. maitre d' n.,
One of the wise men who. according to

astrologers. 2. pi. maitres d'hotel or maitres d'hotel abbr. maitre
Matthew (2: 1-12), came from the East to pay homage d's or maitre d's [Fr. maitre master (1); d' of (2);
to the newborn Jesus. 3. An astrologer, magician, sor- hotel mansion, hotel (3): master of hotel/mansion.]
cerer, or wise man. Head cook, chief steward, or head waiter, i.e., of a
maharajah or maharaja n.,pl. maharajahs or maha- mansion, restaurant, or hotel. Butler. Manager of a
rajas [Hindi maharaja: maha great (1): raja king hotel. Cf. majordomo.
(2): great king.] An Indian ruler ranked above a rajah majestas n. [L. dignity, greatness, grandeur, sover-
(q.v.). eignty.] Roman Law. Sovereignty. Majesty.
maharani or ma ha ranee n..pl. maharanis or mahara- major n., pi. majors [L. greater, bigger, larger.] 1. A
nees [Hindi maharajni: maha great (1); rajni queen person who has reached full age and can, therefore,
(2): great queen.] The wife of a maharajah (q.v.). not onlymanage his/her own affairs but also enjoy
maharishi n.,pl. maharishis [Hindi maharshih: maha Tom told his parents that he is now a
civic rights.
great ( 1 ); rshih seer, saint (2): great seer.] An Indian major and intends to marry Nancy, whether they give
teacher of mysticism and spiritualism. their consent or not. 2. A subject in which a student
mahatma n.. pi. mahatmas [Hindi mahatma: maha specializes. His major is English, while History is
great (1); atma soul, spirit, life (2): great life.] India his minor. 3. Bigger league. His team plays in the
and Tibet. An individual honored for wisdom and majors. 4. A military officer who ranks below a lieu-
humanitarianism. — Mahatma Hinduism. An hon- tenant colonel but above a captain. — adj. 1 . Superior.
orific title applied to someone of deep spirituality Greater in dignity, importance, rank, number, extent,
and magnanimity. Mahatma Gandhi. or quantity. Serious, a)A driver who is on a major
Mahdi n.,pl. Mahdis [Ar. mahdi one led rightly.] Islam. road enjoys right ofway, but that does not mean that
The messiah (q.v.) or savior who will come at the he should not be careful at intersections, b) a major
end of the world and establish a new order based sickness. 2. Having reached full legal age. Major
upon justice and peace. children may enter liquor stores to buy drinks, though
mahjong or mahjongg n. [Chin, ma spotted ); jiang ( 1 parents do not encourage that practice.
game piece (2): spotted game piece.] A Chinese game major annus n. [L. major greater ( 1 ); annus year (2):
which uses rectangular game pieces or tiles of varied greater year.] Leap year. Bissextile year. A year of
design. 366 days (e.g., 1988).
mahzor or machzor n.. pi. machzorim or mahzors majordomo n.,pl. majordomos [Obs. It. maggiordomo
[Heb. cycle.] Judaism. The book of prayers used for from L. major chief ( ) and dom(us) house (2): chief
1
the Holy days. of the house.] A man entrusted with the care of a
mais non [Fr. mais but ( ); non not (2): but not.] Not 1 great household, such as a royal or princely house-
at all! No, indeed! Indeed, not! No, of course! Cer- hold. Head chief steward.
tainly not! Oh no! It may look as i/Brigitte Bardot major numerus in se continet minorem. [L. major
. . is rehearsing for a Jido farce, mais non
. greater (1); numerus number (2); in in, on (4); se
(Newweeklnt. Nov. 8, 1982:33). itself (5); continet contains, comprises (3); minorem
Maison du Parti n. [Fr. maison premises, home (1); smaller, less (6): A greater number contains in itself
du of the (2); parti party (3): premises of the party.] a smaller number.] A
number includes in it-
larger
Office or headquarters of the Party. Addressing the self a smaller number. See majus continet minus.
National Council of the party at the Maison du Parti majus continet minus. [L. majus greater (1); continet
in Lome last November, President Eyadema de- contains, comprises (2); minus less (3): The greater
nounced . . . (New African 1979). contains the less.] The larger includes the smaller.
237 malgre lui
See cui licet etc.; in eo, quod etc.; in majore summa not invalidate a document. But in the composition of
etc.; in praesentia majoris cessat etc.; in praesentia legal documents, incorrect grammar should be avoided
majoris potestatis etc.; in toto et etc.; major nu- as far as possible. See falsa demonstratio etc.
merus etc.; omne majus continet etc.; omne majus malaise n., pi. malaises [Fr. mal bad (1); aise ease,
minus etc.; quando licet etc.; quando plus fit etc.; comfort (2): bad comfort, discomfort, indisposition,
and ubi major etc. uneasiness, faintness.] 1 . An uncertain feeling of gen-
majus est delictum seipsum occidere quam alium. eral debility which often marks the beginning of a
[L. majus greater, bigger (2); est it is (1); delictum sickness. 2. An uncertain feeling of moral, mental,
crime, offense (3); seipsum oneself (5); occidere to spiritual, etc. uneasiness, a) economic malaise:
kill (4); quam than (6); alium another (7): It is a b) psychological malaise; c) spiritual malaise;
greater crime to kill oneself than another.] Law. Sui- d) Trade experts also point out thatforeign competi-
cide is a more serious crime than homicide. tion is not the sole cause of this country 's industrial
makimono n.,pl. makimonos [Japan, from maki rolled malaise (Newsweek Int. May 30, 1983:19).
(1); mono object (2): rolled object.] A horizontal form mala praxis n. [Neo-L. and Gk. from L. mala bad ( 1 );
of Japanese scroll painting. Cf. kakemono. Gk. praxis practice (2): bad practice.] Malpractice.
malade imaginaire n., pi. malades imaginaires
[Fr. Used particularly for medical practitioners. Relatives
malade invalid, sick person (2); imaginaire imaginary of the late Mr. Ekwem sued Dr. Effiong for mala
(1) : an imaginary invalid.] Medicine. A hypochon- praxis in connection with his demise.
driac. A person who fantasizes that he/she is sick. malapropos or mal a propos adv. [Fr mal badly, at
Cf. hypochondria, and Le Malade imaginaire. variance (1); a to, toward, in, by. with, until (2):
maladroit adj. [Fr. from mal bad, badly (1); adroit propos purpose (3): badly to the purpose.] At vari-
skilled (2): badly skilled.] Clumsy. Poorly coordi- ance with the purpose. Inappropriately. Unseasonably.
nated. Cf. adroit. Inopportunely. In an inappropriate manner. The
mala fide adv.ladj. [L. mala in bad (1); fide (in) faith teacher realized that the student was not paying
(2) in: bad faith.] adv. In/with bad faith. Fraudulently. attention when the latter answered the question
Deceptively and maliciously. It is quite clear that malapropos. — adj. Inappropriate. Unreasonable.
the firing of the clerk was done mala fide, since he Inopportune. Out of place.
owed his fate solely to the animosity of his immedi- mal de mer n.. pi. mals de mer [Fr. mal malady (1);
ate boss. — adj. 1 . Fraudulent. Acting, operating, etc. de of (2); mer sea (3): malady of sea.] Seasickness.
with the intention of cheating or deceiving. The mala mal du siecle n. [Fr. mal dislike, repugnance (1); du
fide agent defrauded many businessmen before he of the (2); siecle age, century (3): dislike of the cen-
was arrested. 2. Occupying, holding, etc. by a title tury.] World weariness. Disgust with the present state
which is not sanctioned by law. a) a mala fide owner, of affairs in the world. Weariness of life. Cf. taedium
b) a mala fide occupant. 3. Lacking sincerity. Spe- vitae and Weltschmerz.
cious. Insincere or dishonest. A mala fide suggestion. maleficia non debent remanere impunita; et
See dolus malus. impunitas continuum affectum tribuit delinquenti.
mala fides n. [L. mala bad ( 1 ); fides faith (2): bad faith.] [L. maleficia evil deeds, offenses, crimes (1); non
Intention to defraud or deceive, a) The prosecutor not (3); debent ought, should (2); remanere to re-
kept harping upon the mala fides of the accused, main (4); impunita unpunished (5); et and (6);
though he adduced no evidence to prove it. b) Gross impunitas impunity (7); continuum continuous,
negligence may be evidence of mala fides but it is unbroken (9); affectum disposition (10); tribuit
not the same thing (Megrah and Ryder 1972:200). gives (8); delinquenti to one doing wrong, offend-
See dolus malus. ing (11): Evil deeds should not remain unpunished;
mala grammatica non chartam. sed invitiat and impunity gives continuous disposition to one
expositione instrumentorum mala grammatica doing wrong.] Law. Evil deeds should not go unpun-
quoad fieri possit evitanda est. [L. mala bad (1); ished, for impunity provides continuous disposition
grammatica grammar (2); non not (3); vitiat viti- to the criminal. See impunitas semper etc.
ates (4); chartam paper, document (5); sed but (6); malgre prep. [Fr. despite, in spite of] Notwithstanding.
in in, on (7); expositione exposition (8); Despite. He is a happy and successful man. malgre
instrumentorum of instruments (9); mala bad (10); the persecutions and the campaign ofcharacter assas-
grammatica grammar (11); quoad as far as (14); sination mounted by detractors.
fieri to be done (16); possit it can, is able (15); malgre lui adv. [Fr. malgre despite, in spite of (1); lui
evitanda to be avoided (13); est is (12): Bad gram- him (self) (2): despite himself] Despite himself. In
mar does not vitiate a document. But in the exposi- spite of himself. Against his will. Though Francis had
tion of instruments, bad grammar is to be avoided as moved out ofthe house, he had to pay the rent malgre
far as it can be done.] Law. Incorrect grammar does lui, since he had not given notice that he was leaving.
malgre moi 238
malgre moi adv. [Fr. malgre despite, in spite of (1); In the future. A{ an unspecified time in the future.
moi me (2): despite me.] Despite myself. In spite of Domani (q.v.). The carpenter keeps promising that
myself. Against my will. Friends came to my aid. he will complete the job manana. but has yet to ful-
malgre moi. fill his promise.
malgre tout adv. [malgre despite, in spite of (1); mancipatio n. [L. from man(us) hand (2); capi(o) to
tout everything (2): despite everything.] In spite take, seize ( 1 ): taking the hand, purchase, sale.] Roman
of everything. For all that. Nevertheless. Malgre Law. A ceremony in which property is formally trans-
tout, the politician remains popular throughout his ferred from seller to buyer. See mancipium and res
constituency. mancipi.
malis animus n [L. malis for evils, offenses, wrongs mancipi res See res mancipi.
(2); animus mind, intention, inclination ( 1 ): a mind mancipium n.,pl. mancipia [L. from man(us) hand (2);
for evils.] Evil design or intention. It is ev ident from capi(o) to take, seize ( 1 ): taking the hand, purchase,
his remarks and actions that Joe has malis animus sale.] Roman Law. A formal purchase, especially the
towards Amos. legal sale of a son by his father as part of the process
malitia praecogitata n. [L. malitia malice (2); prae- of emancipation from paternal potestas.
cogitata premeditated (1): premeditated malice^] mandala n.. pi. mandalas [Skt. mandalam circle ]
Law. Premeditated malice. Malice aforethought. Hinduism and Buddhism. A geometric figure or design,
malo animo adv. [L. malo with bad. evil (1); animo usually circular, which represents the universe and
(with) mind, intent (2): with bad intent.] Law. With enables a meditator to pass from one level of con-
an evil mind, intention, or purpose. The judge had templation to another.
no deducing from the testimony of the
difficult}- in mandamus abbr. mand. n.. pi. mandamuses [L. We
defendant that he had acted malo animo. command, enjoin, order.] Law. An extraordinary writ
malum n., pi. mala [L. a bad, evil thing.] Law. An which, in the absence of any other legal remedy, is
evil. A wrong. An offense against law or right. issued by a superior court, commanding an inferior
malum in se n.. pi. mala in se [L. malum offense, court, tribunal, a corporation, or any person to per-
wrong, evil (1); in in, on (2); se itself (3): wrong in form a public duty which is imposed by law.
itself] Law. A wrong in itself. An offense such as mandatarius terminos sibi positos transgredi non
murder which is evil, viewed either from its own potest [L. mandatarius mandatary (1): terminos
nature or by natural law. The old division of crimes bounds, limits (5); sibi for himself herself (7); positos
into mala in se . . . and mala prohibita . . . epitomises fixed, set down (6): transgredi to step over across
a division of society's attitudes towards "technical (4); non not (3); potest can, is able (2): A mandatary
breaches of the law " and those of offences touching is not able to step over the bounds set for him her.]
deep-rooted moral attitudes (Curzon 1979:40). Law. The recipient of a mandate cannot step ov er (or
Cf. malum prohibitum. exceed) the limits set down for him her in the mandate.
malum non praesumitur. [L. malum evil (1): non mandatum n.. pi. mandata [L. command, order, in-
not (3); praesumitur is presumed (2): Evil is not junction.] Law. 1. A mandate; i.e.. a command or
presumed.] Law. Evil is not taken for granted. order issued by a court. 2. A contract of mandate;
malum prohibitum n..pl. mala prohibita [L. malum i.e., a contract whereby one gives a lawful business
evil, wrong, offense (2); prohibitum prohibited, for- to another who agrees to perform it gratis.
bidden (1): a prohibited offense/wrong.] Law. A mandatum nisi gratuitum nullum est. [L. manda-
wrong prohibited. An offense prohibited by statute, tum mandate (1); nisi unless (2); gratuitum done
though it may not be inherently wrong. Smuggling is without pay; gratuitous (3); nullum no (5); est is (4):
a malum prohibitum. Cf. malum in se. A mandate, unless done without pay. is no mandate ]
malus usus abolendus est. [L. malus bad (1): usus Law. A mandate is no mandate, if not gratuitous.
usage, custom, practice (2); abolendus to be abol- mandatum sine clausula abbr. M.S.C. or m.s.c. n.
ished, annihilated (4); est is (3): A bad custom is to [L. mandatum mandate, authority ); sine without ( 1
be abolished.] A bad custom must be done away with. (2); clausula end (3): a mandate without an end.] A
m. a. m. abbr. for mot a mot (q.v.). mandate or authority with no restriction.
mama-san n.. pi. mama-sans [Japan, mama mother manent v. [L. They remain.] Remain or stay on stage.
(2); -san honorable (1): honorable mother.] Japan. Used as a direction for dramatic performances to indi-
A title of honor and respect for a woman in a posi- cate that some specified characters are not leaving
tion of power and authority, especially the female the stage. Cf. manet.
owner of a bar or head of a geisha-house. Cf. -san. manes pi. n. [L. departed spirit shade, ghost] \. Ancient
mafianan.. pi. mananas [Sp. tomorrow.] Tomorrow. Rome. The spirits of departed ancestors, believed to
An unspecified time in the future. . . .for many coun- be either protecting their descendants or expecting
tries in Latin America mafiana once again looks them to avenge their deaths. 2. Gods of the Lower
promising {\ey\sy\eek Int. July 6, 1981:38). — aa\\ World. 3. Deified ancestral spirits.
239 Marathon
manet v. [L. He/she remains.] Remains or stays on stage. Having failed to achieve one's objective or desired
Used as direction for dramatic performances to indi- status. Frustrated in one's aspirations. Used as a
cate that a particular character is not leaving the stage. postpositive adjective, a) As shells fell on the bunker,
mania n.,pl manias [Gk. madness, enthusiasm, inspired the Fiihrer, still an architect manque, brooded over
frenzy.] 1. Psychology. Psychotic excitement charac- plans for rebuilding Linz (Newsweek Int. May 9,
terized by excessive activity, disordered behavior, and 1983:22). b) She is, it seems, a romantic manquee,
elevated mood. 2. A passion, craze, uncontrollable who cannot recoup in sex what she has lost in love
ma-
desire, or excessive enthusiasm, a) Ironically, his (Time Int. 1978).
nia for power is not matched by his ability, b) Henry mansuetae naturae adj. [L. mansuetae of tame (1);
has a mania for pretty girls, good food, and flashy naturae (of) nature (2): of a tame nature.] Tamed
cars. 3. The object of passion, craze, or uncontrol- and domesticated. . . . in the case ofscienter liability
lable desire. Soccer is such a national mania in that for animals mansuetae naturae, the keeper was only
country that aliens who make indiscreet remarks liable if the animal caused some harm of the kind to
whenever the national team loses a match are mer- be expected from its known vicious characteristics
cilessly molested. —suf A passion, craze, uncontrol- . . . (Rogers 1975:400). See domitae naturae
lable desire, or excessive enthusiasm for something, animalia.
a) discomania; b) squandermania (The habit, practice, manu forti adv. [L. manu (with) hand, band (2); forti
propensity, etc. of spending money extravagantly.) with strong (1): with strong hand.] Law. With such
But as long as there is one ex-politician free to enjoy force as to constitute the crime of breach of the peace.
his wealthfrom the era of "squandermania "Nigerians He was arrested, prosecuted, and convictedfor act-
will never forget . . . that the Second Republic was ing manu forti. Cf. vi et armis
synonymous with institutionalised pilfering ofpublic manu militari adv. [L. manu (with) hand, band (2);
funds ( West Africa 1 986). militari with military (1): with military band.] By
manifesta probatione non indigent. [L. manifesta force. With military force. The tax was levied manu
evident, clear, manifest (things) (1); probatione proof militari, firearms were seized (Suret-Canale . . .
(4); non not (2); indigent need, require, demand (3): 1971:445).
Manifest things do not need proof.] Clear things do manus n., pi. manus [L. hand, band.] Roman Law.
not require proof. See lex non requirit etc.; 1.Ownership of property. 2. The power and rights
perspicua vera etc.; quod constat clare etc.; and which a husband exercises over his lawfully wedded
quod constat curiae etc. wife.
manifesto n., pi. manifestos or manifestoes [It. a manus manum lavat. [L. manus hand, band (1);
manifest, a declaration.] A formal or public state- manum hand, band (3); lavat washes (2): Hand
ment or declaration of opinion, intention, principles, washes hand.] One hand washes the other. One good
motives, views, or policy, a) The PMDB manifesto turn deserves another."You scratch my back, I scratch
calls for a unilateral debt moratorium (South, . . . yours." "Hand go, hand come." See quid pro quo.
1 984). b) Since I 967, the President has movedfarfrom manus mortua n. [L. manus hand (2); mortua dead
the election-winning A PC manifesto (New African (1): a dead hand.] Mortmain. Cf. en mort mayneand
1983). c) The Communist Manifesto. in mortua manu.

manna n. [Gk. from Aram, manna.] 1. The miracu- marabout n., pi. marabouts [Fr. from Ar. murabit ]
lous food God provided the Israelites in the desert A Muslim religious leader, hermit, monk, or ascetic.
during their flight from Egypt. Nourishment of the
2. Cf. grand marabout.
soul by God. 3. An unexpected gift. The tax refund marasmus n.,pl. marasmuses [L. from Gk. marasmos
was manna from heaven. withering, wasting, dying, or fading away.] Medicine.
mannequin n.,pl. mannequins [Fr. dummy, figurine.] Continuous emaciation, especially in children, as a
1. A life-size dummy. A dress-maker's, tailor's, or result of inadequacy or lack of protein, calories, and
artist's dummy used for displaying clothes, especially other nutrients after they have been weaned from
in shop-windows and shops. A dress stand. 2. A breast feeding.
model. A woman who models or displays clothing. Marathon n. [Gk. Marathon.] A village on the north-
mano a mano adj. [Sp. mano hand ( 1 ); a to (2); mano eastern coast of Attica where Athens, aided by only
hand (3): hand to hand.] One to one. Perpetrated by 1,000 Plataean soldiers, defeated numerically superior
one man against another. Done by one person to/for Persian troops in September 490 B.C. Before the
another. And, at least once a decade, the level of this battle, the Athenians despatched a very fast runner
mano a mano abuse slides far enough up the brutal- by name Philippides (or Pheidippides) to Sparta to
ity scale that it simply can 't be ignored any longer request military aid. He is said to have covered the
(Newsweek Int. Feb. 18, 1980:48). distance of about 134 miles in two days. By a late,
manque or fern, manquee adj. [Fr. unsuccessful, unreliable tradition, after the battle, a soldier ran to
missed, miscarried, abortive, would-be.] Unsuccessful. Athens, a distance of about 22 miles 1,470 yards, to
Marchen 240
report the news of the victory. — pi. marathons 1 . A mariage blanc n.,pl. marriages blancs [Fr. mariage
foot race, usually covering a distance of 26 miles 385 marriage (2); blanc white (1): white marriage.] A
yards (or c.42.3 kilometers). 2. Any other race such marriage in which there is no sexual relationship. A
as swimming, or skating, which covers a long distance. platonic marriage.
3. A contest of stamina or endurance. The party was mariage de convenance n.,pl. manages de convenance
climaxed by a beer-drinking marathon, which was won [Fr. mariage marriage ( 1 ); de of (2); convenance con-
by Festus, who drank 18 bottles. 4. An activity which venience, suitability (3): marriage of convenience.] A
puts one's stamina or endurance to the test, a) Luke marriage arranged for the couple. A marriage motivated
recalls the 10-day marathon he and his colleagues put by considerations of money or position. The alliance
in during investigation oflast year s Air Florida crash between the radicals and conservatives, like most
in the Potomac {Newsweek Int. July 25, 1983:42-3). manages de convenance, has collapsed like a house of
b) On arrival at Murtala Airport, the visiting Head of cards. Cf. mariage dMnclination.
State went through a marathon ofshaking the hands of mariage dMnclination n., pi. manages dMnclination
2,000 dignitaries. — adj. L. Done over, or marked by, [Fr. mariage marriage (1); d' of (2); inclination pro-
unusually long time or distance, a) Marathon negotia- pensity, affection, liking (3): marriage of affection.]
tions with the International Monetary Fund are expected Love match. Marriage of love. Marriage motivated
to end in a deal before the end of May (South 1985). exclusively by love or passion. Cf. mariage de
b) . . . a marathon meeting ofthe Armed Forces Ruling convenance.
Council . . . (Sunday Tribune 1 986). c) By end of marijuana or marihuana [Sp. mariguana.] 1. The
the
the marathon speech, half of the audience either had cannabis plant. 2. Dried leaves and flowers from the
walked out or were dozing. 2. Requiring or demonstrat- cannabis plant which, when smoked or eaten, create
ing power of endurance or stamina. Jamilla rejected a state of mental satisfaction and contentment. Cf.
the assignment, describing it as marathon and main- hashish.
taining that she is an employee, not a slave. marimba n. [Bantu xylophones.] 1 A percussion instru- .
Marchen n., pi. Marchen [Ger. story, narrative.] A ment made of wood and similar to a xylophone.
fairy tale. 2. Music for such an instrument.
Mardi Gras mardi Tuesday (2); gras fat (1):
n. [Fr. marionette n. , pi. marionettes [Fr. marionnette puppet ]
fat Tuesday.] Shrove Tuesday. The Tuesday which A puppet operated by hand or strings. He is a man of
immediately precedes Ash Wednesday. It is the cli- no conscience who, like a marionette, is manipulated
max of a long period of carnival before Lent, and is by his cowardly masters.
celebrated with feasting, merrymaking, and parades maris et feminae conjunctio est de jure naturae. [L.
in certain places, such as New Orleans, Venice, Rio maris of male (2); et and (3); feminae of woman, fe-
de Janeiro, and Quebec. male (4); conjunctio union, marriage (1); est is (5); de
mare clausum n. [L. mare clausum closed
sea (2); of, from, about, for (6); jure right, law (7); naturae of
(1): closed sea.] A sea or any navigable waterway nature (8): The marriage of male and female is from the
which is under the control of one nation and closed law of nature.] Law. The marriage of man and woman
to others. Cf. mare liberum is a matter of natural law. See conjunctio mariti etc.
mare liberum mare sea

n. [L. (2); liberum free (1): maritagium maritagia [Med. L. from Fr.
n., pi.
free sea.] A sea or any navigable waterway which mariage.] Medieval Europe. 1. Maritage. The prop-
may be used by all nations. Cf. mare clausum. erty which, in accordance with feudal custom, a girl
Mare Nostrum n. [L. mare sea (2); nostrum our (1): on marriage brought to the husband. Cf. conquets.
our sea.] Ancient Rome. The Mediterranean Sea, which 2. The power of a feudal lord to dispose in marriage of
for much of the history of the Roman Empire, was a a vassal's widow, heiress, or minor heir. 3. Something
Roman sea. —
mare nostrum A sea or any navigable paid by a vassal for the lord's waiver of such power.
waterway which belongs to a nation or which two or marque n., pi. marques [Fr. mark, stamp, brand, make.]
more nations have agreed to share in common. 1 . Retaliation or reprisal as in "letters of marque." 2. Make
margaritas ante porcos Matthew 7:6. [L. margaritas or brand of an automobile. Cf. lettre de marque.
pearls (1); ante before (2); porcos pigs, hogs, swine mashgiah ormashgiach n.,pl. mashgihim or mashgichim
(3): pearls before hogs.] Pearls before swine. Precious [Heb.] Judaism. An inspector of kosher facilities to make
objects before those who cannot appreciate them. sure that the dietary rules and regulations are followed.
marginalia pi. n. [L. marginal things.] Marginal notes. Masora Masorah n. [Heb. masora bound, handed
or
Non-essential things. She usually pays attention to over.] Judaism. Commentary on Jewish sacred writ-
marginalia, ignoring the important issues. ings compiled and handed down by scholars since
mariachi n.,pl. mariachis [Sp. perhaps from Fr. manage the 10th century A.D.
marriage.] 1 A Mexican street band. 2. Music for such
. massage n.,pl. massages [Fr. a rub down.] A rub down
a band. 3. A musician in such a band. or kneading of the body for therapeutic or pleasurable
7
241 mayorazgo
purposes. — v. 1 . To rub down or knead the body for which is scheduled during the day rather than the
such purposes. 2. To work up, change, or manipulate evening. An afternoon performance.
data and information. matrimonia debent esse libera. [L. matrimonia mar-
masseur or fern, masseuse n., pi. masseurs or fern. riages (1); debent ought, should (2); esse to be (3);
masseuses [Fr. one who massages.] A person who libera free (4): Marriages ought to be free.] Law.
massages or practices physiotherapy. Marriages ought to be entered freely, not by force.
mastaba n.,pl. mastabas [Ar. mastabah stone bench.] matrimonium subsequens tollit peccatum
A trapezoidal-shaped tomb in ancient Egypt. praecedens. [L. matrimonium marriage (2);
Marxophobia n. [Ger. Marx Karl Marx (2); Gk. subsequens following, subsequent (1); tollit takes
phob(os) fear (1): fear of Marx.] A fear of Marxism away, removes (3); peccatum transgression, fault (5);
or Communism. praecedens preceding (4): Subsequent marriage
matador n., pi. matadors [Sp. one who kills.] A bull- takes away preceding transgression.] Law. Subse-
fighter who plays the principal role and ultimately quent marriage removes a preceding fault.
kills the bull. an elite coterie ofaging and cynical
. . . matrix n.,pl. matrices [Late L. a female used for breed-
matadors dominates the profession {Newsweek Int. ing purposes, a womb.] 1 . The uterus. 2. A rectangular
Nov. 27, 1978:5). arrangement in rows and columns. 3. The environment
Mater Dolorosa n. [L. mater mother (2); dolorosa sor- in which something develops and grows.
rowful ( 1 ):
sorrowful mother.] 1 . The sorrowful mother. mausoleum n., pi. mausolea or mausoleums [L. from
A reference to Mary, grieving after the death of her son Gk. Mausoleion.] 1 . Tomb of Mausolus, king of Caria,
Jesus. 2. Art. A representation of Mary mourning for at Halicarnassus, which is counted among the Seven
her dead son. 3. Any mother grieving for the loss of her Wonders of the ancient world. 2. A monumental, im-
dead child. Cf. Stabat Mater Dolorosa. posing or magnificent tomb. . . . Mao 's body may be
materfamilias n.,pl. matresfamilias [L. matron, mis- cremated and his mausoleum expanded to include a
tress of household.] Civil Law. A woman who is the pantheon ofChinese revolutionary heroes (Newsweek
head of a household. The mother or mistress of a Int. Jan. 19, 1981:24). 3. A tomb for several persons,
household or family. See familia. usually belonging to the same family. 4. A big, gloomy,
materia medica n. [L. materia matter, stuff (2); medica highly decorated room, structure, building, etc.
medical (1): medical matter.] Medicine. 1. The study maxima cum laude adv. [L. maxima greatest (2); cum
of medicinal drugs and their preparation. 2. The in- with ( 1 ); laude praise, excellence (3): with the greatest
gredients in a medicinal drug. praise or excellence.] With highest distinction. Used

materia prima n. [L. materia matter, stuff (2); prima to indicate a very high academic performance, espe-
first (1): first matter.] Philosophy. A primordial sub- cially in an examination for graduation from college,
stance which, according to the natural physicists, was particularly where Honors are not awarded. See
the original substance from which the universe with magna cum laude.
its plurality of unrelated elements wasmade. Thales, maxima debetur puero reverentia. Juvenal (c.60- 1 1
the Greek philosopher, believed that the materia prima A.D.). Satires XIV,47. [L. maxima greatest (1);
was water, while Anaximenes believed that it was air. debetur is owed (3); puero to boy (4); reverentia
materiel or materiel n., pi. materiels or materiels respect, reverence (2): The greatest reverence is owed
[Fr. material, equipment, implements, apparatus.] We owe to a child the greatest respect; i.e.,
to a boy.]
The apparatus, equipment, supplies, etc. of a group or we should behave with the greatest decency or propri-
organization, especially an army's arms, ammunitions, ety before children so as not to hurt their sensibilities,
etc. The Vietnamese did begin a massive deployment for they are very impressionable.
ofmen and materiel into the war zone (Newsweek . . . maximum n.,pl. maxima or maximums [L. the biggest,
Int. March 26, 1979:36). Cf. personnel. greatest, largest.] The greatest quality or value that can
materna maternis n. [L. materna maternal (things) be attained. The highest point or degree. The upper limit
(1); maternis for maternal (persons) (2): maternal that is possible or permissible. In any examination 100%
things for maternal persons.] French Law. A maxim is the maximum ofmarks obtainable. — adj. Highest or
which signifies that goods which a deceased person greatest in quantity, value, quality or degree. Whoever
acquired from/through the mother should be inher- does not put in maximum effort is certainly not aiming
by his/her maternal relatives.
ited at outstanding success. Cf. minimum.
mater rixarum n. [L. mater mother (1); rixarum of maximus in minimis [L. maximus a very great, large
disputes, quarrels (2): mother of disputes.] Source of (person) ( 1 );
in in, on (2); minimis very small (matters)
Cause of disputes. There can be no doubt
disputes. (3): a very great person in very small matters.] A big
ownership is a principal mater rixarum.
that joint fish in a small pond.
matinee or matinee n. [Fr. matinee morning.] Any mayorazgo n. [Sp. right of first-born son.] Spanish Law.
event, especially a dramatic or musical performance, The right to certain collective property which must
maze) tov 242
be passed in its entirety forever and successively to Medicinae Doctor abbr. M.D. n. [L. medicinae of
the first-born son. medicine (2); doctor teacher (1): teacher of medicine.]
mazel tov or mazal tov interj. [Heb. mazzaltob: Doctor of Medicine. A terminal graduate degree in
mazzal good (1); tob luck (2): good luck.] Used to medicine.
congratulate or wish someone good fortune. Cf. sa- medico n., pi. medicos [Sp./It. physician.] A medical
lute and skoal. practitioner or student.
mazuma n. [Yid. mazume cash.] Money. Cash. Used mediocre adj. [Fr. mediocre from L. mediocris ordi-
only in slang. nary, moderate, second-rate, average, middling.] Not
mazurka or mazourka n. ,
pi. mazurkas or mazourkas outstanding. Second-rate. Ordinary, a) . . . the quality
[Russ. from Polish dance of Mazovia in Poland.] Music. of what was written, to judge by what has survived,
1. A Polish dance similar to a polka. Often used in rarely rose above the mediocre (Laistner 1 966: 141).
ballet. 2. A musical composition in 3/4 or 3/8 time b) The head of the institution is a man of mediocre
with a heavily-stressed second beat. ability who secured his position through nebulous
M.B. abbr. for 1. Medicinae Baccalaureus (q.v.). means.
2. Musicae Baccalaureus (q.v.). mediocria firma [L. mediocria middle, average, ordi-
M.C. abbr. for Magister Chirurgiae (q.v.). nary (things) (1); firma solid, firm (2): ordinary
M.Ch. abbr. for Magister Chirurgiae (q.v.). things (are) solid.] The middle course is safe,
M.Ch.D. abbr. for Magister Chirurgiae Dentaiis (q.v.). mediocritas aurea n. [L. mediocritas the middle, the
M.Chir. abbr. for Magister Chirurgiae (q.v.). mean (2); aurea golden (1): the golden mean.] The
M.Ch.Orth. abbr. for Magister Chirurgiae golden mean.
Orthopaedicae (q.v.). medio tutissimus ibis. Ovid (43 B.C.- 17 A.D.). Meta-
M.D. abbr. for Medicinae Doctor (q.v.). morphoses 11,137. [L. medio in the middle (3);
Mdme abbr. for Madame (q.v.). tutissimus most safe (2); ibis you will go (1): You
Mds Mesdames (q.v.).
abbr. for will go most safe in the middle.] The middle path is
mea culpa [L. mea my (1); culpa fault, error, blame, the safest for you. The golden mean is the safest
guilt, failure (2): my fault.] interj. I am to be blamed. course of action. See aurea mediocritas.
It is my fault. I am sorry. From the Christian prayer medium n„ pi. media or mediums [L. middle thing.]
known as the confiteor (q.v.). / have personally 1 . A middle course, degree, or quality. A compromise.
settled every entry in the Index; ifany entry irritates, Something which occupies an intermediate or middle
please write me. Mea culpa (Colinvaux 1979:vii). position. The old man recommends the golden medium
— n. Confession of mistake, error, fault, etc. Tendering for anybody desirous ofsuccess in life. 2. The average,
of apology. Calculated or not, his statements were ordinary or usual amount, quantity, condition, etc.
mea culpa {Newsweek Int. July 25,
not entirely a When the economy improves, the department s person-
mea maxima culpa.
1983:16). Cf. nel will be brought to its medium, which is about 40.
mea maxima culpa [L. mea my (1); maxima greatest 3. A substance through which some other thing, such
(2); culpa fault, error, blame, guilt, failure (3): my as an effect or force, is conveyed or transmitted. Air
greatest fault.] interj. It is my greatest fault. From the serves as the medium for conveying sound. 4. An inter-
Christian prayer known as the confiteor (q.v.). Used mediary. An agent. An agency. A person or thing used
to express a most sincere apology for a mistake or for achieving a purpose, a) . . . it will be the solicitor
For all that has escaped these percipient eyes,
error. who will in the appropriate case retain the services ofa
mea culpa maxima (Megarry 1973:xii). Cf. mea culpa. barrister through the medium of the barrister 's clerk
Mecca n. [Ar.] A city in Saudi Arabia which, as the (Newton 1 983 :77). b) Raso is the medium used by those
birthplace of Mohammed and the location of the who wish to obtain loans from the notorious money-
Kaaba (q.v.), is the most important pilgrimage site lender. 5. A means of communicating to, informing, or
in Islam. — mecca pi. meccas 1 . A focus of activity entertaining a very large audience. The U.S. indicated
and attention. 2. A popular plan of religious pilgrim- an interest in training personnelfor the country 's print,
age, a major tourist attraction, or a recreational site. radio and television media (T.M. Azonga in West
A tourist mecca. Cf. hajj. Africa 1986). 6. Means for literary, artistic, or any
meden agan Quotation in Plato's Protagoras. [Gk. other expression, a) But Cato used the medium [i.e.,
meden nothing (1); agan too much, very much (2): prose] in his Latin treatise on farming . . . (Robinson
nothing too much.] Nothing should be done in excess. 1974: 1 13). b) It is a shame that . . . Africans . . continue
See aurea mediocritas. Cf. ne quid nimis. to use foreign languages as the official medium of
Medicinae Baccalaureus abbr. M.B. n. [L. medicinae expression (Kofi Adusei in West Africa 1986). 7. Art.
of medicine (2); baccalaureus bachelor (1): Bach- A liquid used in mixing pigments to make them suit-
elor of Medicine.] A predoctoral graduate degree in able for painting. 8. A person through whom people
medicine. communicate with the world of spirits or the other
243 melius est petere
world. — adj. Intermediate. Average. Occupying a po- spirits, delusions, baseless fears, hallucinations, and
sition between short and long, small and big, etc., in preoccupation with a particular train of thought.
terms of time, degree, quality, quantity, etc. a) me- melange or melange n. pi. melanges or melanges [Fr.
,
dium height; b) medium income; c) medium size; d) In mixture, compound, blend, mingling.] A mixture,
the medium term, prospectsfor demand growth in some conglomeration, or mingling. The band plays delight-
developing countries are good, . . . (South 1984). ful music which is a melange of high-life, juju and
medius n., pi. medii [L. middle, central.] The middle rock and roll. See potpourri.
or central finger. melee or melee n., pi. melees or melees [Fr. melee
Medusa n. [Gk.] Greek and Roman Mythology. A woman conflict, scuffle.] 1. A confused fight, struggle, or
transformed into the only mortal Gorgon, i.e., a monster contest. The soccer match was brought to an abrupt
with snakes in her hair and the ability to petrify at a end by a melee involving players and supporters of
glance. — medusa n., pi. medusas 1. An extremely the two teams. 2. A confused mixture of heteroge-
ugly woman. A gorgon. 2. A type of jellyfish. neous or incongruous elements. A melange (q.v.).
mega biblion mega kakon. Callimachus (fl. 250 B.C.). The procession was impeded by a melee ofspectators,
[Gk. mega great, big (1); biblion book (2); mega pedestrians, bicycles, and cars. 3. A cavalry demon-
great, big (3); kakon evil, trouble (4): A big book, a stration or exercise involving two teams in which
big evil.] A
book is a large evil.
large horsemen attempt plumes of paper from the
to cut
megalomania n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. mega(s) great helmets of members of the opposing team.
(2); mania madness, enthusiasm (1): enthusiasm melior est causa possidentis. [L. melior better (4);
for great things.] 1 A craze or passion for embark-
. est is (3); causa cause, case, reason (1); possidentis
ing upon grandiose projects, a) Between World of one possessing (2): The case of the one possessing
War I and movement attained such power
II, this is better.] Law. The person in possession has a better
that Japan overreached itselfand yielded to a blind case of ownership. Possession is nine-tenths of the
megalomania (The Guardian 1986). b) The active law. See in aequali jure melior etc.
participation of all African states in this crusade melior est conditio possidentis, et rei quam actoris.
will surely keep Colonel Gaddafi 's megalomania [L. melior better (4); est is (3); conditio condition
under restraint (B. Yaw Owusu in West Africa (1); possidentis of the one possessing (2); et and (5);
1986). 2. Retention in adulthood of the childish rei of defendant (6); quam than (7); actoris of plain-
feelings that one is omnipotent or that one is the tiff (8): The condition of the one possessing is better,
most important person in the world. 3. A form of and of the defendant than of the plaintiff] Law. The
mental disturbance in which the patient believes condition of the party in possession is better; similarly
that he/she is very important, powerful, etc. See the condition of the defendant is better than that of
folie de grandeur. the plaintiff. See in aequali jure melior etc.
megalopolis n., pi. megalopoles [Gk. mega(s) great melior est conditio possidentis, ubi neuter jus habet.
(1); polis city (2): a great city.] A very big city. A [L. melior better (4); est is (3); conditio condition
heavily populated area with several large cities and ( 1 ); possidentis of the one possessing (2); ubi where
many suburbs and towns. Driving in the megalopolis (5); neuter neither of two (6); jus right, law (8); habet
stretching from Boston to Richmond has become a has, holds, regards (7): The condition of the one pos-
nightmare. sessing is better, where neither of two has right.] Law.
Mein Kampf n. [Ger. mein my (1); Kampf battle, war, The condition of the possessor is better, where neither
struggle (2): my struggle.] My Battle, the personal the one nor the other has a right to the disputed prop-
political manifesto of Adolf Hitler (1889-1945). erty. See in aequali jure melior etc.
meiosis meioses [Gk. diminution.] Rhetoric.

n., pi. A melior est justitia vere praeveniens quam severe
figure of speech in which a thing is represented in puniens. [L. melior better (5); est is (4); justitia justice
such a way that it seems smaller than it actually is. (1); vere truly, really (2); praeveniens preventing
Understatement. See litotes. Cf. hyperbole. (3); quam than (6); severe severely (7); puniens
Meistersinger n.,pl. Meistersinger or Meistersingers punishing (8): Justice truly preventing is better than
[Ger. Meister master (1); Singer singer (2): severely punishing.] Law. A system ofjustice which
mastersinger.] A member of a guild of composers truly prevents crime is better than one which severely
and performers in 14th- 16th century Germany. punishes crime. Cf. justitia est duplex etc.
me judice adv. me with me ( ); judice (with) being

[L. 1 melius est petere fontes quam sectari rivulos. [L.
judge (2): with me being judge.] In my opinion or view. melius better (2); est it is (1); petere to seek, make
melancholia n., pi. melancholias or melancholiae for, aim at (3); fontes sources, fountains (4); quam
[Gk. mela(s) black (1); chole bile (2): black bile, than (5); sectari run after, chase (6); rivulos rivulets,
melancholy.] Medicine. A mental disorder in which petty streams (7): It is better to seek the sources than
the patient experiences considerable depression of to chase the petty streams.] Finding the main cause
membrum virile 244
or source for a situation is more important than ex- menage a trois n. [Fr. menage housekeeping, house-
amining secondary ones. See satius est petere etc. hold, married couple, management (1); a to, toward,
membrum virile n. [L. membrum member (2); virile in, by, with, until (2); trois three (3): household with
male ( 1 ): male member.] The male member. The penis. three.] Domestic or matrimonial triangle. A situation
memento abbr. mem. n., pi. mementos or memen- or arrangement in which a married couple (or two
toes [L. Remember.] Reminder. Memorial. Keepsake. lovers) and a third person, who is a lover of one of
He enjoyed the send-off party so much so that he the couple, live together, a) . . . there are several nice,
expressed his gratitude, saying that he would carry quirky moments of domestic comedy involving the
away mementos of that occasion. Cf. memorabilia protagonist, his grandfather and his live-in lady in
and souvenir. an innocent but funny menage a trois (Time Int.
memento mori v. [L. memento remember (1); mori 1982). b) Nearby is a scandalous menage a trois on
to die (2): Remember to die.] Remember that you a Spanish beach: a sultry girl reclines ambivalently
will die. A command given to individuals during the at a card game, one arm resting in the lap ofher brood-
administration of the ashes on Ash Wednesday. — n., ing boyfriend, her rump tucked under the torso of her
pi. memento mori Something that reminds one of girlfriend (Newsweek Int. Oct 16, 1978:49). See a trois.
death. The sight ofa skeleton or a cemetery is a vivid menagerie n., pi. menageries [Fr. menagerie house-
memento mori. hold management, cattle management, cattle building.]
memo short form for memorandum (q.v ). 1 . A collection of animals kept in cages as pets or to
memorabilia pi. n. [L. things that deserve remem- be trained for exhibition in a circus. . . . Bardot left,
brance.] Souvenirs (q.v.). Objects which provoke presumably go back to her own menagerie where
to
memories. The elderly actress 's home was filled with she keeps, among other pets, fifteen male rabbits
memorabilia from her career. Cf. memento. {Newsweek Int. Dec. 17, 1979: 21). 2. A group of
memorandum short form memo n., pi. memoranda people who seem weird, strange, foreign, odd, etc.
or memorandums [L. something to be remembered.] Mrs. Bonsu could not disguise her indignation when
1 An informal record of something to be remembered.
. she saw her husband entering the living room with
2. Reminder. 3. A brief, informal, interdepartmental his menagerie ofso-calledfriends.
communication. 4. Exceptions of a clause in a marine menarche n. [Neo-Gk. men month, moon (1); arche
insurance policy exempting the insuring company from beginning (2): month beginning, beginning of menstrua-
liability. tion.] Medicine. The initial menstrual period of a female.
memoriae sacrum abbr. M.S. adj. [L. memoriae to mendacem memorem esse opportet. Quintilian (born
memory (2); sacrum sacred (1): sacred to the c.35 A.D.). Institutio Oratorio TV, 2. [L. mendacem
memory of.] A tombstone inscription. liar (2); memorem mindful, having a good memory
memoria technica n. [L. memoria memory (2); (4); esse be (3); opportet it is fitting (that) (1): It is
technica artificial ( 1 ): artificial memory.] An artificial fitting that a liar be mindful.] It is appropriate for a
device for aiding memory. A mnemonic system or liar to have a good memory. A liar had better re-
aid. Cf.aide-memoire 1. member his/her lies.
memoriter adv. I adj. [L. from memory.] From memory. menhir n.,pl. menhirs [Fr. from Breton men stone (2);
By heart, a) He learned the national anthem and hir long ( 1 ): long stone.] A monolith executed by pre-
pledge memoriter. b) His intellectual ability is such historic people in France, Britain, Africa, and Asia.
that he is incapable of doing any job which goes be- menopause n. [Fr. from Gk. men month, moon (1);
yond the application of memoriter knowledge. pausis stopping, ceasing, pause month ceasing, (2):
menage n.,pl. menages [Fr. housekeeping, household, cessation of menstruation.] Medicine. 1 The period, .
married couple, management.] 1. A household, par- usually starting from the age of about 50, when a
ticularly a man and woman living together. People woman ceases to menstruate. 2. The experience and
residing permanently in a house, a) . . . the menage changes which a woman undergoes during this pe-
is housed in comfortable splendor high above the riod. Cf. menses.

Hudson River, in an eleven-room apartment . . . menorah n. [Heb. menora.] Judaism. A candelabrum
(Newsweek Int. April 14, 1980:41-2). b) The Bellos used in religious celebrations. A nine-branched
have moved to their new house, and their closest menorah is used at Hanukkah while a seven-branched
neighbors, the Sawyers, are a respectable menage. one was used in the ancient temple in Jerusalem.
2. Quarters. A place maintained like a household or mens cujusque is est quisque. Cicero (106-43 B.C.).
where a person lives. We held the meeting at the De Republica VI,26. [L. mens mind (1); cujusque
secretary 's menage of
apartment, a well-furnished of each, each one (2); is that (3); est is (4); quisque
four rooms. 3. Housekeeping. Housework. Manage- each, each one (5): The mind of each one, that is
ment of a house. Mrs. Sackey visits Mrs. Quansah each one.] The mind of each person is the person
every Sunday to observe her excellent menage. himself/herself.
245 metanoia
menses n. Either pi. or sing, in constr. [L. months.] mesalliance n., pi. mesalliances [Fr. misalliance ]
Medicine. Menstruation. A woman's monthly dis- Unsuitable marriage. Bad match. Marriage with a
charge of blood from the uterus. Cf. menopause. person who belongs to a lower social class.
mens legis n. [L. mens mind, purpose, intention (1); Mesa Verde n. [Sp. mesa table (2); verde green (1):
legis of law (2): mind of the law.] Law. The purpose/ green table.] The green mesa. A mesa in Colorado.
intention/spirit of the law. Cf. mesa.
mens rea n. [I . mens mind, purpose, intention (2); rea Mesdames pi. of Madame (q.v.).
guilty, answerable (1): guilty mind.] Law. Criminal Mesdemoiselles pi. of Mademoiselle (q.v.).
intent/purpose. An act alone cannot make a person meshuga or meshugga adj. [Yid. meshuge from Heb.
criminally responsible, unless it is accompanied by mesugga' crazy, insane.] Slang. Without any intelli-
mens rea. See actus non facit etc. gence or good sense.
mens sana in corpore sano. Juvenal (c.60-1 7 A.D.). 1 meshugaas or mishegaas or mishegoss n. [Yid.
Satires X,356. [L. mens mind, purpose, intention (2); meshegas from Heb. mesugga' crazy, insane.] Slang.
sana sound ( 1 ); in in, on (3); corpore body (5); sano An action without intelligence or good sense.
sound (4): a sound mind in a sound body.] A healthy mesne adj. [Obs. Fr. mean, middle.] 1. Happening
mind in a healthy body. See orandum est etc. between two dates. A mesne duty. 2. Intermediate.
mens testatoris in testamentis spectanda est [L. mens Of, relating to, concerning, a position where one is
mind, purpose, intention ( 1 ); testatoris of testator (2); subordinate to a superior and at the same time supe-
in in, on (5); testamentis wills (6); spectanda to be rior to a lower person. 3. Law. Pertaining to a lord
considered (4); est is (3): The intention of the testator who is tenant to a superior and at the same time a
is to be considered in wills.] Law. The intention of the lord to a tenant.
testator must be considered in the interpretation of Messiah or Messias n. [Gk. Messias from Aram, from
wills. See interest reipublicae suprema etc. Heb. mashah anointed one, savior.] 1 . Judaism. The
mentor n., pi. mentors [Gk. Mentor.] 1. Odysseus' savior who is to come. 2. Christianity. Jesus Christ.
old friend whom the goddess Athena impersonates —messiah A long-awaited savior, liberator or leader.
in order to provide advice to Odysseus' son Telemachus Cf. Mahdi.
inHomer's Odyssey. 2. A teacher or tutor. 3. A close, Messieurs/?/, of Monsieur (q.v).
dependable, wise, and competent guide, helper, or Messrs abbr. for Messieurs (q.v.).
counselor, a) With Confucian thoroughness he mestizo or fern, mestiza n., pi. mestizoes or mestizos
sought to be the mentor of his people in all things orfern, mestizas [Sp. a person of mixed blood, partly
great and small (Time Int. 1982). b) Whenever the foreign and partly native.] A half-caste, such as one
Prime Minister has an important decision to make, who is partly Portuguese or Spanish and partly
he consults his mentor, a septuagenarian uncle who American Indian.
has the wisdom of Solomon. metamorphosis n., pi. metamorphoses [Gk. meta
merci n., pi. mercis [Fr. thank you.] Thanks. Cf. pertaining to change ( 1 ); morph(e) shape (2): change
gracias and grazie. of shape, transformation.] 1 . A change, transformation
meretrix n., pi. meretrices [L. she who earns money, or alteration of character, form, condition, appearance,
prostitute, courtesan.] Prostitute. Courtesan. In his tes- circumstance, etc. . . . the strongest and scariest ele-
timony, he described his wife as a meretrix parading ment in "The Shining " is the face ofJack Nicholson
in the garb of a respectable woman. Cf. cocotte; undergoing a metamorphosisfrom affectionatefather
femme libre; and succuba. to a murderous demon (Newsweek Int. June 2, 1 980:52).
merito beneficium legis amittit, qui legem ipsam 2. An extraordinary change. A change which seems
subvertere intendit. [L. merito deservedly, justly to have been effected through supernatural means.
(6); beneficium benefit, favor (8); legis of law (9); The spectators attacked the magician for his failure
amittit loses (7); qui the one who, he who (1); to fulfdl his promise to effect the metamorphosis ofa
legem law ipsam itself (5); subvertere to sub-
(4); man into a chimpanzee. Metamorphoses The title —
vert, undermine (3); intendit endeavors, aims (2): of an epic poem on changes of form by Ovid (43
The one who endeavors to subvert the law itselfjustly B.C. -17 A.D.) and a novel (also known as The
loses the benefit of law.] Law. He who endeavors to Golden Ass) by Apuleius (fl. 155 A.D.). —"The
undermine the law itself deserves to lose the benefit Metamorphosis" A short story by Franz Kafka
of law. Applicable to a person who seeks the court's (1883-1924).
assistance in a fraudulent transaction. See ex turpi metanoia n., pi. metanoias [Gk. meta pertaining to
causa etc. change ( ); nous mind (2): change of mind or heart,
1
mesa n., pi. mesas [Sp. from L. mensa table.] A table- repentance, regret.] A fundamental or radical change
like geological formation with flat top and steep sides of character or mind. A spiritual transformation or
found in the southwestern United States. conversion.
metathesis 246
metathesis n., pi. metatheses [Gk. a place change.] politan network, a subway train system.] A system
Linguistics. The reversing of the order sound or let- of trains and subways, especially in Paris and Wash-
ters in a word, such as "bird" from Old English "brid." ington, D.C.
metayage n., pi. metayages [Fr. system of farming metropole n., pi. metropoles [Fr. from Gk. met(e)r
through the use of sharecroppers.] Sharecropping. mother ( 1 ); polis city (2): mother city.] 1 . A principal
Farming through the use of the services of metayers. or chief city. Capital. 2. An archepiscopal see. 3. A
The system was introduced in French colonial tropical mother country. A parent state, i.e., of a colony. See
Africa after the abolition of slavery, when the freed metropolis.
slaves cultivated the fields of their former masters, metropolis n.,pl. metropoles [Gk. met(e)r mother (1);
paying exorbitant rents. In J 93 5 cultivation was limited polis city (2): mother-state, mother-city, capital city.]
to 1,500 hectares. . . all under the metayage system . . 1 . Mother-country. Founding state or city of a colony.
(Suret-Canale 1971:222). Cf. metayer. 2. A capital. A chief city of a country. 3. A city
metayer n.,pl. metayers [Fr. farmer, sharecropper, la- well-known for a particular activity. Members ofthe
borer, tenant-farmer.] A sharecropper. A farmer who Lagos Butchers Association traveled to Maiduguri,
is supplied with implements, stock, seeds, etc. by the a cattle metropolis, to negotiate for the purchase of
landlord and cultivates the land, giving the landlord cows. 4. A metropolitan see such as that of an arch-
a fixed share, usually one half of the produce. Places bishop. Cf. metropole.
where the system is (or was) practiced include Italy, meubles pi. n. [Fr. movable things.] French Law. Bona
France, French colonial tropical Africa, and the south- mobilia (q.v.). Movables. Personal estate. A thing is
em United States. Cf. metayage. movable either because of its own nature (e.g., a
metempsychosis n. [Gk. metemphychosis: met(a) chair) or because it is determined to be so by the law
pertaining to change (1); en in (2); psych(e) soul, (e.g., an obligation). See biens meubles.
mind (3): change of souls, transmigration of souls.] meum n. [L. mine.] My property. Cf. meum et tuum
A belief held by Pythagoreans and others, namely, and tuum.
that on the death of a person, the body, which is meum et tuum [L. meum mine (1); et and (2); tuum
mortal, perishes but the soul, which is immortal, yours (3): mine and The principle of
yours.] Law.
leaves the body and enters the body of another crea- personal property, i.e., that what is mine is mine and
ture, either a human being or an animal. It is for this what is yours is yours. Cf. meum and tuum.
reason that Pythagoreans resolutely refrained from mezuzah or mezuza n., pi. mezuzot or mezuzahs or
maltreating animals for, according to their belief, mezuzas [Heb. mezuza doorpost.] Judaism. A
the dog which one is maltreating may be carrying marker placed on a door as a sign of faith and com-
the soul of one's dead ancestor. Cf. l'eternel retour; pliance with Jewish law. Inside the marker
is a copy
metensomatosis; and palingenesis. of the Hebrew text of Deuteronomy 6:4-9 and

metensomatosis n., pi. metensomatoses [Gk. 11:13-21. On the marker is written "Shaddai," a
m eten so m atOsis : met(a) pertaining to change ( 1 ); en Hebrew word for God.
in (2); soma body (3): change of bodies, transmigra- mezzanine n., pi. mezzanines [Fr. mid-story.] Archi-
tion of the soul.] Reincarnation. Cf. metempsychosis tecture. A partial story between the ground floor and
and palingenesis. first floor, especially in a theater.
methexis n.,pl. methexes [Gk. participation.] Platonic mezza voce adv. /adj. [It. mezza middle, half (1); voce
Philosophy. The participation of objects of the per- voice (2): half voice.] Music. With half voice. In
ceptible world (e.g., a beautiful thing) in the abso- moderate tone.
lute, the universal, or the ideal (e.g., beauty). mezzo adv. /adj. [It. middle, half] Music. Moderately.
Methuselah n. [Heb.] 1. A biblical patriarch who is Cf. mezzo forte, mezzo piano, and mezzo relievo.
said at Genesis 5:27 to have lived 969 years 2. A — n., pi. mezzos A mezzo soprano (q.v.).
man who has reached extreme old age. mezzo forte adv. /adj. [It. mezzo middle, half ( ); forte 1
metier n.,pl. metiers [Fr. trade, occupation, profession, strong (2): half strong.] Music. Moderately strong
calling, craft, talent.] 1. Trade, vocation, or profession. or loud.
His clothes clearly show his metier, i.e., painting. mezzo piano adv. /adj. [It. mezzo middle, half (1);
2. Forte (q.v.). An activity in which one is compe- piano soft (2): half soft.] Music. Moderately soft.
tent, successful, or experienced. Debbie's father is mezzo relievo or mezzo-relievo n., pi. mezzi relievi
an engineer by profession, but his principal metier or mezzo-relievos [It. mezzo middle, half ( 1 ); relievo
is painting. 3. Method, techniques of a field, disci- relief (2): half relief.] Art. Figures sculptured not in
pline or art. With her excellent grasp of the metier of the round but only to a small depth on a flat back-
poetry, her poems have always ranked among the ground. Cf. bas relief and relievo.
best in the world. mezzo soprano n., pi. mezzi soprani [It. mezzo middle,
metro or metro short form of reseau metropolitan half (1); soprano upper (2): half upper.] Music. A
[Fr. reseau (2) network; met ropoli tain (1): metro- mid-range soprano (q.v.).
247 minor
miasma n . pi. miasmata or miasmas [Gk. stain, defile- of one thousand years.] 1. A unit of one thousand
ment, pollution.] I. An exhalation of vapor emanating years.Good museums usually have artefacts dating
from marshy ground or rotten matter which, it used to back many millennia. 2. Christianity. A period of
be believed, causes diseases such as malaria. During 1,000 years during which, according to Revelation
yellowfever epidemic at Saint Louis, people were ad- 20:5, Jesus Christ will reign on earth and holiness
go up on to the terraces at night to avoid the
vised to will prevail. 3. A period in the future characterized
miasmata and breathe pure air (Suret-Canale by very good government, virtue, general happiness,
197 :404). 2. A thick vapor-like atmosphere or ema-

1 or the absence of human imperfections.
nation. The room, apparently a den of disreputable mimesis n.,pl. mimeses [Gk. mimesis imitation.] The
characters, was pregnant with the miasma of mari- act of imitating. Mimicry. The work can hardly lay
juana smoke. 3. A pervasive, corrupting atmosphere claim to originality, for there are ample indications
or influence. It is a disturbing story and it tells us of mimesis in it.
something of the miasma of power, the ease with minatur innocentibus qui parcit nocentibus. [L.
which people in power can act barbarously in relation minatur threatens (4); innocentibus innocent (per-
to individuals (Ben Okri in West Africa 1982).
. . . sons) (5); qui one who (1); parcit spares (2);
migraine n.,pl. migraines [Fr. sick headache.] Medicine. nocentibus guilty (persons) (3): One who spares the
A sickness characterized by severe recurrent headache, guilty threatens the innocent.] Law. One who spares
usually restricted to one side of the head, and nausea. guilty people, threatens innocent ones. See impunitas
There are indications that persistent criticism has been semper etc.
giving the Administration severe political migraine. minima poena corporalis est major qualibet
mihrab n. [Ar. mihrab niche.] Islam. 1. A niche indi- pecuniaria. [L. minima least, smallest (1); poena
cating the direction of Mecca in a mosque. 2. The punishment (3); corporalis corporal, bodily (2); est
undecorated rectangular area located in the center of is (4); major greater, bigger (5); qualibet than any
a prayer rug and oriented toward Mecca (q.v.). Cf. (6) ; pecuniaria monetary, pecuniary The smallest
(7):
Kiblah. corporal punishment is greater than any monetary

mikado n., pi. mikados [Japan, mi- honorable (1); kado punishment.] Law. The smallest corporal punishment
gate (2): honorable gate.] The emperor of Japan. The — is more severe than a fine.
Mikado A light opera ( 885) by Sir William S. Gilbert 1 minime mutanda sunt quae certam habent interpre-
and Sir Arthur Sullivan. Also known as The Town tationem. [L. minime least, not at all, by no means
of Titipu. (7) mutanda to be changed (6); sunt are (5); quae
;
mikvah or mikvoth or mikvot or mikvos n. [Heb. (those things) which (1); certam fixed, settled (3);
miqwah a tub or pool of water.] Judaism. 1 . A ritual habent have, hold, regard (2); interpretationem
bath performed before the Sabbath, after menstruation, interpretation (4): Things which have a fixed inter-
after male ejaculation, and on other occasions. 2. The pretation are not to be changed at all.] Law. Those
building or room in which such a bath is performed. things which have a definite interpretation must not
miles gloriosus n., pi. milites gloriosi [L. miles sol- be changed.
dier (2); gloriosus boastful, bragging (1): bragging/ minimum n.\ pi. minima or minimums [L. the least,
boastful soldier.] A braggard soldier 1 . The title of a smallest.] The Ben
least or smallest point or degree.
Roman comedy by Plautus (254-184 B.C.). 2. A would accept the appointment only if he could work
stock character in the comedy of ancient Rome and with a minimum ofinterference. adj. Least or small- —
the Renaissance. est in quantity, value, quality or degree. He is such a
milieu n., pi milieux or milieus [Fr. middle, environ- genius that with minimum effort he can achieve what
ment, society.] Social, historical, cultural, intellectual, most people achieve only with maximum effort. Cf.
etc. environment. . . .a viable approach to the problem maximum.
should reckon with the sociological milieu inducing minor adj. [L. smaller, younger, inferior.] 1. Inferior.
banditry in the society {The Guardian 1986). Relatively unimportant.Lower in position or reputation.
militat omnis amans. Ovid (43 B.C.-19 A.D.). Amores Not serious, a) A driver entering a major roadfrom
1,9, 1 . [L. militat fights, serves as a soldier (3); omnis a minor road should stop and watch carefully, b) A
each, every (1); amans lover (2): every lover serves minor sickness; c) a minor subject or course. 2. Not
as a soldier.] Every lover is a soldier. having reached the age of majority. Minor children
militia n.,pl. militias [L. military service, warfare, the are not allowed to watch certain films. — n., pi. minors
soldiery, the military.] Home reserve. The citizen 1 . A person who has not attained the age at which one
army. These are not members of the standing army can enjoy full civic rights. In some countries, minors
but in times of emergency they can be called for mili- are not allowed to enter liquor stores. 2. Subsidiary
tary service. Cf. Landwehr. subject or course. He obtained a B.A. in English with
millennium n., pi. millennia or millenniums [L. from a minor in History. 3. Smaller league. His team plays
mille one thousand (2) and annus year ( 1
): a period in the minors.
minor minorem custodire 248
minor minorem custodire non debet; alios enim mirage n. ,

pi. mirages [Fr. illusion.] 1. An optical illu-
praesumitur male regere qui seipsum regere sion or false appearance of water; a pool, lake, or
nescit. [L. minor minor (1); minorem minor (5); tree observable in a hot desert or on a pavement and
custodire to guard, protect (4); non not (3); debet caused by heated and rarefied air. 2. Hope, illusion,
ought, should (2); alios others (13); enim for (6); apprehension, etc. of something which is unattainable,
praesumitur is presumed (11); male badly, poorly a) The elder statesman warned the audience that, if
(14); regere to control, govern, guide (12); qui one people do not change their attitudes, national unity
who (7); seipsum oneself, himself/herself (10); would continue to be a mirage, b) We want them to
regere to control, govern, guide (9); nescit does not understand that their fears are mirages (Newsweek
know (8): A minor ought not to guard a minor, for Int. Feb. 4, 1980:52).
one who does not know how to guide oneself is pre- mis. abbr. for misere (q.v.).
sumed to guard others badly.] Law. A minor should miscellanea pi. n. [L. mixed things.] A collection or 1 .
not serve as guardian of a minor, for one who does compendium of various writings, notes, articles, etc.
not know how to control onself is, presumably, not The book is essentially a compilation ofmiscellanea
qualified to control others. comprising contributions from various sources. 2. A
minus prep. [L. less.] 1. Diminished by. Less. Without, collection of various things. He is a very complex
a) Eleven minus six equals five, b) He emergedfrom person, his character being a product of miscellanea
the scuffle minus three teeth. 2. Law. Not at al' See of various influences. See smorgasbord.
minus solutum. fnisce stultitiam consiliis brevem; / dulce est
minuscule adj. [Fr. tiny, minute.] Diminutive. desipere in loco. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes IV, 12,27.
Minute. Tiny. Insignificant. Very small, a) ... a [L. misce mix, blend (1); stultitiam folly, silliness
pert mystery model wearing . . . a minuscule bikini (3); consiliis with judgments, wisdom (4); brevem
(Newsweek Int. Sept. 2 1 98 1:33). b) Ama rejected
1 , little, small (2); dulce sweet (6); est it is (5); desipere
the amorous proposals ofmany affluent suitors and to be foolish, silly (7); in in,on (8); loco place (9):
married A to, a threadbare pauper who receives a Mix a little wisdom; / it is sweet to be fool-
folly with
minuscule monthly salary. — n. A cursive script used ish in place.] Blend a little bit of folly with wisdom;
in medieval manuscripts. it is sweet to be frivolous at the right time and place.
minus solutum adj. [L. minus less, not at all (1); For a shorter form of the quotation, see dulce est
solutum paid (2): not at all paid.] Law. Not paid. desipere etc.
minus solvit, qui tardius solvit. [L. minus less, not at Mischsprache n.,pl. Mischsprachen [Ger. misch(en)
all (5); solvit pays (4); qui one who, he who (1); mix (1); Sprache speech, language (2): mixed or
tardius rather/too late, slowly, tardily (3); solvit pays hybrid language.] A language believed to be the prod-
(2): One who pays too slowly pays not at all.] He uct of the mixture of several languages.
who pays (a debt) too late or tardily does not pay at all. mise en abyme n. [Fr. mise putting, setting ( 1 ); en in (2);
minutiae.,/?/, minutiae [L. smallness.] Minute or trivial abyme abyss (3): putting in an abyss, a reflection in a
detail. Petty matter. Small thing. His novels are no- pool of water, an image reflected into infinity.] 1 . Medi-
ofthe minutiae ofeveryday life.
table for descriptions eval Europe. A coat of arms which depicts a coat of
minyan n., pi. minyanim or minyans [Heb. minyan arms depicting a coat of arms. 2. An infinite replication
count, number.] Judaism. The number of Jews needed of objects, images or concepts, such as Chinese boxes.
to hold a religious service. Cf. quorum. 3. Art. A work of art which depicts the act of creating
mir n., pi. mirs [Russ. community, world, peace.] A group the artwork; e.g, a painter painting a painter, a sculptor
of peasant farmers living together in a village in pre- sculpting a sculptor, a writer writing about writing, or a
revolutionary Russia. —Mir A Russian space station. film-maker filming a film about film-making.
mirabile dictu interj. [L. mirabile wonderful (1); dictu mise-en-scene or mise en scene n.,pl. mise-en-scenes
in the saying (2): wonderful in the saying.] Amazing to or mis en scenes [Fr. mise putting, setting (1); en
say! a) In his infancy he was suspected to be a mentally into (2); scene stage, scene (3): putting in scene.]
retarded child but he has, mirabile dictu, grown to be 1. Production. Staging. The process of arranging the
one ofthe greatest intellectual giants of(he age. b) Within scenery and actors for a dramatic performance. 2. The
three years of its coming into force, mirabile dictu, it setting, background, or environment of an action,
went through sixteen amendments (Adewoye 1977:235). event, occurrence, etc. The three scenarios . . . provide
mirabile visu interj. [L. mirabile wonderful (1); visu us with a mise en scene from which pertinent issues
in the seeing (2): wonderful in the seeing.] Amazing concerning the state of the Ghanaian nation can be
to see! Mr. Adams entered his residence and, mirabile raised, cogitated upon and discussed (Thomas Cooke
visu, the accused was in his bedroom opening his in West Africa 1985).
suitcases. misera est servitus. [L. misera wretched, miserable
mirabilia pi. n. [L. wonderful things.] Astonishing, (3); est is (2); servitus slavery, servitude (1): Slavery
amazing, or strange things. is wretched.] Being a slave is wretched.
249 modus operandi
misera est servitus, ubi jus est vagum aut incertum. mittimus n., pi. mittimuses [L. We send.] 1. Law. A
[L. misera wretched, miserable (2); est it is (1); warrant committing a person to prison. 2. Law. A
servitus slavery, servitude (3); ubi where (4); jus right, writ authorizing the removal of records from one
law (5); est is (6); vagum vague, doubtful (7); aut or court to another. 3. Dismissal. Discharge.
(8); incertum uncertain (9): It is a wretched slavery mitzvah n., pi. mitzvoth or mitzvahs [Heb. mishwa
where the law is vague or uncertain.] Law. A situation command.] 1 . A commandment in the Jewish law. 2. A
in which the 'aw is vague and uncertain is tantamount good deed.
to wretched slavery. Cf. jus vagum aut incertum. Mile abbr. for Mademoiselle (q.v.).
Miserere [L. Feel pity. Have mercy. Be merciful.] 1 . The M.M. or m.m. abbr. for mutatis mutandis (q.v.).
title and first word of Psalm 5 1, a penitential psalm. Mme abbr. for Madame (q.v.).
2. A musical setting of the Psalm. The Passion of Mmes abbr. for Mesdames (q.v.).
Jesus was read aloud in eight languages, followed m.o. abbr. for modus operandi (q.v ).
by the singing of the "Miserere" {Newsweek Int. . . . mobilia pi. n. [L. things which are movable.] Movable
May 18, 1981:52). —
miserere abbr. mis. n., pi. things. Movables.
misereres A speech, prayer, or exclamation requesting mobilia non habent situm. [L. mobilia movable
mercy. The condemned criminal 's miserere made no (things) (1); non not (2); habent have, hold, regard
impression on the judge. (3); situm location, site (4): Movable things do not
misericordia n., pi. misericordias [L. pity, mercy, have location.] Law. Movable things do not have
compassion, sympathy.] Law. A penalty inflicted at fixed positions.
the court's discretion. Amercement. The court 's mise- mobilia sequuntur personam. [L. mobilia movable
ricordia saved the accusedfrom prison. (things) (1); sequuntur follow (2); personam person
misopedia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. miso(s) hate ( 1 ); pais (3):Movable things follow the person.] Law. Movable
child (2): hatred of a child.] Psychology. Hatred of things or porperty follows the owner wherever he/she
children. Right from the beginning it was apparent lives and may, therefore, be disposed of in accordance
that the husband 's misopedia did not augur wellfor with the law of the domicile.
the success of the marriage. modicum n., pi. modicums [L. a moderate or small
mission civilisatrice n.,pl. missions civilisatrices [Fr. amount.] A small portion or quantity. Mr. Bailey
mission mission (2); civilisatrice civilizing ( 1 ): civi- described his rival as a shameless, worthless, and
lizing mission.] An expedition for the purpose of disreputable man without even a modicum of any
spreading civilization, especially the self-imposed redeeming quality.
mission of European colonialists in their colonies. modo liceat vivere, est spes. Terence (c. 190-159 B.C.).
What European nations called mission civilisatrice Heauton Timoroumenos, 98 [L. modo merely, sim- 1 .
was essentially a selfish plan to exploit the colonies ply (1); liceat let it be permitted (2); vivere to live
economically. Cf. oeuvre civilisatrice. (3); est (there) is, has been (4); spes hope (5): Simply
Mit der Dummheit kampfen Gotter selbst vergebens. let it be permitted to live, there is hope.] Where there's
Friedrich von Schiller (1759-1805). Jungfrau von life, there's hope.
Orleans 111,6. [Ger. mit with (1); der the (2); modus n., pi. modi [L. way, manner, method, mode.]
Dummheit stupidity, foolishness (3); kampfen fight, A way, mode, or procedure. This is a novel problem
struggle, wrestle (6); Gotter gods (4); selbst them- and there is no known modus ofsolving it.
selves (5); vergebens in vain, to no purpose (7): With modus adquirendi n. [L. modus way, manner, method,
stupidity, the gods themselves wrestle to no purpose.] mode (1); adquirendi of acquiring, obtaining (2):
Even the gods fight hopelessly against stupidity. way of acquiring.] Manner of acquiring. Manner of
mitius imperanti melius paretur. [L. mitius more acquisition.
mildly (4); imperanti (to) one commanding (3); modus agendi n. [L. modus way, manner, method,
melius better (2); paretur it is obeyed, there is obeying style, mode ( 1 ); agendi of doing (2): way of doing.]
(1): There is better obeying one commanding more Standard procedure. The normal routine. The com-
mildly.] One who commands rather mildly receives mittee was reluctant to deviate from their modus
better obedience. You catch more flies with honey agendi.
than you do with vinegar. modus et conventio vincunt legem. See conventio et
Mittel-Afrika n. [Ger. mittel middle, central (1); modus vincunt legem.
Afrika Africa (2): central Africa.] The central part modus operandi abbr. m.o. n.,pl. modi operandi [L.
of Africa. German imperialist circles worked out modus way, manner, method, mode (1); operandi of
German Mittel-Afrika which would link
projectsfor a working, operating (2): way of working.] Method of
Kamerun and German East Africa [Tanganyika.] . . . doing things. Law. Usually used with reference to
(Suret-Canale 1971:119). criminals' pattern of activity. Themodus operandi
Mitteleuropa n. [Ger. mittel middle, central (1); ofpickpockets is to move about in groups and pass
Europa Europe (2): central Europe.] Central Europe. on their bootyfrom one person to another in a chain.
modus ponens 250
modus ponens modi ponentes [L. modus way,

n., pi. momus n.,pl. momi ormomuses [L. from Gk. momos
manner, method, mode (2); ponens proposing, positing blame.] 1. Blame. Reproach. Faultfinding. A person
2.
( 1 ): proposing or positing method.] Logic. A way of who deliberately looks for faults. A faultfinder. A
arguing based on a hypothetical proposition, whereby carping or faultfinding critic. Jerry is increasingly
the truth of the consequent is inferred from that of becoming a momus and getting on the nerves of his
the antecedent. Example: "A" implies "B;" since "A" family. See Zoilus.
is true, "B" is true. Cf. modus tollens. mondaine/7.,/?/. mondaines [Fr. worldly, fashionable.]
modus tenendi modi tenendi [L. modus way,
n., pi. A fashionable woman. A society woman. A woman
manner, method, mode (1); tenendi of holding (2): of the world. — adj. Fashionable. Worldly. Sophisti-
way of holding.] The manner in which the tenure of cated. Victor had a date yesterday with his mondaine
an estate is held. girlfriend.
modus tollens n., pi. modi tollentes [L. modus way, monde renverse n. [Fr. monde world (2); renverse
manner, method, style,mode (2); tollens removing, reversed (1): reversed world.] 1. The world turned
taking away (1): removing or taking away method.] upsidedown. 2. Theater. The reversal of social con-
Logic. A way of arguing based on a hypothetical, vention which takes place in comedy.
whereby the denial of the consequent implies the monologue n.,pl. monologues [Fr. from Gk. mono(s)
denial of the antecedent. Example: "A" implies "B;" one, alone (2) and log(os) speaking (1): speaking
since "B" is untrue, "A" is untrue. Cf. modus ponens. alone, soliloquy.] A scene in a drama in which only
1 .
modus transferrendi n. [L. modus way, manner, '. one person A drama performed by a single
talks. 2.
method, style, mode (1); transferrendi of transfer- actor. 3. Soliloquy. 4. A long speech uttered by a person
ring (2): way of transferring.] Manner of transference. who is holding a conversation or discussion with others.
modus vivendi n., pi. modi vivendi [L. modus way, An otherwise lively evening ended in an anticlimax
manner, method, mode (1 vivendi of living (2): way
); when Mr. Porter entered the room and dominated the
of living.] A manner of living. A way of life. There is discussions with his boring monologues.
usually the implication that the "way of life" is a truce Monsieur abbr. M. n., pi. Messieurs abbr. Messrs.
or compromise satisfactory to contending parties or [Fr. mon my ( 1 ) and sieur lord (2): my lord, sir.] 1 . A
forces, a) The two nations have many conflicting inter- high-ranking Frenchman. 2. Mister or Mr. Prefixed
ests, managed to set up a modus vivendi.
but the}' have to a name as a title of courtesy. See babu; Herr;
b) After manyand psychological problems,
setbacks san; Senhor; Senor; and Signor.
Adetunji w orked out a respectable modus vivendi. Monseigneur n.,pl. Messeigneurs [Fr. my lord.] Roman
moi pron. [Fr. I, me.] L Me. Ego (q.v.). Used especially Catholic Church. The French equivalent of Monsi-
in response to questions. "Who did it? "
"Moi! gnor (q.v.).
moira or moera n., pi. moirai or moerae [Gk. fate.] Monsignor or monsignor n. [It. my lord.] Roman
One's destiny or lot in life. Catholic Church. An honorific title conferred upon
molimen n., pi. molimina [L. great exertion or effort.] a priest or a prelate by the pope. Cf. Monseigneur.
Medicine. Menstrual discomfort or tension. mons pietatis n., pi. montes pietatis [L. mons moun-
moment de verite n., pi. moments de verite [Fr. tain, heap, mass (1); pietatis of piety, affection,
moment moment (1); de of (2); verite truth (3): love (2): mass of affection.] A mistranslation of
moment of truth.] The moment or occasion when the Italian monte di pieta (q.v.) "loan of pity."
one is confronted with stark reality. Some European Countries. A public pawnbroker's
momentum n.,pl. momenta or momentums [L. move- These establishments are set up by govern-
office.
ment, motion, exertion, moment, instant, importance, ment and authorized to lend small sums of money
influence.] Impetus. The force generated by a body's at reasonable rates with personal property given
continuous motion, a) Life is a long-distance journey as security. Cf. mont-de-piete.
and we need to apportion our energy in such a way mons veneris n. [L. mons mountain, heap, mass (1);
that we do not lose our momentum in the middle of veneris of Venus, love (2): mountain of Venus.] The
the course, b) With the demise of the ringleader, the female mons pubis. Pudendum (q.v.).
conspiracy lost its momentum. montage n.,pl. montages [Fr. set-up, assembly, cutting.]
momentum rerum n., pi. momenta rerum [L. mo- 1. Art. A collection of images cut from a variety of
mentum cause, that which turns the scales (1); rerum sources and grouped to form a single composition.
of matters, things, property, business, affairs (2): that 2. Film-making. The editing of a film or a series of
which turns the scales of things.] Immediate or deci- rapid scene changes. 3. A disparate group of objects
sive cause. No explanation ofthe Decline [i.e., of the A montage of ideas.
joined together.
Roman empire] can be considered fully adequate montani semper liberi. [L. montani mountaineers ( ); 1
unless it singles out somefactor which

came into play semper always (2); liberi free (3): Mountaineers (are)
not long before 250 and acted as the momentum rerum always free.] Mountaineers are always free. Motto
(Cary 1970:773). of the State of West Virginia.
251 mors sola fatetur
mont-de-piete n.,pl. monts-de-piete [Fr. mont moun- spiced with mordant criticisms and wit. 2. Burning.
tain, mass (1); de of (2); piete piety, affection, love Acute. Pungent. The patient's facial expressions
(3) : mass of affection.] A mistranslation of the Ital- clearly show that he is experiencing mordant pains.
ian monte di pieta (q.v.) "loan of pity." A licensed 3. Inclined to bite. The house is securely guarded by
pawn-broker's office or shop where small sums of four vicious and mordant dogs.
money are loaned at reasonable rates. Cf. mons more geometrico adv. [L. more (in) manner, way,
pietatis. custom (2); geometrico in geometric (1): in a geo-
monte di pieta n. [It. monte mountain, mass ( 1 ); di of metric manner.] In geometric fashion. . . . he assumes
(2);pieta pity, mercy, piety (3): mountain of pity, a four continents distributed more geometrico over the
pawnbroking establishment.] A licensed pawn-shop. surface of the earth (Lesky 1966:789).
See mons pietatis and mont-de-pi£te. more majorum adv. [L. more in/by manner, way, custom
monumentum aere perennius n. Horace (65-8 B.C.). ( ); majorum of ancestors (2): by the custom of the an-
1
Odes 111,30, 1 . [L. monumentum monument ( 1 ); aere cestors.] After the mariner of our/their ancestors. The chief
than bronze (3); perennius more enduring, lasting urged his people to solve the problem more majorum.
(2): monument more enduring than bronze.] A memo- mores pi. n. [L. customs, conduct, manners, morals, char-
rial more lasting than bronze. The celebrated author 's acter, habits.] 1. The established customs of a society
book has been described as a monumentum aere or specific group of people. 2. Morals. 3. Manners. A
perennius. For a fuller form of the quotation, see exegi great majority of the laws promulgated by the state
monumentum etc. Cf. ktema es aei reflect the mores of the community.
Mon verre n'est pas grand mais je bois dans mon mores antiqui n., sing, mos antiquus [L. mores cus-
verre. Alfred de Musset (1810-1857). La Coup et toms, conduct, manners, morals, character, habits (2);
les Levres. [Fr. mon my ( 1 ); verre glass (2); n'. . . pas antiqui ancient (1): ancient customs.] The ancient
not (4); est is (3); grand big, large (5); mais but (6); way of life. The customs of the ancestors. . . . the
je I (7); bois I drink (8); dans in (9); mon my (10); contrast between the solid excellence of the early
verre glass (11): My glass is not big, but I drink in centuries, with their mos maiorum and mores antiqui,
my glass.] My glass is not that big, but at least I drink and the degeneration of later times, (Laistner . . .
from my own glass; i.e., am content with my lot 1966:92). Cf. mos maiorum.
I
and proud of my self-sufficiency. more Socratico adv. [L. more in manner, way, custom
mon vieux n. [Fr. mon my (1); vieux old man (2): my (1); Socratico (in) of Socrates, Socratic (2):) in the
old man] Old buddy! Well I understand, mon vieux! manner of Socrates.] In the Socratic manner. Follow-
mora debitoris non debet esse creditori damnosa. ing Socrates' style of teaching through questions and
[L. mora delay ( ); debitoris of debtor (2); non not
1 answers.
(4) ; debet ought, should (3); esse to be (5); creditori mors dicitur ultimum supplicium. [L. mors death ( 1 );
to creditor (7); damnosa injurious (6): Delay of a dicitur is said, called, named (2); ultimum last, ex-
debtor should not be injurious to the creditor.] Law. treme (3); supplicium punishment (4): Death is called
Delay on the part of the debtor should not be damaging the extreme punishment.] Law. The death penalty is
to the creditor. Thus, when goods, which are to be the extreme form of punishment. See ultimum
delivered, are destroyed through the fault of the pur- supplicium esse etc.
chaser or the seller, the party whose fault it is bears morgue n., pi. morgues [Fr. pride, arrogance, mortu-
the loss. See periculum rei etc. ary.] A place where corpses are stored until claimed
1 .
Moralia pi n. [L. moral things.] Moral Writings, a and buried. 2. A file of clippings in a newspaper or
collection of sixty miscellaneous essays by the Greek magazine office. — La Morgue A building in Paris
biographer Plutarch (46?-? 120 A.D.). used for the storage of corpses.
mora reprobatur in lege. [L. mora delay, procras- mors omnia solvit. [L. mors death (1); omnia all
tination ( 1 ); reprobatur is condemned, disapproved (things), everything (3); solvit dissolves, cancels,
of (2); in in, on (3); lege law (4): Delay is condemned removes (2): Death dissolves all things.] Death can-
in law.] Delay in legal proceeding is deemed repre- cels everything. Applicable to the death of one of
hensible. See infinitum in etc. the parties to a suit. See in restitutionem etc.
moratorium n., pi. moratoria or moratoriums [L. a mors sola fatetur / quantula sint hominum corpus-
thing causing delay.] An authorized period of delay cula. Juvenal (c.60-117 A.D.). Satires X,172. [L.
in the fulfillment of a legal obligation, such as the mors death ( 1 ); sola only, alone (2); fatetur proclaims
payment of debt. The World Bank, taking into con- (3); quantula how small, little, insignificant (4); sint
sideration the change of government, has given the are (5); hominum of human beings, people (7);
country five years moratorium on the liquidation of ' corpuscula puny bodies (6): Death alone proclaims /
its debts. how small are the puny bodies of humans.] Only death
mordant adj. [Fr. biting, caustic, sharp, scathing.] acknowledges how very insignificant are the little
1. Biting. Sarcastic. The speech was generously bodies of human beings.

mort civile 252
mort civile n. [Fr. mort death (2); civile civil, civic mot a mot abbr. m. a m. adj. /adv. [Fr. mot word, saying
(1) : civil death.] Loss of civil rights. French Law. (1); a to, toward, in, by, with, until (2); mot word, say-
Applicable to the status of a person convicted for ing (3): word by word.] Word for word. Cf. verbatim.
felony. In theory, it was abolished in 1 854, but some motif n., pi. motifs [Fr. purpose, motive, pattern, de-
aspects of it still remain. Thus, the felon's heirs can sign.] 1 . A recurring theme or idea. A central theme.
still inherit his extant property at the time of the con- Television networks turned the question of Israel 's
viction, but the state, by the exercise of its right of military censorship into one of the central motifs of
prerogative, may seize subsequently acquired property. their early war coverage (Newsweek Int. Jan 3 1
Cf. droit de desherence and mortuus civiliter. 1983:4). Cf. leitmotiv. 2. A design or color, i.e., in
mortis causa or causa mortis adv. [L. mortis of death textile designing or interior decoration. 3. A moti-
(2) causa by reason ( 1 ): by reason of death.] Because
; vating or prompting stimulus. This accumulated anger
of death. In contemplation of impending death. Sam and resentment against colonial rule was to impel
distributed his properties among his children causa the young Adamafw to the nationalist cause and to
mortis. —
Made/done in contemplation or antici-
adj. be a dominant . . . motif of his early political career
pation of death. When Frank consulted his attorney (Dr. M. Anafu in West Africa 1983).
a week ago, nobody suspected that he went to make motto n.,pl. mottos [It. word.] A word, phrase, or sen-
a mortis causa will. See causa mortis donatio. tence with which a family, organization, or institution
mortis causa donatio See causa mortis donatio. is associated and identified, often in conjunction with
mortui non mordent. Erasmus (14667-1536). Adages {
a seal or emblem.
111,6. [L. mortui the dead (1); non not (2); mordent motu proprio or proprio motu adv. [L. motu by mo-
bite (3): The dead do not bite.] The dead cannot attack tion, impulse (2); proprio by one's own ( 1 ):
by one's
the living. own impulse/motion.] Of one's own accord. Adams
mortuum vadium See vadium mortuum. submitted himself to the jurisdiction of the court
mortuus civiliter or civiliter mortuus adj., pi. mortui motu proprio. —
n. A rescript which, on his own
civiliter or civiliter mortui [L. mortuus dead (2); initiative and of his own accord, the Pope issues.
civiliter civilly (1): civilly dead.] Deprived of civil See ex mero motu.
rights. Cf. mort civile, Moyen Age n. [Fr. moyen middle (1); age age, period (2):
mortuus exitus non est exitus. [L. mortuus dead (1); middle age.] The Middle Ages. The Medieval period.
exitus issue, event (2); non not (4); est is (3); exitus M.S. abbr. for memoriae sacrum (q.v.).
issue, event (5): A dead issue is not an issue.] A dead M.S.C. or m.s.c. abbr. for mandatum sine clausula (q.v.).
issue is no issue; i.e., a stillborn child is not an offspring. Muchos pocos hacen un mucho. Miguel de Cervantes
See non nasci etc. (1547-1616). Don Quixote 11,7. [Sp. muchos many
mortuus sine prole abbr. M.S.P. adj. [L. mortuus (1); pocos small things (2); hacen make (3); un a
dead (1); sine without (2); prole offspring (3): dead (4); mucho large thing (5): Many small things make
without offspring.] Died without children. Usually a large thing.] Many a mickle makes a muckle.
used family trees or genealogical tables.
in Mudejar n., pi. Mudejares [Sp.] A Muslim who le-
See defunctus sine prole and sine prole, gally stayed in Spain after the Christian reconquest.
moshav n., pi. moshavim [Heb. mosab dwelling.] A — adj. Art. Pertaining to a style of 13th- 16th Spanish
group of small, individual farms in a collective Israeli Moorish elements.
architecture with both Gothic and
settlement. muezzin or muazzin or mueddin n., pi. muezzins or
mos maiorum or mos majorum n.,pl. mores maiorum muazzins or mueddins [Ar. proclaimer.] A Muslim
or mores majorum [L. mos custom (1); maiorum public crier who stands at the minaret and summons
of ancestors (2): custom of the ancestors.] Ancestral Muslims for prayers. Every day at dawn Musa looks
custom. These innovations Roman private life natu-
in forward to the sonorous voice of the muezzin, sum-
rally drew protestsfrom those who had a meticulous moning the faithful for prayer at the mosque.
regard for the mos maiorum (Cary 1970:264). mufti n., pi. muftis [Ar. mufti legal interpreter.] Is-
Cf. mores antiqui. lam. One who interprets Muslim law or shari'a (q.v.).
mos retinendus est fidelissimae vetustatis. [L. mos muliebria pi. n. [L. womanly things.] Female genitals.
custom (1); retinendus to be retained (5); est is (4); Cf. pudendum.
fidelissimae of truest, most reliable (2); vetustatis (of) mullah or mulla or mollah n., pi. mullahs or mullas
antiquity (3): A custom of the most reliable antiquity or mollahs [Urdu mulla, Turk, molla from Arab,
is to be retained.] A custom of authentic antiquity must mawla master.] A learned scholar or teacher of Is-
be retained. lamic law and theology. a new group of Iranian . . .
mot /?., mots [Fr. word, saying.] A witty saying. A

pi. and Lebanese mullahs have tried to introduce fun-
joke. Her speeches are usually pregnant with mots. damentalist and revolutionary doctrines to corrupt
Cf. bon mot. Nigerian Islamic culture . . . (West Africa 1985).
253 mysterium tremendum
multa conceduntur per obliquum, quae non Musicae Baccalaureus abbr. M.B. or Mus.B. or
conceduntur de directo. [L. multa many (things) Mus.Bac. n. [L. musicae ol music (2); baccalaureus
(1); conceduntur are allowed, granted (2); per bachelor (1): Bachelor of Music] An undergraduate
through, by (3); obliquum the oblique, slanting (4); degree in music.
quae which (5); non not (6); conceduntur are allowed, Musicae Doctor abbr. Mus.D. or Mus.Doc. n. [L.
granted (7); de of, from, about, for (8); directo direct musicae of music (2); doctor teacher ( 1 ): teacher of
(9): Many things are allowed through the oblique music] Doctor of Music. The highest academic degree
which are not allowed from the direct.] Many things for completion of a graduate curriculum in music.
which are not directly permissible are permissible Musicae Magister abbr. Mus.M. n. musicae of
[L.
indirectly. Cf. nemo potest facere per obliquum etc. music (2); magister master (1): Master of Music]
multa non vetat lex, quae tamen tacite damnavit. An academic degree for completion of a pre-doctoral
[L. multa many (things) (4); non not (2); vetat forbids graduate curriculum in music.
(3); lex law (1); quae which (5); tamen neverthe- Muslim or Moslem n. [Ar. one who surrenders.] 1. A
less,however (6); tacite tacitly, implicitly (8); believer in Islam (q.v.). — adj. Pertaining to Islam.
damnavit it has condemned (7): The law does not musique concrete n. musique music (2); concrete
[Fr.
forbid many things which, however, it has con- music] Music. A form
solid, concrete (1): concrete
demned tacitly.] Law. There are many offenses which of electronic music in which instrumental and natu-
the law does not forbid explicitly, though it implicitly ral sounds are combined and transformed during the
condemns them. Cf. est aliquid quod etc. and non recording process.
omne quod etc. Mus.M. abbr. for Musicae Magister (q.v.).
multigravida n., pi. multigravidas or multigravidae muta persona or persona muta n.,pl. mutae personae
[Neo-L. from mult(us) much, many (2); gravida or personae mutae [L. muta silent, speechless (1);
heavy, big with child (1): heavy with child many persona person, character (2): silent or speechless
(times).] A woman who has been pregnant a number character.] Theater. A mute character. A character
of times. See gravida. who has no speaking parts. // enables the opening
multipara pi. multiparas or multiparae [Neo-L. scene to be staged with only two actors (Bia being a
from mult(us) much, many (2); pario give birth ( 1 ):
muta persona) . . . (Lesky 1966:255).
giving birth many times.] A woman who has given mutatis mutandis abbr. M.M. or m.m. adv. [L. mutatis
birth to children a number of times. Cf. nullipara; (with) having been changed (2); mutandis with
primipara; secundipara; sextipara; tripara; and things that must be changed (1): with the things that
unipara. must be changed having been changed.] The necessary
multiplicata transgressione, crescat poenae inflictio. changes being made. After consideration of the respec-
[L. multiplicata (with) having been increased (2); tive differences. The divorce laws ofthat country may,
transgressione with transgression ( 1 ); crescat should mutatis mutandis, apply to this country. Cf. exceptis
increase (5); poenae of punishment, penalty (4); excipiendis.
inflictio infliction (3): With transgression having been mutato nomine adv. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Satires
increased, infliction of punishment should increase.] 1,1,69. [L. mutato with changed ( ); nomine (with) 1
Law. As transgression increases, the infliction of pun- name (2): with name changed.] Under a different
ishment should increase. See crescente malitia etc.; name.
ex frequenti etc.; and transgressione multiplicata myopia myopias [Late-Gk. from mu(o) shut,
n., pi.
etc. Cf. poenae potius etc. blink ( Ope sight (2): blinked sight.] Shortsighted-
1 );
1 .
multo tutius est stare in subjectione quam in ness. Nearsightedness. 2. Lack of foresight, vision
praelatura. Thomas a Kempis ( 380-147 1 1 ). Imitatio or discernment.
Christi 1,9,1. [L. multo much (2); tutius safer (3); mysophilia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. muso(s) unclean-
est it is (1); stare to stand (4); in in, on (5); ness, defilement (2); philia fondness ( 1 ): fondness of
subjectione subjection (6); quam than (7); in in, on uncleanness or defilement.] Extraordinary fondness
(8); praelatura authority (9): It is much safer to stand of filth or dirt.
in subjection than in authority.] It is much safer to be mysophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. muso(s) unclean-
a subject than a ruler. ness, defilement (2); phob(os) fear ( 1 ): fear of unclean-
multum in parvo [L. multum much (1); in in, on (2); ness or defilement.] Extraordinary fear or dislike of
parvo little (thing) (3): much in a little thing.] Much in filth or dirt.
little. Something small in size but large in importance. mysterium tremendum n., pi. mysteria tremenda
Mus.B. abbr. for Musicae Baccalaureus (q.v.). [L. mysterium mystery (2); tremendum fearful,
Mus.Bac. abbr. for Musicae Baccalaureus (q.v.). dreadful (1): dreadful mystery.] An overpowering
Mus.D. abbr. for Musicae Doctor (q.v.). mystery. Used especially in reference to human con-
Mus.Doc. abbr. for Musicae Doctor (q.v ). templation of divinity and the mystery of life.
mystique 254
mystique n.. pi. mystiques [Ft. mystic system, science, mythomania n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. mutho(s) tale, story
or doctrine.] A complex of mystical or inexplicable be- (2); mania fondness, enthusiasm (1): enthusiasm for
liefs associated with a person, idea, institution, pursuit, tales or stories.] Abnormal inclination to tell lies or
or activity, and enhancing its importance, signifi- indulge in exaggeration.

cance, or value. . . . Alice Lakwena . . . has also created mythos n., pi. mythoi [Gk. muthos story, myth.] A
a mystique around herself since she emerged from traditional story or the collection of traditional stories
obscurity- in northern Uganda to lead her army of shared by a particular society or community.
believers, mostly peasants (The Guardian 1987).
n.a. abbr. for non allocatur (q.v.). disponit disposes, arranges(6): For a human being
nabi n., pi. nabis [Heb. nabi prophet.] 1. Theology. A proposes, butGod disposes.] Humanity suggests but
Hebrew prophet, i.e., someone who speaks to the God arranges. Man proposes, God disposes.
people on behalf of God. 2. Art. A follower of Paul nam risu inepto res ineptior nulla est. Catullus (87-
Gauguin ( 1 848-1903) and his style of impressionism, 54 B.C.). Carmina XXXIX. [L. nam for (1); risu
nabob n. nabab 1. An Indian governor in the

[Hindi ] laughter (7); inepto than silly, foolish (6); res matter,
period of the Mogul Empire. 2. An individual of great thing, property, business, affair (4); ineptior more
wealth and importance. foolish, sillier (5); nulla no (3); est there is (2): For
Nachlass n., pi. Nachlasse or Nachlasse [Ger. nach there is nothing sillier than silly laughter.] For there
( ): left after.] The unpublished
after (2); lass(en) left 1 is nothing sillier than a silly joke.
work of a deceased writer, nam tua res agitur, paries cum proximus ardet.
nada n. [Sp. nothing.] Nothing, Horace (65-8 B.C.). Epistles 1,18,84. [L. nam for
nada n. [Skt. nada sound.] Hinduism. The primitive (1); tua your (2); res affair, matter (3); agitur is in
sound from which all other sound and creation itself question, is at stake (4); paries wall (7); cum when
is derived. (5); proximus next (6); ardet is on fire (8): For your
nadir abbr. nad. n.,pl. nadirs [Ar. nazlr opposite to.] affair is at stake, when the next wall is on fire.] When
1 . Astronomy. The point of the heavens which is op- the wall of your immediate neighbor is on fire, your
posite the zenith and thus directly beneath an observer. own interest is at stake. Cf. quod omnes etc.
2. The lowest point or the bottom. Sarah was at the N.A.N, abbr. for nisi aliter notetur (q.v.).
nadir of her hope. narcoanalysis n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. nark(e) numb-

naif masc. n. [Fr. an innocent, gullible male.] An inno- ness (2); analysis solution of a problem ( 1 ): solution
cent. An easily-deceived male. Rosco is a naif who of a problem through numbness.] Psychotherapy. A
trusts everyone he meets on sight. process of interrogation whereby a person is injected
naive or naive fern. adj. (but used as masc. or fern, in with a chemical substance and while under sedation
English) [Fr. innocent, gullible.] Simple. Guileless. made to remember repressed experiences.
Innocent. Unsuspecting. Ingenue (q.v.). The naive narcomania n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. nark(e) numb-
rustic who has just arrived at the city is likely to fall ness (2); mania fondness, enthusiasm (1): fondness
into the trap of urban tricksters. or enthusiasm for numbness.] Psychology. Abnormal
naivete or naivete n., pi. naivetes or naivetes [Fr. desire for hard drugs or narcotics.
innocence, gullibility.] Simplicity. Innocence. narcosis n., pi. narcoses [Gk. narkOsis benumbing.]
Credulousness. And of many
there is Stupor (q.v.) or unconsciousness induced by drugs.
the naivete
well-meaning parents who, during the drug scare of natale solum n. [L. natale natal, birth (1); solum soil,
recent years, have pushed alcohol as a safer alter- land (2): native soil.] Birth land.
native to other substances (Newsweek Int. Jan. 8, nati et nascituri pi. n. [L. nati born (1); et and (2);
1979:46). nascituri about to be born (3): born and about to be
nam homo proponit, sed Deus disponit. Thomas a bom.] Children, both those already born and those
Kempis(1380-1471). Imitatio Christi 1,19,2. [L. nam to be born. Law. Applicable to heirs.
for (1); homo person, human being (2); proponit natura abhorret ab vacuo. [L. natura nature (1);
proposes, conceives (3); sed but (4); Deus God (5); abhorret shrinks back, differs (2); ab from (3); vacuo
255
natura appetit 256
(something) empty, free, vacant (4): Nature shrinks natura vacuum abhorret Francois Rabelais (c.1494-
back from something empty.] Nature abhors a c. 1553). Gargantua 1,5. [L. natura nature ( 1 ); vacuum
vacuum. Cf. natura non facit vacuum; and natura vacuum (3); abhorret abhors, hates (2): Nature abhors
vacuum abhorret etc. a vacuum.] Nature does not like a vacuum. The ten-
natura appetit perfectum; ita et lex. [L. natura dency of nature empty space. Cf. natura
is to fill
nature (1); appetit desires, longs for (2); perfectum abhorret ab vacuo; and natura non facit vacuum etc.
perfect, excellent (thing) (3); ita so (4); et and, also nature morte n., pi. natures mortes [Fr. nature na-
(5); lex law (6): Nature desires the perfect thing; so ture (2); morte dead (1): dead nature.] Art. A still
also the law.] Law. Nature desires perfection; so also life composition.
does the law. Naturphiiosophie n. [Ger. Natur nature (1);
naturae enim non imperatur nisi parendo. Francis Philosophie philosophy (2): nature philosophy.]
Bacon (1561-1626). Novum Organon 1,129. [L. Philosophy. Natural philosophy. A philosophical
naturae (to) nature (4); enim for (1); non not (2); system proposed by Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling
imperatur there commanding, ordering (3); nisi
is (1775-1854) in which absolute natural laws are
parendo by obeying (6): For there
unless, except (5); thought to determine and guide all other aspects of
is no commanding nature unless by obeying.] We existence.
can only command nature by obeying her. nausea n., pi. nauseas [L. from Gk. nausie sea-sickness.]
naturale est quidlibet dissolvi eo modo quo Hgatur. 1 . A feeling of discomfort which often results in vomit-
[L. naturale natural (2); est it is (1); quidlibet any- i ing. 2. Extreme disgust. Loathing. The desire for
thing (3); dissolvi to be dissolved (4); eo in that (5); change ofgovernment is generally prompted by nau-
modo (in) way (6); quo in which (7); ligatur it is sea with prevailing socioeconomic and political
bound (8): It is natural (that) anything be dissolved conditions.
in that way in which it is bound.] Law. Naturally, Nausee n. [Fr. nausea.] Nausea, an existentialist novel
anything can be dissolved in the same way in which (1938) by Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980).
it was bound; e.g., a record is nullified by a record, a nautica pecunia n. [L. nautica naval, nautical (1);
deed by a deed, a decree by a decree, an act by an pecunia money (2): naval money.] A loan given to a
act, etc. See eodem modo quo quid constituitur. shipowner to be repaid only after the ship has success-
dissolvitur. fully reached its destination. The interest on the loan
naturali jure adv. [L. naturali by natural (1); jure is accordingly extraordinary. Cf. nauticum faenus
(by) right, law (2): by natural law.] Law. By the law and respondentia.
of nature. Offenses such as theft and murder arefor- nauticum faenus or nauticum fenus n. [L. nauticum
bidden naturali jure. naval, nautical (1); faenus interest, usury (2): naval
naturalis et interna adj. [L. naturalis natural (1); et interest.] Interest paid on nautica pecunia (q.v.). It
and (2); interna internal, inward (3): natural and in- corresponds in modern times to interest on contracts
ternal.] Cf. civilis et politica. of respondentia (q.v.) or bottomry.
natura naturans n. [L. natura nature (2); naturans navette n. [Fr. shuttle.] Sending bills back and forth
creating (1): creating nature.] Philosophy. Nature as between two legislative houses until a compromise
a creative or procreative force. Cf. natura naturata. is reached.
natura naturata n. [L. natura nature (2); naturata N.B. or n.b. abbr. for 1 . nota bene (q.v ). 2. nulla bona
created (1): created nature.] Philosophy. Nature as (q.v.).
the result of creation. Cf. natura naturans. N.C.D. abbr. for nemine contradicente (q.v ).
natura non facit saltum: ita nec lex. [L. natura nec curia deficeret in justitia exhibenda. [L. nec and
nature (1); non not (2); facit makes (3); saltum leap not, nor (1); curia court (2); deficeret should fail,
(4); ita so (5); nec and not, also not (6); lex law (7): fall short, be wanting (3); in in, on (4); justitia jus-
Nature does not make a leap; so also does not the tice (5); exhibenda to be shown, delivered (6): And
law.] Law. Just as nature does not leap, so also doesn't the court should not fail in justice to be delivered.]
the law. Like nature, the law progresses gradually. Law. And the court should not fail to deliver/show
See sicut natura etc. justice. See justitia nemini etc.
natura non vacuum, nec lex super-vacuum. [L.

facit necessitas culpabilis n. [L. necessitas compulsion,
natura nature non not (2); facit makes, does
(1); urgency, necessity (2); culpabilis blameworthy, cul-
(3); vacuum empty space, vacuum (4); nec and not, pable (1): culpable compulsion.] Law. A necessity
acuum unnecessary,
also not (6); lex law (5); superv which, though excusing an act done under its influ-
superfluous (7): Nature does not make a vacuum; the ence, does not completely exonerate the doer.
law also does not make the superfluous.] Law. Just Cf. necessitas quod etc.
as nature abhors a vacuum, so does the law abhor the necessitas dat legem, non ipsa accipit. Publilius
superfluous. Syrus (c.85-43 B.C.). Sententiae 444. [L. necessitas
257 necropolis
compulsion, urgency, necessity (1); dat gives (2); public ( 1 );

major greater (4); est is (3); quam than (5);
legem law (3); non not (6); ipsa itself (4); accipit privata private (6): Public compulsion is greater than
receives (5): Compulsion gives the law; itself receives private necessity.] Law. Public necessity enjoys prece-
it Law. Necessity gives the law, but does not
not.] dence over private necessity. See in casu extremae etc.
itself receive it. See necessitas quod etc. necessitas quod cogit, defendit. [L. necessitas com-
necessitas est lex temporis et loci. [L. necessitas compulsion, urgency, necessity (1); quod (that) which,
pulsion, urgency, necessity (1); est is (2); lex law what (3); cogit it compels (4); defendit defends, jus-
(3); temporis of time (4); et and (5); loci of place Compulsion defends that which it compels.]
tifies (2):
(6): Compulsion is the law of time and place.] Law. Law. Necessity justifies what it compels. See illud
Necessity is based upon the limitations of time and quod alias etc.; necessitas dat legem; necessitas
location. See in casu extremae etc. facit etc.; necessitas inducit etc.; necessitas non etc.;
necessitas excusat aut extenuat delictum in necessitas omnem etc.; necessitas sub lege etc.;
capitalibus, quod non operatur idem in civilibus. necessitas vincit etc.; nihil magis etc.; quae propter
[L. necessitas compulsion, urgency, necessity (1); necessitatem etc.; quod alias non fuit etc.;
excusat excuses (2); aut or (3); extenuat diminishes, quodcunque aliquis etc.; quod est necessarium etc.;
extenuates (4); delictum wrong, offense (5); in in, quod necessarium etc.; and quod necessitas etc.
on (6); capitalibus capital (cases) (7); quod which necessitas sub lege non continetur quia quod alias
(8); non not ( 1 0); operatur works (9); idem the same non est licitum necessitas facit licitum. [L.
(1 1); in in, on (12); civilibus civil (cases) (13): Com- necessitas compulsion, urgency, necessity (1); sub
pulsion excuses or diminishes an offense in capital under (4); lege law (5); non not (2); continetur is
which does not work the same in civil cases.]

cases, restrained (3); quia because (6); quod (that) which,
Law. A necessity which excuses or extenuates an what (10); alias at other times (1 1); non not (13); est
offense in a capital case does not have the same effect is (12); licitum lawful (14); necessitas necessity (7);
in a civil case. facit makes (8); licitum lawful (9): Compulsion is
necessitas facit licitum quod alias non est licitum. not restrained under the law, because necessity makes
[L. necessitas compulsion, urgency, necessity (1); lawful that which at other times is not lawful.] Law.
facit makes (2); licitum lawful, permissible (3); quod Necessity is not restrained by the law, because it con-
(that) which, what (4); alias at other times (5); non fers legality on what otherwise is an illegality.
not (7); est is (6); licitum lawful, permissible (8): See necessitas quod etc.
Compulsion makes lawful that which at other times necessitas vincit legem. [L. necessitas compulsion,
is not lawful.] Law. Necessity confers legality on what urgency, necessity (1); vincit conquers, overcomes,
otherwise is an illegality. See necessitas quod etc. prevails over (2); legem law (3): Compulsion conquers
necessitas inducit privilegium quoad jura privata. the law.] Law. Necessity prevails over (or overrules)
[L. necessitas compulsion, urgency, necessity (1); the law. See necessitas quod etc.
inducit brings, introduces (2); privilegium privilege necessitas vincit legem; legum vincula irridet. [L.
(3); quoad as far as, to the extent (4); jura rights, necessitas compulsion, urgency, necessity ( 1 ); vincit
laws (6); privata private (5): Compulsion introduces conquers, overcomes, prevails over (2); legem law
a privilege as far as private rights.] Law. Necessity (3); legum of laws (6); vincula bonds
fetters, chains,
confers a privilege in the case of private rights. An (5); irridet it ridicules, laughs at (4): Compulsion
act which is usually criminal may be excused by ne- conquers law; it ridicules the chains of law.] Law.
cessity, if it was done for self-preservation, if the Necessity overcomes the law and laughs at its fetters.
person who committed the act acted involuntarily or See necessitas quod etc.
in obedience, or if the act was the result of an act of necrophilia n., pi. necrophilias [Neo-Gk. from Gk.
God. See necessitas quod etc. nekro(s) corpse, dead (person) (2); philia fondness
necessitas non habet legem. [L. necessitas compul- (1): fondness for corpses.] Love for, or tendency to
sion, urgency, necessity (1); non not (2); habet has, be stimulated by, corpses, usually manifested by
holds, regards (3); legem law (4): Compulsion does sexual intercourse with a dead body.
not have law.] Law. Necessity has no law. See necessitas necrophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. nekro(s) corpse,
quod etc. dead (person) (2); phob(os) fear (1): fear of dead
necessitas omnem legem frangit. [L. necessitas com- person.] Psychology. Extraordinary or pathological
pulsion, urgency, necessity (1); omnem all, every fear of death or corpses.
(3); legem law (4); frangit breaks (2): Compulsion necropolis n., pi. necropoleis or necropoles or
breaks every law.] Law. Any law can be broken by necropolises [Gk. nekro(s) corpse, dead (person) ( 1 );
necessity. See necessitas quod etc. polis city (2): corpse city, city of the dead.] A cem-
necessitas publica major est quam privata. [L. etery, especially a large, elaborate cemetery located
necessitas compulsion, urgency, necessity (2); publica in an ancient town. A prehistoric cemetery.
necrosis 258
necrosis n.,pl. necroses [Gk. nekrosis state of death.] negatio conclusionis est error in lege. [L. negatio
Medicine. A process or condition in which organic denial, negation (1); conclusionis of conclusion (2);
material dies or decays as a result of disease or trauma. est is (3); error error (4); in in, on (5); lege law (6):
nec scire fas est omnia. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes Denial of a conclusion is an error in law.] Law. Deny-
IV,4,22. [L. nec not (1); scire to know (4); fas per- ing a conclusion is a mistake in the law.
mitted (3); est it is, has been (2); omnia all things, negatio duplex est affirmatio. [L. negatio denial,
everything (5): It is not permitted to know all things.] negation (2); duplex double, twofold (1); est is (3);
It is not possible to know everything. affirmatio affirmation (4): A double negation is an
nectar n.,pl. nectars [Gk. nektar 1. Greek and Roman ] affirmation.] A double negative is an affirmative.
Mythology. The drink of the gods. 2. A delicious negligentia n. [L. carelessness, neglect.] Civil Law. A
drink. 3. A sweet liquid secreted by plants, collected significant lack of proper care or forethought, result-
by bees, and used for making honey. 4. Fruit drinks ing in culpa (q.v.) or fault. Cf. crassa negligentia
which combine juice and pureed fruit pulp. and nimia negligentia.
nec veniam, effuso sanguine, casus habet. [L. nec negligentia semper habet infortunium comitem. [L.
nor ( 1 ); veniam pardon, forgiveness (4); effuso (with) negligentia carelessness, neglect (1); semper always
having been shed (6); sanguine with blood (5); casus (2); habet has, holds, regards (3); infortunium misfor-
occasion, event, accident, case (2); habet has, holds, tune (4); comitem (as a) companion (5): Carelessness
regards (3): Nor does the case have pardon, with always has misfortune as a companion.] Negligence
blood having been shed.] Law. When blood is shed, is always accompanied by misfortune.
it is an unpardonable case. negotiorum gestio negotiorum of businesses,
n. [L.
nec vi nec clam nec precario adv. [L. nec neither (1); management, performance (1):
affairs (2); gestio
vi by force (2); nec nor (3); clam secretly (4); nec management of businesses.] Civil Law. Management
nor (5); precario by right granted (6): neither by force of, or interference with, another's business, particularly
nor secretly nor by right granted.] Law. Neither force- without permission. Must the act of the person who
fully nor secretly nor by permission of owner (or meddled with the property be regarded as an assertion
bailer). Applicable in Roman law, inter alia, to con- ofdominion, however innocent, or can it be regarded
ditions requisite for the validity of prescription (or as a sort of negotiorum gestio, a means ofpreserving
usucapio): Cf. vi clam etc. the property ofthe true owner? (Hanbury 1 962:458).
nee or nee adj. [Fr. born.] 1 . Born into a family with the See negotiorum gestor.
surname. Whose maiden name is. Mrs. John Peters, negotiorum gestor negotiorum of businesses,
n. [L.
nee Williams. 2. Used

Originally or previously called, a) affairs (2); (1): manager
gestor manager, conductor
for identifying a girl or woman who is using an assumed or conductor of businesses.] Civil Law. A person who
name. Singer Mary Fay nee Dorothy Simpson, b) Used manages, or interferes with, another's business,
for identifying a group, team or organization whose particularly in the latter's absence, without permis-
original name has changed. University o/Maiduguri sion. See negotiorum gestio.
nee North East College ofArts and Sciences, c) Used negritude n. [Fr. Negro life or culture, Negro cultural
whose original name has been
for identifying a place and spiritual values.] A movement or philosophy
changed. Burkina Faso nee Upper Volta. among Black Africans, which lays emphasis on pride
ne exeat n. [L. ne not (2); exeat let him/her leave, go in the indigenous Negro culture, African personality
out ( 1 ): Let him/her not leave.] Law. A writ issued to and identity, the dignity and beauty of the Black race
restrain a person from leaving the country or a court's and color, etc., and generally reacts against the assumed
jurisdiction, pending a legal action. superiority of Caucasian culture. One of the leading
ne exeat regno n. [L. ne not (2); exeat let him/her go exponents of the movement is poet and literary theorist
out of, leave (1); regno kingdom (3): Let him/her Leopold Senghor (1906- ), the first President of
not leave the kingdom.] Law. A writ issued to restrain Senegal.
a person from leaving a kingdom. negrophobia negro black (person) (2); Gk.
n. [Sp.
ne exeat republica n. [L. ne not (2); exeat let him/her phob(os) fear of a black (person).] Psy-
(1): fear
leave, go out of (1); re publica the public affair, the chology. Intense fear or dislike of black people. The
state (3): Let him/her not leave the state.] Law. A writ policies of apartheid South Africa were prompted
issued in civil cases to restrain a person from leaving a by negrophobia.
state, particularly in the U.S.A., pending a legal action. N.E.I, or n.e.i. abbr. for non est inventus (q.v.).
nefasti dies [L. nefasti unlawful, irreligious, unlucky ne judex ultra petita partium. [L. ne let not ( 1 ); judex
(1); dies days (2): unlucky days.] Days upon which judge (2); ultra more than, beyond, above (3); petita
business cannot be conducted. Business holidays. demands, claims (4); partium of parties (5): Let not
ne fronte crede [L. ne not ( 1 ); fronti the face (3); crede a judge (give) more than the demands of the parties.]
believe, trust (2): Do not trust the face.] Do not rely Law. A judge should not award more than what a
on appearances. plaintiff claims. See judex non reddit etc.
259 nemo cogitur
nem. con. abbr. for nemine contradicente (q.v.). in name (5); lege by/in law (4); agere to act, sue (3);
nem. diss. abbr. for nemine dissentiente (q.v.). potest can, is able (2): No one can act by law in the
nemesis n.,pl. nemeses [Gk. retribution, righteous anger name of another.] Law. No one can bring a suit in
prompted by injustice, goddess of divine retribution.] the name of another person,
1. Retributive justice. Well deserved punishment for a nemo aliquam partem recte intelligere potest ante-
wrong done. Nemesis caught up with the rogue the day quam totum iterum atque iterum perlegerit. [L.
he was apprehended. 2. A person who inflicts retribu- nemo no one, nobody (1); aliquam any, some (5);
tion. A person who punishes or avenges inevitably or partem part (6); recte properly, correctly (4);
relentlessly. 3. A formidable opponent who usually intelligere to understand, comprehend (3); potest
emerges victorious, a) America 's nemesis was, for once, can, is able (2); antequam until, before (7); totum
on the receiving end when American naval helicopters whole, entire (9); iterum again (10); atque and (11);
attacked an Iranian vessel (The Guardian 1987). . . . iterum again (12); perlegerit he/she has read thor-
b) China 'sold nemesis, the Soviet Union (Newsweek Int. oughly, perused (8): No one is able to understand
Jan. 1 9, 1 98 1 :24). 4. A deed, an act, or a consequence of correctly any part before he/she has read thoroughly
retributive justice. Perhaps their confidence is. . .a type the again.] No one can comprehend
whole again and
of hubris that will now lead to nemesis ( West Africa document until he/she has thor-
correctly part of a
1981). 5. An unavoidable consequence or result. His oughly read the whole of it several times. See the
downfall ofhis own recklessness.
is the nemesis next maxim.
nemine contradicente abbr. N.C.D. or nem. con. adv. nemo aliquam partem recte intelligere potest
[L. nemine with no one (1); contradicente (with) antequam totum perlegit. [L. nemo no one, nobody
contradicting, gainsaying (2): with no one contradict- (1) ; aliquam some, any (4); partem part (5); recte
ing.] No one dissenting or disagreeing. The proposals correctly, properly (6); intelligere to understand (3);
were accepted, nemine contradicente. Cf. dissentiente. potest can, is able (2); antequam until, before (7);
nemine dissentiente abbr. nem. diss. adv. [L. nemine totum whole (9); perlegit he/she has read thoroughly,
with no one (1); dissentiente (with) dissenting, dis- perused (8): No one can comprehend correctly any part
agreeing With no one dissenting/disagreeing.]
(2): before he/she has read the whole.] No one can correctly
No one dissenting. Without dissent. The minister had understand part of a document until he/she has read the
done his homework so thoroughly that his bill was entire document thoroughly. See the preceding maxim.
passed nemine dissentiente. Cf. dissentiente. nemo suam turpitudinem audiendus est.
allegans
neminem laedit qui jure suo utitur. [L. neminem [L.nemo no one, nobody (1); allegans alleging (2);
no one, nobody (6); laedit hurts, injures (5); qui (one) suam his/her, one's own (3); turpitudinem base-
who ( 1 ); jure right, law (4); suo one's own (3); utitur ness, turpitude (4); audiendus to be heard (6); est is
uses, enjoys (2): One who enjoys one's own right (5): No one alleging his/her own turpitude is to be
hurts no one.] Law. One who insists on one's own heard.] Law. No one who alleges his/her own base-
rights hurts no one else. ness should be heard. No self-incriminating testimony
neminem oportet esse sapientiorem legibus. [L. should be heard. See ex turpi causa etc.
neminem that no one (2); oportet it is necessary, nemo bis punitur pro eodem delicto. [L. nemo no
proper (1); esse to be (3); sapientiorem wiser (4); one, nobody (1); bis twice (3); punitur is punished
legibus than laws (5): It is necessary that no one (2) pro for (4); eodem the same (5); delicto offense,
;
should be wiser than the laws.] Law. No one should transgression (6): No one is punished twice for the
be wiser than the laws. No one should outsmart the law. same transgression.] Law. A person cannot be punished
nemo admirandus ordinandus est. [L. nemo no one, twice for the same offense. See infinitum in etc.
nobody (1); admirandus to be admired, wondered nemo cogitationis poenam patitur. See cogitationis
at (2); ordinandus to be ordained (4); est is, has poenam nemo patitur.
been (3) No one to be wondered at is to be ordained.]
-
nemo cogitur rem suam vendere, etiam justo pretio.

1 . Christianity. Someone who attracts attention and [L. nemo no one, nobody ( ); cogitur is compelled,
1
notice, for example, for physical deformity, must not forced (2); rem matter, thing, property, business, af-
be ordained a priest. 2. Individuals who will attract fair (5); suam his/her, one's own (4); vendere to sell
unnecessary attention to themselves should not be (3) ; etiam even (6); justo for just, reasonable, fair
placed in the public eye. (7); pretio (for) price (8): No one is forced to sell
nemo agit in seipsum. [L. nemo no one, nobody (1); his/her own property, even for a just price.] Law. No
agit acts (2); in into, to, against, for (3); seipsum one can be forced to sell his/her own property even
himself/herself (4): No one acts against himself/herself.] for a fair price. The maxim, though true in the case
A person cannot be a plaintiff and a defendant at the of transactions between individuals, is not applicable
same time. to transactions between the individual and the state.
nemo alieno nomine lege agere potest. [L. nemo no Thus, the state can compulsorily acquire private prop-
one, nobody ( ); alieno (in) of another (6); nomine
1 erty. Cf. in casu extremae etc.
nemo contra 260
nemo contra factum suum venire potest. [L. nemo verdict is final and the accused cannot be penalized
no one, nobody (1); contra against, opposite (4); for the same offense again. See infinitum in etc.
factum deed, act, fact (6); suum his/her own (5); nemo debet bis vexari pro eadem causa. [L. nemo
venire to come (3); potest can, is able (2): No one no one, nobody (1); debet ought, should (2); bis
can come against his own deed.] Law. No one can twice (4); vexari to be harassed, worried, disturbed
contravene his/her own deed. The principle of estop- (3); pro for (5); eadem the same (6); causa cause,
pel applicable to deeds or sealed instruments. Thus, case, reason (7): No one ought to be harassed twice
a party to a bond cannot deny a fact in it. for the same case.] Law. No one should be disturbed
nemo damnum facit, nisi qui id fecit quod facere more than once for the same reason or legal suit.
jus non habet. [L. nemo no one, nobody (1); dam- See infinitum in etc.
num harm, damage, injury (3); facit does (2); nisi nemo debet bis vexari si constet curiae quod sit pro
unless, except (4); qui (he) who (5); id that (7); fecit una et eadem causa. [L. nemo no one, nobody (1);
did (6);quod which (8); facere to do ( 1 2); jus right, debet should, ought (2); bis twice (4); vexari to be
law (11); non not (9); habet has, holds, regards (10): harassed, worried, disturbed (3); si if (5); constet it
No one does harm, except he who did that which he be certain, established (6); curiae to/by court (7);
does not have the right to do.] Law. A person does quod (that) which, what (8); sit is (9); pro for (10);
not cause injury unless he/she does what he/she does una one (11); et and (12); eadem the same (13);
not have the right to do. causa cause, case, reason (14): No one ought to be
nemo dare potest quod non habet. [L. nemo no one, harassed twice, if it be established by the court that
nobody ( 1 ); dare to give (3); potest can, is able (2); which is for one and the same case.] Law. No one
quod (that) which, what (4); non not (6); habet he/ should be twice harassed for what is established by
she has, holds, regards No one can give that which
(5): the court to be one and the same case. When a suit is
he/she does not have.] Law. No one is able to give brought and a final judgment delivered after discus-
what he/she does not possess. See nemo dat qui etc. sion of the merits of a question by the parties, the
nemo dat qui non habet. [L. nemo no one, nobody question is deemed to be settled and cannot be revived
(1); dat gives (2); qui who (3); non not (4); habet in another action. See infinitum in etc.
has, holds, regards (5): No one gives who does not nemo debet esse judex in propria causa. [L. nemo
have.] Law. A person, who does not have, does not no one, nobody (1); debet should, ought (2); esse to
give. See nemo dare etc.; nemo dat quod etc.; nemo be (3); judex judge (4); in in, on (5); propria his/her
plus juris etc.; nemo potest plus etc.; nihil dat etc.; own, one's own (6); causa cause, case, reason (7):
non dat etc.; non debeo melioris etc.; qui non habet, No one should be judge in one's own case.] Law. No
ille etc.; qui non habet potestatem etc.; and traditio one should judge one's own case. See aliquis non
nihil etc. etc.; iniquum est etc.; in propria causa etc.; in re
nemo dat quod non habet. nobody
[L. nemo no one, propria etc.; judex non potest esse etc.; judex non
(1); dat gives (2); quod (that) which, what (3); non potest injuriam etc.; nemo potest esse etc.; nemo
not (4); habet has, holds, regards (5): No one gives sibi esse etc.; and non refert quid notum etc.
that which he/she does not have.] Law. No one gives Cf. nemo in propria etc. and testis nemo etc.
that what he/she does not possess. A disposition by nemo debet ex aliena jactura lucrari. [L. nemo no
the tenant for life might therefore present a typical one, nobody (1); debet should, ought (2); ex out of,
case ofthe contravention ofthe maxim nemo dat quod from, directly after, away from (4); aliena of another
non habet (James 1982:53). See nemo dat qui etc. (6); jactura expense, loss (5); lucrari to gain, win
nemo debet aliena jactura locupletari. [L. nemo no No one should gain from the loss of another.]
(3):
one, nobody (1); debet ought, should (2); aliena Law. No one should gain at another person's expense.
from/at another's (4); jactura expense, loss, detri- See jure naturae etc.; nemo debet aliena etc.; nemo
ment (5); locupletari to be enriched (3): No one ought debet locupletari aliena jactura etc.; nemo debet
to be enriched from another's loss.] Law. No one locupletari ex etc.; nul ne doit etc.; and pro
should gain at another's expense (or to another's possessore etc.
detriment). See nemo debet ex etc. nemo debet immiscere se rei ad se nihil pertinenti.
nemo debet bis puniri pro uno delicto. [L. nemo no [L. nemo no one, nobody (1); debet should, ought
one, nobody (1); debet ought, should (2); bis twice (2); immiscere se to take part in, meddle with (3);
(4); puniri to be punished (3); pro for (5); uno one rei matter, thing, property, business, affair (4); ad to,
(6); delicto offense, transgression (7): No one should at, for, according to (7); se himself/herself, oneself
be punished twice for one offense.] Law. No one (8); nihil in nothing (6); pertinenti pertaining, relating
should be punished more than once for one (or the (5): No one should meddle with a matter pertaining
same) crime. When a court which has competent ju- in nothing to himself/herself] Law. No one should
risdiction delivers judgment in a criminal case, the meddle in a matter which in no way concerns him/her.
261 nemo plus juris
nemo debet in eommunione invitus teneri. [L nemo help, aid (5); capiat should take (4): No one should
no one. nobody (1); debet should, ought (2); in in. be relieved or take help from his her own fraud.] Law.
on (4); eommunione fellowship, partnership (5); No one should be relieved from, or aided by. his her
invitus unwilling, against the will (6); teneri to be own fraud. See ex turpi causa etc.
held, kept (3): No one ought to be held in a partner- nemo ex proprio dolo consequitur actionem. [L.
ship unwillingly.] Law. No one ought to be kept in a nemo no one. nobody ); ex out of. arising from ( 1
partnership against his her will. (41; proprio his her own. one's own (5); dolo fraud,
nemo debet locupletari aliena jactura. [L nemo no w rong (6); consequitur pursues (21: actionem action
one. nobody (1); debet should, ought (2): locupletari (31: No one pursues an action ansing from hisher
to be ennched (3): aliena of another (5): jactura atb> own fraud.] Law. Nobody can pursue a legal action
loss, No one should be ennched by

expense, cost (4): which is based on his her own wrongful act. See ex
the loss of another.] Low. No one should be ennched turpi causa etc
at another's expense. See nemo debet e\ etc. nemo ex suo delicto meliorem suam conditionem
nemo debet locupletari ex alterius incommodo. [L. facere potest. [L. nemo no
nobody (1); ex out one.
nemo no one. nobody (1): debet should, ought (2); of. away from (7); suo hisher
from, directly after,
s
locupletari to be enriched (3 ): ex out of (4): alterius own. one's (81: delicto offense, wrong (91: meliorem
another's (5): incommodo misfortune, loss, injury better (6); suam his her own, one's own (4);
(M: No one ought to be enriched out of another's conditionem condition (5); facere to do. make (3);
loss.] Lcru: No one should gain from another's loss potest can. is able (2): No one can make his her own
misfortune. See nemo debet ex etc. condition better by his her own wrong.] Law. No one
nemo de domo sua extrahi potest. nemo no one.
[L. can improve his her own condition by committing a
nobody (1): de of. from, about, for (4): domo home wrongful act. See ex turpi causa etc.
1 6); sua his her ow n (5): extrahi to be dragged (3): nemo nemo est heres viventis.
heres est viventis. See
potest can. is able (2): No one is able to be dragged nemo inauditus condemnari debet si non sit
from one's own home.] Law. No one can be dragged contumax. [L. nemo no one. nobody ): inauditus ( 1
out of his her own home; i.e.. a person's home is his unheard (41; condemnari to be condemned (3); debet
her castle. See domus sua etc. should, ought (21; si if (5); non not (7); sit he/she is
nemo est heres viventis. [L. nemo no one. nobody (6);contumax insolent, obstinate (8): No one should
(1); est is (2); heres heir, successor (31: viventis of be condemned unheard, if he she is not insolent.] Lcnw
living (person) (4): No one is heir of a living person.] No one should be condemned without the benefit of
Law. A living person can have no heirs; i.e.. a person a heanng. unless he she is insolent. See audi partem
cannot be heir while the testator is alive. alteram
nemo est supra leges. [L. nemo no one. nobody (1); nemo propria causa testis esse debet. [L. nemo no
in
est is (2); supra above; beyond (31; leges law s (41: one. nobody ( 1; in in. on (5); propria his her ow n.
1
No one is above the laws.] Law. No one is exempted one's ow n (61; causa cause, case, reason (7); testis
from the law. See nemo jus etc w itness (41; esse to be (31; debet should, ought (21:
nemo ex alterius facto praegravari debet. [L. nemo No one should be a witness in one's own case.] Law.
no one. nobody ( 11; ex in consequence of. by reason Nobody should be a witness in his her own cause.
of (41; alterius another's (51; facto deed. act. fact Cf. nemo debet esse etc.
id), praegravari to be burdened, oppressed (.31; debet nemo jus sibi dicere potest. [L. nemo no one. nobody
should, ought (21: No one should be burdened in ( 1 1; jus right, law (41: sibi for himself herself, oneself
consequence of another's act.] Law. Nobody should (51: dicere to say. declare, pronounce (31: potest can.
suffer from the consequences of another's act. is able (2): No one can declare the law for his her self]
See culpa teneat etc : culpa tenet etc ; in quo quis Law. Nobody should pronounce the law on his/her
etc : and nemo punitur etc. own behalf; i.e.. no one can take the law into his her
nemo ex consilio obligatur. [L. nemo no one. nobody own hands. See nemo est supra leges.
( 1); ex in consequence of. by reason of (3); consilio nemo me impune lacessit. [L. nemo no one. nobody ( 1 1:
advice (41; obligatur is bound, obliged, put under me me (31; impune with impunity w ithout punishment ,
obligation (2): No one is bound in consequence of (41: lacessit provokes, irritates, disturbs, attacks (3): No
advice.] Law. No one can be put under obligation in one provokes me with impunity .]
Nobody attacks me
consequence of his her advice. w ithout punishment. Motto of the Crown of Scotland.
nemo ex dolo suo proprio relevetur, aut auxilium nemo plus juris ad alium transferre potest quam ipse
capiat. [L. nemo no one. nobody ( 1 ); ex out of. from, habet. [L. nemo no one. nobody (11: plus more (4);
directly after, away from (6); dolo fraud, guile (9); juris of right, law (5); ad to. at. for. according to (6);
suo his her own. one's own (71; proprio own (8); alium another (7); transferre to transfer (3); potest
relevetur should be relieved (21; aut or(31; auxilium can, is able (2); quam than (81; ipse himself herself.
nemo potest 262
oneself ( 1 0); habet has, holds, regards (9): No one can of his/her own, one's own (5); aeternae (of) eternal,
transfer more right to another than one has oneself] perpetual (6); salutis (of) welfare, safety (7); et and
Law. No one can transfer more right to another than the (8); maxime especially, most particularly (9); in in,
person himself/herself has. See nemo dat qui etc. on (10); articulo joint, nick (11); mortis of death
nemo potest esse simul actor et judex. [L. nemo no (12): No one is presumed to be forgetful of his/her
one, nobody ( 1 ); potest can, is able (2); esse to be (4); own perpetual welfare, and especially in the nick of
simul at the same time (3); actor plaintiff, pros- death.] Law. No one is presumed to be forgetful of
ecutor, complainant (5); et and (6); judex judge (7): his/her own eternal welfare, especially at the point
No one can be, at the same time, plaintiff and judge.] of death. See nemo praesumitur ludere etc.
Law. Nobody can be simultaneously judge and nemo praesumitur ludere in extremis. [L. nemo no
plaintiff, complainant, or prosecutor. See nemo one, nobody ( 1 ); praesumitur is presumed (2); ludere
debet esse etc. to play, frolic (3); in in, on (4); extremis utmost
nemo potest esse tenens et dominus. [L. nemo no one, (things) (5): No one is presumed to play in utmost
nobody (1); potest can, is able (2); esse to be (3); things.] Law. No one is presumed to indulge in fri-
tenens occupying, holding (4); et and (5); dominus volities at the last extremity (or at the point of death).
lord, owner (6): No one can be occupying and owner.] See nemo praesumitur esse immemor etc.
Law. No one can be tenant and owner of the same nemo praesumitur malus. [L. nemo no one, nobody
property simultaneously. (1); praesumitur is presumed (2); malus bad, evil
nemo potest facere per aiium, quod per se non (3): No one is presumed bad.] Law. Nobody is pre-
potest. [L. nemo no one, nobody (1); potest can, is sumed to be a bad/evil person.
able (2); facere to do, make (3); per through, by (4); nemo prohibetur pluribus defensionibus uti. [L.
alium another (5); quod (that) which, what (6); per nemo no one, nobody (1); prohibetur is prevented,
through, by (9); se himself/herself, oneself ( 1 0); non debarred (2); pluribus more, several (4); defensionibus
not (8); potest can, is able (7): No one can do through defenses (5); uti to use (3): No one is prevented from
another that which he/she cannot do by himself/herself] using several defenses.] Law. Nobody is debarred
Law. Noone can do through the services of another from making use of more than one defense. See
person what he/she cannot do for himself/herself. facultas probationum etc.
Cf. qui facit per alium etc. nemo prudens punit ut praeterita revocentur, sed
nemo potest facere per obliquum quod non potest ut futura praeveniantur. [L. nemo no one, nobody
facere per directum. [L. nemo no one, nobody (1); (1); prudens wise, sagacious, prudent (2); punit
potest can, is able (2); facere to do (3); per by, through punishes (3); ut in order that (4); praeterita past
(4); obliquum indirect, oblique (5); quod (that) which, (things) (5); revocentur may be recalled, revived (6);
what (6); non not (8); potest he/she can, is able (7); sed but (7); ut in order that (8); futura (things) about
facere to do (9); per through, by (10); directum to be, future (things) (9); praeveniantur may be pre-
direct ( 1 1 ): No one can do by the indirect that which vented (10): Nobody prudent punishes in order that
he/she cannot do by the direct.] Law. No one can do past things may be recalled but in order that future
indirectly what he/she cannot do directly. See quando things may be prevented.] Law. A wise person pun-
aliquid prohibetur ex etc. and quando aliquid ishes not to recall past wrongs but to prevent future
prohibetur fieri etc. Cf. multa conceduntur etc. ones. Cf. lex prospicit etc.
nemo potest plus juris ad alium transferre quam nemo punitur pro alieno delicto. [L. nemo no one,
ipse habet. [L. nemo no one, nobody ( 1 ); potest can, nobody (1); punitur is punished (2); pro for (3);
is able (2); plus more (4); juris of right, law (5); ad alieno another's, of another (4); delicto offense,
to, at, for, according to (6); alium another (7); transgression (5): No one is punished for another's
transferre to transfer (3); quam than (8); ipse himself/ offense.] Law. Nobody is punished for someone
herself, oneself (10); habet he/she has, holds, regards else's transgression. See nemo ex alterius etc.
(9): No one can transfer more right to another than nemo qui condemnare potest, absolvere non potest.
he himself (or she herself) has.] Law. No one is able [L. nemo no one, nobody ( ); qui who (2); condemnare
1
to hand over to another person more right than he to condemn (4); potest can, is able (3); absolvere to
himself (orshe herself) has. See nemo dat qui etc. non not (6); potest can, is able
acquit, absolve (7);
nemo potest sibi debere. [L. nemo no one, nobody (1); (5): No one who can condemn, cannot acquit.] Law.
potest can, is able (2); sibi to himself/herself, oneself A person who can condemn can also acquit.
(4); debere owe (3): No one can owe to himself/ nemo repente fuit turpissimus. Juvenal (c.60-117
to
herself] Law.No one can be indebted to himself/herself. A.D.). Satires 11,83. [L. nemo no one, nobody (1);
nemo praesumitur esse immemor suae aeternae repente suddenly (3); fuit was (2); turpissimus most
salutis, et maxime in articulo mortis. [L. nemo no wicked, shameless (4): No one was suddenly most
one, nobody (1); praesumitur is presumed (2); esse shameless.] No one ever reached the height of shame-
to be (3); immemor forgetful, unmindful (4); suae lessness all of a sudden.
263 neque amore
nemo sibi esse judex vel suis jus dicere debet. [L. to betray (3); seipsum himself/herself, oneself (4): No
nemo no one, nobody (1); sibi for himself/herself one is bound to betray himself/herself.] Law. Nobody
(5); esse to be (3); judex judge (4); vel or (6); suis to is obliged to betray himself/herself, i.e., to testify
his/her own, one's own (relatives) (9); jus right, law against himself/herself. See accusare nemo se etc.
(8); dicere to declare, pronounce (7); debet should, nemo tenetur seipsum accusare. [L. nemo no one,
ought (2): No one ought to be a judge for himself/ nobody (1); tenetur is held, bound, obliged (2);
herself or to pronounce the law to his/her own rela- seipsum himself/herself, oneself (4); accusare to ac-
tives.] Law. one should be his/her own judge or
No cuse(3): No one is bound to accuse oneself.] Law.
serve as a judge in cases in which his/her own rela- Nobody is obliged to accuse himself/herself.
tives are involved. See nemo debet esse etc. See accusare nemo se etc.
nemo sui judex [L. nemo no one, nobody (1); sui of nemo tenetur seipsum infortuniis et periculis
himself/herself (3); judex judge (2): no one judge of exponere. [L. nemo no one, nobody (1); tenetur is
himself/herself] Law. No one should be his/her own held, bound, obliged (2); seipsum himself/herself,
judge. A judge should not sit for a legal process in oneself (4); infortuniis to misfortunes, calamities (5);
which he/she has a vested interest. et and (6); periculis dangers, hazards (7); exponere to
nemo tenetur ad impossibile. [L. nemo no one, nobody expose (3): No one is bound to expose himself/herself
(1) ; tenetur is bound (2); ad to, at, for, according to to misfortunes and dangers.] Law. Nobody is obliged
(3); impossibile impossible (thing) (4): No one is to expose himself/herself to catastrophes and hazards.
bound to the impossible.] Law. No one is under obli- nemo tenetur seipsum prodere. See nemo tenetur
gation to do the impossible. See impotentia excusat prodere seipsum.
legem. nemo unquam vir magnus fuit, sine aliquo divino
nemo tenetur armare adversarium contra se. [L. afflatu. [L. nemo no one, nobody ( ); unquam ever, 1
nemo no one, nobody (1); tenetur is bound (2); at any time (3); vir man, male (5); magnus great (4);
armare to arm, equip, help (3); adversarium opponent, fuit was, has been (2); sine without (6); aliquo any,
enemy (4); contra against, opposite (5); se himselfTher- some (7); divino divine (8); afflatu inspiration (9):
self, oneself (6): No one is bound to arm an opponent No one was ever a great man without some divine
against himself/herself] Law. No one is under obli- inspiration.] No one ever attained greatness without
gation to arm/help his/her enemy against himself/ the aid of some divine inspiration. Cf. numquam res
herself. See accusare nemo se etc. humanae etc.
nemo tenetur divinare. [L. nemo no one, nobody (1); nemo videtur fraudere eos qui sciunt et consentiunt.
tenetur is bound (2); divinare to foresee, predict (3): [L. nemo no one, nobody ( ); videtur seems, is seen,
1
No one is bound to foresee/predict.] Law. No one is deemed (2); fraudere to defraud, cheat (3); eos those
under obligation to foresee the future. (4); qui who (5); sciunt know (6); et and (7);
nemo tenetur edere instrumenta contra se. [L. nemo consentiunt agree, consent (8): No one seems to
no one, nobody (1); tenetur is held, bound, obliged defraud those who know and agree.] Law. No one is
(2) ; edere to produce, bring forth (3); instrumenta deemed to defraud those who are aware of, and agree
materials, documents (4); contra against, opposite to, the transactions. See qui non improbat, approbat.
(5); se himself/herself, oneself (6): No one is bound ne nimium [L. ne not (1); nimium too much, exces-
to produce documents against himself/herself] Law. sively (2): not too much.] Nothing in excess. Cf.
Nobody is under obligation to produce materials/ meden agan and ne quid nimis.
documents against himself/herself. This is a rule of neophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. neo(s) new (2);
Roman law which has survived in criminal cases, but phob(os) fear ( 1 ): fear of new things.] Abnormal fear
not in civil cases. See accusare nemo se etc. of innovation or novelty.
nemo tenetur informare qui nescit, sed quisquis scire ne plus ultra abbr. N.P.U. n., pi. ne plus ultras [L. ne
quod informat. [L. nemo no one, nobody (1); not (1); plus more (2); ultra farther, beyond (3): not
tenetur is held, bound, obliged (4); informare to more beyond.] The highest point that can be reached.
inform (5); qui who (2); nescit does not know; is The apex of achievement, a) His career at the univer-
ignorant of (3); sed but (6); quisquis everyone, each sity reached its ne plus ultra when he was appointed
(7); scire to know (8); quod (that) which, what (9); Vice-Chancellor. b) The headmaster insulted the
informat he/she informs (10): No one who does not teacher in the presence ofstudents, an incident which
know is bound to inform, but everyone is bound to most observers considered to be a ne plus ultra of
know what he/she informs.] Law. No one is under humiliation. Cf.non plus ultra and ultra.
obligation to give information about what he/she is neque amore et sine odio [L. neque neither ( 1 ); amore
ignorant of, but a person is under obligation to know with love (2); et and (3); sine without (4); odio hatred,
what he/she gives information about. animosity (5): neither with love and without hatred.]
nemo tenetur prodere seipsum. [L. nemo no one, no- Free from love and animosity; i.e., with objectivity.
body ( 1 ); tenetur is held, bound, obliged (2); prodere History is different from fiction and one ofits principal
ne quid nimis 264
requirements is that it should be objective, i.e., it imperfectly developed, undeveloped, or non-functional

should be written neque amore et sine odio. Cf. sine reproductive organs, such as a worker ant or bee. 4. A
ira et studio. castrated animal, especially a dog or cat. — v. tr. To
ne quid nimis [L. ne not (1); quid anything (2); nimis castrate or spay. The veterinarian neutered three dogs
too much, excessively (3): not anything excessively.] this morning.
Nothing in excess. Translation of Greek meden agan nexum n., pi. nexa [L. a bond, a pledge.] Roman Law.
(q.v.). Cf. ne nimium. A legal agreement or contract between a lender and
ne repetatur abbr. ne rep. [L. ne not (2); repetatur a borrower, who usually offered his freedom as his
let it be repeated (1): Let it not be repeated.] Do not pledge.
repeat. nexus n., pi. nexus or nexuses [L. a binding, linking,
nescit vox missa reverti. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Ars interweaving, combination.] 1 . A binding or connec-
Poetica 390. [L. nescit does not know how (3); vox tion. 2. A cluster. A group or series of connected
voice (1); missa sent out (2); reverti to be turned ideas, views, images, etc. See legis nexus.
back, returned (4): A voice sent out does not know nexus adj., pi. nexi [L. bound.] Roman Law. A person
how to be turned back.] A spoken word cannot be bound by a contract of debt, i.e. nexum (q.v.), which
recalled. empowered the creditor to enslave him, if he failed
n'est-ce pas? [Fr. n'. . . pas not (3); est is (1); ce it (2): to repay the loan.
is it not?] Isn't it? Sometimes used as an emphatic Nibelung Nibelungen [Ger. Nibelung.] Norse
n., pi.
interrogative tag to English sentences; e.g., "He is" Mythology. A

wealthy dwarf. Cf. Der Ring des
dating her, n'est-ce pas?" Niblungen and Nibelungenlied.
Nestor or nestor n., pi. Nestors or nestors [Gk. NestOr.] N ibelu ngen lied n. [Ger. Nibelungen Nibelung ( 1 ); lied
1 . Greek Mythology. A Homeric hero famous for his song, saga (2): Nibelung saga.] A medieval German
old age and wisdom. 2. A wise elderly adviser or epic poem about the adventures of the hero Siegfried
counselor. Krobitu incurred general displeasure and the kings of Burgundy.
when he insulted Toku, the Nestor ofthe village. 3. An niche n., pi. niches [Fr. nook, recess, alcove, retreat.]
old man regarded as an expert in his field. // is widely 1 . A recess in a wall used for keeping statues or other
rumored that Salisu, the Nestor ofAfrican journalism, ornaments. Solomon has already securedfor himself
is being consideredfor national honors. a niche in the temple offame. 2. A place, position,
ne sutor supra crepidam judicaret. short form ultra etc. suitable for a person's or thing's capabilities or
crepidam Pliny (A.D. 23-79). Historia Naturalis qualities. The administrator-cadet or assistant was
11,35,85. [L. ne let not ( 1 ); sutor shoemaker, cobbler quickly absorbed into the scene by the colonial
. . .
(2); supra beyond (4); crepidam sandal (5); judicaret environment in which he soon found his niche
judge (3): Let not a cobbler judge beyond a sandal.] (Suret-Canale 1971:318).
A shoemaker should not make a judgment in matters nient le fait n. [Obs. Fr. nient not (1); le the (2); fait
outside of shoemaking; i.e., individuals should not deed, act (3): not the deed.] Law. It is not his/her
reach beyond their areas of expertise. deed, non est factum (q.v.).
net adj. [Fr. neat, clean, clear.] Free of packaging. The nihil ad rem adj. [L. nihil nothing (1); ad to, at, for,
net weight ofthis is The clear amount.

10 ounces. — n. according to (2); rem matter, thing, property, busi-
His net is $10,000 from a gross of $12,000. —v. To ness, affair (3): nothing to the matter.] Nothing to
clear. To profit. He nets $10, 000 on a gross of$12, 000. the point. Irrelevant. Cf. ad rem.
Neue Sachlichkeit n. [Ger. neue new (1); Sachlichkeit nihil consensui tarn contrarium est quam vis et
reality, objectivity (2): new objectivity.] Fine Arts metus. [L. nihil nothing (1); consensui to consent,
and Literature. An emphasis upon realism and ob- agreement (5); tarn so (3); contrarium opposed,
jectivity instead of idealism and romanticism among contrary (4); est is (2); quam as (6); vis force (7);
German artists, especially in the 1920s. et and (8); metus fear, intimidation (9): Nothing is
neuter adj. [L. neither.] 1. Grammar. Belonging to neither so contrary to agreement as force and fear.] Law.
"
the masculine nor the feminine gender. "Periculum, Nothing is so opposed to consent as compulsion and
the Latin word for "danger, " is a neuter noun. intimidation. For this reason, when money is paid
2. Neutral. Impartial. He remained neuter during the under intimidation, threats of violence, or illegal
altercation between his parents. 3. Sexless. Having deprivation of personal freedom, it may be recov-
neither male nor female reproductive organs. Applicable ered. Similarly, adeed or instrument concluded
to plants. 4. Having imperfectly developed, undeveloped, under such circumstances may be rendered null and
or non-functional reproductive organs. Applicable to void. See actus me invito etc. and non videtur
insects; e.g., the worker ant or bee. — n., pi. neuters consensum etc.
1 . Grammar. A noun, adjective, etc. which belongs dat qui non habet.
nihil [L. nihil nothing (5); dat gives
to neither the masculine nor the feminine gender. 2. A (4); qui (he) who (1); non not (2); habet has, holds,
person or state that is neutral. 3. An insect which has regards (3): He who does not have, gives nothing.]
265 nihil tarn naturale est
Law. A person who has nothing gives nothing. nihil magis justum est quam quod necessarium est.
See nemo dat qui etc. [L. nihil nothing (1); magis more (3); justum just
nihil debet or nil debet n. [L. nihil nothing (2); debet (4); est is (2); quam than (5); quod (that) which,
he/she owes (1): He/she owes nothing.] Law. A plea what (6); necessarium necessary (8); est is (7): Noth-
in a legal action of debt on a simple contract. As a ing more just than that which is necessary.] Law.
is
general issue plea, it denies the general complaint Nothing is more just than what is absolutely essential.
rather than introducing special material. See necessitas quod etc.
nihil desperandum var. of nil desperandum (q.v.). nihil obstat n. [L. nihil nothing (1); obstat hinders,
nihil dicit or nil dicit n. [L. ni(hi)l nothing (2); dicit opposes (2): Nothing hinders/opposes.] 1. Roman
he/she says (1): He/she says nothing.] Law. A Catholic Church. A censor's certification, indicat-
defendant's refusal/failure to answer or plead. A judging that a book conforms with morality and faith.
ment passed against a defendant charged with refusal 2. Official approval. Authoritative approval. He is a
to answer or plead. celebrated author whose novels have won the nihil
nihil est n. [L. nihil nothing (2); est there is (1): There obstat ofdistinguished critics.
is nothing.] Law. A form of return which a sheriff or nihil perfectum est dum aliquid restat agendum.
an official makes when he cannot serve the writ. [L. nihil nothing (1); perfectum perfect (3); est is
nihil est ab omni / parte beatum. Horace (65-8 B.C.). (2); dum while, as long as (4); aliquid something,
Odes II, 1 6,27-28. [L. nihil nothing ( 1 ); est is (2); ab anything (5); restat remains, is left (6); agendum to
from, by (3); omni every, all (4); parte part, side (5); be done (7): Nothing is perfect as long as something
beatum happy, blessed (6): Nothing is from every / remains to be done.] Nothing is perfect as long as
side happy.] No condition is happy in all respects. something which must be done.
is left
Every silver lining has its cloud. nihil possumus contra veritatem. [L. nihil nothing
magis rationi consentaneum quam eodem
nihil est (2); possumus we can, are able (1); contra against,
modo quodque dissolvere quo conflatum est. [L. opposite (3); veritatem truth (4): We can do nothing
nihil nothing ( 1 ); est is (2); magis more (3); rationi against the truth.] We have no power against the truth.
to/with reason (5); consentaneum fitting, consistent nihil quod est contra rationem est licitum. [L. nihil
(4) ; quam eodem in the same (9); modo

than (6); nothing ( 1 ); quod which (2); est is (3); contra against,
(in) way (10); quodque everything, each thing (8); opposite (4); rationem reason (5); est is (6); licitum
dissolvere to dissolve, disunite (7); quo in which lawful, permitted (7): Nothing which is against reason
(11); conflatum est it was produced, composed (12): is permitted.] Law. Nothing which is contrary to reason
Nothing is more consistent with reason than to dis- is lawful. Nothing unreasonable is lawful.
solve each thing in the same way in which it was nihil quod inconveniens est licitum est. [L. nihil noth-
produced.] Law. There nothing more rational than
is ing (1); quod which (2); inconveniens inconvenient
that everything should be dissolved in the same way (4) ; est is (3); licitum lawful, permitted (6); est is
in which it was produced. See eodem modo quo quid (5) : Nothing which is inconvenient is permitted.]
constituitur dissolvitur. Law. Nothing which is not convenient is lawful. A
nihil facit error nominis cum de corpore constat. maxim which needs to be qualified. It is a good point
[L. nihil nothing (4); facit makes, does (3); error against the introduction of a particular precedent or
error, mistake (1); nominis of name (2); cum when rule which may cause inconvenience. It is, however,
(5) ; de of, from, about, for (7); corpore body, person, not valid in all cases.
individual (8); constat it is certain, established, known nihil tarn conveniens est naturali aequitati quam
(6) : An error of name does nothing when it (identity) unumquodque dissolvi eo ligamine quo ligatum
is established about the person.] Law. An error about est. [L. nihil nothing (1); tarn so (3); conveniens
a name makes no difference as long as the person's agreeable, consistent (4); est is (2); naturali to/with
identity is established. See falsa demonstratio etc. natural (5); aequitati equity (6); quam as (7);
nihil habet n. [L. nihil nothing (2); habet he has, holds, unumquodque each (thing) (8); dissolvi to be dis-
regards (1): He has nothing.] Law. A return which a solved, unbound (9); eo by that (10); ligamine (by)
sheriff makes to a scire facias (q.v.) or some other band (11); quo by which (12); ligatum est it was
writ, indicating that the defendant has nothing and bound (13): Nothing is so agreeable to natural equity
has accordingly not been served. Cf. nihil est. as that each thing be unbound by the same band by
nihil iniquius quam aequitatem nimis intendere. which it was bound.] Law. Nothing is so consistent
[L. nihil nothing (1); iniquius more unjust, unfair (2); with natural fairness as the unbinding of a thing by
quam than (3); aequitatem equity (5); nimis too the same means by which it was bound. See eodem
much (6); intendere to extend, stretch (4): Nothing modo quo quid constituitur dissolvitur.
is more unjust than to extend equity too much.] Law. nihil tarn naturale est, quam eo genere quidque
Nothing is more unjust than excessive extension of dissolvere, quo colligatum est; ideo verborum ob-
equity. ligatio verbis tollitur; nudi consensus obligatio
nil 266
contrario consensu dissolvitur. [L. nihil nothing harsher / than that makes human beings ridiculous.]
it
( 1 ); tarn so (3); naturale natural (4); est is (2); quam Unfortunate poverty has in itself nothing more dis-
as (5); eo in that (8); genere (in) kind, way (9); tressing than that it makes human beings laughable.
quidque each thing, everything (7); dissolvere to dis- nil mortalibus ardui est. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes
solve (6); quo in which (10); colligatum est it was 1,3,37. [L. nil nothing (1); mortalibus for mortals,
bound, united (11); ideo therefore, for that reason mankind (4); ardui of difficulty (3); est is (2): Nothing
(12) ; verborum of words (14); obligatio obligation is of difficulty for mortals.] Nothing is too difficult
(13) verbis by words

; ( 1 6); tollitur is removed, taken for humankind.
away (15); nudi of bare, mere (18); consensus of nil nisibonum [L. nil nothing (1); nisi unless, except
consent, agreement (19); obligatio obligation (17); (2) ;bonum a good thing (3): nothing except a good
contrario by contrary, conflicting (21); consensu thing.] Medicine. Nothing but good. Do no harm.
(by) consent, agreement (22); dissolvitur is dissolved nil posse creari / de nilo. Lucretius (c.94-c.55 B.C.).
(20): Nothing is so natural as to dissolve each thing in De Rerum Natura 1,155-156. [L. nil nothing (1);
that way in which was bound; therefore, the obliga-
it posse to be able (2); creari to be created (3); de of,
tion of words is removed by words; the obligation of from, about, for (4); nilo nothing (5): Nothing to be
mere consent is dissolved by contrary agreement.] Law. able to be created / out of nothing.] Nothing can be
Nothing is more natural than that everything should created out of nothing. Nothing comes from nothing.
be dissolved in the same way
was bound. in which it nil numine [L. nil nothing (1); sine without (2);
sine
Therefore, a verbal obligation is removed by words; numine divine power, providence (3): nothing without
an obligation of mere consent is dissolved by contrary divine power.] Nothing without Providence. Motto
consent. See eodem modo quo quid constituitur of the State of Colorado.
dissolvitur. nil temere novandum n. [L. nothing ( 1 ); temere rashly
nil n. [L. contraction of nihil nothing.] Not anything. (3) ; novandum to be changed, altered (2): nothing
Zero. The football match ended in three goals to nil to be changed rashly.] There should be no rash
in favor of Evergreens United. changes/innovations.
nil admirari Horace (65-8 B.C.). Epistles 1,6,1. [L. nil nimbus n., pi. nimbi or nimbuses [L. rainstorm, thunder-
nothing (1); admirari to admire, wonder at (2): noth- cloud.] 1. Greek and Roman Mythology. A bright
ing to wonder at.] To be amazed at nothing. Reflects an cloud which surrounds a god or goddess who has
important principle of ancient Epicurean philosophy, appeared on earth. 2. Art. A radiant light in the form of
which taught that true contentment could be achieved a circle, triangle, disc, etc. around the head of a divine
only by a sense of detachment or ataraxia (q.v.) from person, saint, or king. 3. Halo, cloud, etc. surrounding
the world. a person or thing with glory, prestige, authority, etc.
nil debet See nihil debet. Removing him would cause great shock and damage
nil desperandum Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes 1,7,27. [L. he is surrounded by the nimbus ofgreat
to the nation;
nil nothing ( 1 ); desperandum to be despaired (2): noth- authority(Newsweek Int. May 4, 198 1 :60). 4. A uni-
ing to be despaired.] Never despair. Do not despair. formly grey rain cloud which extends throughout the
nil dicit. See nihil dicit. sky during the rainy season.
nil facit error nominis cum de corpore vel persona nimia negligentia n. [L. nimia excessive, too much
constat. [L. nil nothing (4); facit makes, does (3); (1); negligentia negligence (2): excessive negli-
error error, mistake ( 1 ); nominis of name (2); cum gence.] Extreme negligence. See culpa.
when (5); de of, from, about, for (6); corpore body, nimia subtilitas in jure reprobatur. [L. nimia exces-
individual (7); vel or (8); persona person (9); con- sive, too much (1); subtilitas subtlety (2); in in, on (3);
stat it is certain, established, known (10): A mistake jure right, law (4); reprobatur is condemned, disap-
of name does nothing when (information) about the proved of (5): Excessive subtlety in law is condemned.]
individual or person is known.] Law. A mistake of Too much subtlety in the law is reprehensible.
name makes no difference as long as the individual nimium altercando Veritas amittitur. [L. nimium too
person's identity is established. See falsa demonstratio much (4); altercando by wrangling, disputing (3);
non nocet. Veritas truth (1); amittitur is lost (2): Truth is lost
nil habet infelix paupertas durius in se / quam quod by wrangling too much.] Truth is lost in the midst of
ridiculos homines facit. Juvenal (c. 60-1 17 A.D.). excessive altercation.
Satires 111,152. [L. nil nothing (6); habet has, holds, ninja n., pi. ninja or ninjas [Japan, from nin endure
regards (3); infelix miserable, unfortunate (1); (1); ja person (2): an enduring person.] One of a
paupertas poverty, indigence (2); durius harsher, special class of highly-trained mercenaries who
more distressing (7); in in, on (4); se itself (5); quam were used for assassinations and acts of sabotage
than (8); quod that (9); ridiculos ridiculous, laugh- in 14th-century Japan.
able ( 1 2); homines people, human beings (11); facit ninjutsu n. [Japan, from nin invisibility, secrecy (1);
it makes (10): Miserable poverty has in itself nothing jutsu art, training (2): invisibility training.] The art
267 nom de guerre
of secrecy and espionage which was a traditional part rank. This rare bird, born in 1819, was a gentleman
of the training of a samurai (q.v.). of means . . . whose leisurely travels to Italy and
nirvana n.. pi. nirvanas [Skt. nirvana extinguished.] Switzerland resulted in a vast outpouring ofnoblesse
1. Buddhism. The state of enlightenment gained by oblige . . . instructing his countrymen on how to think
the cleansing of anger, avarice, and other inappro- about art, man and socialism ( Time Int. 1 982). — adv.
priate tendencies from a human soul. 2. Buddhism. As honorable conduct requires. In accordance with
The state of liberation achieved after death by an in- the obligations of aristocratic rank. The permanent
dividual who has been cleansed during life. secretary is a very nice man but, noblesse oblige, he
Nisei n., pi. Nisei or Niseis [Japan, from ni second ( 1 ); does not mix business with pleasure.
sei generation (2): second generation.] A child of a nocturne n. [Fr. something pertaining to the night.]
Japanese immigrant to the United States. A second- 1 . Painting. Depiction of a night scene. 2. Music. An
generation Japanese- American. Cf. issei and Sansei. instrumental composition which is meditative and
nisi adj. [L. unless.] Not absolute. Not final. Law. Used dreamlike.
to qualify conditional decrees, rules, orders, or judg- noema n.,pl. noemata [Gk. noema thought.] Philoso-
ments. Its use indicates that the decision remains valid phy. That which is thought. The result of noesis (q.v.).
unless the affected party challenges it or takes measures noesis n., pi. noeses [Gk. noesis thinking.] Philosophy.
to secure its revocation. In the divorce proceedings, The act of thinking. The intellectual process.
the judge gave the couple a decree nisi to make it nol. con. abbr. for nolo contendere (q.v.).
possible for them to consider reconciliation. nolens volens adj. /adv. [L. nolens unwilling ( 1 );
volens
nisi aliter notetur abbr. N.A.N, adv. [L. nisi unless willing (2): unwilling willing.] Whether unwilling or
(1); aliter otherwise, differently (3); notetur it be willing. Willy-nilly. Every Saturday, every inhabitant
noted, signified (2): unless it be noted otherwise.] of the town is required to participate in communal
Unless otherwise noted/signified. cleaning, nolens volens.
nisi prius abbr. ni. pri. n. [L. nisi unless (1); prius nolime tangere n., pi. noli me tangeres [L. noli do not
before (2): unless before.] Law. 1. An issue of fact wish, do not (1); me me (3); tangere to touch (2):
which is to be tried before the assizes or a jury. 2. A Do not touch me.] A representation of Jesus Christ
1 .
writ ordering the sheriff to provide the jury for such when He appeared before Mary Magdalene after His
a trial. 3. A court of record held for the trial of factual resurrection from the dead (John 20: 1 7). 2. A warning
issues before a jury and one judge. against touching or interfering with something. Notic-
nitchevo interj. [Russ. It was nothing.] Never mind. ing that customers were damaging his displayed
— n. The act of saying "never mind." A feeling of goods, the shop-keeper put up a sign of noli me tan-
hopelessness and resignation. gere. 3. A person or something which is not to be
N.L. or n.l. abbr. for 1. non licet (q.v ). 2. non liquet touched. A person who is sufferingfrom smallpox or
(q.v.). chickenpox is a noli me tangere.
nobile officium n. [L. nobile noble ( 1 ); officium duty, nolle prosequi abbr. nolle pros, or nol. pros, or nolle
office (2): noble office/duty.] Law. The Court of n., pi. nolle prosequis [L. nolle to be unwilling, not
Session's equitable discretion to provide relief in to wish (1); prosequi to prosecute, continue, follow
cases where none is provided by the law. up (2): to be unwilling to continue or follow up.] Law.
nobiliores et benigniores praesumptiones in dubiis A formal entry on the record of an action, indicating
sunt praeferendae. more splendid,
[L. nobiliores that the plaintiff or prosecutor will no longer continue
noble (3); et and (4); benigniores more liberal (5); with the suit or action either wholly or partly. Thejudge
praesumptiones presumptions (6); in in, on ( 1); dubiis struck out the case against the accused because the
doubtful (things) (2); sunt are (7); praeferendae to Attorney-General entered a nolle prosequi. See non
be preferred (8): In doubtful things, the more noble prosequitur; qui semel etc.; and retraxit.
and liberal presumptions are to be preferred.] Law. nolo contendere abbr. nol. con. n., pi. nolo con-
In case of doubt, we must give preference to the more tenders do not wish (1); contendere
[L. nolo I
generous and liberal presumptions. See in dubio, to dispute, fight, contend (2): I do not wish to dis-
pars etc. pute.] Law. A plea in a criminal case in which the
noblesse n., pi. noblesses [Fr. nobility, noble birth, accused neither admits nor denies the charges. A
nobleness.] 1. Noble birth. Nobility of birth/rank. fine may be imposed on the accused, but the plea
Aristocracy. 2. Nobility, particularly French nobility. cannot be used against him, if a civil action should
. . . the Roman aristocracy lost the rustic character arise from the case. The plea is usually used in
. . . and was becoming as urbanised as the French anti-trust actions. See non vult contendere.
noblesse of the ancien regime (Cary 1970:456). nom de guerre n., pi. noms de guerre [Fr. nom name
noblesse oblige n. [Fr. noblesse nobility (1); oblige (1); de of (2); guerre war (3): name of war.] An as-
obliges, compels (2): Nobility obliges.] Moral and sumed name. A pseudonym. An alias, a) ... he was
honorable social behavior required of nobility or high born as Mohammed Ben Brahim Boukharouba but . . .
nom de plume 268
the world knew him by his nom-de-guerre, Houari

. . . non auditur perire volens. [L. non not (4); auditur is
Boumedienne (New African 1979). b) Then came a heard (3); perire to perish (2); volens wishing, desir-
briefing by a dashing officer in sunglasses who had ing ( 1 ): Wishing to perish is not heard.] Law. He who
adopted "Commandante Bravo " as his nom de wishes to perish is not heard; i.e., a person who con-
guerre (Newsweek InU June 25, 1979:23). Cf. nom fesses guilt of a crime with the intention of being
de plume and nom de theatre. condemned to death is not given a hearing.
nom de plume n., pi. noms de plume [Fr. nom name non bis in idem adv. [L. non not ( ); bis twice (2); in 1
(1); de of (2); plume pen (3): name of (the) pen.] into, to, against, for (3); idem the same (4): not twice
Pen-name. Jane always uses her nom de plume when- for the same.] Law. A person should not be tried or
ever she writes on controversial issues. Cf. nom de punished twice for the same offense. See res judicata
guerre and nom de theatre. as well as infinitum in etc.
nom de theatre n.. ol. noms de theatre [Fr. nom name nonchalance n., pi. nonchalances [Fr. indifference,
( 1 ); de of (2); theatre theater (3):name of (the) the- unconcern.] A display or attitude of indifference and
ater.] A stage name. A fictitious name used by an actor unconcern. Imperturbability. The deterioration of
or some other person in connection with theatrical cordial relations between Esi and Ama is clearly indi-
work. Cf. nom de guerre and nom de plume. cated by the nonchalance with which the latter received
nomen n.,pl. nomina [L. name.] Roman Law. A person's the news of the former 's misfortune.
middle name or the name derived from his gens or nonchalant adj. [Fr. heedless, careless, sluggish,
Marcus Tullius Cicero. Cf.'
tribe; e.g., Tullius in unconcerned.] Showing an attitude of indifference,
agnomen; cognomen; and praenomen. unconcern, lack of anxiety, enthusiasm, interest or
nomen dubium n., pi. nomina dubia [L. nomen name excitement Imperturbable. Unconcerned. Bret remained
(2) dubium doubtful, uncertain ( ): uncertain name.]
; 1
conspicuously nonchalant as everybody appeared
Taxonomy. An uncertain or doubtful name for a subject visibly shaken by the unbearable tragedy.
under scientific study. non compos mentis adj. [L. non not ( 1 ); compos master,
nomenklatura n. sing. or/?/. [Russ. from L. nomenclatura having mastery (2); mentis of mind (3): not having
from nomen name (1); calo proclaim (2): proclaiming mastery of the mind.] Law. Not sound of mind. Abso-
names.] 1. The system of patronage in Communist lutely devoid of mental ability to understand the nature
countries. 2. A collective term for the privileged bureau- and implications of a transaction or situation. The
crats in Soviet Russia and in other countries. court declared the will ofthe deceased null and void
nomen nudum n.,pl. nomina nuda [L. nomen name because he was deemed to have been non compos
(2); nudum naked, bare ( 1 ): bare name.] Taxonomy. had made Cf. compos mentis.
mentis at the time he it.
A name for a subject which has not yet been pub- non consentit qui errat. [L. non not (3); consentit
lished in an appropriate manner. consents, agrees (4); qui (one) who ( ); errat mistakes,
1
nominatim adv. By name. Expressly. The informant goes astray (2): One who makes a mistake does not
revealed the identity of the suspects nominatim. consent.] Law. A person cannot consent by mistake.
nominis umbra Lucan (AD 39-65). Pharsalia 1,135. Cf. quinon improbat approbat.
[Lat nominis of a name (2); umbra shadow, shade non culpabilis abbr. non cul. adj. [L. non not (1);
( 1 ):
shadow of a name.] Not much more than a name. culpabilis blameworthy, culpable (2): not culpable
Without much substance. or blameworthy.] Legal Pleading. Not guilty. The
nomos n. [Gk. law, custom.] The law, especially natu- evidence adduced by the prosecution revealed that
ral law. the accused was non culpabilis.
non alio modo puniatur aliquis quam secundum non dat qui non habet. [L. non not (4); dat gives (5);
quod se habet condemnatio. [L. non not (2); alio qui (one) who (1); non not (2); habet has, holds,
in another (4); modo (in) way, manner (5); puniatur One who does not have does not give.]
regards (3):
should be punished (3); aliquis anyone, someone ( ); 1 One cannot give what one does not possess.
quam than (6); secundum according to, in accor- See nemo dat qui etc.
dance with (7); quod what (8); se itself (1 1); habet non debeo melioris conditionis esse, quam auctor
has, holds, regards (10); condemnatio conviction, meus a quo jus in me transit. [L. non not (2); debeo
condemnation (9): Someone should not be punished I should, ought ( 1 );
melioris of better (4); conditionis
in another way than according to what the conviction (of) condition (5); esse to be (3); quam than (6);
holds itself.] Law. A person should not suffer any auctor producer, progenitor (8); meus my (7); a from
other penalty than that prescribed by the sentence. (9); quo whom (10); jus right, law (1 1); in into, to,
non allocatur abbr. N. A. [L. non not (2); allocatur it me me (14); transit passes, crosses
against, for (13);
is granted (1): It is not granted.] It is not allowed. (12): I ought not to be of better condition than my
non assumpsit n. [L. non not (2); assumpsit he/she progenitor from whom the right passes to me.] Law.
undertook ( 1 ): He/she did not undertake/promise.] Law. I should not be in a better condition than the one
A general denial/plea in actions of assumpsit (q.v.). whose rights I inherited. See nemo dat qui etc.
269 non grata
non deberet alii nocere quod inter alios actum esset. (7); sera late (9); nimis too (8); vita life (1 1); est is
[L. non not (6); deberet should, ought (5); alii to (10); crastina of tomorrow, tomorrow's (12); vive
someone, another (8); nocere to do harm, hurt, injure live (13); hodie today (14): It is not of a wise man,
quod (that) which, what ( 1 ); inter among, between

(7) ; believe me, to say "I shall live." / Too late is the life
some, others (4); actum esset had been done
(3); alios of tomorrow. Live today.] It is not the mark of a wise
(2)What had been done among some should not do
:
man, believe me, to say "I shall live." Too late is the
harm to another.] Law. A transaction among other life of tomorrow. Live today. For a shorter form, see
parties should not have a detrimental effect on a third sera nimis etc. Cf. carpe diem.
party.See res inter alios acta alteri etc. non est disputandum contra principia negantem. [L.
non debet actori licere quod reo non permittitur. non not (2); est it is (1); disputandum to be dis-
[L. non not (6); debet should, ought (5); actori to puted (3); contra against, opposite (4); principia
plaintiff (8); licere to be allowed, permitted (7); quod principles, elements (6); negantem one denying (5):
(that) which, what ( 1 ); reo to accused, defendant (4); It is not to be disputed against one denying prin-
non not (2); permittitur is allowed, permitted (3): ciples.] There is no point in arguing against a person
What is not allowed to the defendant should not be who denies principles.
allowed to the plaintiff.] Law. A concession which non est factum non est factums [L. non not
n., pi.
is not granted to the defendant should not be granted (2); est factum deed, act, fact (3): It is not a
it is (1);
to the plaintiff. deed.] Law. It is not his/her deed. The name of a plea
non debet alii nocere, quod inter alios actum est. [L. denying the execution of a written instrument on
non not (6); debet should, ought (5); alii to someone, which a suit is brought. In an action to recover a debt
another (8); nocere to do harm, hurt, injure (7); quod from Loba jointly and severally with Dan, Loba put
(that) which, what (1); inter among, between (3); up a plea ofnon estfactum in respect ofthe document
alios some, others (4); actum est has been or was evidencing the transaction. See nient le fait.
done (2): What has been done among some should non non inventus short form non est
est inventus or
not do harm to another.] Law. A transaction among abbr. N.E.I, or n.e.i. n., pi. non est inventuses or
some parties should not have a detrimental effect on non inventuses [L. non not (2); est he/she is, has
a third party. See res inter alios acta alteri etc. been (1); inventus found (3): He/she has not been
non debet alteri per alterum iniqua conditio inferri. found.] Law. The return of the sheriff or an official
[L. non not (4); debet should, ought (3); alteri to/upon to a writ with mission unaccomplished, i.e., when
one (person) (6); per by, through (7); alterum another he/she cannot find in his/her jurisdiction the defendant
(8) ; iniqua unfair, unjust ( 1 ); conditio condition (2); or the person to be arrested or served.
inferri to be inflicted (5): An unfair condition should non est recedendum a communi observantia. See a
not be inflicted upon one person by another.] Law. A communi observantia non est recedendum.
person should not impose an unjust condition upon non est reus nisi mens sit rea. [L. non not (2); est
another. (one) is (1); reus guilty, responsible (3); nisi unless
non decipitur qui scit se decipi. [L. non not (5); decipitur (4); mens mind, intention (5); sit is, may be (6); rea
is deceived (6); qui (one) who (1); scit knows (2); se guilty, responsible (7): One is not guilty unless the
himself, oneself (3); decipi to be deceived (4): One mind is guilty.] Law. A person is not guilty unless
who knows onself to be deceived is not deceived.] the intention be guilty. See actus non facit etc.
Law. A person who knows that he/she is deceived has non est vivere, sed valere vita est. Martial (c.40- 103/4
not been deceived. See qui non improbat, approbat. A.D.). Epigrammata VI,70. [L. non not (3); est is
non definitur in jure quid sit conatus. See conatus (2); vivere to live, be alive (4); sed but (5); valere to
quid sit, non definitur in jure. be in good health (7); vita life ( 1 ); est it is (6): Life is
non est n. [L. non not ( 1 ); est he/she/it is, has been (2): not to live, but good health.] Life is not
it is to be in
He/she/it is not.] Not found. A short form for non mere living, but living in good health.
est inventus (q.v ). non facias malum, ut inde fiat bonum. [L. non not
non est certandum de regulis juris. [L. non not (2); (2); facias you should do (1); malum evil, bad (3);
est it is (1); certandum to be disputed, challenged ut so that (4); inde thence, therefrom (7); fiat may
(3) ; de of, from, about, for (4); regulis rules (5); juris come, arise (6); bonum good (5): You should not do
of right, law (6): It is not to be disputed about rules evil so thatgood may come thence.] You should not
of law.] Law. Rules of law must not be challenged/ perform good may come out of it. See ex
evil so that
disputed. turpi causa etc.
non est, crede mihi, sapientis dicere "vivam" / sera non grata adj. [L. non not ( ); grata pleasing, acceptable,
1
nimis vita est crastina. vive hodie. Martial (c.40- agreeable (2): not acceptable/agreeable.] Unwelcome.
103/4 A.D.). Epigrammata 1,15. [L. non not (2); est At his birthday party, he conspicuously displayed a
it is ( 1 ); crede believe (4); mihi me (5); sapientis of notice informing anybody who is not a well-wisher
wise (man) (3); dicere to say (6); vivam I shall live that he/she is non grata. Cf. persona grata.
non indiget 270
non indiget adv.ladj. [L. non not (2); indiget he is poor, rights and is thus not actionable. Such a situation is
he needs (1): He is not poor.] Law. As a person who described as damnum absque injuria (q.v.) or dam-
is not poor. Thejudgment creditor convincingly argued num non datur etc.
sine injuria (q.v.). See actio
against the judgment debtor's application to be non omne quod honestum est. [L. non not (1);
licet
treated in forma pauperis and submitted that he be omne every (thing) (2); quod which (3); licet is lawful,
considered non indiget. Cf. in forma pauperis. permitted (4); honestum honorable, respectable (6);
non licet abbr. N.L. or n.l. [L. non not (2); licet it is est is (5): Not everything which is lawful is honor-
allowed, permitted (1): It is not allowed.] It is not able.] Law. Not everything legal is honorable. Cf. est
permitted. aliquid quod etc. and multa non vetat etc.
non liquet abbr. N.L. or n.l. n„ pi. non liquets [L. non omnia possumus omnes. Vergil (70-19 B.C.).
non not (2); liquet it is clear, apparent, evident (1): . Eclogues VIII,63. [L. non not (2); omnia everything
It is not clear.] 1. Ancient Rome. A ruling used by (4); possumus we are able, can (3); omnes all (1):
judges when unable to decide on a doubtful case or We all are not able (to do) everything.] We all cannot
requesting permission to be excused. 2. Now used to do everything.
indicate uncertainty about the facts or truth of a matter. nonpareil adj. [Ft. non not (1); pareil equal, like (2):
The arbitrator was so baffled by the inconsistencies not alike.] Without an equal. Unique. — n. Someone
ofthe testimonies, the distortions, misrepresentations or something without an equal.
and collusions that he gave a judgment ofnon liquet. non placet [L. non not ( 1 ); placet it pleases (2): It does
Cf. liquet. not please.] It is not pleasing. A vote against a proposal
non nasci, et natum mori, paria sunt. [L. non not or motion.
(1); nasci to be born (2); et and (3); natum having nonplus n.,pl. nonpluses or non-plusses [L. not more.]
been born (5); mori to die (4); paria equal (7); sunt Perplexity. Bafflement. Dilemma. Quandary. The
are (6): Not to be born and to die having been born problems besetting Usman were so multifarious that
are equal.] Not to be born and to die immediately he was reduced to a nonplus. —
v. tr. Baffle. Perplex.
after birth are one and the same thing. See mortuus Though Eric tried to maintain a serene composure,
exitus etc. it was easy to discern that he was non-plussed by the
non nobis Domine [L. non not (1); nobis to us (2); unpleasant disclosure.
Domine lord (3): not to us, lord.] Not to us, Lord. non plus ultra [L. non not (1); plus more (2); ultra
The first words of Psalm 1 15, often used to show farther, beyond (3): not more beyond.] Ne plus ultra
humility in the face of undeserved favor. (q.v.). Cf. ultra.
non obstante abbr. non obs. or non obst adv. [L. non not non possessori incumbit necessitas probandi posses-
(1) ; obstante hindering, opposing (2): not hindering/ siones ad se pertinere. [L. non not (7); possessori
opposing.] Notwithstanding. — n. Law. A license to possessor (9); incumbit weighs upon, burdens (8);
do something notwithstanding a law or an act of the necessitas compulsion, urgency, necessity (1);
legislature to the contrary. A dispensation from, or probandi of proving (2); possessiones that possessions
an exception to, a rule. (3); ad to, at, for, according to (5); se himself/herself
non obstante veredicto abbr. n.o.v. adj. [L. non not (6); pertinere to belong, relate (4): The compulsion
(2) obstante (with) hindering, opposing (3);
; of proving that the possessions belong to himself/
veredicto with verdict (1): with a verdict not oppos- herself does not weigh upon the possessor.] Law. The
Law. Notwithstanding a verdict. Pertaining to a
ing.] necessity of proving that the possessions belong to
judgment for one party, despite a verdict for the other him/her does not lie on the one in possession. See in
party. aequali jure melior etc.
non officit conatus nisi sequatur effectus. [L. non non potest probari quod probatum non relevat. [L.
not (2); officit hurts, is detrimental (3); conatus attempt, non not (2); potest he/she/it can, is able (3); probari
effort (1); nisi unless (4); sequatur should follow to be proved (4); quod (that) which, what (1);
(6); effectus effect, result (5): An attempt does not probatum proved, having been proved (5); non not
hurt unless the effect should follow.] Law. An effort (6); relevat relieves, alleviates (7): That cannot be
is not detrimental unless the effect should follow. Cf. proved which having been proved does not alleviate.]
actus non facit etc. Law. There is no point in proving what does not bring
non olet [L. non not (1); olet it stinks (2): It does not any relief (or what is immaterial).
stink.] Money in any form does not stink. non potest videri desisse habere qui numquam
non omne damnum inducit injuriam. [L. non not habuit. [L. non not (5); potest can, is able (4); videri
(1); omne every, all (2); damnum damage, loss (3); to be regarded, considered (6); desisse to have ceased,
inducit brings in, introduces (4); injuriam injury, stopped (7); habere to have, hold, regard (8); qui
wrong (5): Not every loss brings in injury.] Law. It is (he) who ( 1 ); numquam never (2); habuit had, held,
not every loss that causes injury; i.e., a loss could be regarded (3): He who never had cannot be consid-
such that it is not accompanied by violation of legal ered to have ceased to have.] Law. A person who
271 non videntur qui errant
never had something cannot be considered to have An erroneous inference from premises, a) Most of
ceased to have non videntur rem etc.
it. Cf. the inferences in his thesis are non sequiturs. b) But
non prosequitur abbr. non pros, n., pi. non prose- on the hypothesis postulated by the judge, that only
quitur [L. non not (1); prosequitur he prosecutes, the Crown had abandoned the land, counsel 's sub-
pursues (2): He does not prosecute.] Law. Applicable mission became a non sequitur (James 1982:149).
to a judgment when the plaintiff/prosecutor fails to See lucus a non lucendo. Cf. sequitur.
prosecute the case within the prescribed time, and non sine gloria adv. [L. non not (1); sine without (2);
the suit is dismissed or the defendant/accused secures gloria glory (3): not without glory.] Gloriously. Not
a verdict in default. A plaintiffs case can sometimes ingloriously. Georgina emergedfrom the contest non
be struck out on grounds ofnon prosequitur. See nolle sine gloria.
prosequi. non solent quae abundant vitiare scripturas. [L. non
non quieta movere See quieta non movere. not (3); solent are accustomed, wont (4); quae (those
non quod dictum est, sed quod factum est, in jure things) which ( ); abundant are in excess, superfluous
1
inspicitur. [L. non not (1); quod (that) which, what (2); vitiare to vitiate, nullify (5); scripturas writings
(2); dictum said (4); est is, has been (3); sed but (5); (6): Those things which are superfluous are not accus-
quod (that) which, what (6); factum done (8); est is, tomed to vitiate writings.] Law. Ordinarily superfluities
has been (7); in in, on (10); jure right, law (11); do not vitiate documents. Cf. expressio eorum quae
inspicitur is considered, examined (9): Not what has etc. and omissio eorum etc.
been said, but what has been done, is considered in non solum quid licet, sed quid est conveniens, est
law.] Law. What matters is not what a person says considerandum; quia nihil quod est inconveniens
but what he does. Thus there can be valid delivery est licitum. [L. non not (1); solum only (2); quid
even without any word being uttered. See in (that) which, what (3); licet is lawful, permitted (4);
iraditionibus etc. sed but (5); quid what, (that) which (6); est is (7);
non quod voluit testator, sed quod dixit in testa- conveniens fitting, proper (8); est is (9);
men to inspicitur. [L. non not (1); quod what (2); considerandum to be considered (10); quia because
voluit wished (4); testator testator (3); sed but (5); (11); nihil nothing ( 1 2); quod which ( 1 3); est is ( 1 4);
quod what (6); dixit he said (7); in in, on (9); testa- inconveniens not fitting, improper, unsuitable (15);
men to will (10); inspicitur is considered (8): Not est is (16); licitum lawful, permitted (17): Not only
what the testator wished but what he said is consid- what is permitted but what is fitting is to be considered;
ered in a will.] Law. In construing a will, we need to because nothing which is not fitting is permitted.]
consider what the testator said, not what he wished. Law. Not only what is lawful but what is proper must
non refert quid notum sit judici, si notum non sit in be considered, because nothing which is improper is
forma judicii. [L. non not (1); refert it matters (2); lawful.
quid what (3); notum known (5); sit is (4); judici to non sui juris adj. [L. non not (1); sui of his/her own,
judge (6); si if (7); notum known (10); non not (9); one's own (2); juris (of) right, law (3): not of one's
sit it is (8); in in, on (1 1); forma form (12); judicii of own right.] Law. Not of his/her own right. Dependent.
judgment (13): It does not matter what is known to a Applicable to minors or mentally unsound persons
judge, if it is not known in the form of a judgment.] Law. who are not legally qualified to act for themselves.
What a judge knows makes no difference as long as it is Cf. sui juris.
not judicial knowledge. See nemo debet esse etc. non sum qualis eram. [L. non not (1); sum I am (2);
non repetatur. abbr. N.R. or n.r. or non rep. or non qualis such as (3); eram I was (4): I am not such as
repetat [L. non not ( 1 ); repetatur it should be repeated, I was.] I am not what I used to be.
renewed (2): It should not be repeated.] Not to be non temere credere est nervus sapientiae. [L. non not
repeated. (1) temere rashly (3); credere to believe, believing
;
non sanae mentis adj. non not ( ); sanae of sound,

[L. 1 (2) est is (4); nervus sinew, nerve (5); sapientiae of
;
healthy (2); mentis (of) mind (3): not of sound mind.] wisdom (6): Not believing rashly is the sinew/nerve
Law. Of unsound mind. Devoid of the mental ability of wisdom.] Incredulity is a mark of wisdom.
to understand the nature and implications of a trans- non valet donatio nisi subsequatur traditio. [L. non
action. Cf. compos mentis. not (2); valet is valid, effective (3); donatio donation,
non-sapiens adj. [L. non not ( 1 ); sapiens wise (2): not gift (1); nisi unless (4); subsequatur should follow
wise.] Anthropology. Belonging to, relating to, or being (6); traditio delivery of possession (5): A donation is
one of the hominids such as the Australopithecus not valid, unless delivery of possession should follow.]
man, Homo Erectus, or Neanderthal man, which pre- Law. A donation is not valid unless followed by deliv-
ceded Homo Sapiens or modern man in the process ery of possession.
of evolution. non videntur qui errant consentire. [L. non not (4);
non sequitur abbr. non seq n., pi. non sequiturs [L. videntur seem, are considered/deemed (3); qui
non not ( ); sequitur it follows (2): It does not follow.]
1 (those) who (1); errant make mistake, err (2);
non videntur rem 272
consentire to agree, consent (5): Those who make a nary, usual (7); actione legal action (8); experitur
mistake are deemed not to consent.] Law. Consent tries, attempts (6): One who
takes advantage of his/
arising from a mistake is null and void. In such a her own right by usual legal action is not
and tries
case, equity provides relief. Cf. qui non improbat, deemed to make force.] Law. A person who exer-
approbat. cises his/her own right and resorts to ordinary judi-
non videntur rem amittere quibus propria non fuit. cial action is not deemed to apply force. See qui
[L. non not (5); videntur seem, are considered/ jure suo utitur neminem laedit.
deemed (6); rem matter, thing, property, business, non vult contendere or non vult n., pi. non vult con-
affair (8); amittere to lose (7); quibus (those) to tenders or non vults [L. non not ( 1 ); vult he wishes
whom (1); propria their own (4); non not (3); fuit it (2); contendere to contend (3): He/she does not wish
was (2): Those to whom it was not their own are not to contend.] Law. A plea in a criminal case in which
considered to lose the thing.] Law. A person is not the accused neither admits nor denies the charges.
deemed to lose property which does not belong to See nolo contendere.
him/her. Cf. non potest videri etc. norma n.,pl. normae [L. rule.] Pattern. Norm. Standard.
non videtur consensum retinuisse si quis ex Norteamericano or norteamericano adj., fern.
praescripto minantis aliquid immutavit non not[L. Norteamericana or norteamericana pi.
(8); videtur he/she seems, is deemed (9); consensum Norteamericanos or norteamericanos fern.
consent, agreement (11); retinuisse to have retained Norteamericanas or norteamericanas [Sp. and
(10); si if (1); quis anyone (2); ex out of, from, directly Port, norte north ( 1 ); americano American (2): North
after, away from (3); praescripto regulation, direction American.] An inhabitant of America north of Mexico,
(4); minantis of one threatening (5); aliquid something, especially the English-speaking North Americans in
anything (7); immutavit has changed, altered (6): If the U.S.A. and Canada.
anyone in consequence of a direction of a person nosce te ipsum. or Nosce teipsum. [L. nosce know
threatening has changed something, he/she is deemed you (2); ipsum yourself (3): Know yourself]
(1); te
not to have retained consent.] Law. A person who Be aware of yourself; i.e., a person should understand
makes any alteration when threatened to do so, is his/her own capabilities and deficiencies. See gnothi
deemed not to have consented. See actus me invito seauton.
etc. and nihil consensui tarn etc. noscitur a sociis n. [L. noscitur it is known, recog-
non videtur perfecte cujusque id esse, quod ex casu nized (1); a from (2); sociis associates, partners (3):
auferri potest. [L. non not (7); videtur seems, is It is known/understood from its associates.] Law. A
considered/deemed (8); perfecte fully, completely doctrine which maintains that the meaning of uncertain
(10); cujusque of each one (1 1); id that (1); esse to words or expressions in a statute may be ascertained by
be (9); quod which (2); ex out of, from, directly after, considering the meaning of the words or expressions
away from (5); casu occasion, chance, opportunity accompanying them. Also applicable to the view that
(6); auferri to be taken away, removed (4); potest a person's character can be ascertained by considering
can, is able (3): That which can be taken away by the character of his associates; i.e., "Show me your
chance does not seem to be completely of each one.] friend and I'll tell you your character." "Birds of a
Law. Something which can be taken away from a feather flock together." See noscitur ex socio etc.
person by chance does not seem to belong to him/her noscitur ex socio, qui non cognoscitur ex se. [L.
completely. noscitur known, recognized (6); ex out of, from,
is
non videtur quisquam id capere, quod ei necesse est directly after, away from (7); socio companion, asso-
alii restituere. [L. non not (2); videtur seems, is ciate (8); qui (one) who (1); non not (2); cognoscitur
deemed (3); quisquam anyone, any person (1); id is identified, recognized (3); ex out of, from, directly
that (5); capere to take (4); quod which (6); ei for after, away from (4); se himself (5): One who is not
him (9); necesse necessary (8); est it is (7); alii to recognized from himself is known from compan-
his
another (1 1); restituere to restore (10): Any person ion.] When a person's character is not known, it may
is not deemed to take that which it is necessary for be ascertained by considering that of his associate.
him to restore to another.] Law. A person is not See noscitur a sociis.
deemed to take what he should restore to another. nostalgia n., pi. nostalgias [Neo-Gk. from Gk. nost(os)
Cf. frustra petis quod mox etc. and frustra petis return home, homecoming (2); alg(eo) be in pain (1):
quod statim etc. pain of return home.] 1. Homesickness. 2. Sentimental
non videtur vim facere. qui jure suo utitur et ordi- recollection, or desire for the return, of a real or imagi-
naria actione experitur. [L. non not (9); videtur nary experience of the past, a) Their nostalgia for
seems, is deemed/considered (10); vim force (12); the good old days is expressed effusively in their
facere to make, do ( 1 1 ); qui (one) who ( 1 ); jure right, praise for the dance bands of the sixties (Thomas
law (4); suo his/her own, one's own (3); utitur uses, Cooke in West Africa 1985). b) . . . thejourney provoked
takes advantage of (2); et and (5); ordinaria by ordi- a nostalgia for those days gone by when traveling by
273 nouvelle vague
road was both enjoyed and looked forward to (The note verbale n., pi. notes verbales [Fr. note note (2);
Guardian 1986). verbale verbal, oral (1): a verbal note.] Diplomacy.
Noster Salvator Iesus Christus abbr. N.S.I.C. See An unsigned diplomatic note, drafted in the third per-
Noster Salvator Jesus Christus. son, which is less formal than a note but more formal
Noster Salvator Jesus Christus abbr. N.S.J.C. [L. than an aide-memoire (q.v.).
noster our ( 1 ); Salvator savior (2); Jesus Jesus (3); Notre Dame n. [Fr. notre our (1); dame lady (2): our
Christus Chrisi (4): Our Savior Jesus Christ.] Jesus lady.] Title given to Mary the mother of Jesus and
Christ, Our Savior. thus to many churches and institutions dedicated to
nostos n., pi. nostoi [Gk. homecoming.] I. A journey her. University of Notre Dame.
home, such as Odysseus' ten-year journey back to noumenon n., pi. noumena [Gk. that which is thought.]
Ithaca after the Trojan war. 2. A homecoming or return Philosophy. A thing-in-itself. A thing which is conceived
home after a long absence. exclusively by the intellect and thus cannot be perceived
nostrum nostrums [L. something ours.] 1. A
n., pi. by the senses (e.g., God, soul, etc.). See Ding an sich.
dubious, secret, or quack medicine or remedy. Such Cf. phenomenon.

nostrums as . . . Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup and nous n. [Gk. mind, sense, reason, intellect.] 1. Mind.
Wheeler 's Nerve Vitalizer, many ofwhich contained Reason. Intellect. 2. Common sense.
cannabis, opiates or alcohol . . . (Newsweek Int. Nov. nouveau adj. [Fr. new, fresh, recent.] Fresh. New. Imma-
12, 1979:63). 2. A panacea. A questionable device, ture, a) Tayo has bought a house in a nouveau suburb
scheme, plan or remedy. . . . he opened up to reporters of Lagos, b) the nouveau second-tier Foreign
. . .
mostly to peddle his right-wing nostrums for restoring Exchange Market (The Guardian 1986). . . .
America to the greatness he perceived under Calvin nouveau arrive n.,pl. nouveaux arrives [Fr. nouveau
Coolidge . . . (Newsweek Int. April 7, 1980:39). new ( ); arrive arrived (2): new arrived.] A new arrival.
1
nota bene. abbr. N.B. or n.b. [L. nota note, mark (1); A person who has recently acquired fame, power,
bene well (2): Note/mark well.] Note carefully. Used novus homo.
social standing, etc. Cf.
to draw attention to something deemed important. nouveau riche n.,pl. nouveaux riches [Fr. nouveau new,
He came to my office and, nota bene, claimed that he recent (1); riche rich, wealthy (person) (2): a new-rich
had been authorized to collect the documentsfrom me. person.] A parvenu (q.v.). An upstart. A person of neg-
— nota bene n., pi. nota benes A caution. A warning. ligible education or sophistication, or of humble birth,
A piece of advice. They disregarded his nota benes. who has recently acquired wealth. The nouveaux riches
notabilia pi. n. [L. things worthy of note.] Notable whojoined the side ofthe landowning nobility were not
things. Items which should be noticed. welcomed (Jaeger 1970:225). — attrib. Characteristic
notable evolue n., pi. notables evolues [Fr. notable of, relating to, belonging to the newly rich. For years
important, worthy ( 1 ); evolue developed (person) (2): the Germans . . . spumed Detroit 's chromed giants as
important developed person.] 1 . A distinguished per- only suitablefor nouveau riche butchers, high-mark call
son who belonged to the class of enlightened elite, girls and mobsters ( Time Int. 1 979).
usually the son of a chief, etc. 2. French Colonial nouveau roman n., pi. nouveaux romans [Fr.
Tropical Africa. A person belonging to a class of nouveau new (1); roman novel (2): new novel.] A
natives who occupied an intermediary position between post-modern long prose form which rejects the tra-
citizens and subjects. Such natives were exempted ditional conventions of the novel, including plot,
from the indigenat (q.v.), but did not enjoy French characterization, and consistency of setting; e.g.,
citizenship. By 1 April, 1943, only eleven persons Compact (1966) by Maurice Roche (1925- ).
had been established as notables evolues; . . . by 30 nouvelle n.,pl. nouvelles [Fr. adj. new, recent; n. news,
December, 103 (Suret-Canale 1971:477). Cf. evolue. short story, tale.] A short novel. A work of fiction
notandum n. pi. notanda or notandums [L. that which
, which in complexity and length is more than a short
must be noted.] Memorandum (q.v.). Something story but less than a novel. See novella.
which should be noted. A note. The minister sent to nouvelle cuisine short form nouvelle n. [Fr. nouvelle
the permanent secretary a notandum on the proposed new, new-fangled (1); cuisine cooking, cookery (2):
project. new cooking.] A new or revolutionary method of
note collective n., pi. notes collectives [Fr. note note (2); French cooking which avoids the traditional heavy use
collective joint, collective (1): joint note.] Diplomacy. of butter and cream and thickens sauces with pureed
A joint or collective note. A signed formal diplomatic vegetables and places a special emphasis on the artful
correspondence addressed by the representatives of presentation of each dish. Jean Troisgros, . . . talented
several states to one state or several states. and influential exponent of the nouvelle cuisine . . .
note diplomatique n., pi. notes diplomatiques [Fr. note (Newsweek Int. Aug. 22, 1983:47). See cuisine.
note (2); diplomatique diplomatic (1): diplomatic nouvelle vague n. [Fr. nouvelle new, recent ( ); vague 1
note.] Diplomacy. A signed formal diplomatic corre- wave (2): new wave.] A new or revolutionary tech-
spondence, authorized by the state which sends it. nique of making films which involves a low budget
n.o.v. 274
and the utilization of amateur or relatively unknown judgment (11); est is (12); juris of right, law (14);
actors as well as camera-work characteristic of dictum assertion utterance (13); et and (15); per
cinema verite (q.v.). The pioneer of nouvelle vague through, by ( 1 6); judicium judgment ( 1 7); jus right,
prefers to keep the plot a secret . . . (Newsweek Int. law (18); est is, has been (23); noviter newly (24);
Nov. 12, 1979: 59). revelatum unveiled, uncovered (25); quod which,
n.o.v. abbr. for non obstante veredicto (q.v ). that (19); diu a long time, long (21); fuit was (20);
nova n., pi. novas or novae [L. new.] A new star. A velatum veiled, covered (22): A new judgment does
star which suddenly, i.e., within a few days, becomes not give new law but declares the old (one); because
visible and then gradually, over a period of months judgment is the utterance of law and through judg-
or a few years, fades away until it eventually becomes ment law which was long veiled has been newly un-
as obscure as it originally was. veiled.] Law. A new judgment does not make a new
nova causa interveniens n. [L. nova new (1); causa law, but states the old law, because a judgment is the
cause, case, reason (2); interveniens intervening (3): expression of the law and by judgment the law which
new case intervening.] Law. A new case which intrudes had been covered for a long time is newly uncovered.
upon an earlier one. The effect of such a case is to Novum Organon n. [L. novum new ( 1 ); Gk. organon
reduce/nullify the responsibility of the previous case organ (2): new organ.] New Organ, a 1620 philo-
for an act ordamage. If the defendant's breach of sophical treatise by Francis Bacon (1561-1626).
duty has done no more than provide the occasion for Novum Testamentum n. [L. novum new (1); testa-
an entirely independent act by a third party and thai mentum testament (2): new testament.] The Latin
act is the immediate cause of the plaintiffs damage, New Testament. Cf. Vetum Testamentum.
then it will amount to a nova causa interveniens and novus actus interveniens or novus actus n. [L. novus
the defendant will not be liable (Rogers 1975:10). new (1); actus act, motion (2); interveniens interven-
See novus actus interveniens. ing (3): a new act intervening.] Law. A new action or
nova constitutio futuris formam imponere debet non deed which intrudes upon an earlier one. The effect
praeteritis. [L. nova new ( 1 ); constitutio constitution, of such an action is to reduce the responsibility of a
regulation (2); futuris future (events) (6); formam previous action, unless it can be proved that the previ-
form, pattern imponere to impose on (4); debet
(5); ous act was directly responsible for the act or damage.
should, ought (3); non not (7); praeteritis past After medical treatment, there was a novus actus
(events) (8): A new regulation ought to impose a interveniens when the victim of the motor accident
pattern on future events, not on past events.] Law. A took to native medicinal treatment, resulting in his
new law ought to regulate affairs of the future, not death. See nova causa interveniens.
the past; i.e., it should not be retroactive. See lex novus homo n., pi. novi homines [L. novus new (1);
prospicit etc. and omnis nova constitutio etc. homo person, human being (2): a new person.] An- 1 .
novella n.,pl. novellas or novelle [It. new, news, short cient Rome. A person who is the first in his family to
story.] A short story whose plot is pointed and com- become who regarded
a Senator. But the patrician,
pact. Nouvelle (q.v.). Katherine . . . author ofgem-like now found himself
the consulship as his birthright,
novellas and short stories that dealt, in her words, running against a novus homo who was striving with
with the human propensityfor "self betrayal and self- equal determination to break into the preserves of
deception, in all its forms"; . . . {Time Int. 1980). the aristocracy, M. Tullius Cicero (Cary 1970:370).
Novelle n. [Ger. novella.] A novella (q.v.). It is usually 2. An upstart. A self-made man. Snobbish men from
based on an unusual event which happened in real old establishedfamilies shun Madu company, since 's
life, and one of its principal distinguishing features they regard him as a novus homo. 3. A person par-
is the Wendepunkt (q.v.), i.e. unexpected turning- doned of a crime. A discharged insolvent.
point in the narrative. noxa n.,pl. noxae [L. hurt, harm, injury, damage.] Civil
novena n.,pl. novenas [Med. L. from L. novem nine: a Law. An injury/damage done by somebody's slave
period of nine days.] Roman Catholic Church. A nine- or animal to a person or property, which consequently
day period of prayer and devotion to God, especially permits legal action against the offender's owner.
through the intercession of the Virgin Mary or a saint, See noxae deditio and noxalis actio.
usually in hope of or in thanksgiving for a special noxae deditio n. [L. noxae of hurt, harm, injury, dam-
favor or benefit. age (2); deditio surrender (1): surrender of harm.]
novum judicium non dat jus novum, sed declarat Ancient Rome. Noxal surrender. When a slave or an
antiquum; quia judicium est juris dictum et per animal caused noxa (q.v.), the owner, if he wanted
judicium jus est noviter revelatum quod diu fuit to renounce responsibility, could surrender the slave
velatum. [L. novum new ( 1 ); judicium judgment (2); or animal to the injured person for the satisfaction of
non not (3); dat gives (4); jus right, law (6); novum the injury. See noxalis actio.
new (5); sed but (7); declarat declares, explains (8); noxalis actio n.,pl. noxales actiones [L. noxalis of, or
antiquum old, ancient (9); quia because (10); judicium relating to, injury/hurt/harm, injurious ( 1 ); actio action,
.
275 nulla impossibilia
deed, legal suit (2): injurious legal suit.] Civil Law. consensu (by) consent, agreement, accord (6);
A legal action relating to harm/injury. Noxal action. dissolvitur is dissolved (4): The obligation of bare
Action arising from noxa (q.v.). See noxae deditio. consent is dissolved by contrary consent.] Law. The
noxa sequitur caput. [L. noxa hurt, injury, harm, dam- obligation imposed by a naked agreement is broken
age ( 1 ); sequitur follows (2); caput head (3): damage up by a contrary agreement. See eodem modo quo
follows the head.] Civil Law. A person who buys a quid constituitur dissolvitur.
slave or anima' which has caused damage takes over nudum pactum n., pi. nuda pacta [L. nudum naked,
the liability. nude, bare (1); pactum pact, agreement (2): a bare
noyade n., pi. noyades [Fr. drowning.] Execution agreement.] Law. A naked contract. Applicable to a
through the process of drowning. mere promise or informal agreement which cannot be
N.P.U. abbr. for ne plus ultra (q.v ). enforced because it lacks a lawful motive or required
N.R. or n.r. abbr. for non repetatur (q.v ). consideration. If Joe promises to give Bob $100.00
N.S.I.C. abbr. for Noster Salvator Iesus Christus (q.v ). and subsequently refuses to honor the promise, the
N.S.J.C. abbr. for Noster Salvator Jesus Christus payment cannot be enforced, since it is a nudum pactum.
(q.v.). nudum pactum est ubi nulla subest causa praeter
nuance n., pi. nuances [Fr. shade, hue, difference, conventionem; sed ubi subest causa, fit obligatio
distinction.] A subtle shade or degree of difference, et parit actionem. [L. nudum naked, bare, nude ( 1 );
a) The reader will look in vain for subtle characteriza- pactum contract, pact (2); est is (3); ubi where (4);
tionand sophisticated nuance (Mark Ralph Bowman nulla no (5); subest is under/underneath (7); causa
in in any effort
West Africa 1982). b) The difference cause, case, reason (6); praeter except (8);
between greatness and mediocrity is a nuance . . conventionem agreement (9); sed but (10); ubi
(Time Int. 1982). where (11); subest is under/underneath (13); causa
nubile adj. [Fr. from L. nubilis marriageable.] Of cause, case, reason (12); fit there is (14); obligatio
marriagable age. Physically mature for amorous re- obligation (15); et and (16); parit produces, creates
lationship. Applicable to girls and young women. The ( 1 7); actionem action ( 1 8): A bare contract is where
village has an annual festival during which nubile no cause is underneath except agreement, but where
girls are displayed in the most seductive manner. cause is underneath, there is obligation and it pro-
nucleus n., pi. nuclei or nucleuses [L. kernel.] 1. A duces action.] Law. A naked contract is one which is
central point or part about which other things gather. not supported by any consideration other than an in-
Thefoundingfathers built a hamlet ofabout ten huts formal agreement, but a contract which is supported
which, as it turned out, became the nucleus ofa city. by consideration becomes obligatory and actionable.
2. Biology. A cell's kernel. 3. Physics. The central nudum pactum quo non oritur actio. [L. nudum
ex
part of an atom. naked, bare, nude (1); pactum pact, agreement (2);
nuda pactio obligationem non parit. [L. nuda nude, ex out of, from, directly after, away from (3); quo
naked ( 1 ); pactio agreement, pact (2); obligationem which (4); non not (6); oritur arises (7); actio action,
obligation (5); non not (3); parit produces, creates deed, legal suit (5): A bare pact (is one) from which
(4): A bare agreement does not produce an obliga- a legal suit does not arise.] Law. A naked pact is one
tion.] Law. A naked agreement does not create a duty. which does not produce a legal action. Cf. ex turpi
In order to create a duty, an agreement must be ac- causa etc.
companied by a consideration, by the transfer of nugae difficiles pi. n. [L. nugae nuts, trifles (2);
something of value between one party and the other. difficiles difficult (1): difficult trifles.] Philosophy.
Cf. ex turpi causa etc. Small or insignificant problems or questions which
nuda ratio et nuda pactio non
ligant aliquem are so difficult that they consume an inordinate
debitorem. nuda naked, bare (1); ratio reason,
[L. amount of time and attention.
consideration (2); et and (3); nuda naked, bare (4); nulla bona abbr. N.B. or n.b. pi. n. [L. nulla no (1);
pactio agreement (5); non not (6); ligant bind (7); bona goods, property (2): no goods.] Law. No goods/
aliquem any (8); debitorem debtor (9): Bare reason property. The return made by a sheriff or any officer
and bare agreement do not bind any debter.] Law. to a writ, usually a writof fieri facias, when he/she
Naked reason and naked agreement do not obligate a finds no leviable goods. See fieri facias.
debtor. In order for such obligation to exist, the reason nulla impossibilia aut inhonesta sunt praesumenda;
and the agreement must be accompanied by a consid- vera autem et honesta et possibilia. [L. nulla no
eration, by the transfer of something of value between ( 1 ); impossibilia impossible (things) (2); aut or (3);
one party and the other. Cf. ex turpi causa etc. inhonesta dishonorable, disgraceful (things) (4); sunt
nudi consensus obligatio contrario consensu are (5);praesumenda to be presumed (6); vera true
dissolvitur. [L. nudi of naked, nude, bare (2); con- (things) (8); autem but, however (7); et and (9);
sensus (of) consent, agreement, accord (3); obligatio honesta honorable ( 1 0); et and (11); possibilia pos-
obligation ( 1 ); contrario by contrary, conflicting (5); sible (things) (12): No impossible or dishonorable
nulla pactione 276
things are to be presumed; but true and honorable offense if there is no law forbidding it. Cf. nulla
and possible things (are).] Law. No impossible or poena sine lege; nullum crimen sine poena; and
dishonorable things must be presumed, but things that ubi non est lex etc.
are true, honorable, and possible must be. Cf. odiosa nullum crimen sine poena. [L. nullum no (1); crimen
et inhonesta etc. crime, offense, fault (2); sine without (3); poena
nulla pactione effici potest ut dolus praestetur. [L. punishment (4): no offense without punishment.]
nulla by no (1); pactione (by) contract, agreement Law. There is no offense without its corresponding
(2); effici to be effected, brought about (4); potest it punishment. Cf. nullum crimen sine lege.
can, is able (3); ut that (5); dolus fraud (6); praestetur nullum exemplum est idem omnibus. [L. nullum
be maintained, preserved (7): By no contract can it be no (1); exemplum example (2); est is (3); idem the
effected that fraud be maintained.] Law. No contract same (4); omnibus for all (5): No example is the same
will succeed in justifying the perpetration of fraud. for all.] Law. No example is the same for all cases;
nulla poena sine lege [L. nulla no (1); poena punish- i.e., there is no precedent which is applicable to all
ment, penalty (2); sine without (3); lege law (4): no cases. A maxim applicable to conveyancing.
punishment without law.] Law. No punishment except nullum iniquum est in jure praesumendum. [L.
in accordance with the law. The state cannot punish nullum no ( 1 ); iniquum unfair, unjust (thing) (2); est
a person unless there is a law specifically making is (3); in in, on (5); jure right, law (6); praesumendum
the act or behavior an offense. Cf. nullum crimen to be presumed (4): No unjust thing is to be presumed
sine lege. in law.] No injustice must be presumed in law.
nulla salus extra ecclesiam [L. nulla no (1); salus nullum simile est idem. [L. nullum no (thing) (1);
safety, salvation (2); extra beyond, outside (3); simile similar, like (2); est is (3); idem the same (4):
ecclesiam church (4): no salvation outside the Nothing similar is the same.] Things that are similar
church.] Christianity. No salvation is possible outside are not the same.
the church. Cf. a cruce salus. nullum simile est idem nisi quatuor pedibus currit.
nulle regie sans faute [Fr. nulle no, not ( 1 ); regie rule [L. nullum no (thing) (1); simile similar, like (2);
(2); sans without (3); faute fault, offense (4): No rule est is (3); idem the same (4); nisi unless, except (5);
without offense.] Law. There is no rule without a quat(t)uor on four (7); pedibus (on) feet (8); currit
corresponding offense. it runs (6): Nothing similar is the same unless it runs
nulligravida n., pi. nulligravidae or nulligravidas on four feet.] Things that are similar are not the same
[Neo-L. null(us) no (2); gravida pregnant ( 1 ): preg- unless they run on all fours, i.e. unless they are exactly
nant at no (time).] Medicine. A woman who has never thesame in all circumstances and aspects. See currit
had a pregnancy. Cf. gravida. quatuor pedibus and nullum simile quatuor etc.
nullipara n., pi. nulliparae or nulliparas [Neo-L. nullum simile quatuor pedibus currit. [L. nullum
null(us) no (2); pario give birth (1): giving birth at no (thing) ( 1 ); simile similar, like (2); quat(t)uor on
no time.] Medicine. A woman who has yet to give four (4); pedibus (on) feet (5); currit runs (3): Nothing
birth to a child. Cf. multipara. similar runs on four feet.] Things that are similar do
nulli secundus or fern, nulli secunda adj. [L. nulli to not run on all fours; i.e., things which are similar are
none, nobody (2); secundus second, next (1): second not exactly the same in all circumstances and aspects.
to none.] Of first rank. First-class. He paid tribute to See currit quatuor pedibus and nullum simile est
his greatfriend, describing him as a genius, who was idem nisi etc.
nulli secundus in his field. nullum tempus aut locus occurrit regi. [L. nullum
nullius Alius or filius nullius n., pi. nullius filii or filii no (1); tempus time (2); aut or (3); locus place (4);
nullius [L. nullius of no one, nobody (2); filius son occurrit runs against (5); regi the king (6): No time
(1): son of nobody, nobody's son.] An illegitimate or place runs against the king.] Time and place never
son. A bastard. In some communities, a bastard has run against the king; i.e., the king is not affected by a
no rights of inheritance, but in several African soci- statute of limitations in regard to time or location.
eties the word "bastard" is practically irrelevant, and nullum tempus occurrit regi. [L. nullum no ( 1 ); tem-
a bastard is recognized as a son in the family, as long pus time (2); occurrit runs against (3); regi the king
as the child enjoys the recognition of the father or (4): No time runs against the king.] Time never runs
mother. See filius populi. against the king; i.e., the king is not affected by a
nullius in bonis See in nullius bonis. statute of limitations in regard to time.
nullius juris adj. [L. nullius of no ( 1 ); juris (of) right, nullum tempus occurrit reipublicae. [L. nullum no
law (2): of no right/law.] Of no legal validity or effect. (1); tempus time (2); occurrit runs against (3); rei
With no legal standing. publicae the public affair, the state (4): No time runs
nullum crimen sine lege. [L. nullum no (1); crimen against the state.] Time never runs against the state;
crime, offense, fault (2); sine without (3); lege law i.e., the state is not affected by a statute of limitations
(4): no offense without law.] Law. An act is not an in regard to time.
277 nunc scio
nullus commodum capere potest de injuria sua pro- (6) ;

postfacto (something) done afterwards (8);
pria. [L. nullus no (one) (1); commodum advan- praeteriti of past (2); delicti (of) offense, wrong (3);
tage, gain, profit (4); capere to take (3); potest can. aestimatio assessment, valuation ( 1 ): The assessment
is able (2); de of. from, about, for (5); injuria wrong, of a past offense never increases from something done
injury (8): sua his/her own, one's (6); propria own afterwards.] Law. The assessment of an offense is
(7) one can take advantage from his/her own

: No never increased by any subsequent occurrence.
wrong.] Law. No one should derive advantage from numquam decurritur ad extraordinarium sed ubi
his her own wrong. Thus, if "A" is bound to appear deficit ordinarium. [L. numquam never (2);
in court on a certain day in connection with an action decurritur it is hastened ( ); ad to, at, for, according
1
brought by "B" and the latter gets the former impris- to (3); extraordinarium uncommon (4); sed but (5);
oned before the appointed day. the bond becomes ubi when (6); deficit fails (8); ordinarium ordinary
null and void. The maxim is also applicable to fraudu- (7) : It is never hastened to the uncommon but when the
lent transactions. See ex turpi causa etc. ordinary fails.] We should never resort to extraordinary
nullus videtur dolo facere qui suo jure utitur. [L. measures until the ordinary fails. See recurrendum est
nullus no (one) (1); videtur seems, is deemed (6); etc.; si assuetis mederi etc. and ubi cessat etc.
dolo with guile, fraud (8); facere to do, act (7); qui numquam res humanae prospere succedunt ubi
who (2); suo his her own, one's own (4); jure right, negliguntur divinae. [L. numquam never (3); res
law (5); utitur uses, takes advantage of (3): No (one) matters, things, property, business, affairs (2);
who own right is deemed
takes advantage of his/her humanae human ( 1 ); prospere prosperously, favor-
to act with guile.] Law. A person who exercises his ably (5); succedunt prosper, succeed (4); ubi when
her own right is not deemed to act fraudulently. (6); negliguntur are neglected, ignored (8); divinae
See qui jure suo utitur neminem laedit. divine (matters) (7): Human matters never succeed
Nui ne doit s'enrichir aux depens des autres. [Fr. prosperously when divine matters are neglected.]
nul ne no one. nobody ( 1 ); doit should, ought (2); s' Human affairs never prosper when religion is neglected.
himself herself (4); enrichir to enrich (3); aux to the. Cf. nemo unquam etc.
toward the. in the. by the, with the, until the (5); nunc dimittis n. [L. nunc now (1); dimittis you dismiss
depens expense, cost (6); des of the (7); autres others (2): Now you dismiss.] 1 . Luke 2:29 Song of Simeon.
(8) : No one should enrich himself herself at the expense You may now dismiss your servant in peace. 2. A
of the others.] Law. Nobody should make himself declaration of happiness that one is making one's exit
herself wealthy at other people's expense. See nemo from life or an employment.
debet ex etc. nunc est bibendum, nunc pede libero / pulsanda
nul tiel adj. [Obs. Fr. nul no (2): no such.]
( 1 ): tiel such tellus Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes 1,37,1-2. [L. nunc
Law. No such. Not any. Not Used in pleas existant. now ( 1 ); est it is (2); bibendum to be drunk (3); nunc
like nul tiel corporation and nul tiel record in which now (4); pede (with) foot (6); libero with free (5);
the defense denies the existence of a corporation or a pulsanda to be beaten (8); tellus earth, ground (7):
record claimed by the plaintiff. Now it is to be drunk; now with free foot / the ground
numen n.. pi numina [L. nod, divine will, divinity .] to be beaten.] Now is the time to drink; now is the
1. A spirit which, according to anirrrists, dwells in a time to beat the ground with free step; i.e., it is time
natural object, a) In Italy, the numen of the deity- . . . for celebration. The shorter form, nunc est bibendum,
had always been conceived as dwelling in material is usually used.
objects (Robinson 1974:218). b) Every Friday the nuncio or nuntio n.,pl. nuncios or nuntios [It. nunzio
chiefpriest, accompanied by assistants, comes to the from Obs. It. nuntio from L. nuntius messenger.] A
big tree to offer sacrifices to the numen. 2. A local diplomatic envoy of the highest rank representing the
god. A protective deity. The clan has a numen to Pope at the seat of a foreign government. He may be
which they offer prayers whenever a clansman is either an ordinary nuncio who deals with general
about to embark upon a great project. matters or an extraordinary nuncio who is despatched
numero uno n. [It. Sp. numero number (1); uno one for a special mission. On Christmas Eve, Monsignor
number one.] The single most important indi-
(2): Annibale Bugnini, who represents the Vatican as the
The center of attention.
vidual. papal nuncio in Iran, was allowed to visit the Ameri-
numerus clausus n. [L. numerus number (2); clausus cans {Time Int. 1981).
closed (1): closed number.] A set number, especially nunc pro tunc n. [L. nunc now ( 1 ); pro for (2); tunc
a fixednumber of members in an organization. The then (3): now for then.] Law. Now for then. Used in
numerus clausus ofthe U.S. House ofRepresentations respect of a judgment, decree, or entry made cur-
is 435. rently, but applying retroactively to the date when it
numquam crescit ex post facto praeteriti delicti should have been made.
aestimatio. [L numquam never (4); crescit in- nunc scio quid sit Amor. Vergil (70-19 B.C.).
creases (5); ex out of, from, directly after, away from Eclogues VIII,43. [L. nunc now ( 1 ); scio I know (2);
Nun danket 278
quid what (3); sit is (5); amor love (4): Now I know consent, agreement (4); facit makes (5): Not cohab-
what Love is.] Now I know what Love means. itation but consent makes marriage.] Law. What
Nun danket alle Gott. Martin Rinckart (1586-1649). makes marriage is consent not cohabitation. See con-
[Ger. nun now (1); danket thank (3); alle all (2); sensus non concubitus etc.
Gott God (4): Now all thank God.] Now all give nymphomania n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. numph(e) bride
thanks to God. The first line of a Christian hymn. (2); mania madness, inspired frenzy (1): madness, or
nuptias non concubitus sed consensus facit. [L. inspired frenzy, of the bride.] A woman's uncontrollable
nuptias marriage (6); non not (1); concubitus con- desire for sexual intercourse. See andromania.
cubinage, cohabitation (2); sed but (3); consensus
o
O.A.M.D.G. abbr. for omnia ad Majorem Dei of art. French customs officials have also been in-
Gloriam (q.v.). structed to withhold all export permits on valuable

ob. abbr. for 1. obiit (q.v.). 2. obiter (q.v.). objets d'art . . . (Newsweek Int. Nov. 30, 1981:17).
obbligato abbr. obb. or fern, obbligata adj. [It. obli- objet surreal iste n., pi. objets surrealistes [Fr. objet
gated, obliged.] Obligatory. Applicable, in music, to object (2); surrealiste surreal, surrealist (1): surreal
a sound, usually instrumental, which must accom- or surrealist object.] Object of surrealism; i.e., art
pany, for instance, a solo voice. — n., pi. obbligati object characterized by fantastic imagery. The show
or obbligatos 1 . Music. A prominent instrumental ofmore than 200 works by Rene Magritte—paintings,
part which must accompany, for instance, a solo drawings and miscellaneous objets surrealistes . . .
voice. 2. An accompaniment. The activities of the (Time Int. 1979).

sect, with their uninterrupted obbligato of violence obligatio n. [L. an engaging, obligation, pledging.]
and disturbance ofpublic peace, ultimately attracted Roman Law. A legal duty to perform something,
the attention of the authorities. roughly corresponding to a modern-day contract such
obedientia est legis essentia. [L. ob(o)edientia obedi- as the relationship between a creditor and a debtor.
ence ( 1 ); est is (2); legis of law (4); essentia essence ob majorem cautelam adv. [L. ob for, on account of,
(3): Obedience is the essence of law.] Law. Compli- for the sake of (1); majorem greater (2); cautelam
ance is the most essential part of the law. caution (3): on account of greater caution.] For greater
obiit abbr. ob. [L. He/she died.] Died. Followed by caution. To be on the safe side. See ad abundantiorem
the date of the event. cautelam.
obiit sine prole, or obit sine prole, abbr. O.S.P. or obscuritas pacti nocet ei qui apertius loqui potuit.
o.s.p. or ob.s.p. [L. obiit he/she died, perished (1); [L. obscuritas uncertainty, obscurity (1); pacti of
sine without (2); prole offspring, children (3): He/ contract (2); nocet does harm, hurts, injures (3); ei
she died without offspring or issue.] He/she died with to him/her, the one (4); qui who (5); apertius more
no children. See decessit sine prole; decessit sine clearly, plainly (8); loqui to speak (7); potuit could,
prole legitima; decessit sine prole mascula; deces- was able (6): Obscurity of contract does harm to him/
sit sine prole mascula superstite; decessit sine prole her who could speak more clearly.] Law. Obscurity
superstite; and decessit sine prole virili. of contract is detrimental to the party who could have
obiter adv. [L. meanwhile, incidentally, on the way.] explained the terms more clearly. See quaelibet
Incidentally. In passing. By the way. concessio etc.
obiter dictum n.,pl. obiter dicta [L. obiter meanwhile, obscurum per obscurius n. [L. obscurum obscure
incidentally, on the way (2); dictum said (1): said (thing) ( 1 ); per through (2); obscurius more obscure
incidentally.] Law. Incidental opinion/remark ex- (thing) (3): obscure thing through the more obscure
pressed by the judge which is entirely unnecessary for thing.] Logic.The obscure through the more obscure.
the judgment and is thus not binding. It is also not Attempting to explain what is obscure by making
regarded as a precedent. In his obiter dictum thejudge reference to what is even more obscure. The learned
expressed displeasure that the insurance companies professor 's explanation is a classic case ofobscurum
were not joined as parties to the claim for damages. per obscurius. Cf. ignotum per ignotius.
objet d'art n., pi. objets d'art [Fr. objet object ( 1); d' observandum n., pi. observanda [L. that which must
of (2); art art (3): object of art.] Art object. A work be observed.] The thing to be observed.
279
ob. s.p. 280
ob. s.p. abbr. for obiit sine prole (q.v.). stern, not to say defiant, sense ofduty oderint dum —
obtemperandum est consuetudini rationabili tam- probent was his motto (Cary 1970:520).
. . .
quam legi. [L. obtemperandum to be obeyed (4); oderunt peccare boni, virtutis amore; oderunt
est it is (3); consuetudini (to) custom, usage, practice peccare mali, formidine poenae. [L. oderunt hate
(2); rationabili to reasonable, rational (1); tamquam (2); peccare to transgress, offend, sin (3); boni good
as much as, just as, as if (5); legi (to) law (6): Reason- (people) (1); virtutis of virtue, moral perfection (5);
able custom is to be obeyed just as the law.] Law. A amore through love (4); oderunt hate (7); peccare
reasonable custom must be complied with to the same to transgress, offend, sin (8); mali bad, evil (people)
degree as a law. (6); formidine through fear, dread (9); poenae of
ob turpem causam adv. [L. ob on account of, by reason punishment (10): Good people hate to transgress
of (1); turpem base, disgraceful (2); causam cause, through love of virtue; bad people hate to transgress
case, reason (3): on account of a base cause.] Law. through fear of punishment.] Good people hate to
Because of an immoral consideration. commit an offense because of their love of moral ex-
O.C. abbr. for ope consilio (q.v.). cellence, while evil people do the same because of
O.C. or o.c. abbr. for opere citato (q.v.). their fear of punishment.
occasionem cognosce [L. occasionem event, occasion odeum See odeon.
(2); cognosce understand, recognize (1): Understand odi et amo; quare id faciam, fortasse requiris. /
the event.] Observe the circumstances. nescio, sed fieri sentio et excrucior. Catullus (87-54
occultatio thesauri inventi fraudulosa. [L. occultatio B.C.). Carmina LXXXV. [L. odi I hate (1); et and
concealment (1); thesauri (of) treasure (3); inventi (2); amo I love (3); quare why, wherefore (6); id it
of found (2); fraudulosa fraudulent (4): Concealment (8); faciam I do (7); fortasse perhaps (4); requiris
of found treasure is fraudulent.] Law. Covering up you ask, inquire (5); nescio I do not know (9); sed
or hiding a found treasure is fraud. In reality, it is not but (10); fieri to happen, occur (12); sentio I feel
a fraud but a misdemeanor. ( 1

1 ); et and (13); excrucior I am tormented, tortured,
occupantis fiunt derelicta. occupantis the [L. crucified ( 14): I hate and I love; perhaps you ask why
occupier's, of the occupying (3); fiunt become (2); I do it. / 1 do not know, but I feel (it) to happen and I
derelicta. deserted (things) ( 1 ): Deserted things become am tormented.] I hate and love; perhaps you ask why
the occupier's.] Law. Deserted things become the I do so. I do not know, but I feel it is happening and
property of the person who is the first to occupy them. I am tortured.
Squatter's rights. See res nullius naturaliter etc. odiosa et inhonesta non sunt in lege praesumenda;
ochlophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. ochlo(s) crowd (2); quod in se habet et bonum et malum,
et in facto
phob(os) fear (1): fear of crowd.] Psychology. Ab- magis de bono quam de malo praesumendum est.
normal fear of crowds. [L. odiosa hateful, odious (things) (1); et and (2);
odalisque n., pi. odalisques [Fr. from Turk. Odalik inhonesta dishonorable, shameful (things) (3); non
chambermaid.] Odalisk. A female concubine or slave not (5); sunt are (4); in in, on (7); lege law (8);
"
in a harem. In Ashton 's newest work, "Rhapsody, praesumenda to be presumed (6); et and (9); in in,
Dowell, who suggests a sultan, and Collier, an on (10); facto deed, act, fact (1 1); quod which, that
odalisque who becomes queen of his harem, spread (12) in ; in, on (14); se itself (15); habet has, holds,
their passion all over the stage in acrobatic solos regards (13); et both (16); bonum good (17); et and
and pas de deux {Newsweek Int. July 6, 1981:43).
. . . (18); malum bad (19); magis more, rather (22); de
odeon or odeum n., pi. odeons or odea or odeums [L. of, from, about, for (23); bono good (24); quam than
odeum from Gk. Oideion a place for song.] 1 . Ancient (25); de of, from, about, for (26); malo bad (27);
Greece and Rome. A building, usually semi-circular, praesumendum to be presumed (21); est it is (20):
used for performances of song, dance, and other enter- Hateful and dishonorable things are not to be pre-
tainment. 2. A theater or concert hall. sumed in law; and in an act which has in itself both
oderint dum metuant. Cicero (106-43 B.C.). Philippic good and bad, it is to be presumed more about good
1,14. Quoted from Accius (c.170-c.90 B.C.). [L. than about bad.] Law. Hateful and dishonorable
oderint let them hate ( 1 ); dum provided that, as long things must not be presumed in law, and in an act
as (2); metuant they fear (3): Let them hate, pro- which comprises both good and evil, we must make
vided that they fear.] Let them hate as long as they a presumption in favor of good rather than evil.
fear. The tyrant 's insensitivity clearly suggests that Cf. nulla impossibilia aut inhonesta etc.
he is guided by the principle oderint dum metuant. odiosa non praesumuntur. [L. odiosa odious, hateful
oderint dum probent. [L. oderint let them hate (1); (things) (1); non not (2); praesumuntur are pre-
dum provided that, as long as (2); probent they ap- sumed (3): Odious things are not presumed.] Law.
prove (3): Let them hate, provided that they approve.] Hateful things are not assumed.
Let them hate as long as they accept. He [i.e., the odium n. [L. hatred.] Intense hatred. Detestation. An
emperor Tiberius] brought to his task as emperor a object of intense hatred. It goes without saying that
1
281 omissis omnibus
despotic rulersface considerable odium both during should (2); esse to be (3); damnosum injurious, hurtful
and after their reigns. (4): An office should be injurious to no one.] Holding
odium scholasticum n. [L. odium hatred (2); an office should not be harmful to anybody,
scholasticum scholarly (1): scholarly hatred.] Bit- ogre n.,pl. ogres [Fr. human-eating giant.] 1 . In fables
terness or spitefulness generated during a scholarly or fairy tales a monster or frightful giant who eats
discussion or disputation. Cf. odium theologicum. human flesh. 2. A terrifying person or thing. A person
odium theologicum n. [L. odium hatred (2); or thing which is not easy to cope with, a) The man
theologicum theological (1): theological hatred.] is so wicked that even his wife and children regard
Bitterness or spitefulness generated during a religious him as a monstrous ogre, b) Third world countries
controversy and usually ending in refusal to continue are increasingly shunning the ogre of I.M.F. loans.
the discussions. Cf. odium scholasticum. Cf. kobald.
Oedipus or Oidipous n. [Gk. Oidipous Greek Mythol- ] Ohne Hast, aber ohne Rast. Johann Wolfgang von
ogy. A prince of Thebes who unwittingly fulfilled Goethe (1749-1832) and Friedrich von Schiller
Apollo's warning by killing his father (Laius) and (1759-1805). Zahme Xenien 11,6,281. [Ger. ohne
marrying his mother (Jocasta): When the incest was without (1); Hast haste (2); aber but, but yet, still
discovered, the queen committed suicide, while (3) ohne without (4); Rast rest, repose (5): Without
;
Oedipus blinded himself and proceeded into exile. haste, but yet without rest.] Without hurrying yet
— Oedipus complex Psychology. The love or even without resting. Festina lente (q.v.). Slow and steady.
sexual desire which a boy between the age of three o imitatores, servum pecus. Horace (65-8 B.C.).
and six has for the mother. He may regard the father Epistles 1,19,19. [L. O Oh (1); imitatores imitators,
as a rival for the favors of the mother and accord- copyists (2); servum slavish, servile (3); pecus herd
ingly dislike him, though unconsciously. In some (4) Oh imitators, a servile herd.] Oh imitators, a pack
:
extreme cases the feeling continues even when the of slaves. Those who imitate are a herd of slaves.
child has become an adult. Butfor a frightening num- ole interj. [Sp. Hurray!] Bravo (q.v.). — n., pi. oles A
ber of teenagers, murdering their parents seems to shout of cheer or excitement, initially at a bullfight
be a solution to problems as murky as the Oedipus but sometimes extended to other events.
complex {Newsweek Int. June 27, 1983:38). The
. . . olet lucerna [L. olet it smells (1); lucerna by/of the
female counterpart of the phenomenon is termed lamp (2): It smells of the lamp.] It shows the effects
Electra complex. of burning the midnight oil. It is forced or over-
Oedipus Rex n. [L. Oedipus Oedipus (1); rex king worked. Used in reference to writing.
(2): Oedipus the king.] Oedipus Rex. 1 The Latin . olim adv. [L. formerly, at one time.] Once upon a time.
title of Oidipous Tyrannos, a Greek tragedy (c.43 In times past.
B.C.) by Sophocles (4967-406 B.C.) about Oedipus' olla podrida n., pi. ollas podridas [Sp. olla pot (2);
discovery of his true identity. 2. The title of an opera- podrida rotten, decayed ( 1 ): rotten or decayed pot.] 1 . A
oratorio in Latin by Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971). highly seasoned Spanish stew or soup, made of several
oeuvre n., pi. oeuvres [Fr. work, product, achievement.] kinds of meat and some vegetables, and prepared in an
Substantial literary, artistic, or musical work which olla. 2.A hodgepodge. A mixture of various things. A
constitutes the work which a writer, artist or com- collection of various things. A medley. See potpourri.
poser did during his lifetime, a) . . . the Helen does O.M.D.G. abbr. for omnia ad Majorem Dei Gloriam
claim a special place in Euripides oeuvre by virtue ' (q.v.).
of the vivaciousness of this fairytale atmosphere . . . omega n., pi. omegas [Gk. Omega: the vowel "o"
(Lesky 1966:387). b) Simenon's massive detective (2); mega big ( ): big "o," long "o."]
1
1 . The last letter
oeuvre made Chief Inspector Maigret a household of the Greek alphabet. 2. The end. The last. From the
word in 55 languages . . . (Newsweek Int. Dec. 7, alpha to the omega ofthejourney, a distance ofabout
1981:40). 200 miles, the lady never slept but was reading a
oeuvre civilisatrice oeuvre work (2);
n. [Fr. novel. Cf. alpha.
civ ilisat rice civilizing ( ): civilizing work.] The work
1
omissio eorum quae tacite insunt nihil operatur. [L.
of introducing civilization among, or civilizing, omissio omission (1); eorum of those (things) (2);
people. Cf. mission civilisatrice. quae which (3); tacite tacitly, silently (5); insunt
officit conatus si effectus sequatur. [L. officit harms, are contained within, are in (4); nihil nothing (7);
is detrimental (2); conatus attempt (1); si if (3); operatur performs, works (6): The omission of those
effectus accomplishment, effect (4); sequatur should things which are tacitly contained within works noth-
follow (5): An attempt harms if the effect should fol- ing.] Law. The omission of those things which are
low.] An attempt causes harm only if the effect follows. implied does no harm. Cf. expressio eorum quae
Cf. actus non facit etc. etc. and non solent quae etc.
officium nemini debet esse damnosum. [L. officium omissis omnibus aliis negotiis adv. [L. omissis (with)
office ( 1 ); nemini to no one, nobody (5); debet ought, having been laid aside, neglected (4); omnibus with
omne actum 282
all (1); aliis (with) other (2); negotiis (with) busi- trahit draws, drags (3); ad to, at, for, according to
nesses (3): with all other businesses having been laid accessorium accessory (thing) (6):
(4); se itself (5);
aside.]With all other businesses neglected. "The Every principal thing draws to itself the accessory
holder of a bill of exchange, " says Lord thing.] Law. Every principal draws to itself the ac-
Ellenborough, "is not omissis omnibus aliis negotiis cessory. See accessorium non ducit etc.
"
to devote himselfto giving notice ofits dishonor. . . omne quod solo inaedificatur solo cedit. [L. omne
(Megrah and Ryder 1972:139). everything ( 1 ); quod which (2); solo soil, ground (4);
omne actum ab intentione agentis est judicandum. inaedificatur is erected on, built on (3); solo soil,
[L. omne every (1); actum deed, act (2); ab from, by ground (6); cedit accrues, falls to (5): Everything
(5); intentione intention (6); agentis of the one doing which is erected on the soil accrues to the soil.] Law.
(7); est is (3); judicandum to be judged, decided (4): Every structure erected on the soil belongs to the soil.
Every act is to be judged from the intention of the one See quicquid plantatur etc.
doing it.] Law. Every act must be judged from the point omne sacramentum debet esse de certa scientia. [L.
of view of the intention of the doer. See actus non omne every (1); sacramentum oath (2); debet
facit etc. ought, should (3); esse to be (4); de of, from, about,
omne crimen ebrietas et incendit et detegit. [L. for (5); certa certain (6); scientia knowledge (7):
omne every (6); crimen crime, offense (7); ebrietas Every oath should be from certain knowledge.] Law.
drunkenness, intoxication (1); et both (2): incendit All oaths should be based upon clear knowledge.
inflames, kindles (3); et and (4); detegit expos Cf.juramentum est etc.
betrays (5): Drunkenness both inflames and exposes omnes actiones in mundo infra certa tempora
every crime.] Intoxication not only worsens every habent limitationem. [L. omnes all (1); actiones
crime but also reveals it. actions (2); in in, on (3); mundo world (4); infra
omne ignotum pro magnifico Tacitus (c.55 —c. 117 below, within (7); certa certain, fixed (8); tempora
A.D.). Agricola XXX. [L. omne every (1); ignotum times, periods (9); habent have, hold, regard (5);
unknown, strange (thing) (2); pro for, as (3); limitationem limit, limitation (6): All actions in the
magnifico splendid, great, magnificent (4): every world have limit within fixed periods.] Law. All ac-
unknown thing as splendid.] What is unknown is tions in the world are limited to fixed periods.
usually imagined to be wonderful/splendid. See omnis querela etc.
omne jus aut consensus fecit, aut necessitas constituit omne testamentum morte consummatum est. [L.
aut firmavit consuetudo. [L. omne every (1); jus omne every (1); testamentum will (2); morte by
right, law (2); aut either (3); consensus consent (4); death (5); consummatum completed, perfected (4);
fecit made (5); aut or (6); necessitas compulsion, est is (3):will is perfected by death.] All wills
Every
urgency, necessity (7); constituit established, con- by death. See legatum morte etc.
are completed
stituted (8); aut or (9); firmat confiimed, reinforced omnia ad Majorem Dei Gloriam abbr. O.A.M.D.G.
(11); consuetudo custom, usage, tradition (10): Every or O.M.D.G. [L. omnia all (things), everything ( 1 );
right either consent made or compulsion established ad to, at, for, according to (2); Majorem Greater (3);
or custom confirmed.] Law. Every right is based on Dei of God (5); Gloriam Glory (4): All (things) to
consent or established by necessity or confirmed by the greater glory of God.] Everything to God's greater
custom. glory. The motto of some orders of St. Francis.
omne majus continet in se minus. [L. omne every omnia praesumuntur contra spoliatorem. [L. omnia
(1);majus bigger, greater (thing) (2); continet contains, all (things), everything (1); praesumuntur are pre-
comprises (3); in in, on (4); se itself (5); minus smaller, sumed (2); contra against, opposite (3); spoliatorem
lesser (thing) (6): Every greater (thing) contains in spoiler, destroyer (4): All (things) are presumed
itself the lesser (thing).] Law. The greater invariably against a destroyer.] Law. Everything is assumed
contains the lesser. Thus, in criminal law, if a person against someone who destroys or does wrong. See in
is indicted for an offense which comprises other minor odium etc.
offenses of the same category, he/she may be con- omnia praesumuntur legitime facta donee probetur
victed of the minor offenses also. See majus continet in contrarium. [L. omnia all (things), everything
minus. (1); praesumuntur are presumed (2); legitime law-
omne majus minus in se complectitur. [L. omne every, fully, legitimately (4); facta (to have been) done (3);
all (1); majus greater, bigger (thing) (2); minus donee until, as long as (5); probetur it is proved (6);
smaller, lesser (thing) (6); in in, on (4); se itself (5); in into, to, against, for (7); contrarium the contrary
complectitur comprises, includes (3): Every greater (8): All things are presumed (to have been) done law-
(thing) includes in itself the lesser (thing).] Law. The fully until it is proved to the contrary.] Law. Every
greater includes the lesser. See majus continet minus. act is presumed to be lawful until proved otherwise.
omne principale trahit ad se accessorium. [L. omne Applicable to the acts of public officials. See the next
every (1); principale principal, original (thing) (2); three maxims.
283 omnis nova
omnia praesumuntur rite esse acta. [L. omnia all (things); let us yield also to Love.] Love conquers
(things), everything (1); praesumuntur are pre- everything; let us also give in to Love.
sumed (2); rite fitly, rightly (4); esse acta to have omnibus n., short form bus, pi. omnibuses or buses
been done (3): All (things) are presumed to have been [L. for all (things), everything.] A public means of
1 .
done rightly.] Law. Everything is presumed to have transportation. 2. A book which contains reprints of
been done in a proper or correct fashion. Applicable several related works. — adj. Relating to many things
to the acts of public officials until the contrary is or items at the same time, a) an omnibus bill; b) an
proved. See the preceding maxim and the two sub- omnibus transport; c) In his farewell speech, he paid
sequent ones. omnibus tribute to the organization.
omnia praesumuntur rite et solemniter esse acta omnis consensus tollit errorem. [L. omnis every (1);
donee probetur in contrarium. [L. omnia all consensus consent, agreement (2); tollit removes,
(things), everything ( ); praesumuntur are presumed
1 destroys (3); errorem error, mistake (4): Every con-
(2) ; rite rightly, fitly (4); et and (5); sol(l)emniter sent removes error.] Law. Every agreement wipes out
solemnly, duly (6); esse acta to have been done (3); a mistake. See qui non improbat, approbat.
donee until, as long as (7); probetur it is proved (8); omnis definitio in lege periculosa. [L. omnis every
in into, to, against, for (9); contrarium the contrary (1) ; definitio definition, explanation (2); in in, on
(10): All things are presumed to have been done (3) ; lege law (4); periculosa dangerous, hazardous
rightly and duly until it is proved to the contrary.] (5): Every definition in law is dangerous.] Law. Defi-
Law. It is presumed that everything has been done nitions in law are hazardous. See in jure omnis etc.
rightly and properly until it is proved otherwise. See the omnis exceptio est ipsa quoque regula. [L. omnis
two preceding maxims and the subsequent one. every ( 1 ); exceptio exception (2); est is (3); ipsa itself
omnia praesumuntur solemniter esse acta. [L. om- (4) ; quoque also (5); regula rule (6): Every exception
nia all (things), everything (1); praesumuntur are is itself also a rule.] Law. Every exception is by itself
presumed (2); sol(l)emniter solemnly, duly (4); esse also a rule.

acta to have been done (3): All things are presumed omnis indemnatus pro innoxis legibus habetur. [L.
to have been done solemnly.] Law. Everything is omnis every ( 1 ); indemnatus uncondemned (person)
presumed to have been done properly. See the three (2) pro on the side of, for (5); innoxis innocent,
;
preceding maxims and omnia rite etc. blameless (persons) (6); legibus by laws (4); habetur
omnia quae jure contrahuntur contrario jure is had, held, regarded (3): Every uncondemned person
pereunt. [L. omnia all (things), everything ( 1 ); quae is regarded by the laws on the side of innocent persons.]
which (2); jure by law (4); contrahuntur are con- Law. Every unconvicted person is considered by the
tracted (3); contrario by contrary, opposing (6); jure law as innocent.
undone (5):
(by) right, law (7); pereunt perish, are omnis innovatio plus novitate perturbat quam
All things which are contracted by law are undone utilitate prodest. [L. omnis every ( ); innovatio in- 1
by contrary law.] Law. Every contract which is law- novation (2); plus more (4); novitate by novelty (5);
fully made can be undone by process of law. perturbat confuses, disturbs (3); quam than (6);
See eodem modo quo quid constituitur dissolvitur. utilitate by usefulness, utility (8); prodest benefits,
omnia quae sunt uxoris sunt ipsius viri. [L. omnia does good (7): Every innovation disturbs more by
all (things), everything ( ); quae which (2); sunt are
1 novelty than it benefits by utility.] Law. Every inno-
(3) ; uxoris of wife (4); sunt are (5); ipsius (of) himself vation introduces more confusion by its novelty than
(7); viri of husband (6): All things which are of the benefit through its utility. Hence, in litigation, a judge
wife are of the husband himself] Law. Everything should follow precedents and not change established
which belongs to the wife belongs to the husband. rules of law. See via trita est tutissima.
An obsolete rule. See uxor censentur etc.; vir
vir et omnis interpretatio vel declarat, vel extendit, vel
et uxor sunt quasi unica persona and vir et uxor restringit. [L. omnis every (1); interpretatio inter-
sunt quasi unica persona, quia etc. pretation (2); vel either (3); declarat declares (4);
omnia rite acta praesumuntur. [L. omnia all (things), vel or (5); extendit extends (6); vel or (7); restringit
everything (1); rite fitly, rightly (3); acta (to have restricts (8): Every interpretation declares or extends
been) done (4); praesumuntur are presumed (2): All or restricts.] Law. Each interpretation either defines the
things are presumed (to have been) done rightly.] Law. law, expands it, or narrows it. Cf. legis interpretatio
Everything presumed rightly done. See omnia
is etc. and sententia facit etc.
praesumuntur legitime etc. omnis nova constitutio futuris temporibus formam
omnia vincit Amor; et nos cedamus Amori. Vergil imponere debet, non praeteritis. [L. omnis every
(70-19 B.C.). Eclogues X,69. omnia all (things),
[L. (1); nova new (2); constitutio constitution, regula-
everything (3); vincit Amor Love ( );
conquers (2); 1
tion (3); futuris future (7); temporibus times (8);
et and, also, too (6); nos we, us (5); cedamus let us formam form, pattern (6); imponere to impose on
yield (4); Amori to Love (7): Love conquers all (5) debet ought, should (4); non not (9); praeteritis
;
omnis querela 284
past (10): Every new constitution ought to impose a les the (8); gros great, big, large (9); bataillons bat-
pattern on future times, not past.] Law. Every new talions (10): One says that God is always in favor of
constitution should regulate the future, not the past. the big battalions.] It is said that God is always on
See lex prospicit etc. and nova constitutio etc. the side of the big battalions. Cf. Aide-toi etc.,
omnis querela et omnis actio injuriarum limitata est audentis fortuna juvat, and fortis fortuna adjuvat.
infra certa tempora. [L. omnis every (1); querela On n'est jamais si heureux ni si malheureux qu'on
complaint, accusation (2); et and (3); omnis every (4); s'imagine. Francois, Due de La Rochefoucauld
actio action, deed, legal suit (5); injuriarum of /for (1613-1680). Maximes 49. [Fr. on one, you, we, they
injuries, wrongs (6); limitata limited (8); est is, has (1); n' . . . jamais never (3); est is (2); si as, so (4);
been (7); infra within, below (9); certa fixed, certain heureux happy, blessed (5); ni nor, or (6); si as, so
(10); tempora times, periods (11): Every complaint (7); malheureux unhappy, wretched (8); qu' as (9);
and every legal suit for injuries has been limited on one, we (10); s' oneself (12); imagine imagines,
within fixed periods.] Law. Complaint and legal actions fancies (11): One is never as happy or unhappy as
respecting injuries are limited within fixed periods; i.e., one imagines.] People are never as happy or unhappy
they must take place within a specified period of time as they think they are.
after the injury takes place. See omnes actiones etc. onomasticon n., pi. onomastica [Gk. a place for
omnis ratihabitio retrotrahitur et mandato priori names.] A lexicon (q.v.) or vocabulary list.
aequiparatur. [Late L. omnis every (1); ratihabi- onomatopoeia n., pi. onomatopoeias [Gk. onomato-
tio ratification (2); retrotrahitur is referred/extended, poiia: onoma name, word (2); poieO make ( 1 ): making
backwards (3); et and (4); mandato (with/to) com- of a word, the coining of a word in imitation of a
mand, order (7); priori with/to previous, former (6); sound.] 1. Linguistics. Formation of words by imi-
aequiparatur is compared, likened (5): Every rati- tating the sound associated with a thing or action;
fication is referred backwards and is likened to a e.g., the buzz of a bee. 2. A word formed in such a
previous command.] Law. Every ratification is ret- manner. 3. Using words whose sounds suggest their
roactive and is comparable to a previous command. meanings.

omnis regula suas patitur exceptiones. [L. omnis onus n., pi. onuses [L. a burden, load, duty or respon-
every (1); regula rule (2); suas its own (4); patitur sibility.] A burden. Something objectionable. Blame
suffers, endures (3); exceptiones exceptions (5): Every or stigma, a) Ayo is an irresponsiblefather who regards
rule suffers its own exceptions.] Law. Every rule has his parental duties as an onus, b) He tried to no pur-
its exceptions. pose to shift the onus for the collapse of the marriage
omnium n., pi. omniums [L. of all (things).] The total- upon his wife. Cf. commodum.
ity of the various constituent items in any stock or fund. onus probandi n. [L. onus burden (1); probandi of
omnium-gatherum n., pi. omnium-gatherums [L. proving (2): burden of proving.] Law. Burden of
omnium of all (2) and Eng. gather with L. ending -um proof. The magistrate reminded the prosecuting team
(1): a gathering of all.] 1.A miscellaneous group or that the onus probandi rested on them.
collection of various persons or things. A hodge- op. abbr. for opera (q.v.). 2. opus (q.v.).
1.
podge. That political party is an omnium-gatherum, op. cit. abbr. for 1. opere citato (q.v.). 2. opus citatum
comprising members ofdiverse background and aspi- (q.v.).
rations who are united by one common objective, i.e., ope ope consilio abbr. O.C. [L. ope by
et consilio or
personal aggrandizement. 2. A place where such a aid, assistance (1); et and (2); consilio by counsel,
miscellaneous group or collection of persons or things deliberation (3): by assistance and counsel.] Aiding
can be found. See potpourri. and abetting. Civil Law. Applicable to accessories.
omphalos (Gk.) or omphalus (L.) n.,pl. omphali [Gk. opera n., pi. operas [It. work.] 1. Dramatic composi-
umbilical cord, navel, center, middle point.] tion or performance in which music accompanied by
1. Anatomy. The navel. 2. A focal point. A central orchestra is a principal feature. 2. An organization
portion. He presented his arguments brilliantly until which engages in the production and performance of
he reached the omphalos of the issue and then he such drama.
began to flounder. Cf. umbilicus. opera bouffe n. [Fr. opera opera (2); bouffe comic
on-dit n.,pl. on-dits [Fr.on one, you, we, they (1); dit (1): comic opera.] A comic opera, usually treating a
say(s) (2): One says. They say. It is said.] Rumor. sentimental subject and marked by parody. — adj.
Hearsay. What the author claims to be an historical Fit or suitable for opera bouffe. Veronique is French
work should actually be classified as a novel, for it by birth, a prostitute by profession and the current
is generously flavored with on-dits. leading lady in an opera bouffe scandal that threatens
On dit que Dieu est toujours pour les gros bataillons. to expose the machofoibles ofItalian men (Newsweek
Voltaire ( 1 694-1 778).
on one, you, we, they ( 1 );
[Fr. Int. March 30, 1981:17). Cf. opera buffa.
dit say(s) (2); que that (3); Dieu God (4); est is (5); opera buffa n. opera opera (2); buffa comic ( 1 ): comic
[It.
toujours always, ever (6); pour for, in favor of (7); opera.] An Italian comic opera, especially that of the
285 opus Dei
18th century, characterized by farce. Manyproductions leaves the least to himself/herself] Law. The best
play up the libretto s opera bujfa elements how the — law leaves very little to the discretion of a judge, while
fat knight is first tricked by the merry wives of Windsor the best judge makes very little room for his/her own
and then treated, in the magicalforest scene at the end, opinion. See judex bonus nihil etc. Cf. lex non
to a beating {Newsweek Int. April 26, 1982:49).. Cf. exacte etc.
opera bouffe. optima legum interpres est consuetudo. [L. optima

opera minora pi n. [L. opera works (2); minora less best (3); legum of laws (5); interpres interpreter,
important, inferior (1): less important works.] The expounder (4); est is (2); consuetudo custom, usage,
less important works, especially of a writer. tradition (1): Custom is the best interpreter of laws.]
opera multi sudoris pi. n. [L. opera works ( 1 ); multi Accepted practice is the best interpreter of the laws.
of much (2); sudoris (of) sweat, toil (3): works of See consuetudo est altera consuetudo est
lex;
much sweat or toil.] Works on which considerable optimus etc.; optima optimus
est legis etc.;
effort or labor has been expended. . . . none of these interpres etc.; and optimus legum etc.
opera multi sudoris have survived even in part, . . . optimis parentibus [L. optimis (to) best ( 1 ); parentibus
(Laistner 1966:108). to parents (2): to the best parents.] For the best parents.
opera omnia pi. n. [L. opera works (2); omnia all ( 1 ): A dedicatory inscription.
all works.] A writer's complete works. Zeta 's recent optimum adj. [L. best.] Greatest. Best. The man has
additions to his library include William Shakespeare 's many admirable qualities and he has been putting
opera omnia. them to optimum use.
opere citato abbr. op. cit. or o.c. adv. [L. opere in optimus interpres rerum usus. [L. optimus best (2);
work (1); citato (in) cited, quoted (2): in the work interpres interpreter (3); rerum of matters, things,
cited.] In the previously cited work. Used for biblio- property, business, affairs (4); usus use, usage (1):
graphical references. See opus. Use is the best interpreter of things.] Law. Custom
O povo, unido, jamais sera vencido. [Port. O the ( 1 ); serves the purpose of helping in the interpretation of
povo people (2); unido united (3); jamais never (5); the intentions of parties, where there is doubt. Also,
sera will be (4); vencido defeated, vanquished (6): custom contributes to the interpretation of ambiguous
The people, united, will never be vanquished.] A words in an instrument. See optima legum etc.
unified people can never be conquered. Cf. A luta optimus interpretandi modus est sic leges
do povo etc. interpretari ut leges legibus concordent. [L.
opprobrium n., pi. opprobria or opprobriums [L. optimus best (1); interpretandi of interpreting (3);
infamy, disgrace, shame.] Contempt. Distaste, a) In modus way (2); est is (4); sic thus, in such a manner
academic circles opprobrium is attached to dogmatism. (7); leges laws (6); interpretari to interpret (5); ut
b) The conviction of the principal for raping one of that (8); leges laws (9); legibus with laws (11);
his female students has cast considerable opprobrium concordent agree, are consistent, harmonize (10):
on him. The best way of interpreting is to interpret laws in
opprobrium medicorum n.,pl. opprobria medicorum such a way that laws agree with laws.] Law. The best
[L. opprobrium reproach, disgrace (1); medicorum method of interpretation is to interpret laws in such a
of physicians (2): the disgrace or shame of physicians.] way that they are consistent with one another.
Medical practitioners' shame or disgrace. Gout was optimus legum interpres consuetudo. [L. optimus
called opprobrium medicorum because so little . . . legum of laws (4); interpres
best (2); interpreter (3);
could be done to treat it {Newsweek Int. June 30, consuetudo custom, usage, tradition (1): Custom is
1980:51). Cf. amicus medicorum. the best interpreter of laws.] Law. Accepted legal
optima est legis interpres consuetudo. [L. optima best practice is the best way to interpret the laws. See
(3) ; est is (2); legis of law (5); interpres interpreter optima legum etc.
(4) ; consuetudo custom, usage, tradition (1): Custom opus n., pi. opera [L. work, book, deed.] An artistic
is the best interpreter of the law.] Law. Accepted prac- work or composition, especially musical. Cf. mag-
way to interpret the law. See optima
tice is the best num opus.
legum etc. opus citatum abbr. op. cit. n.,pl. opera citata [L. opus
optima est lex quae minimum relinquit arbitrio work ( ); citatum cited, quoted (2): the work quoted.]
1
judicis; optimus judex qui minimum sibi. [L. The work quoted from. See opere citato.
optima best (1); est is (3); lex law (2); quae (one) opusculum n., pi. opuscula [L. little work.] A minor
which (4); minimum least (6); relinquit leaves (5); work, especially one that is literary or musical.
arbitrio to pleasure, opinion (7); judicis of judge opus Dei n. [L. opus work ( ); Dei of God (2): work of
1
(8); optimus best (9); judex judge (10); qui (one) God.] God's work. The Divine Office, that is the daily
who (11); minimum least ( 1 2); sibi to himself/herself liturgical readings which are a human obligation toward
(13): The best law is one which leaves the least to God. —Opus Dei Roman Catholic Church. An orga-
the pleasure of the judge; the best judge is one who nization of priests and lay people founded in Spain
opus reticulatem 286
in 1 928 in order to reaffirm the place of God and Chris- origami n., pi. origamis [Japan, from ori to fold (2);
tianity in the lives of individuals and in society at large. kami paper (1): paper folding.] 1. The Japanese art
opus reticulatem n. [L. opus work (2); reticulatem of paper-folding. 2. Paper folded in this fashion.
networked ): networked work.] A masonry pattern

( 1 origo rei inspici debet. [L. origo origin (1); rei of
in which the bricks set in squares or diamonds create matter, thing, property, business, affair (2); inspici
a net-like design. to be considered, examined (4); debet ought, should
opus sectile n. [L. opus work (2); sectile cut, divided (3):The origin of the thing ought to be considered.]
(1): cut work.] Art. A type of floor design in which Law. The origin of a matter should be taken into con-
material of various shapes and sizes is arranged to sideration. Cf. satius est petere etc.
make a pattern, unlike mosaic work in which material Orlando Furioso [It. Orlando Orlando. Roland (2);
of the same shape and size is used. furioso furious, insane ( 1 ): furious Orlando.] Furious
ora et labora [L. ora pray ( 1 ); et and (2); labora work Orlando, a 1516 epic poem by Ludovico Ariosto
(3): Pray and work.] Pray and work. (1474-1533) about the hero Orlando (Roland), his
orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano. love for Angelica, and war between the Christians
Juvenal (c.60-1 1 7 A.D.). Satires X,356. [L. orandum and Moors in the time of Charlemagne (742-814).
to be prayed (2); est it is (1); ut; that (3); sit there Oro y plata [Sp. oro gold (1); y and (2); plata silver
should be (4); mens mind (6); sana sound (5); in in, (3): gold and silver.] Gold and Silver. Motto of the
on (7); corpore body (9); sano sound (8): It is to be State of Montana.

prayed that there should be a sound mind in a sound o sancta simplicitas! interj. John Huss (c. 1372-1415).
body.] One must pray for a sound mind in a sound [L. O Oh ( 1 ); sancta holy, sacred (2); simplicitas sim-
body. See mens sana in corpore sano. plicity (3): Oh holy simplicity!] Oh sacred simplicity!
orans adj. [L. praying.] In a position of prayer. — n. O.S.P. or o.s.p. abbr. for obiit sine prole (q.v ).
Art. A figure depicted in prayer, e.g., with hands ostinato adj. [It. obstinate, stubborn.] Appearing again
folded or arms extended, kneeling, etc. and again. Repeating. — n., pi. ostinatos A melodic
ora pro nobis [L. ora pray (1); pro for. on behalf of, line or passage which is repeated and varied in a com-
on the side of. for the benefit of, in accordance with, position.
as (2); nobis us (3): Pray for us.] Pray for us. Part of Ostpolitik n. [Ger. Ost east ( 1 ); Politik policy, politics
a prayer of supplication. (2): east policy.] Eastern policy or politics, especially
orare est laborare, laborare est orare. [L. orare to relations with the former East Germany, a) Nowhere
pray (1); est is (2); laborare to work (3); laborare is the wish to keep detente alive stronger than in West
to work (4); est is (5); orare to pray (6): To pray is to Germany, which adopted its policy of Ostpolitik in
work; to work is to pray.] Praying is working; working 1969 to improve relations with East Germany . . .
is praying. For a shorter form, see laborare est orare. (Time Int. 1982). b) Schmidt's efforts to keep his
oratio obliqua n. [L. oratio speech (2); obliqua slanting, Ostpolitik alive worried Washington even more than
indirect ( 1 ): slanting speech.] Rhetoric. Indirect speech Giscard 's Gallic histrionics (Newsweek Int. Jan. 5,
or discourse. Reported speech. A paraphrase instead 1981:33). Cf. Westpolitik.
of an exact quotation. The great lecture delivered by o tempora, o mores! interj. Cicero ( 1 06—43 B.C.). In
the distinguishedprofessor isfeatured in today s news- Catilinam 1,1,1. [L. O Oh (1); tempora times (2); o
paper, but it lost some of its favor, since it is put in oh (3); mores habits, manners (4): Oh the times! Oh
oratio obliqua. the habits!] Oh what times, oh what habits! Used to
oratio recta n. [L. oratio speech (2); recta straight, deplore the degeneracy of an age.
direct (1): straight speech.] Rhetoric. Speech which otium cum dignitate n. [L. otium leisure, rest ( 1 ); cum
is quoted directly. with (2); dignitate dignity (3): leisure with dignity.]
oratorio n., pi. oratorios [It. an oratory, a place for Honorable or dignified retirement.
prayer.] Music. A musical composition combining outrance n., pi. outrances [Fr. excess.] The last ex-
orchestra and human voices to tell a religious or bib- tremity. The bitter end. The utmost. Used with the
lical story without the aid of costumes, scenery, or propositions, at or to. Cf. a outrance and guerre a
other dramatic trappings. Named after the Oratory outrance.
of St. Philip Neri in Rome where many such compo- outre adj. [Fr. exaggerated, extravagant, overdone.]
sitions were performed in the 16th century. Bizarre. Eccentric. Unconventional. Improper.
ore tenus adv. [L. ore mouth (2); tenus as far as, unto . . . Graham Greene displayed his outre sense ofhu-
(1): as far as mouth.] Orally. By spoken word. At the mor; his contribution to the art of espionage was a
interview, the candidates were examined ore tenus. proposal to set up a brothel as a listening post
See viva voce. (Newsweek Int. June 9, 1980:56).
orientalia pi. n. [L. eastern or oriental things.] Literary, ouverture n. [Fr. opening.] Open-mindedness. Open-
archaeological, artistic, epigraphical, etc. materials ness. Sincerity. Frankness. Open-door policy. ...in
pertaining to the Orient, i.e., the East. his first two or three years Abdou Dioufs policy of
oxytocia
"ouverture "... tended to estrange him from the party oxymoron oxymora [Gk. oxu(s) sharp, keen,
n., pi.
which he had inheritedfrom Senghor ( West Africa 1 986). smart (1); mOros fool, idiot (2): something pointedly
ovum n.,pl. ova [L. egg.] The female reproductive egg foolish.] Rhetoric. A witty saying or expression which
or The sex of a child is determined by whether
cell. draws its pointed, epigrammatic or incisive effect
the mother s ovum, which always carries a female X from its paradoxical, contradictory or seemingly absurd
chromosome, isfertilized by a sperm carrying another nature; e.g., "splendidly false," "insane wisdom,"
X chromosome or one bearing the male Y chromo- "mean generosity," "industrious indolence."
some (Newsweek Int. May 30, 1983:74). oxytocia n., pi. oxytocias [Neo-Gk. from Gk. oxu(s)
oxyblepsia n.,pl. oxyblepsias [Gk. oxu(s) sharp, keen, sharp, keen, smart (1); tok(os) childbirth (2): sharp
smart (1); blep(O) see (2): sharp seeing.] Acuteness childbirth.] Quick childbirth. See eutocia. Cf. dystokia
or sharpness of sight.
p
P. or p. abbr. for 1. Papa (q.v.); 2. pontifex (q.v.); (15); vim force (16); habere (to) have, hold, regard
3. populus (q.v.). (14); indubitati of undoubted (2); juris (of) right,
P. A. or p. a. abbr. for 1. par avion (q.v.). 2. per annum law (3); est it is . . .of undoubted law
(that) (1): It is
(q.v.). that contracts which are made against laws and con-
pabulum n.,pl. pabula or pabulums [L. fodder, food,' stitutions or against good morals have no force.] Law.
nourishment.] 1. Food. Nutrient. Especially food for It is an indisputable principle of law that contracts
infants. 2. Intellectual nourishment or sustenance. which are contrary to the laws and constitutions or
Food for thought. He is a popular author whose works good morals have no binding force. See conventio
usually provide mental pabulum. 3. Insipid or rudi- privatorum etc.
mentary ideas. This newspaper is always churning pacta quae turpem causam continent non sunt
out emotional pabulum of the worst kind. observanda. [L. pacta agreements, contracts (1);
pace prep. [L. with/by peace.] With all due respect to. quae which (2); turpem base, disgraceful (4); causam
do not, pace medical practitioners, lay claim to
/ cause, case, reason (5); continent contain (3); non
knowledge of medical science, but I do know that I not (7); sunt are (6); observanda to be observed (8):
can recognize a sick man when I see one. Agreements which contain a base cause are not to be
pace tua adv. [L. pace with peace, agreement (2); observed.] Law. Agreements based on immoral consid-
tua (with) your ( 1 ): with your agreement.] With your erations must not be observed. See ex turpi causa etc.
permission. pacta sunt servanda. [L. pacta agreements, contracts
pacha See pasha. (1); sunt are (2); servanda to be observed (3): Agree-
pacta dant legem contractui. [L. pacta agreements ments are to be observed.] Law. Agreements of parties
( 1 ); dant give (2); legem law (3); contractui to draw- must be observed.
ing together, shrinking, contract, agreement (4): pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt. [L. pacta agree-
Agreements give the law to a contract.] Law. Agree- ments, contracts (1); tertiis third (persons) (6); nec
ments of parties serve as the law of the contract. neither (2); nocent hurt (3); nec nor (4); prosunt
See consensus facit legem. benefit, profit (5): Contracts neither hurt nor benefit
pacta privata juri publico derogare non possunt. [L. third persons.] Law. Contracts neither hurt nor benefit
pacta agreements, contracts (2); privata private (1); a third party. See res inter alios acta alteri etc.
juri right, law (7); publico public (6); derogare to pactum or pactio n., pi. pacta or pactiones [L. agree-
detract from (5); non not (4); possunt can (3): Private ment, contract, pact, compact.] 1 . Civil Law. A pact or
agreements cannot detract from public right.] Law. agreement, especially one, likenudum pactum (q.v.),
Private contracts cannot derogate from public right. without consideration, but one which may entail some
See conventio privatorum etc. legal obligation. 2. Roman Law. An agreement involv-
pacta quae contra leges constitutionesque vel contra ing promises which is usually unenforceable except
bonos mores fiunt, nullam vim habere, indubitati in certain cases where it is declared enforceable by
juris est. [L. pacta agreements, contracts (4); quae legal provisions.
which (5); contra against, opposite (7); leges laws pactum constitutae pecuniae n.,pl. pacta constitutae
(8); constitutionesque and constitutions (9); vel or pecuniae [L. pactum agreement, contract, pact, com-
( 1 0); contra against, opposite (11); bonos good (1 2); pact (1); constitutae of appointed, determined (2);
mores morals (13); fiunt are made (6); nullam no pecuniae (of) money (3): agreement of appointed
288
289 palingenesis
money.] Civil Law. An agreement whereby a debtor oneness, union, unity (2): agreement of unity.] A pact
promises to pay a creditor at a certain time. of unity. Cf. pactum subjectionis.
pactum de constituenda dote n., pi pacta de consti- pactum vestitum n., pi. pacta vestita [L. pactum
tuenda dote [L. pactum agreement, contract, pact, agreement, contract, pact, compact (2); vestitum
compact ( ); de of, from, about, for (2); constituenda
1
clothed, dressed ( 1 ): clothed agreement.] Roman Law.
to be arranged, determined, fixed (4); dote dowry An informal agreement rendered enforceable by of-
(3): agreement about a dowry to be arranged.] Roman ficial act.
Law. An informal agreement to offer a dowry. padre n.,pl. padres [It./Span./Port. father.] Christianity.
pactum de constituto n., pi. pacta de constituto [L. The title of a priest or the priest himself. Cf. pere.
pactum agreement, contract, pact, compact (1); de padrone n.,pl. padroni [It. patron.] 1. Patron, master,
of, from, about, for (2); constituto compact, settle- or boss. 2. Landlord. Innkeeper. 3. An employer of
ment (3): agreement about a settlement.] Roman Law. labor.
A legally enforceable informal agreement in which Paedagogiae Baccalaureus abbr. Pd. B. n. [L.
a person promises to pay another's debt in future or paedagogiae of pedagogy (2); baccalaureus bach-
to give security, if the creditor agrees to give the elor (1): Bachelor of Pedagogy.] An undergraduate
debtor extra time. academic degree in education.
pactum de non alienando n.,pl. pacta de non alienando Paedagogiae Doctor abbr. Ped. D. n. [L. paedagogiae
[L. pactum agreement, contract, pact, compact (1); of pedagogy (2); doctor teacher ( 1 ): teacher of peda-
de of, from, about, for (2); non not (3); alienando gogy.] Doctor of Pedagogy. A terminal graduate
transferring, alienating (4): agreement about not trans- degree in education.
ferring.] Law. Agreement forbidding a person to Paedagogiae Magister abbr. Pd. M. n. [L. paedagogiae
transfer title to property. of pedagogy (2); magister master (1): Master of
pactum de non petendo n.,pl. pacta de non petendo Pedagogy.] A pre-doctoral undergraduate degree in
[L. pactum agreement, contract, pact, compact (1); education.
de of, from, about, for (2); non not (3); petendo suing, Paed. D. abbr. for Paedagogiae Doctor (q.v.).
claiming (4): agreement about not suing.] Civil Law. paideia n. [Gk. education, culture, learning.] Physical
Agreement not to bring a suit; i.e., an agreement in and mental education which lays emphasis on cul-
which a creditor promises not to sue the debtor or tural development and is designed to inculcate an
not to demand the due debt. enlightened, liberal, and mature outlook.
pactum donationis n.,pl. pacta donationis [L. pactum pais or pays n. [Fr. country, district, or region.] Law.
agreement, contract, pact, compact ( 1 ); donationis Used in the expressions in pais (q.v.) or in pays (Obs.
of gift, donation (2): agreement of gift.] Roman Law. Fr.). In the country, as distinct from in court. Appli-
An informal agreement to make a voluntary dona- cable to a transaction that does not go through legal
tion which can be legally enforced against the donor proceedings. Examples: a) A widow 's application for
and his heirs. her dower in pais is one made directly to the heir
pactum illicitum n.,pl. pacta illicita [L. pactum agree- instead of issuing a writ, b) A matter in one
pais is
ment, contract, pact, compact (2); illicitum illegal, that is not put in writing, as distinguished from one
illicit (1): an illicit/illegal agreement] Civil Law. An which deed or is of record, c)
is in A conveyance in
agreement which is unlawful or inimical to public pais one done by the parties on the land, which is
is
policy. to be transferred. —
per pais or per pays (Obs. Fr.)
pactum legitimum n., pi. pacta legitima [L. pactum By the country. By the jury. Specifically, trial per
agreement, contract, pact, compact (2); legitimum pais or trial per pays, i.e., trial by/through the jury.
lawful, legitimate (1): a lawful or legitimate agree- palaestra or palaistra n. pi.
,
palaestrae or palaestras
ment.] Roman Law. An informal agreement, rendered or palaistras [Gk. palaistra a place to wrestle.] 1 . An-
enforceable by the emperor's authority. cient Greece and Rome. A gymnasium or place for
pactum subjectionis n., pi. pacta subjectionis [L. athletic exercises, especially wrestling. 2. A gymnasium.
pactum agreement, contract, pact, compact (1); A stadium. 3. The exercise and practice of athletics,
subjectionis of subjection (2): agreement of subjection.] especially wrestling.
Agreement of subjection to government. So as to end palam adv. [L. openly, publicly, plainly.] In the pres-
"
the insecurity, men entered into a "social contract. ence of, or before, many. Openly.
It comprised a pactum unionis, whereby men agree palindromia n., pi. palindromias [Gk. palin back,
"to unite in one political society" and a pactum again (2); dramein run (2): running back, relapse.]
subjectionis, whereby the majority gives power to a Repeated occurrence of a disease.
government which will protect the individual (Curzon palingenesis or palingenesia n., pi. palingeneses or
1979:68). Cf. pactum unionis. palingenesias [Gk. palin back, again (2); genesis
pactum unionis n., pi. pacta unionis [L. pactum birth (1): birth again, rebirth, regeneration.] 1. Trans-
agreement, contract, pact, compact (1); unionis of migration or reincarnation of souls. Metempsychosis
palladium 290
(q.v.). Cf. metensomatosis. 2. Christianity. Baptism "// was pandemonium, a real wailing and gnashing
Geology. The " said one Teheran resident (Newsweek Int.
or regeneration through baptism. 3. of teeth,
process whereby new rocks are formed deep in the Oct. 6, 1980:16).
earth by the remelting or refusion of old rocks. pandit or pundit n. [Hindi pandit from Skt. panditas
palladium n., pi. palladia or palladiums [L. Palla- scholar.] 1 A Brahman scholar. 2. A person of great
.
dium from Gk. palladion a statue of Pallas Athena.] learning. 3. A title of respect used for such a person
I. Greek Mythology. The statue of Pallas Athena, in India. Cf. pundit.

believed to be Troy's guardian deity. As long as this Pandora n. [Gk. Pandora Greek Mythology. The first ]
statue was in the possession of the Trojans, their city woman, created for the punishment of humankind
was safe. Once it fell into the hands of the Greeks, after Prometheus had stolen fire from the gods and
Troy fell. 2. A safeguard. Something that provides given human beings. She had ajar which contained
it to
security or protection. Any constitution which does every kind of evil and misery. She married
not provide palladia against violation ofcivil rights Prometheus' brother Epimetheus and, when she opened
is not acceptable. the jar, all sorts of evils invaded the earth. —Pandora's
pallida Mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas / box Something which gives birth to unexpected prob-
regumque turris. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes 1,4,13- lems and difficulties. A rich source of unforeseen
14. [L. pallida pale (1); mors death (2); aequo with troubles. The secretary opened a Pandora 's box when
impartial, like (3); pulsat strikes upon, knocks at (5); she accused her boss of victimization.
pede (with) foot (4); pauperum of poor (persons)' panem et circenses Juvenal (c. 55-130 A.D.). Satires
(7); tabernas huts, cabins (6); regum of kings (10) X,81. [L. panem bread (1); et and (2); circenses cir-
que and (8); turris towers (9): Pale Death with im- cuses (3): bread and circuses.] Food and entertainment.
partial foot knocks at the huts of poor persons / and The only things needed to satisfy the common people.
at the towers of kings.] Pale Death with impartial panophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. pan all, whole (2);
steps knocks at the doors of the huts of the poor and phob(os) fear ( 1 ): fear of all.] Psychology. A condition
of the palaces of Kings. in which one has general, vague, or unspecified fears.
pallium n., pi. pallia or palliums [L.] 1 . Ancient Greece panorama n.,pl. panoramas [Neo-Gk. from Gk. pan
and Rome. An outer cloak. 2. Christianity. The vest- all, whole ( 1 ); horama spectacle, sight (2): the whole
ment worn by the Pope and by archbishops and some sight or spectacle.] A complete, unbroken view of
1 .
bishops as a symbol of their authority from the Pope. an area. A thorough presentation of a subject. Johnson
3.Anatomy. The mantle over the cortex of the brain. describes the panorama of events in the Caribbean
4.Zoology. The covering of some animals, including from 1 915 to the mid-1 920s, which forced the immi-
birds and mollusks. gration ofthousands of West Indians to the U.S. and
palmarium n. [L. prize, achievement, masterpiece.] Europe, . . . (West Africa 1985). 2. A mental picture
Civil Law. A conditional professional charge assessed of a scene which is continuously before one. A scene
together with the standard legal fees. which changes continuously. 3. A photograph showing
panacea n., pi. panaceas [L. from Gk. pan all (2) and a comprehensive view of a scene, an area or many
akos cure (1): cure-all, an herb believed to heal all persons.
diseases.] A remedy for every difficulty. Universal panta rhei, ouden menei. Heracleitus (c.540-c.480
remedy. A cure-all. The President was modest enough B.C.). [Gk. panta all (things), everything (1);
to admit that he does not have the panacea for all (cho)rhci flows (2); ouden nothing (3); menei remains
the problems of the nation. (4): Everything flows; nothing remains.] Everything
panache n., pi. panaches [Fr. plume, tuft, wreath, is in a flux; nothing is static.
show.] A plume or tuft of feathers used to decorate

I. pantheon n., pi. pantheons [Gk. pantheion: pan all,
a helmet. 2. Flamboyance. An air of gallantry or con- every (1) and the(os) god (2): temple or place conse-
fidence, a) . . . "La Tour" is celebrating its 400th crated to all gods.] 1 . Rome. Temple erected by Agrippa
birthday and doing so panache
with all the lavish (c.64-12 B.C.) during the reign of Augustus and re-
that has long been its hallmark {Newsweek Int. Oct. built by the emperor Hadrian (76-138 A.D.). 2. Temple
18, 1982: 18). b) Many voters admit that they were dedicated to all the national gods. All the officially
impressed by the panache with which the President- recognized gods of a nation. 3. Paris. Desanctified
elect had conducted his campaign. church where illustrious Frenchmen like Voltaire and
pandemonium or pandaemonium n„ pi. pan- Rousseau are buried. 4. Building used as the burial
demoniums or pandaemoniums [Neo-Gk. from Gk. who had passed away.
place of distinguished citizens
pan all, entire, whole ( ); daimOn demon, evil spirit
1
. . . Mao
body may be cremated and his mausoleum
's
(2): entire evil spirit.] l.The capital of hell in John expanded to include a pantheon of Chinese revolu-
Milton's Paradise Lost. 2. Hell. The world of the tionary heroes (Newsweek Int. Jan. 19, 1981:24).
demons. 3.A place of widespread vice. 4. A place of pantocrator n., pi. pantocrators [Gk. pantokratop:
lawless, riotous disorder. A lawless, noisy disorder. pant(os) every, all ( 1 );
krat(eO) ruler (2): the all-ruler,
291 par avion
almighty.] Ruler over all. Applicable to Jesus, espe- punctually to paralysis oftraffic in the morning. 3. In-
cially in the churches of eastern Christianity. activity. Condition of complete powerlessness. a) . . .
panton chrematon anthropon metron einai. the paralysis of US policy in the region, symbolised
Protagoras (c.49(M20 B.C.). [Gk. pantOn of all (4); by the final withdrawal of US troops from Lebanon
chrematOn (of) things (5); anthrOpon person, human in August (South 984). b) Lack ofraw materials has
1
being ( ); metron measure (3); einai to be, is (2): A

1
resulted in industrial paralysis. Cf. hemiplegia;
human being is the measure of all things.] Man is the paraplegia; and paresis.
rule by which everything is measured, homo paramnesia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. para alongside,
mensura omnium (q.v.). See a chacun son gout. amiss, wrong (1); mnem(e) memory, remembrance
panzer n., pi. panzers short form of Panzervidision (2): wrong memory.] A defect of the memory in
1 .
[Ger. Panzer tank, armor (1); Division division, mili- which one cannot remember the meanings of words.
tary unit (2): tank division.] Any German armored 2. Deja vu 2 (q.v.).
tank, truck, or van in World War II. —

adj. Pertaining paranoia n. [Gk. para alongside, amiss, wrong (1);
to a tank or any armored vehicle or military unit. no(us) mind (2): wrong mind, insanity.] A chronic
p.a.p. abbr. for pret-a-porter (q.v.). psychosis marked by delusions of persecution, base-
Papa abbr. P. n. [It. from L. father.] The Holy Father. less suspicion and distrust of others, or delusions of
The Pope. grandeur and megalomania. Washington has been
papabile adj. [It. able or likely to be pope.] Pertaining blinded by anti-Soviet paranoia and as a result has
to someone who is widely considered to be a strong not realized the vast opportunities for cooperation
candidate in the next papal election. with Moscow (Newsweek Int. Nov 17, 1980:26).
paparazzo n., pi. paparazzi [It. from a photographer parapherna pi. n. [Gk. para alongside, amiss, wrong
named Paparazzo in La Dolce Vita by filmmaker (1) and phern(e) dowry (2): things alongside the
Federico Fellini (1920-1993).] An independent or dowry.] Roman and Civil Law. Goods which a bride
freelance photographer who dogs the steps of celeb- brings to her matrimonial home over and above her
rity subjects in pursuit of marketable candid images. dowry. Such property belongs to her and cannot be
papier mache n. [Fr. papier paper (2); m ache chewed controlled by the husband. Cf. conquets.
( chewed paper.] Art. Glued layers of paper strips
1 ): paraphernalia/?/, n. Either/?/, or sing, in constr. [L. from
or shreds which are molded and painted or varnished. Gk. para alongside, amiss, wrong ( ) and phern(e)
— adj. papier-mache Made of such paper strips or dowry (2): things alongside the dowry.]
1
1 . Law. The
shreds. A papier-mache statue. separate property of a married woman both real and
par. abbr. for parenthesis (q.v.). personal, but mostly consisting of clothing and orna-
par n., pi. pars [L. equal, a match.] 1. Equality. An ments which she can not only bequeath by her will
equality established between the nominal value of but also keep after her husband's death. Cf. conquets.
the monetary unit of a country, share of stock, etc. 2. Personal effects. 3. Things used as equipment.
and its real selling or purchasing power. 2. The face Tools, a) As many more have been injured in assas-
value of securities or the price at which they are issued. sination attempts or so threatened that they have to
3. Equality with respect to situation, a) . . . his comic live ringed by the paraphernalia of security (The
invention puts him straight away, on a par with Economist 1 987). b) The Guardian was given an exclu-
Selvon, (K.W. in West Africa 1982). b) His actual
. . . sive closeup ofthe various charms and paraphernalia
accomplishments have never been on a par with his which allegedly helped him sustain his careerfor so
overweening ambitions. 4. Average, mean, or norm, long (The Guardian 1986).
a) Jim 's health was not up to par. b) The audience paraphilia n.,pl. paraphilias [Neo-Gk. from Gk. para
knew that his scholarly publications were below par. alongside, amiss, wrong (1); philia fondness, affec-
5. Golf.Each hole's standard score. tion (2): wrong affection.] Preference for abnormal
parakalo adv. [Modern Gk. I ask.] Please. Cf. See bitte sexual activities. Cf. pedophilia.
sehr; bitte schon; per favore; por favor; and s'il paraplegia »., pi. paraplegias [Gk. para alongside,
vous plait. amiss, wrong (1); pleg(e) blow, striking (2): wrong
paraleipsis n., pi. paraleipses [Gk. para alongside, blow, paralysis.] Medicine. Paralysis of the body's
amiss, wrong (2); leipsis leaving, omitting (1): leaving lower part, usually caused by injury to, or disease of,
alongside, an omission.] Rhetoric. Emphasizing a fact the spinal cord. See paralysis.
by expressing the intention of ignoring it; e.g., "I will parataxis n. [Gk. from para alongside, amiss, wrong
pass over the fact that my opponent is corrupt." (2) ; taxis drawing up, arranging ( 1 ): arranging along-
paralysis n.,pl. paralyses [Gk. paralusis: para alongside.] Rhetoric. The placing together of clauses and
side, amiss, wrong (1); lusis loosening (2): wrong phrases without conjunctions. E.g., "They sang, they
loosening, disability of the nerves.] 1 . Medicine. Full ate, they slept." Cf. asyndeton.
or partial loss of the ability to feel or move. 2. Inability par avion abbr. P.A. or p.a. adv. [Fr. par by ( 1 ); avion
to move. He attributed his failure to report for duty airplane (2): by airplane.] By air.
parens patriae 292
parens patriae n. [L. parens parent (1); patriae of excellence (Jaeger 1970:46). — adv. Above all oth-
country (2): parent of the country.] Father of the coun- ers. Particularly. In the highest sense of the word.
try. The state legally regarded as father in the sense par exemple abbr. p.e. or p. ex. adv. [Fr. par for,
that it who have no natural
serves as guardian of those through (1); exemple example, instance (2): for ex-
guardians, it inherits the property of those who have ample.] For instance. By way of an example.
no natural heirs, and it protects citizens who are inca- parfait adj. [Fr. perfect.] Perfect. Just right. — inter/.
pable of protecting themselves. "It is in the interest Perfect! Excellent! — n. A dessert made of frozen
of the sovereign that children should be properly cream, fruit, or ice cream, often layered and served
brought up and educated; and according to the prin- in a tall glass.
ciples of our law, the sovereign, as parens patriae, pariah n. [Tamil paraiyar pariah caste.] 1. A person
is bound to look to the maintenance and education belonging to the lowest social caste of agricultural
(as far as it [sic] has the means ofjudging) ofall his and household workers in India and Burma. An un-
subjects " {Hope v. Hope [ 1 854] 4 De G.M.&G. 328, touchable. 2. An individual who has been cast out by
345, quoted by Morris 1973:401). Cf. pater patriae. society.
parenthesis abbr. par. n.,pl. parentheses [Gk. par(a) paribus sententiis reus absolvitur. [L. paribus (with)
alongside, amiss, wrong (3); en in (2); thesis put- being equal (2); sententiis with opinions (1); reus
ting, placing (1): placing in alongside, an insertion.] the accused, defendant (3); absolvitur is acquitted
1 . An explanatory word, phrase, clause, etc. inserted (4): With opinions being equal, the defendant/accused
in a sentence or passage to which ordinarily it is not is acquitted.] Law. When opinions are equally di-
related grammatically. 2. A digression. A comment vided, the accused/defendant is acquitted.
that does not strictly relate to the theme of a narra- pari causa adv. [L. pari with equal ( 1 ); causa (with)
tive, discourse, etc. One peculiarity of the writer's cause, case, reason (2): with equal cause.] On an equal
style is the parentheses which are scattered through- footing. With equal right.
out the work and enliven the narrative. 3. Interlude. pari delicto adv./adj. [L. pari in equal ( 1 ); delicto (in)
Something incidental. Mrs. Shore complained about fault, crime (2): in equal fault.] Equally guilty. See in
her husband 's habit of treating her as though she pari delicto; in pari delicto, potior est conditio
were a mere parenthesis. 4. One of two curves, i.e., defendentis; and in pari delicto, potior est conditio
"( )," used to enclose insertions. possidentis.
parentum est liberos alere etiam nothos. [L. pari-mutuel n. [Fr. pari bet (2); mutuel common,
parentum of parents (2); est it is ( 1 ); liberos children mutual (1): mutual bet.] 1. A form of betting, espe-
(4); alere to support, maintain (3); etiam even (5); cially on horse races, in which the winnings are shared
nothos the illegitimate (6): It is of parents to maintain proportionally according to the amount bet. 2. A
children, even the illegitimate.] It is the duty of parents machine used for such a betting system.
to support their children, even the illegitimate ones. par in parem imperium non habet. [L. par equal (1);
parergon n.,pl. parerga [Gk. par(a) alongside, amiss, in into, to, against, for (5); parem equal (6); impe-
wrong (2); ergon work (1): work alongside, subor- rium authority, control (4); non not (2); habet has,
dinate or secondary business.] 1. Something which holds, regards (3): An equal does not have authority
is accessory or subordinate, especially a decorative against an equal.] Law. An equal has no authority/
device. 2. A secondary business or activity. Pat's control over an equal. Thus a sovereign country cannot
father is an accountant who also, as a parergon, drives exercise control over another sovereign country, nor
a taxi at night. can a master exercise control over another master,
paresis n., pi. pareses [Gk. par(a) alongside, amiss, but only over a subject country or a servant/slave,
wrong (2) and (h)esis sending (1): wrong sending, respectively.
slackening of strength, paralysis.] Medicine. Slight pari passu adv. [L. pari with equal (1); passu (with)
or incomplete paralysis which usually occurs in the pace, stride (2): with equal pace/stride.] At an equal
initial stages of various progressive diseases associ- pace or rate. By an equal progress. With no side being
ated with the nervous system. See paralysis. given preference. The rate of national development
pareunia n., pi. pareunias [Neo-Gk. from Gk. par(a) usually progresses pari passu with the growth ofpro-
alongside, amiss, wrong (2); eun(e) bed (1): bed be- ductive manpower and resources.
side.] Sexual intercourse. See coitus. pari ratione adv. [L. pari by equal (1); ratione (by)
pareve adj. [Yid.] Containing neither meat nor dairy by equal reasoning.] By a similar
reason, reasoning (2):
products and therefore edible along with either food method of reasoning. For a similar reason.
type according to Jewish dietary law. Paris vaut bien une messe. Henry TV of France ( 1 553-
par excellence adj. [Fr. par by (1); excellence excel- 1610). [Fr. Paris Paris (1); vaut is worth (3); bien
lence (2): by excellence.] Best in a group or of its kind. well (2);une a (4); messe mass (5): Paris is well worth
Being an embodiment. Being an epitome. . . . both a mass.] Becoming king of France is worth becoming
A ristotle and Horace called Homer the epic poet par Catholic. The reward is worth the sacrifice.
293 parturient montes
parium eadem est ratio, parium of

idem jus. [L. parte non comparente adv. [L. parte with a part, side,
equal, like (things) (1); eadem

same (2); est is the party (1); non not (2); comparente (with) appearing
(3); ratio reason (4); idem the same (5); jus right, (3): with a party not appearing.] Law. The party being
law (6): Of equal things, the same is the reason, the absent. The party failing to appear.
same the law.] Law. Where the things (or cases) are parte quacumque integrante sublata, tollitur totum.
identical, the same reason and the same law are appli- [L. side, part, portion (1); quacumque
parte with a
cable. See eadem est etc. (with) whatsoever, whatever (2); integrante (with)
parium judicium n. [L. parium of equals (2); judicium making whole (3); sublata (with) removed, taken
judgment ( 1 ): judgment of equals.] The judgment of away (4); tollitur is removed, taken away (6); totum
peers. Trial by a jury of a person's equals or peers. the whole (5): With a part whatsoever making a whole
Cf. inter pares and per pares. removed, the whole is removed.] Law. When any in-
parlando or parlante adv. [It. speaking.] Music. In the tegral part is removed, the whole is removed. Cf.
manner of speech. Used to indicate words to be sung cuicunque aliquis etc.
as if they were spoken. parthenogenesis n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. partheno(s)

parole n.,pl. paroles [Fr. word, promise.] 1 Law. Re- . unmarried woman, virgin (2); genesis birth, repro-
lease of a prisoner from custody on provision of good duction (2): virgin birth.] Reproduction among some
behavior. 2. Law. The length of time for such a provi- lower plants and invertebrate animals in which the
sional release. 3. Military. A password. 4. Linguistics. gamete is developed without fertilization or sexual
Speaking or uttering a word. — v. To release a prisoner contact.

from custody conditionally. parti n., pi. partis [Fr. match, person to be married.]
paronomasia paronomasias [Gk. from par(a)
n., pi. 1 . A match. A person eligible for marriage and assessed
alongside, amiss, wrong (2); onomasis naming (1): as a partner with respect to his/her advantages or
naming alongside.] 1 A play on a word or name. 2. A
. disadvantages. After dating Emilyfor afew days, Ken-
pun. neth decided that she was a good parti. 2. A good
parousia n. [Gk. par(a) alongside, amiss, wrong (2); match. A desirable or suitable match. Kenneth did
on being, existing ( 1 ):
being alongside, presence, ar- not know what a parti Emily was until he had dated
rival, visit of a royal personage.] Christianity. The her for a few days.
second coming or advent of Jesus Christ, the Messiah. particeps criminis n.,pl. participes criminis [L. par-
parquet n., pi. parquets [Fr. enclosure, floor.] 1. A ticeps participant ( 1 ); criminis of crime, offense (2):
floor made out of wooden inlay. 2. The ground floor participant of a crime.] Law. Participant in a crime.
of a theater between the orchestra pit and the balcony. An accessory. An accomplice. See socius criminis.
3. French Law. The office of the public prosecutor. Cf. in pari delicto.
— v. To make a floor of wooden inlay design. partie carree n. [Fr. partie party (2); carree square
parricidium n. [L. parri- perhaps related to Gk. pe(os) ( 1 ): A party of two couples. A party of
square party.]
kinsman (1); L. caedo kill (2): kin killing.] Civil Law. two men and two women. A foursome. Being a partie
Parricide. Assassination of a parent. Murder of any carree, they ignored the other tables, and went directly
close relative. to a table for four.
pars legitima n. [L. pars part, side, party (2); legitima parti pris n., pi. partis pris [Fr. parti side, decision
legitimate, lawful, legal (1): lawful part.] Roman, (1); pris taken (2): side or decision taken.] Prejudice.
Civil, and Scots Law. A portion of the estate set aside Preconceived or obstinate opinion. Partiality, a) He
for the children and, in some cases, other heirs on is not striving to give victory to one point of view, he
the death of the father. See legitime. is not supporting a parti pris through thick and thin
pars pro toto n. [L. pars part, side, party (1); pro for, . . . (Lesky 1966:477). b) Professor Traus won his
in the place of (2); toto whole (3): part for the whole.] reputation for objectivity by writing a history of his
A part representing the whole. own country with hardly any trace ofparti pris.
pars rationabilis n. [L. pars part, side, party (2); ratio- partita n.,pl. partitas [It. part, party, team.] 1. Music.
nabilis reasonable (1): reasonable part.] Law. The A composition in parts or a group of musical varia-
portion of a man's property which is lawfully given tions, especially for instrumentals. 2. Music. One of
to his children and widow. See legitime. the parts of such a composition. 3. Italy. An athletic
pars rea n. [L. pars part, side, party (1); rea accused, contest. A game.
defendant (2): the party accused.] Law. The defendant. partitio legata n. [L. partitio partition, division (2);
The accused. legata bequeathed (1): bequeathed partition.] Civil
parte inaudita adv. [L. parte with a part, side, party Law. A partition authorized by a will. A testamentary
(1); inaudita (with) having been unheard (2): with a partition.
side having been unheard.] Law. One side/party being parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Horace
unheard. Used with reference to a legal action taken (65-8 B.C.). Ars Poetica 139. [L. parturient will be
ex parte (q.v ). See audi partem alteram. in labor, will be pregnant (2); montes mountains (1);
partus sequitur 294
nascetur will be born (5); ridiculus laughable, ridicu- pas de deux n., pi. pas de deux [Fr. pas step (1); de of
lous (3); mus mouse (4): Mountains will be in labor, (2); deux two (3): step of two.] 1 Ballet. A duet, i.e., a .
and a laughable mouse will be born.] Mountains will dance for two persons. the dancers take to the air
. . .
go into labor and give birth to a ridiculous mouse. in jete after jete, in dazzling lifts, in fiery pas de deux
Applicable to a result or product which, considering . . . (Newsweek Int. July 27, 1981:53). 2. A duet, i.e., an
the fuss and labor bestowed on the project, is very action in which two parties participate. After a
disappointing. less-than-whirlwind courtship, which sees Nureyevpur-
partus sequitur ventrem. [L. partus offspring (1); sue her all over town, she agrees to accompany him to
sequitur follows (2); ventrem womb, belly (3): The Paris. Their pas de deux sours, however, when . .
offspring follows the womb.] Civil Law. The off- (Newsweek Int. Jan. 18, 1982:23).
spring follows the mother. A rule applied to animals, pas de quatre n., pi. pas de quatre [Fr. pas step (1);
but not to human beings. de of, by (2); quatre four (3): step by four.] Ballet.
parvenu or fern, parvenue n., pi. parvenus or fern. A dance for four persons.
parvenues [Fr. one who has arrived or succeeded.] pas de trois n., pi. pas de trois [Fr. pas step ( 1 ); de of,
An upstart. A self-made person. A person who, by by (2); trois three (3): step by three.] Ballet. A dance
acquiring wealth, position, or power, has moved out for three persons.
of his/her social class, leaving behind his/her former pas devant adv. [Fr. pas not (1); devant before, in
relative poverty or obscurity. A newly rich individual. front of (2): not in front of] Not in front of the chil-
Nouveau riche (q.v.). The fund-raising ceremony,, dren, the neighbors, or some other inappropriate
provided a good opportunity for parvenus to make viewers or listeners.
ostentatious donations. — adj. Having the character- pas du tout adv. [Fr. pas not (1); du from, of the (2);
istics of an upstart or parvenu. A parvenu group within tout all (3): not from the all.] Not at all.
the association is tarnishing its image with its osten- paseo n., pi. paseos [Sp. stroll.] 1. An unhurried, lei-
tatious display of wealth. surely outdoor stroll. A promenade (q.v.). 2. The

parvum in magno n. [L. parvum little, small (thing) path or route for such a walk. 3. The parade of par-
(1); in in, on (2); magno big (thing) (3): a little thing ticipants into the ring prior to a bullfight.
in a big thing.] A microcosm in a macrocosm. And pasha or pacha n., pi. pashas or pachas [Turk, pasa
therefore it was said, that those that had written de from Pahlavi pati lord (1); Pers. shah king (2): lord
fossilibus did observe, that gold hidden in the bowels king.] A title for military officers or administrative
of the earth, was in respect of the mass of the whole officials in Turkey and North Africa.
earth, parvum in magno; (Megarry 1955:305).
. . . paso doble n. [Sp. paso step, pace (2); doble double
pas n.,pl. pas [Fr. step, pace, tread.] 1 . Right of precedence. (1): double step.] 1. A quick dance. 2. Quick dance
It is a customary practice in most African societies music played as a march, especially at a bullfight.
for youths to yield the pas to their elders. 2. A step pasquinade n.,pl. pasquinades [Fr. from It. Pasquino,
or combination of steps in dancing. A dance. popular name for a statue in Rome where lampoons
Paschale Tempore abbr. P.T. See Tempore Paschale. were displayed, lampoon.] An anonymous lampoon
pas ciseaux Cf. pas de ciseaux. or satire which is publicly displayed. The student,
pas d'action n., pi. pas d'action [Fr. pas step (1); d' who has been posting defamatory pasquinades about
of (2); action action, plot (3): step of action.] Ballet. lecturers on notice boards, was apprehended yester-
A dance which aims at telling a story. day. —
v. tr. To satirize, lampoon or ridicule.
pas de bourree short form bourree n. [Fr. pas step pass. abbr. for passim (q.v.).
(1) ; de of (2); bourree packed (twigs) (3): a step of passacaglia n.,pl. passacaglias [It. from Sp. pasacalle
packed twigs.] Ballet. A short step performed on from pasar step (2); calle street (1): street step.]
pointe (q.v.) similar to a step used in a traditional Music. 1. A slow dance, originally popular in Spain,
French dance called bourree (q.v.). in 3/4 time with frequent melodic repetition. 2. A
pas de charge n., pi. pas de charge [Fr. pas step (1); court dance based upon the popular dance form.
de of (2); charge attack, charge (3): step of attack.] passade n. A movement in dressage
[Fr.
1 a pass.] .
Military. The quick pace used by foot-soldiers when which the horse passes repeatedly over the
(q.v.) in
launching an attack. Charging pace. The double. same spot. 2. A romance. An amorous flirtation.
pas de chat n., pi. pas de chat [Fr. pas step (1); de of passe or fern, passee adj. [Fr. past, vanished.] 1. No
(2) ; chat cat (3): step of cat.] Ballet. A forward leap longer virile or youthfully feminine. Having passed
like that of a cat. one's prime. The old man will soon wed a delightful
pas de ciseaux or pas ciseaux n., pi. pas de ciseaux or passee woman. Out of fashion. Outdated. At first
2.
pas ciseaux [Fr. pas step (1); de of (2); ciseaux scis- the 50-year-old homemaker thought of hiking . . .
sors (3): step of scissors.] Ballet. A scissor kick. A across the Himalayas in Nepal. But for Shoening,
leap during which the dancer spreads his/her legs even that seemed a bit passe (Newsweek Int. June 7,
apart in the air. 1982:48).
295 patria potestas
passepartout n.,pl. passepartouts [Fr. passe pass (1); pater is est quern nuptiae demonstrant. [L. pater
partout everywhere (2): pass everywhere.] 1 A mas- .
father ( 1 ); is he (3); est is (2); quern whom (4); nuptiae
ter key or something which provides open access marriage, wedding (5); demonstrant show(s),
across barriers or borders. 2. Matting used to frame a point(s) out (6): The father is he whom the marriage
picture or the paper or tape used to make such matting. shows.] Law. The father is the person whom the
passepied n., pi. passepieds [Fr. passe pass (1); pied marriage points out; i.e., the father of a child is pre-
foot (2): pass the foot.] Music. 1 . A lively court dance sumed to be the husband of the child's mother.
popular in 17th- and 18th-century France and En- Cf. heres legitimus etc.
gland. 2. A musical composition for such a dance or Pater Noster n. [L. pater father (2); noster our (1):
in the style of such a dance. our father.] "Our Father." 1. The first words of the
pas seul n., pi. pas seuls [Fr. pas step (2); seul single, prayer Jesus taught his apostles at Matthew 6:9-13.
sole (1): single or sole step.] Ballet. A dance for one 2. pi. Pater Nosters The name of this prayer. 3. A
person. Solo (q.v.). musical composition based upon this prayer. Cf. fiat
passim abbr. pass. adv. [L. spread/scattered about.] voluntas tua. —pater noster n., pi. pater nosters
Here and there. Everywhere. In various places or An number of open com-
elevator consisting of a
sections. Used especially in footnotes to indicate that partments hung together by a chain and moving
something (e.g., a word or view) is to be found in slowly enough to allow passengers to enter and leave
many places in a book. compartments at will.
pastiche n.,pl. pastiches [Fr. parody, imitation.] 1. A pater patriae abbr. P.P. or p.p. n., pi. patres patriae
literary, musical, or artistic work which is a close [L. pater father ( 1 ); patriae of country, fatherland (2):
imitation of previous works. Two key new scenes are father of the country.] The father of the fatherland.
the dying Mozart dictating his Requiem to Salieri, Originally conferred on Cicero after he suppressed the
and the performance . . .
of a parody pastiche of conspiracy of Catiline, the title is applicable to any-
Mozart's operas . . . {Newsweek Int. July 18, body who has rendered remarkable service to his
1983:46). 2. A potpourri. A literary or musical work fatherland. Cf. parens patriae and pere de la nation.
composing selections from various works. // is not pathei mathos Aeschylus (525-^456 B.C.) Agamemnon
an original work but a pastiche, with various sections 177. [Gk. pathei by suffering (2); mathos learning
lifted from various sources. 3. A hodgepodge. An (1): learning by suffering.] One learns by suffering.
incongruous combination of various styles, materials, Cf. quae nocent docent.
etc. .some powerful pastiche has been produced
. . pathetique adj. [Fr. moving.] Music. Moving. With
this 's novel The White Hotel,
year: D. M. Thomas feeling. Used in the titles of several compositions in-
which mixedpornography, poetry, psychoanalysis and cluding the "Pathetique" Sonata of Ludwig Van
naturalisticfiction (Newsweek Int. Jan. 4, 1982:58).
. . . Beethoven (1770-1827) and the Symphonie
pasticheur n., pi. pasticheurs [Fr. imitator, parodist.] pathetique of Peter Ilyitch Tchaikovsky ( 1 840-1 893).
An author of pastiches. A person who makes pastiches. pathos n. [Gk. calamity, misfortune, emotion, passion,
pastorale n.,pl. pastorali or pastorales [It. shepherd- emotional style.] 1 . A quality in experience, speech,
like, belonging to shepherds.] I. Music. A vocal or literature, art, or drama which evokes pity, sadness,
instrumental composition using melodies and sympathy, compassion, or tenderness. Ability to
rhythms suggestive of the tranquil life of a traditional evoke such feelings. . . . a simple speech that was
shepherd. 2. A theatrical or operatic performance, well delivered, without pathos. (Time Int. 1982). 2.
popular in 16th- and 17th-century Italy, based upon A feeling of sympathy, pity, or compassion. Martin
the setting and themes of the countryside and the felta pang ofpathos when he heard of the plight of
amorous lives of shepherds. his estranged wife.
p.-a-t. abbr. for pied-a-terre (q.v.). patio n.,pl. patios [Sp. outdoor space.] A outdoor area,
patens ambiguitas n., pi. patentes ambiguitates [L. usually paved and either adjacent to or within a house,
patens evident, manifest (1); ambiguitas ambigu- used for entertainment, especially meals.
ity, equivocalness (2): evident ambiguity.] Patent patisserie n., pi. patisseries [Fr. patisserie pastry,
ambiguity. bakery.] 1 . French pastry. 2. A bakery where French
paterfamilias n., pi. patresfamilias [L. head of the pastries are prepared.
family, householder.] 1 . Roman Law. The male head patois n., pi. patois [Fr. dialect.] 1. A form of speech
of a family or household. A man who exercises patria peculiar to a particular region. 2. A form of speech
potestas (q.v.). 2. The father or male head of a family. which is not standard. 3. A special language or vocabu-
The man proudly declared that he is a veritable pater- lary shared by a small group of people.
familias with five children. See familia. patria potestas n. [L. patria paternal, of the father ( 1 );
pater historiae n. [L. pater father (1); historiae of potestas power, authority (2): paternal authority.] The
history (2): father of history.] The father of history. power of the paterfamilias. Originally, in ancient
Title conferred on Herodotus by Cicero. Rome, patria potestas was almost absolute, and a father
patria potestas in pietate 296
exercised the power of life and death over his children, regarded by some nationalists as an instrument of
slaves, ex-slaves, and even, in some cases, over his exploitation.
wife. See familia pax Hispanica n. [L. pax peace (2); Hispanica Spanish
patria potestas in pietate debet, non in atrocitate, (1): Spanish peace.] 1. The Spanish peace. A period
consistere. [L. patria paternal (1); potestas power, of international peace resulting from the power of
authority (2); in in, on (5); pietate piety, affection, Spain. 2. Spanish civilization or culture.
love (6); debet ought, should (3); non not (7); in in, pax Japonica n. [L. pax peace (2); Japonica Japanese
on (8); atrocitate atrocity, harshness (9); consistere (1): Japanese peace.] 1. The Japanese peace. 2. Japa-
to consist (4): Paternal authority ought to consist in nese civilization or culture. . . . technology may induce
affection, not in atrocity.] Paternal authority should strains in the pax Japonica between management and
be exercised in love, not in atrocity. See familia. labor as the economy swings into new sectors that are
patrimonium n. [L. inheritance, paternal estate, patri- less labor-intensive (Newsweek Int. Aug. 9, 1982:28).
mony.] Civil Law. Something which can be inherited. pax Romana n. [L. pax peace (2); Romana Roman
paucis verbis adv. [L. paucis (wtih) few (1); verbis (1) Roman peace.] 1. The Roman peace; i.e., the
:
with words (2): with a few words.] In a few words. peace and prosperity established by ancient Rome in
In brief. the Mediterranean area. 2. Roman civilization or cul-
pauper n., pi. paupers [L. poor, of small means.] A ture. Augustus' Principate brought a pax Romana
very poor person. A destitute person who depends which contributed immensely to the prosperity and
on A criminal defendant who is so poor that"
charity. happiness of the Roman world.
the state has to give him defense counsel. A person pax vobiscum [L. pax peace (1); vobis you (3); cum
suing who is so poor that he is exempted from court with (1): peace with you (pi.).] Peace be to you.
costs. He has become fantastically wealthy and has pays var. of pais (q.v.).
easily forgotten that his father was a threadbare P.B. abbr. for Philosophiae Baccalaureus (q.v.).
pauper. See in forma pauperis. P.C. abbr. for 1 . per centum (q.v.). 2. post cibum (q.v.).
pavane or pavan n., pi. pavanes or pavans [Fr. from P.D. abbr. for per diem (q.v.).
It. pavana Paduan, from Padua.] Music. 1. A court Pd.B. abbr. for Paedagogiae Baccalaureus (q.v.).
dance of the 16th and 17th centuries with a slow and Pd.M. abbr. for Paedagogiae Magister (q.v.).
majestic tempo. 2. A composition based upon this p.e. abbr. for par exemple (q.v.).
dance style. peccadillo n., pi. peccadilloes or peccadillos [Sp.

pax n. [L. peace, tranquillity, harmony.] 1. Christianity. pecadillo little sin.] A trifling, pardonable, or small
Kiss of peace. 2. History. A period of tranquillity, offense, fault, or sin. Mr. Stone is a strict discipli-
and general prosperity when there
political stability, narian who punishes for peccadilloes
his children
are no major wars, usually due to the predominance which would be ignored by the average parent.
of a powerful nation which establishes an empire and pecca fortiter Martin Luther (1483-1546). [L. pecca
whose power is widely respected. 3. History. Civili- sin (1); fortiter bravely, strongly (2): sin bravely.]
zation or culture. — interj. Used as an expression of Sin boldly.
peace. Cf. shalom. peccata contra naturam sunt gravissima. [L. peccata
pax Americana n. [L. pax peace (2); Americana transgressions, crimes (1); contra against, opposite
American (1): American peace.] 1. The American (2) ; naturam nature (3); sunt are (4); gravissima
peace. A period of international peace resulting from very/most serious (5): Crimes against nature are very
the power of the United States, especially in the period serious.] Law. Transgressions committed against
following World War II. 2. American civilization or natural law are very severe. Applicable to such crimes
culture. Everywhere in Monrovia, capital ofLiberia, as patricide and matricide.
there were unmistakable signs ofthe pax Americana, peccavi n., pi. peccavis [L. I have sinned, offended.]
including cars, denimjeans, the dollar, and restaurants A confession. A humble admission of guilt, error, or
reminiscent of those in America. sin. The repentant children spontaneously uttered
pax Austriaca n. [L. pax peace (2); Austriaca Aus- their peccavis.
trian (1): Austrian peace.] The Austrian peace. A peculatus n. [L. embezzlement.] Civil Law. Embezzle-
period of international peace consequent upon the ment of public funds.
power of Austria. peculium n., pi. peculia [L. private property, separate
pax Britannica n. [L. pax peace (2); Britannica Brit- estate.] A property or fund which is exclusively one's
ish ( 1 ): British peace.] 1 The British peace. The peace
. own possession. Originally, in ancient Rome, pecu-
and order established by Britain in her former em- lium was a private estate which the paterfamilias
pire, which supposedly facilitated secure life and (q.v.) allowed a son, slave, or wife to own.
property, the development of trade and commerce, peculium adventitium n. [L. peculium property (2);
and a high standard of life. 2. British civilization and adventi(c)ium accidental, imported, foreign (1):
culture. The pax Britannica ofthe colonial era is now foreign/accidental property.] Property acquired
.
297 per curiam
through one's own efforts. See bona adventitia. has to participate in five different events. 3. Modern
Cf. bona materna. Olympic Games. A contest in which each participant
pedophilia or paedophilia n„ pi. pedophilias or has to compete in five events, namely shooting, horse-
paedophilias [Neo-Gk. from Gk. pai(s) child (1); back riding, swimming, fencing, and running.
philia loving, love (2): child-loving, love of children.] peon n., pi. peons [Sp. peon laborer, pedestrian.] 1 Latin .
Addiction to, or abnormal preference for, sexual inter- American and Southwest U.S.A. A farmhand or low-
course with children. Cf. paraphilia. skilled laborer. 2. A hireling or lackey.
penates See lares et penates. per prep. [L. through, by.] 1 . Through. By the agency of.
penchant n.,pl. penchants [Fr. inclining, leaning, tilting, Please send the parcel per your son. 2. For each.
slope.] A strong fondness, propensity, or attraction, Throughout. During. He usually drives at no less than
a). . . the Japanese penchantfor pastoral orfeminine 1 40 kilometers per hour. 3. According to. As instructed.
car names (Newsweek Int. Aug. 8, 1983:45). b) The The storekeeper instructed the customer to operate the
authorities with their vast bureaucracies and a dis- television set as per the manual ofoperation.
tinct penchantfor constructingfancy headquarters . . per accidens adv. [L. per through, by (1); accidens
(New African 1980). the happening, chance (2): by chance.] Accidentally.
pendente lite See lite pendente. Contingently. He is not a good mechanic
and, if he
pendente lite nihil innovetur. [L. pendente (with) succeeds in repairing your car, it must have been
pending, hanging in the air (2); lite with suit ( 1 ); nihil per accidens.
nothing (3); innovetur should be renewed, altered (4): per alium adv. [L. per through, by (1); alium another
With a suit pending, nothing should be altered.] Law. (person) (2): by another person.] Through the agency
During litigation, no change should be introduced. of another person. He usually does per alium what
See lis pendens. he can do by himself.
pendulum //., pi. pendula or pendulums [L. a thing per annum abbr. P.A., p.a. or per an. adv. [L. per
which hangs, an uncertain thing.] 1 . A weight suspended through, by ( 1 ); annum year (2): through the year.]
on a point in such a way that it swings freely from side By the year. For each year. For the year. Annually.
to side under the force of gravity, a principle which is Every year. She receives a salary of $20,000 per
used for the construction of clocks and other machines. annum.
2. Something such as public opinion which oscillates per autre vie adv. [Obs. Fr. per during, for ( ); autre 1
between two opposite points, a). Generally, a politician other (2); vie life, lifetime (3): during other life.]
lives a
of uncertainty, depending, as he is, on the
life During the lifetime of another person. See autre vie.
pendulum ofcapricious public opinion, b) Debbie, a per aversionem adj. Iadv. [L. per through, by (1); aver-
victim ofunrequited love, hangs on a pendulum which sionem turning away (2): by turning away.] Civil Law.
swings from love to hatred and back again. Through averting. Applicable to a purchase of goods by
penetralia n., sing, penetrale [L. innermost things.] bulk rather than by piece, weight, or measure, or to the
1. The innermost/interior/internal parts of a place or sale of a land tract which is only approximate in size.
thing. 2. Privacy. Hidden things. Secrets. Bamidele per capita adv.ladj. [L. per by (1); capita heads (2):
andAliyu are bosom friends and have admitted each by heads.] For/by each person. The government has
other to the intimate penetralia of their own affairs. imposed a per capita tax of $50.00 per annum.
Pensees/?/. n. [Fr. thoughts.] Thoughts, the collected notes Cf. per stirpes.
of Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), published posthumously. per centum shortform per cent or percent abbr. P.C.
pensionnat de jeunes filles n. [F. pensionnat boarding- adj. [L. per through, by (1); centum hundred (2): by
school, hostel (1); de of, for (2); jeunes young (3); hundred.] By the hundred. Percent. In the hundred.
filles girls, maidens (4): boarding school for girls.] Of each hundred. The candidate obtained sixty-eight
A private, residential school for young women she per centum in the examination. — n., pi. percents A
Sappho] was the principal of a pensionnat de
[i.e., part of a hundred. A percentage.
jeunes filles (Lesky 1966: 144-145). perceptum n., pi. percepta [L. perceived or observed
pensum pensa or pensums [L. a charge, duty,
n., pi. thing.] Percept. Perception. Something perceived.
office, something which is weighed out.] A task, usu- per con. abbr. for per contra (q.v.).
ally punitive, assigned in school. The loquacious boy per contra abbr. per con. adv. [L. per through, by
was assigned the pensum ofcleaning three classrooms. (1); contra against, opposite (2): by the opposite.]
pentathlon n., pi. pentathlons [Gk. pente five (1); On the contrary. On the other hand, a) Bisi is not
athlon contest (2): five contests, a contest of five laughing; per contra she Paul was ex-
is crying, b)
exercises.] 1. Ancient Greece. An athletic contest in pected to give evidence for the prosecution but, per
which a contestant had to take part in five distinct contra, he favored the accused and was accordingly
events, namely wrestling, footrace (i.e., running), branded a hostile witness.
throwing the discus, jumping, and throwing the spear. per curiam adv.ladj. [L. per through, by (1); curiam
2. Any athletic competition in which each contestant court (2): by the court.] Law. Summarily and by the
per diem 298
court's unanimous action. Used with reference to the per favore adv. [It. per for (1); favore favor (2): for a
opinion of the entire court as distinct from the opinion favor ] Please. See bitte sehr; bitte schon; parakalo;
of one judge. Sometimes applicable to a written opin- por favor; prego; and s'il vous plait,
ion of the presiding judge or Chief Justice. perfecta n. [Sp. from quiniela game of chance (2);
per diem abbr. p.d. adv. [L. per through, by (1); diem perfecta perfect ( ): perfect game of chance.] Exacta
1
day (2): by day.] By the day. Daily. Day by day. Mrs. (q.v.).
Cole has introduced a new domestic budget which per fraudem adv. [L. per through, by (1); fraudem
makes it possiblefor her to save $3. 00 per diem. adj. — fraud, deceit (2): by fraud.] Law. By deceit. Used
Daily. Paid daily or every day. The maidservant receives especially with reference to fraudulently obtained
a per diem remuneration of$5.00. — n.,pl. per diems discharge in regard to a plea.
Daily allowance, fee, or rent. Members of the del- pergola n.,pl. pergolas [It.] A structure, often a collonade,
egation were given per diems of $100. 00. with a trellised roof over which vines are often grown.
perdu or perdue adj. [Fr. lost, ruined, doomed, wasted.] periculum rei venditae, nondum traditae, est
Unnoticed. Concealed. Remaining unseen. Obscured. emptoris. [L. periculum danger, risk (1); rei of mat-
Secluded, a) Immediately after the coup d'etat he ter, thing, property, business, affair (2); venditae (of)
made quick his escape to a remote hamlet where he sold (3); nondum not yet (4); traditae (of) deliv-
stayed perdu for a week before fleeing across the ered (5); est is (6); emptoris of purchaser, buyer (7):
border, b) Jemima 's talent remained perdu for years The risk of the thing sold (but) not yet delivered is of
before she was discovered by her agent. the purchaser.] Law. When something is sold but not
pere adj. [Fr. father, senior.] Senior. Older. Used to yet delivered, it is at the risk of the purchaser. See
distinguish a father from a son who bears the same damnum sentit dominus; mora debitoris etc.; and
name. At the moment, Frazier pere is selecting his res perit etc.
boy 's opponents. {Newsweek Int. Nov. 30, 198 1 :48). periegesis n., pi. periegeses [Gk. periegesis: peri
Cf. fils. —Pere n., pi. Peres Christianity. The title around (2); (h)ege(omai) lead (1): leading around,
of a priest or the priest himself. Cf. padre. geographical description, outline.] A geographical
pere de famille n., pi. peres de fa mi lie [L. pere father description of a place, region, etc.
(1); de of (2); famille family (3): father of family.] per impossibile adv. [L. per through, by ( 1 ); impossibile
The male head of a family. Paterfamilias (q.v.). impossible (thing) (2): through an impossible thing.]
pere de la nation «., pi. peres de la nation [Fr. pere As if not possible. Assuming it were possible, but it
father (1); de of (2); la the (3); nation nation (4): is not.per impossibile, I should become a million-
If,
father of the nation or country.] Founder of the nation. aire overnight, I would do wonders.
Pater patriae (q.v.). Leopold Senghor, thefirst Presi- per incuriam adv. [L. per through, by ( 1 ); incuriam care-
dent of Senegal, is regarded by most Senegalese as lessness, negligence (2): through carelessness.] Law. By
pere de la nation. carelessness or negligence. Used in connection with a
perestroika n. [Russ. from pere around, again (2); stroika judge's decision which is clearly attributable to an over-
construction ( 1 ): construction again, reconstruction.] sight. The authority o/Oduntan Onisiwo v. Attorney-
1. The economic and bureaucratic reorganization of General was set aside, both the Supreme Court and
the Soviet Union in the 1980s. 2. A reorganization thefull court implying that the judgment in that case
of an economy or political bureaucracy. was given per incuriam (Adewoye 1977:259).
per eundem adv.ladj. [L. per through, by (1); eundem per industriam adv. [L. per through, by (1); indus-
the same (2): by the same.] Law By the same judge. triam diligence, industry (2): through industry.] Law
per eundem in eadem adv.ladj. [L. per through, by of Former Times. By diligence. By industry. Appli-
(1); eundem same (2); in in, on (3); eadem the

the cable, inter alia, to wild animals over which one can
same (4): by same in the same.] Law. By the same
the have qualified rights of property per industriam, i.e.,
judge in the same suit/case. by reclaiming, taming and bringing them under one's
per fas adv. [L. per through, by (1); fas justice, right, immediate power. See per industriam hominis.
that which is lawful (2): through justice or right.] Law. per industriam hominis adv. [L. per through, by (1);
By lawful means. Rightfully. "The arms which an industriam diligence, industry (2); hominis of a per-
Advocate wields, he ought to use as a warrior, not son, human being (3): by diligence of a person.] Law
as an assassin. He ought to uphold the interests of of Former Times. By human diligence. Applicable
his clients perfas, but not per nefas " (Cockburn C.J., to such human efforts as reclamation of land, taming
quoted by Megarry 1955:36). Cf. per nefas. of wild animals, etc., upon which a claim of owner-
per fas et nefas adv. [L. per through, by (1); fas right, ship may be based. See per industriam.
law (2); et and (3); nefas wrong (4): by right and per infortunium adv.ladj. [L. per through, by ( 1); in-
wrong.] Law. Through right and wrong. By lawful fortunium misfortune (2): by misfortune.] Through
and unlawful means. an unlucky event. Used in criminal cases to describe
299 per quod servitium
homicide, i.e., of the kind where a person in the process which in terms of alienation can be divided into equal
of performing a lawful act unintentionally and unfor- parts, but in terms of tenure and survivorship is jointly
tunately causes the death of another. See homieidium held as an entire unit. Cf. per tout etc.
per infortunium. per nefas adv. [L. per through, by ( 1 ); nefas wrong, crime,
peripeteia or peripetia n., pi. peripeteias or peripetias that which is unlawful (2): through wrong/crime.] Law.
[Gk. peri around (2); pipt(o) fall (1): falling around, By unlawful means. Unjustly. Cf. per fas.
reversal of the normal order, sudden reversal of the per pais or per pays adv. [Obs. Fr. per through, by
plot of a tragedy.] A sudden reversal of circumstances (1) ; pais country (2): through the country.] Law. By
in a literary work or real life, a) The play ended in a the country. By jury. See pais 2.
peripeteia which restored confidence in the basic sanity per pares adv. [L. per through, by (1); pares equals
of human nature, and economic
b) Political, social (2) : by equals.] By one's peers or equals. Cf. inter
developments in the country were such that had there pares and parium judicium.
not been the peripeteia initiated by the Revolutionary per pays See per pais.
Council, the nation would have collapsed completely. perpetua lex est nullam legem humanam ac
periphrasis n., pi. periphrases [Gk. peri around (2); positivam perpetuam esse, et clausula quae
phrasis speaking (1): speaking around.] Rhetoric. abrogationem excludit ab initio non valet. [L.
Circumlocution. The use of many words or phrases perpetua perpetual, permanent, unchangeable, unin-
to express what may be clearly expressed by few terrupted (2); lex law (3); est it is . . . (that) ( 1 ); nullam
words or phrases. A roundabout manner of expression. no (4); legem law (8); humanam human (5); ac and
periplus n., pi. peripli [Gk. periplous: peri around (2) (6); positivam positive (7); perpetuam perpetual,
and pious sailing, voyage ( 1 ): sailing around, circum- permanent, unchangeable, uninterrupted (10); esse to
navigation, account of a coasting voyage.] 1 . Circum- be, is (9); et and (11); clausula clause (12); quae which
navigation. A voyage around an island, continent, etc. (13) ;
abrogationem repeal (15); excludit excludes
The Carthaginian general, Hanno, who attempted a (14) ; ab from, by (18); initio beginning (19); non
periplus of Africa, may have reached the littoral of not ( 1 6); valet is valid ( 1 7): It is a perpetual law that
Cameroon. 2. Account of a circumnavigation. no human and positive law can be perpetual, and a
per legem terrae adv. [L. per through, by (1); legem clause which excludes repeal is not valid from the
law (2); terrae of land (3): by the law of the land/ beginning.] Law. It is a permanent, unchangeable law
country.] Law. In accordance with due legal process. that no human and positive law can be permanent
He was brought to trial and found guilty per legem and unchangeable and that a clause which excludes
terrae. repeal is null and void right from the beginning.
per majorem cautelam adv. [L. per through, by (1); perpetuum mobile n. [L. perpetuum perpetual, per-
majorem cautelam caution, precaution
greater (2); manent, unchangeable, uninterrupted (1); mobile
(3): through greater caution.] Law. For greater caution. movable, moving (thing) (2): perpetual moving
See ad abundantiorem cautelam. thing.] 1. Perpetual movement or motion. 2. Music.
per mensem adv. [L. per through, by (1); mensem A musical passage or composition in which the rapid
month (2): by the month.] Monthly. Every month. notes continue throughout. To date he has sung exactly
Most employees in the country are paid per mensem. 1,582 times Throw in another career as an opera
. . .
per mi lie adv. [L. per through, by (1); mille thousand conductor . and you have music 's perpetuum
. . ,
(2): by thousand.] By a thousand. For every thousand. mobile in blazing life (Newsweek Int. March 8,
It is an incontrovertible fact that women outnumber 1982:54).
men in that city by a ratio of 1,890 per mille. per procurationem abbr. per pro. or p.p. adv. [L. per
per minas adv. [L. per through, by (1); minas threats through, by (1); procurationem agency (2): by
(2) by threats.] By means of threats. Cowards usually
: agency.] Law. By deputy's or agent's authority. By
act per minas. proxy. He conducts most ofhis business transactions
permis de sejour n., pi. permis de sejour [Fr. perm is per procurationem.
permit, license ( 1 ); de of (2); sejour residence, abode perquisitor n., pi. perquisitors [L. one who searches
(3) permit
: of residence.] A residence permit, thoroughly.] Law. The first purchaser or original
permitte divis cetera. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes 1,9,9. owner of an estate. A person who searches by warrant.
[L. permitte leave, entrust (1); divis to gods, divine per quod servitium amisit. [L. per through, by (1);
beings (3); cetera the rest, remaining (2): Leave the quod (that) which (2); servitium service, servitude
rest to the gods.] Entrust everything else to the gods, (4); amisit he lost (3): by (that) which he lost service.]
per my et per tout [Obs. Fr. per through, by (1); my Whereby he lost the service of a servant, daughter, etc.
half (2); et and (3); per through, by (4); tout whole Law of Former Times. Used by a master in actions of
(5): by half and by whole.] Property Law. In part and trespass, where a servant has been beaten or maltreated,
in whole. Applicable to joint tenancy or ownership or in action brought by a father in connection with the
per rerum naturam 300
seduction of a daughter. If a master is wrongfully especially in international law and diplomatic rela-
deprived ofhis servant 's services, he may be able to tions. A military attache in one of the embassies in
recover damages from the wrongdoer through one or Moscow was declared to be no longer persona grata.
more of three different actions, the actions of entice- See persona gratissima. Cf. non grata and persona
ment and harbouring, and the action per quod non grata.
servitium amisit for injury inflicted upon his servant persona gratissima n., pi. personae gratissimae [L.
(Rogers 1975:441). persona person (2); gratissima very acceptable (1):

per rerum naturam factum negantis nulla probatio most acceptable person.] A highly favored person.
est. [L. per through, by ( 1 ); rerum of matters, things, In some organizations, appointments andpromotions
property, business, affairs (3); naturam nature (2); are not given to people on the basis of merit, but
factum deed, act, fact (5); negantis of the one denying strictly to people who are personae gratissimae.
(4); nulla no (7): probatio proof (8); est there is (6): See persona grata.
By the nature of things, of the one denying a fact personalia pi. n. [L. personal things.] 1 . Biographical
there is no proof.] By the nature of things, it is not notes or stories. 2. Personal things or affairs. Mrs. Brown
obligatory for the one who denies a fact to prove it. suedfor divorce on the ground that her husband has
See actori incumbit etc. a nauseating habit ofrifling through her personalia,
per saltum adv. Iadj. [L. per through, by (1); saltum but her action was dismissed by the court.
leap, bound, spring (2): by a leap ] At a leap. By a personalia personam sequuntur. [L. personalia per-
jump. At a single bound. The lecturer was promoteu sonal (things) (1); personam person (3); sequuntur
to the professorship per saltum. follow (2): Personal things follow the person.] Law.
per se adv. [L. per through, by ( 1 ); se itself, oneself, them- Personal effects follow the person.
selves (2): by itself] 1 . In itself. By themselves. As such. personalis actio n., pi. personales actiones [L. per-
Ancient Spartans believed that stealing per se is not sonalis personal, individual (1); actio action, deed,
bad, but being caught in the act of stealing is not legal suit (2): personal legal suit.] Law. Personal legal
only bad but also worthy ofpunishment. 2. Law. The action. An action in personam. Cf. actio in rem.
expression, in cases of libel, is used in reference to words persona muta See muta persona.
which are inherently insulting and thus actionable. persona non grata abbr. P.N.G. or p.n.g. n.,pl. perso-
per sempre adv. [It. per for, by ( 1 ); sempre ever, always nae non gratae or persona non grata [L. persona
(2): for ever.] For all times. Fonteyn has been elevated person (1); non not (2); grata acceptable; agreeable
ofprima ballerina assoluta (and prob-
to the title (3) person not acceptable.]
: An unacceptable person.
ably per sempre) (Newsweek Int. June 6, 198 1 :43). The expression is usually used in diplomatic affairs
persiflage n.,pl. persiflages [Fr. banter, chaff] Frivo- and international law. An official delivered a note in
lous or lighthearted raillery, teasing, or banter. A which thefirst secretary ofthe embassy was declared
frivolous or lighthearted manner of discussing a subject. persona non grata. Cf. persona grata.
persifleur n., pi. persifleurs [Fr. chaffer, banterer.] A persona publica n. [L. persona person (2); publica
person who engages in persiflage. A person who public (1): public person.] A public officer.
treats frivolously a matter which normally requires persona standi in judicio n. [L. persona person (1);
serious consideration. standi of standing (2); in in, on (3); judicio court
persona n.,pl. personae orpersonas [L. actor's mask, (4) person of standing in court.] Law. Ability or
:
person.] 1. CivilLaw. The character by virtue of qualification to appear in court. Capacity or qualifi-
which a man enjoys certain rights and has certain cation to sue.
obligations to discharge. A man can have many char- personnel n., pi. personnel or personnels [Fr. staff,
acters (e.g., father and son). 2. The role one plays in employees.] The body employed by an organization.
1 .
public. She took on the persona of a peacemaker in Cf. materiel. 2. A branch of an establishment which
the dispute. —
pi. personae Characters of a play or is assigned the responsibility of selecting and training
novel. employees as well as formulating employment policies,
persona designata n. [L. persona person ( 1 ); desig- guidelines, and procedures. pi. personnel Persons of
nata pointed out, described (2): the person described.] a particular professional group, grade or level, a) police
A person described or pointed out, as distinct from a personnel; b) medical personnel; c) The diamond min-
person vaguely belonging to a group. ing company . . . will shortly be laying off a sizeable
persona ficta n., pi. personae fictae [L. persona per- proportion ofits workers including senior personnel
son (2); ficta feigned, fictitious ( 1): a feigned person.] (West Africa 1982).
A fictitious or imaginary person. perspicua vera non sunt probanda. [L. perspicua
persona grata abbr. P.G. or p.g. n., pi. personae gra- clear, manifest, evident (1); vera truths, facts (2); non
tae or persona grata [L. persona person (2); grata not (4); sunt are (3); probanda to be proved (5):
acceptable, agreeable (1): an acceptable person.] An Evident truths are not to be proved.] Evident truths
individual who is acceptable or admissable. Used need not be proved. See manifesta probatione etc.
301 petit mal
per stirpes adv.ladj. [L. per through, by (1); stirpes Law. By words of the present tense. An expression
descendants, family stocks (2): by descendants or applicable to marital contracts. If the local law
family stocks.] Law. By stocks or branches. Appli- recognises marriage by cohabitation and repute, a
cable to assigning equal shares of an estate to each union so constituted will be recognised in England.
descendant family, regardless of how many members Similarly, if a marriage may be validly constituted
it has. The term "issue" includes not only children per verba de praesenti under the law of the place
but also the children ofchildren who have predeceased where it is celebrated, a marriage so constituted will
the intestate. Division between these is per stirpes, that be recognised in England (Morris 1973:237). Cf. per
is to say, the collective share of the children of a verba de futuro.
deceased child is that which would have belonged to pessimum n., pi. pessima or pessimums [L. worst
their parent (Hanbury 1962:471). See stirps. Cf. per thing.] The environmental condition least favorable
capita. for the survival of an organism.

per subsequens matrimonium adj. [L. per through, pestis n., pi. pestes [L. sickness, disease, plague.] An
by (1); subsequens subsequent matrimonium
(2); infectious disease. A plague.
marriage (3): by a subsequent marriage.] By later petit blanc n., pi. petits blancs [Fr. petit small, little
marriage. By marriage after the fact. Domestic law ( 1 ); blanc white (person) (2): little white person.] A
in Britain recognized legitimation per subsequens poor white person. A European or Caucasian in a
matrimonium under certain conditions. racially heterogeneous community who has no claim
pertinentia pi. n. [L. things belonging, relating or per- to distinction other than the pigmentation of his skin.
taining to.] Law. Appurtenances of property which, petit bourgeois orfern, petite bourgeoise n. [Fr. petit
together with the property, belong to the new owner. small, little (1); bourgeois citizen, townsman (2):
per totam curiam adv.ladj. [L. per through, by (1); small townsman or citizen.] A member of the lower
totam whole, entire (2); curiam court (3): by the middle class or petite bourgeoisie (q.v.). A person
whole court.] Law. By the entire court. Unanimous. of limited intellectual outlook. — attrib. Characteristic
Unanimously. Applicable to the judgment or decision of the lower middle class, petite bourgeoisie, or those
of the court. who have limited intellectual outlook. Mostly young
per tout non per my [Obs. Fr. per through, by (1);
et and educated, the Mujahedin charge that the ruling
tout whole (2); et and (3); non not (4); per through, clergy's primitivism and "petit bourgeois under-
by (5); my half (6): by whole and not by half] By the standing of Islam " merely pave the way for a return
whole and not by a portion (or moiety). Property Law. of Western exploitation in Iran {Time Int. 1981).
Applicable to concurrent ownership (e.g., property See bourgeois.
given to husband and wife) which belongs to them as petite adj. [Fr. small, little.] Little. Small and delicately
an entire unit and cannot be taken in separate shares. beautiful. Used to describe a woman. Kamara 's aunt,
per universitatem adv.ladj. [L. per through, by (1); a petite, loquacious woman, will arrive tomorrowfor
universitatem the whole, entirety (2): by the whole/ the festival.
entirety.] Law. As a whole. Used to describe the ac- petite bourgeoisie n. [Fr. petite small, little ( 1 ); bour-
quisition of an estate in its entirety rather than the geoisie middle class (2): small middle class.] The
acquisition of little portions. lower middle class, regarded as being of limited intel-
per vaginam abbr. p.v. adj.ladv. [L. per through, by lectual outlook. Of the former pupils of the Ecole
( 1 ); vaginam sheath, vagina (2): through the vagina.] Coloniale who came
make up the majority of the
to
By the vagina. The essential points required to prove administrative corps, a few came from the upper
rape are lack ofconsent by the victim and penetration classes, but most were from the petite bourgeoisie
per vaginam. (Suret-Canale 1971:318). See bourgeois.
per verba de futuro adv.ladj. [per through, by (1); petite noblesse n. [Fr. petite small, little (1); noblesse
verba words (2); de of, from, about, for (3); futuro nobility, noble birth (2): small nobility.] Nobility of
the future (4): by words of the future.] Law. By words a lower or minor rank, especially French rural land-
of the future tense. An expression applicable to marital owners of noble descent.
contracts. Cf. per verba de praesenti. petitio principii n.,pl. petitiones principii [L. petitio
per verba de futuro subsequens copula n. [L. per attack, position, aim, claim, begging (1); principii
through, by (3); verba words (4); de of, from, about, of beginning, foundation, principle (2): postulation
for (5); futuro future (6);
subsequens subsequent of principle.] Logic. A fallacy which a premise is
in
(1); copula connection, bond (2): subsequent bond erroneously assumed to be true. Begging the prin-
by words of the future.] Law. Later marriage by ciple. Begging the question; i.e., using the premise
means of words about the future. itself as proof.
per verba de praesenti adv.ladj. [L. per through, by ( 1 ); petit mal n. [Fr. petit small, little (1); mal malady,
verba words (2); de of, from, about, for (3); praesenti illness (2): small malady/illness.] Medicine. A milder
the present (4): through words about the present.] form of epilepsy. Cf. grand mal.
petit truand 302
petit truand n.,pl. petits truands [Fr. petit small, petty or authoritative book, listing drugs, medicines,
(1); truand crook, swindler (2): petty crook.] chemicals, etc., describing them and showing tests
Smalltime crook or hoodlum. Another theory held for establishing their identity, formula for preparing
that the massacre was simply part ofa turfwar among them, and directions respecting their use.
petits truands (Newsweek Int. Oct. 16, 1978:17). Cf. Pharm.D. abbr. for Pharmaciae Doctor (q.v.).
dacoit, mafia, and yakuza. Pharm.M. abbr. for Pharmaciae Magister (q.v.).
p. ex. abbr. for par exemple (q.v.). pharos n., pi. pharoses [Gk. Pharos.] 1. An island in
p.f. abbr. for pro forma (q.v.). the bay of Alexandria (Egypt) famous in antiquity
p. fat. abbr. for praefatus (q.v.). for its lighthouse, built by Ptolemy Philadelphus. 2. A
P.G. or p.g. abbr. for persona grata (q.v.). lighthouse. 3. A very conspicuous light, particularly
phalanx n., pi. phalanxes or phalanges [Gk. line of the lantern of a ship. 4. A candelabrum, i.e., a large
battle, heavy infantry in battle order, bone between candlestick, usually decorated, with several branches
two joints of the fingers and toes.] 1 . Ancient Greece. or arms.
A body of heavily armed footsoldiers formed in close Ph.B. abbr. for Philosophiae Baccalaureus (q.v ).
array for fighting. 2. A closely arranged group or body Ph.D. abbr. for Pharmaciae Doctor (q.v ). 2. Philo-
1.
of persons, things, or animals. 3. A body of persons sophiae Doctor (q.v.).

organized for a common objective. Arriving in Tucson phenomenon n.,pl. phenomena or phenomenons [Gk.
without his usualphalanx ofbodyguards, . . . {Newsweek phainomenon appearing.] 1. A fact or event which
Int. A bone in the toe or finger.
July 25, 1983:29). 4. can be observed or is observable. A matter of reality
phallus ph all uses [L. from Gk. ph alios
n.,pl. phalli or or experience. Despite schisms, heresies and fratri-
penis, symbol of the penis.] 1 A symbol of the male
. cidal wars, world Communism remains a Soviet
reproductive organ. As for the comic actor, the pots phenomenon . . . (Time Int. 1982). 2. A fact or event
and terracottas make it plain that he normally had . . . in the changing variety of things as distinct from their
the phallus (Lesky 1966:237). 2. Penis. 3. The embry- permanent or immutable essence. The perceptible as
onic precursor of the penis or clitoris. distinct from the true nature of things. He had . . .
phantasm a n., pi. phantasm ata or phantasmas [Gk. met the unending variety ofthe phenomena ofculture
apparition, phantom.] Phantasm. A product of phan- and nature with an open mind. (Lesky 1966:680). . .
tasy (or fantasy). A spirit or ghost. A plan or thought 3. A rare, odd, or remarkable fact or person, a) At 32,
which is not based on prudent reasoning. 77m 's sup- Zukerman . . . is a phenomenon even in a world of
posedly great proposalfor solving the organization 's musical prodigies (Newsweek Int. Oct. 20, 1980: 61).
problems was summarily dismissed as a phantasma, b) Thomas Sankara was a phenomenon in life. In
the productof a dream. death he looms even larger (The Guardian 1987).
Phar.B. abbr. for Pharmaciae Baccalaureus (q.v.). Cf. Ding an sich and noumenon.
Phar.D. abbr. for Pharmaciae Doctor (q.v ). Philadelphia n. [Gk. from phil(ia) love (2); adelph(os)
Pharmaciae Baccalaureus abbr. Phar.B. n. [L. brother, sibling ( 1 ): brother love.] The city of brotherly
pharmaciae of pharmacy (2); baccalaureus bach- love. The largest city in Pennsylvania.
elor (1): Bachelor of Pharmacy.] An undergraduate philia n., pi. philias [Gk. affectionate regard, friendli-
degree in pharmacy. ness, fondness.] Love of one's friends. Love of fellow
Pharmaciae Doctor abbr. Phar.D. or Pharm.D. or humans. —suf 1 .Inclination or tendency toward. He-
Ph.D. n. [L. pharmaciae of pharmacy (2); doctor mophilia. 2. Unusual or excessive fondness or appetite
teacher (1): teacher of pharmacy.] Doctor of Phar- for. a) Anglophilia; b) Francophilia; c) necrophilia.
macy. A terminal graduate degree in pharmacy. Philosophiae Baccalaureus abbr. P.B. or Ph.B. n. [L.
Pharmaciae Magister abbr. Pharm.M. n. [L. philosophiae of philosophy (2); baccalaureus bach-
pharmaciae of pharmacy (2); magister master (1): elor (1): Bachelor of Philosophy.] An undergraduate
Master of Pharmacy.] A pre-doctoral graduate degree degree in philosophy, the sciences, the humanities,
in pharmacy. or any intellectual field.
pharmacon n., pi. pharmaca or pharmacons [Gk. Philosophiae Doctor abbr. Ph.D. n. [L. philosophiae
pharmakon drug.] A drug, whether curative or nox- of philosophy (2); doctor teacher (1): teacher of phi-
ious. Medicine. Healing remedy. Poison. losophy.] Doctor of Philosophy. A terminal graduate
pharmacopedia n., pi. pharmacopedias [Neo-Gk. degree in philosophy, the sciences, the humanities, or
from Gk. pharmako(n) drug (2); paideia education any intellectual field.
(1): education on drugs.] Information respecting Philosophiae Magister abbr. Ph.M.«. [L. philosophiae
drugs and the preparation of medicines. of philosophy (2); magister master (1): Master of Phi-
pharmacopoeia or pharmacopeia n., pi. pharma- losophy.] A pre-doctoral graduate degree in philosophy.
copoeias or pharmacopeias [Gk. pharmakopoiia: Ph.M. abbr. for Philosophiae Magister (q.v.).
pharmako(n) drug (1) and poieO make (2): drug phobia [Neo-Gk. from phob(os) fear, panic] n., pi.
making, preparation of drugs.] Medicine. An official phobias An exaggerated, pathological, or morbid fear
303 pied-a-terre
or dislike. There is currently a phobia that since the old picaresque adj. [Fr. of a rogue or rascal.] 1 . Pertaining
brigade politicians have been banned, they would stop to a roguish adventurer. 2. Pertaining to a novel about
at nothing to ensure that their stooges assume power roguish adventurers, especially a type popular first
(The Guardian 1 987). — suf. Irrational, pathological, fear in Spain and later in France in which the escapades
or dislike, a) Marxophobia (q.v.); b) Negrophobia. of such a rogue are described with great realism, sat-
phoenix n., pi. phoenixes [Gk. Phoinix.] 1. A mythical ire, and humor. 3. Pertaining to novels depicting in-
bird believed by ancient Egyptians to live for not less cidents which follow chronologically but which have
than 500 years. When it is about to die, it builds a little logical connection to each other. — n. A roguish
nest, sets on fire, is burnt to ashes, and then from
it adventurer. A picaro (q.v.).
the ashes emerges a new phoenix. It is regarded as a picaro n.,pl. picaros [Sp. rogue, scoundrel.] A roguish
symbol of resurrection or immortality. 2. Somebody adventurer. Cf. picaresque.
or something that resembles the phoenix as a model piccolo adj. [It. small.] Little. Small. — n. Music. A
of beauty or excellence. 3. Somebody or something wind instrument smaller than a flute and producing
that after destruction undergoes renewal, resurrection, sounds an octave higher.
or a sort of rebirth. pictor ignotus n. [L. pictor painter ( 1 );
ignotus unknown
phonomania n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. phono(s) murder, (2) painter
: unknown.] By an unknown painter,
slaughter (2); mania madness, frenzy, passion (1): piece de resistance n., pi. pieces de resistance [Fr.
madness/frenzy for murder.] Excessive inclination piece piece (1); de of (2); resistance resistance (3):
to commit homicide. piece of resistance.] The main dish or course of a
1 .
p. h. v. abbr. for pro hac vice (q.v.). meal. The main event or feature. Their piece de
2.
physique n., pi. physiques [Fr. physical constitution, resistance is a grotesque murder in a shattering, clat-
body.] Physical structure, strength, or form; i.e., of tering thunder-and-lightning storm that should earn
the human body, a geographical area, etc. a) Ivan was them a special award . . . (Newsweek Int. Oct. 1 6,
mercilessly beaten up by his girlfriend's iratefather, a 1978:43).

man of magnificent physique, b) The physique of the piece de spectacle n., pi. pieces de spectacle [Fr. piece
mountain is such that it is easier to climb than descend. piece (1); de of (2); spectacle spectacle; exhibition
physis n.,pl. physeis [Gk. phusis nature, constitution, (3) : a piece of spectacle/exhibition.] A work of art
the natural form or constitution of a person or thing.] whose merit lies in its conspicuous splendor.
Nature i.e., the source of growth, development, or piece d'occasion n., pi. pieces d'occasion [Fr. piece
change. Something which grows or becomes. The piece ( 1 ); d' of (2); occasion occasion (3): a piece of
natural philosophers of the sixth century started by occasion.] A literary work written, or a musical piece
inquiring into the origin of the universe, its physis composed, for a particular occasion.
(Jaeger 1970:155). piece justificative n.,pl. pieces justificatives [Fr. piece
pia fraus n. [L. pia religious, pious (1); fraus fraud, document (1); justificative of vindication, justifica-
deceit (2): religious fraud.] An evasion or disregard tion (2): document ofjustification/vindication.] Law.
of the laws or the truth, prompted by religious con- A document which aims at justifying an act, con-
siderations and deemed morally justifiable. duct, etc. A document cited as supporting or relevant
pianissimo abbr. pp [It. very softly.] adj. la dv. Very evidence or proof of an assertion. The works ofSulla
soft. Very softly. Used as a musical direction. — n., and the others, so far as they were pieces
pi. pianissim or pianissimos Music.
i A passage sung justificatives, had as their deliberate aim the defense
or played very softly. A very soft sound. The range of of the writer's past conduct (Laistner 1966:36).
dynamics is remarkable, from assaultive fortissimos piece noire n., pi. pieces noires [Fr. piece piece (2);
to the merest wisps ofpianissimos {Newsweek Int. noire black, gloomy, dismal (1): a gloomy/dismal
Feb. 1, 1982:46). Cf. fortissimo. piece.] A drama which has a tragic theme and a pes-
piano abbr. p. adv./adj. [It. soft.] Music. In a soft manner. simistic tone. See film noir. Cf. piece rose.
Soft. — n.,pl. pianos 1 . Music. A soft musical passage. piece rose n., pi. pieces roses [Fr. piece piece (2); rose
Cf. forte. 2. Short form of pianoforte (q.v.). rosy (1): rosy piece.] A
work of art which has a tone
pianoforte or piano n.,pl. pianofortes or pianos [It. of optimism and ends on a happy note. Cf. piece noire.
piano soft (1); forte loud (2): soft loud, a keyboard pied-a-terre abbr. p.-a-t. n.,pl. pieds-a-terre [Fr. pied
instrument which, unlike a harpsichord, can be foot, leg (1); a to, toward, in, by, with, until (2); terre
played both loud and soft.] A musical instrument in land, ground (3): foot to ground.] Small flat or occa-
which a keyboard is struck manually in order to sional residence. A temporary lodging; e.g., one
operate hammers to strike wire strings; the sound maintained in a city by a person who usually resides
can be softened by hitting the keys more lightly and in the countryside or a village. During working days,
by the use of a pedal. the company 's Director stays at his Ibadan pied-a-
piazza n.,pl. piazzas [It.] A large open space, especially terre, but every weekend he goes to Ogbomosho to
a public square in a city or a veranda (q.v.) in a home. join his family.

Pieta 304
Pieta n. [It. pity.] Art. A composition depicting the body and binding, originally, on the plebeians, but even-
of the crucified Jesus in the arms of his sorrowful tually on all Romans. 2. A vote of the people on a
mother. Michelangelo 's Pieta. measure brought before them. A plebiscite.
pietas n. [L. piety.] A sense of devotion and duty to plebs n. [L. people, the common people.] 1. Roman
one's parents, county, and god. Law. The ordinary citizens, as distinct from the patri-
pinxit abbr. pinx. or pnxt or pxt. v. [L. He/she painted.] cians and knights (or equites). 2. The common people.
He/she painted it. Used to indicate the author of a The plebeians.
painting. Cf. caelavit. plectrum n., pi. plectra or plectrums [L. from Gk.
piquant adj. [Fr. stinging, cutting, stimulating.] 1. Biting plektron that which strikes or plucks.] A small, thin
or spicy in taste. 2. Charming in wit or character. tool used to pluck the strings of some musical instru-
pique n. [Fr. lance, ill-feeling.] Annoyance or bitter- ments. A pick.
ness. A sense of ill-will or wounded pride. — v. To plein air n. [Fr. plein full, open (1); air (2): open air.]
annoy or cause ill-will. To incite or provoke. An area open to the elements. — adj. Open to the
pirata est hostis humani generis. [L. pirata pirate ( ); 1
elements. While Monet considered himself a plein
est is (2); hostis enemy (3); humani of human (4); air painter, much of his work was actually finished
generis (of) race (5): A pirate is an enemy of the in the studio.
human race.] Law. Piracy is a crime against humanity, plene administravit n. [L. plene fully (2); adminis-
and pirates are enemies of all human beings. travit he has administered (1): He has administered
pis aller or pis-aller n., pi. pis allers or pis-allers [Fr? fully.] Law. A plea by an administrator or executor,
pis worse, worst (2); aller to go (1): to go worse.] when sued by an heir, legatee, or creditor, that he/she
Last resort. A course of action adopted in the ab- has completely administered all the assets received,
sence of anything better. The measures introduced by and that there are no more assets for satisfying the
the government for solving the economic problems claims of the plaintiff. The representative may avert
are no more than pis-allers and have accordingly this calamity [i.e., when there is a judgment de bonis
aroused negligible optimism. testatoris (q.v.) and the representative is required to
Pisces n. [L. fish.] 1 . Astronomy. A fish-shaped constel- pay the creditor from his pocket] by pleading plene
lation located near Aries. 2. Astrology. The twelfth administravit at the time ofthe action, but this plea must
sign of the zodiac, dominant from February 19 be made at that time; it cannot be advanced in a subse-
through March 20. 3. A person born under this sign. quent action for administration (Hanbury 1962:506).
pizzicato adv. /adj. [It. plucking.] Music. Plucking a plene administravit praeter n. [L. plene fully (2); ad-
stringed instrument like a violin with the fingers rather ministravit he has administered (1); praeter except
than using the bow. — n., pi. pizzicatos A piece of (3): He has administered fully except.] Law. A plea
music played in this manner. by an administrator or executor, when sued by an
place au soleil n., pi. places au soleil [Fr. place place, heir, legatee, or creditor, that he has completely ad-
seat (1); au to the, toward the, in the, by the, with ministered the assets received, except some assets
all
the, until the (2); soleil sun (3): a place in the sun.] A which are inadequate for the satisfaction of the
chance to enjoy the pleasures of life. plaintiffs claim.
placebo n., pi. placebos [L. I shall please.] 1. An in- plene computavit n. [L. plene fully (2); computavit
active substance given to a patient to please him/her he has accounted, computed, reckoned (1): He has
or for its psychological effect. 2. A thing which tends accounted fully.] Law. A plea that the defendant has
to please or soothe. Politicians usually attempt to in- completely rendered account.
gratiate themselves with the electorate by offering pleno jure adv. [L. pleno (with) full (1); jure with
the placebo ofpromises which they do not intend to right, law (2): with full right.] Law. With complete
fulfill. authority.
placet n.,pl. placets [L. It pleases.] An expression of a plenum n., pi. plena or plenums [L. full.] 1 . The general
vote of approval or assent. assembly of an organization or group (e.g., a legislative
plat du jour n., pi. plats du jour [Fr. plat dish, course body). The whole membership of a particular group.
(1); du of the (2); jour day (3): dish of the day.] 2. A space which is wholly full of matter.
Today's special dish. A particular day's special dish plenum dominium See dominium plenum.
in a restaurant. pleonexia n. [Gk. greed, excess, a larger share.]
plaudit n., pi. plaudits [L. He claps, applauds.] Ap- Greediness.
plause. Enthusiastic approval. His farewell speech plethora n., pi. plethoras [Gk. plethora fullness, satiety,
received the plaudits of the audience. repletion of blood.] 1. Overabundance. Superabun-

plebiscitum n., pi. plebiscita [L. from pleb(s) the dance. Excess, a) The FBI will begin to interview
people, the common people (2) and scitum decree, witnesses and its slow and secret investigation
. . . . .
resolution (1): resolution of the people.] 1. Roman will sooner or later reduce the plethora of rumors
Law. A decree and law made by the plebeian assembly and easy allegations to a sterner version of truth
305 poena ex delicto
{Newsweek Int. July 18, 1983:23). b) . . . a plethora of One witness with eyes avails more than ten with ears.]
both precolonial and colonial anachronistic legacies Law. One eyewitness carries more weight than ten
reincarnated today in the form offrontier disputes, witnesses whose testimonies are based on hearsay.
ethnic rivalries . . . (Gorkeh G. Nkrumah in West plus vident oculi quam oculus. [L. plus more (3);
Africa 1986). 2. Medicine. A condition in which red vident see (2); oculi eyes (1); quam than (4); oculus
blood corpuscles are in excess, resulting in florid eye(5): Eyes see more than eye.] Law. Many eyes
complexion. seemore than one eye; i.e., the testimonies of two or

plexus n., pi. plexuses [L. twining, network.] 1. A net- more eyewitnesses carry more weight than the testi-
work, especially of blood vessels or nerve fibers. mony of one eyewitness.
2. An intricate combination of various parts interwoven plutomania n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. plouto(s) wealth,
to form a coherent structure. The various regions of riches (2); mania madness, passion (1): madness for
the country are linked together by a plexus ofroads. wealth.] 1 . Excessive desire for wealth. 2. A form of
ploce n., pi. ploces [Gk. ploke twisting, twining, web, insanity characterized by delusions of wealth.
braid.] Rhetoric. Repetition of a word to emphasize P.M. abbr. for Pontifex Maximus (q.v.).
its significance; e.g., "A friend in need is a friend P.M. or p.m. abbr. for 1 post meridiem (q.v ). 2. post
.
indeed." mortem (q.v.).

plurimum juris n. [L. plurimum most (1); juris of pneuma n., pi. pneumas [Gk. wind, breath, spirit of a
right, law (2): most of right.] Law. The fullest right. human being, spiritual/immaterial being.] The soul.
The right of both possession and property. See droit The spirit. A life-giving principle in the human being
droit and plurimum possessionis. distinct from, and regarded as superior to, the soul
plurimum possessionis n. [L. plurimum most (1); (psyche) and the body. Cf. psyche.
possessionis of possession (2): most of possession.] P.N.G. or p.n.g. abbr. for persona non grata (q.v.).
Law. The fullest possession. The right of both pos- pnxt. abbr. for pinxit (q.v.).
session and property. See droit droit and plurimum podium n., pi. podia or podiums [L. elevated place,
juris. height, balcony.] 1. Ancient Rome. A balcony in a
plus prep. [L. more.] More. With the addition of. a) Seven theater equipped with seats for the emperor and other
plus three equals ten. b) After an absence ofsix years, distinguished spectators. 2. A raised platform for the
he returned home, plus a wife and family. — n. pi. use of a speaker, conductor of an orchestra, lecturer,
pluses or plusses 1 . The sign indicating addition, i.e., etc. a) . . . Zaccagnini smiled wanly as he stepped to
(+). 2. Something which is extra or added. 3. An ad- the podium (Newsweek Int. March 3, 1980:9). b) He
vantage, asset, or gain. Joe an able administrator, is mounted the podium and delivered a very emotional
whoseflairfor diplomacy proved to be a definite plus. speech, c) The careless driver hit the traffic director 's
Plus ca change, plus c'est la mime chose. Alphonse podium. Cf. rostrum.
Karr (1808-1890). Les Guepes 305. [Fr. plus more poena corporalis n. [L. poena punishment, penalty (2);
(1); ca it, that (2); change changes (3); plus more corporalis corporal, of the body ( 1 ):
corporal punish-
(4); c' it mime same (8);
(5); est is (6); la the (7); ment.] Physical punishment. People who belong to the
chose thing The more it changes, the more it is
(9): old school of thought believe in the efficacy ofpoena
the same thing.] The more things change, the more corporalis. See quaelibet poena corporalis etc.
they remain the same. Cf. la meme chose. poenae potius molliendae quam exasperandae. [L.
plus quam tolerabile adj. [L. plus more (1); quam poenae punishments, penalties (1); potius rather,
than (2); tolerabile tolerable, bearable (3): more than more (4); molliendae to be softened (3); quam than
tolerable.] Beyond the point of toleration. Initially, (5); exasperandae to be roughened (6); sunt are (2):
Mr. Phelp exercised considerable self-restraint but, Punishments are to be softened rather than rough-
when Mr. Craus provocation became plus quam
' ened.] Law. Punishments should be softened rather
tolerabile, he reacted by slapping him. than intensified. Cf. multiplicata transgressione etc.
plus royaliste que le roi adj. [Fr. plus more (1); poena et remedium n. [poena L. punishment, penalty
royaliste royalist (2); que than (3); le the (4); roi (1); et and(2); remedium remedy (3): punishment
king (5): more royalist than the king.] Applicable to and remedy.] Law. Both penalty and correction. Incar-
a personwho embraces a cause with greater enthusi- ceration should serve the dual purpose ofpoena et
asm than the one who is most directly affected. The remedium.
leader ofthe sect promptly took to his heels, but Greg, poena ex delicto defuncti heres teneri non debet. [L.
a fanatic, plus royaliste que le roi, fought gallantly poena by punishment, penalty (5); ex out of, from,
until he was arrested. See II ne faut etc. directly after, away from, emanating from (6); delicto
plus valet unus oculatus testis quam auriti decern. offense, crime (7); defuncti of the dead, deceased
[L. plus more (5); valet prevails, avails (4); unus (8); heres heir, successor (1); teneri to be held (4);
one (1); oculatus with eyes (3); testis witness (2); non not (2) debet ought, should (3): The heir ought
quam than (6); auriti with ears (8); decern ten (7): not to be held by a penalty from the offense of the
poeta nascitur 306
dead.] Law. The heir should not be bound by a pen- poliza de cargamento n. [Sp. poliza policy (1); de of
alty resulting from a crime of the deceased. See in (2); cargamento cargo, load (3): policy of cargo.]
restitutionem etc. Bill of lading. See connoissement.
poeta nascitur non fit. [L. poeta poet (1); nascitur is polizza di carico n. [It. polizza policy (1); di of (2);
bom (2); non not (3); fit is made, become (4): A carico cargo, load (3): policy of cargo.] Bill of lading.
poet is born, not made.] One is born a poet; one does See connoissement.
not become a poet. No amount of hard work can make polka n., pi. polkas [Czech from Polish Polka a Polish
one a poet, if one does not have the poetic instinct. woman.] Music. 1 . A Bohemian dance for couples in
poete m audit n., pi. poetes m audits [Fr. poete poet a spirited tempo. 2. The music for such a dance.
(2); m audit cursed (1): cursed poet.] A literary artist polonaise n.,pl. polonaises {Yv.fem. of Polish.] Music.
who is not fully recognized and esteemed during his/ 1. A majestic Polish march danced by couples in
her lifetime. See Les Poetes maudits promenade (q.v.). 2. Music for such a dance.
pogrom n.,pl. pogroms [Russ. destruction, devastation.] poltergeist n., pi. poltergeists [Ger. Poltergeist:
An organized persecution or massacre, accompanied poltern to disturb, to make a noise (2); Geist spirit,
by looting, of a people or class of people, especially ghost (1): making noise.] An invisible ghost
a ghost
Jews, usually with official connivance and with the or spirit which makes noise and moves objects.
intention of eliminating them. poly and Hon or polyandrium n., pi. polyandria or
point d'honneur n., pi. points d'honneur [Fr. point polyandrions or polyandriums [Gk. polu(s) much,
point (1); d' of (2); honneur honor (3): a point wf many (1); andr- man, male (2): many men, common
honor.] A point or issue where one feels that one's place for men, common burial place.] Ancient Greece.
honor is at stake. A burial ground, especially for those who lost their
pointe n. [Fr. tiptoe.] Ballet. Dancing on tiptoe. lives in war.
polis n., pi. poleis [Gk. city, one's city or country.] polycyesis n. [Neo-Gk. from polu(s) much, many ( 1 );
1 . An ancient Greek city state (e.g., Athens or Corinth). kyesis pregnancy (2): many pregnancies, multi-
The Hellenistic age is historically important in that it pregnancy, multi-conception.] Medicine. Pregnancy
conclusively overthrew the narrow limits of the in which the uterus has more than one fetus.
polis . . . (Lesky 1966:695). 2. A state or nation. ...it polyhistor n.,pl. polyhistors [Gk. polu(s) much, many
seems, there are elements . . . who preferplaying poli- (1) ; histor learned (2): very learned.] A polymath. A
tics to serving the polis . . . (West Africa 1982). person who is learned in many fields.
politburo n.,pl. politburos [Russ. from polit(icheskoe) polyopia n.,pl. polyopias [Neo-Gk. from Gk. polu(s)
( 1 ); byuro bureau, office (2): political bureau.]
political many (1); Op(s) eye (2): many-eyed.] Perception of
The executive committee of a Communist party. several images of one object. Multiple sight or vision.
Politeia n. [Gk. politics.] Politics, a political treatise in polyphagia n.,pl. polyphagias [Neo-Gk. from polu(s)
eight books by Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). much, many (1); phag(ein) to eat (2): much eating,
politesse n., pi. politesses [Fr. politeness.] Cultivated excess in eating.] Ravenous eating. Excessive or ab-
politeness. Good manners, a) Her uncle has a charm- normal appetite. See bulimia.
ing wife who receives every visitor with politesse. polypharmacon n. [Gk. polu(s) much, many (1);
b) They shake hands, all politesse (Newsweek Int. pharmakon drug (2): something compounded of
Nov. 5, 1979:38). many drugs.] Medicine. A remedy or medicine which
politiae legibus non leges politiis adaptandae. [L. is a combination of many ingredients.
politiae politics ( 1 ); legibus to laws (3); non not (4); polyptoton n.,pl. polyptotons [Gk. polu(s) much, many
leges laws (5); politiis to politics (6); adaptandae to (2) ptO(sis) case (1): many cases.] Rhetoric. The use
;
be adapted (2): Politics is to be adapted to the laws, of a word in more than one case or part of speech in
not the laws to politics.] Politics must be adapted to the same phrase; e.g., quis custodiet ipsos custodes?
the laws, not the laws to politics. (q.v.) or "Who will guard the guards themselves?"
politico n., pi. politicos or politicoes [It./Sp. political, polysyndeton n., pi. polysyndeta or polysyndetons
politician.] A politician, especially one who engages [Gk. polusundeton: polu(s) much, many (1); sun
in party politics as a profession or to satisfy his/her with, together (3); de(0) bind (2): many bound to-
personal, or some sectional, interests. gether, something which uses many conjunctions or
politique adj. [Fr. political, prudent, diplomatic] connecting particles.] Rhetoric. Repetition of identi-
Shrewd. Tactful. Diplomatic. Impartial. That remark cal conjunctions in close sequence; e.g., "When we
was not very politique. — n. 1. French History. A entered the storeroom, we saw books and envelopes
member of a political group, founded c.1573, which and papers and files and pencils." Cf. asyndeton.
advocated a middle course in the conflict between ponderantur testes, non numerantur. [L. ponderantur
Catholics and Huguenots for the sake of peace and ( ); non
are weighed, considered (2); testes witnesses 1
tranquility. 2. One who prefers the middle ground in not (3);numerantur are counted, numbered (4): Wit-
a controversy. 3. A political belief or idea. nesses are weighed; they are not counted.] Law. The
307 post coitum omne
quality of the witnesses' testimony is more impor- poseur orfern, poseuse n.,pl. poseurs or poseuses [Fr.
tant than the number of witnesses. Cf. testimonia snob, conceited fellow.] A person who assumes a
ponderanda etc. character, attitude, or bearing alien to him/her. A dis-

pons asinorum n.,pl. pons asinorums [L. pons bridge honest, insincere, or affected person. His father is the
(1); asinorum of asses, blockheads (2): bridge of accomplishedposeur who ingratiated himselfwith the
asses or blockheads.] 1. Asses' bridge; a humorous President and was about to be appointed to a sensi-
term for a verydifficult geometry proposition in tive position when his true character was exposed.
Euclid. 2. A critical test to determine ability, usually posito uno oppositorum, negatur alterum. [L. posito
given to the ignorant, inexperienced, or dull-witted. (with) having been asserted, affirmed (3); uno with
Candidates who attended the interview were subjected one (1); oppositorum of opposite (things) (2);
to a pons asinorum, which was unrelated to the require- negatur is denied (5); alterum the other (4): With
ments of the job. one of opposite things having been affirmed, the other
pontifex abbr. p. n.,pl. pontifices [L. priest.] 1. Ancient is denied.] When one of two opposite views has been
Rome. A member of a
body of three (later sixteen) affirmed, the other is denied. See designatio unius etc.
principal religious functionaries, headed by the posse n., pi. posses [L. to be able, to have power.] 1. Po-
Pontifex Maximus. 2. High priest. Pontiff. tentiality. Possibility. 2. A group of people authorized
Pontifex Maximus abbr. P.M. or Pont. Max. n. [L. by the police to search for or arrest a criminal. 3. A
pontifex pontiff, priest (2); maximus greatest, high- crowd of people who share a common interest. See in
est ( 1 ): highest priest.] 1 . Ancient Rome. Chief Priest. posse and posse comitatus.
2. Roman Catholic Church. The Pope. The Supreme posse comitatus n. [L. posse power, force (1); comi-
Pontiff. tatus of county (2): power of a county.] The power
pontificalia pi. n. [L. things related to the pontiff.] The or force of a county. All able-bodied male inhabitants
insignia of a pontiff. The vestments, insignia or full of a county above the age of fifteen who may be called
attire of a bishop, cardinal, or pope. Pontificals. See in upon by the sheriff to render assistance in preserving
pontificalibus. law and order, or enforcing legal orders. To enlist
Pont. Max. abbr. for Pontifex Maximus (q.v.). the armedforces in the war on drugs, the Adminis-
populus abbr. p. n.,[L. people, citizen body.] Roman trationproposes modifying the 100-year-old posse
Law. The entire body of Roman citizens, both patri- comitatus statutes that bar military involvement
. . .
cians and plebeians. in civilian law enforcement (Time Int. 1981). Cf.
populus vult decipi. Cardinal Giovanni Pietro Caraffa, comitatus.
subsequently Pope Paul IV ( 1476-1 559). [L. populus possessor bona fide See bona fide possessor.
people (1); vult wishes, wants (2); decipi to be de- possessor mala fide n. [L. possessor possessor (1);
ceived The people want to be deceived.] The
(3): mala in bad (2); fide (in) faith (3): possessor in bad
people do not want to know the truth. Cf. fere faith.] A person who owns property and is fully aware
libenter etc. and quod enim mavult etc. that he is not entitled to it. Cf. bona fide possessor.
por favor adv. [Sp. por for (1); favor favor (2): for a possibile n.,pl. possibilia [L. the possible thing.] Some-
favor ] Please. See bitte sehr; bitte schon; parakalo; thing which is conceivable or possible.
per favore; prego; and s'il vous plait. possunt quia posse videntur. Vergil (70-19 B.C.).
port de bras n. [Fr. port carriage ( 1 ); de of (2); bras arms, Aeneid V,231. [L. possunt they can, are able (1);
hands (3): carriage of arms.] Ballet. The technique of quia since, because (2); posse to be able (4); videntur
moving the arms. Their port de bras is distinctive but they seem, are seen (3): They can because they seem to
never obtrusive, . . . (Newsweek Int. July 6, 1981:43). be able.] They can succeed because they think they can.
portio legitima or legitima portio n. [L. portio share, post adv. [L. after, afterwards, later.] Used in books to
portion, part (2); legitima lawful, legitimate ( 1 ):
law- refer the reader to a subsequent part. See infra.
ful share or portion.] Civil Law. The portion of the Cf. supra.
inheritance to which a person is entitled by virtue of postbellum adj. [L. post after (1); bellum war (2): after
the relationship between him/her and the testator and war.] Occurring after war. The postbellum period saw
which he/she cannot be deprived of except for special widespreadpolitical consciousness in subject countries.
reasons. See legitime. Cf. antebellum.
portmanteau n.,pl. portmanteaus [Fr. portemanteau post cibum abbr. p.c. adv. [L. post after ( 1 ); cibum
from porte(r) to carry (2); manteau coat, cloak (1): food (2): after food.] After meals. The patient was
coat carrier.] A large suitcase with two compartments asked to take two tablets three times a day post cibum.
attached by a hinge. — adj. Attached or joined, espe- post coitum [L. post after ( 1 );
coitum intercourse (2):
ciallytwo words which have been blended or merged, after intercourse.] Following sexual intercourse.
such as "brillig" from "boiling" and "grilling" in the post coitum omne animal triste est [L. post after,
poem "Jabberwocky" by Lewis Carroll (Charles behind ( 1 ); coitum sexual intercourse (2); omne each,
Lutwidge Dodgson; 1832-1889). every (3); animal animal (4); triste sad, unhappy (6);
post diem 308
est is, has been (5): After sexual intercourse every after the suit having been commenced.] Law. After
animal is sad.] After sexual intercourse everyone feels the commencement of the suit. Used in former times
unhappy. with respect to depositions on the subject of a suit
post diem adj. I adv. [L. post after (1); diem day (2): commencement of litigation. Cf. ante litem
after the
after the day.] Law. After the day or date. Used espe- motam.
cially in pleas of payment of money after the due date. post meridiem abbr. P.M. or p.m. adj. [L. post after
postea adv. [L. afterwards.] Afterwards. — n., pi. (1); meridiem noon, midday (2): after noon.] In the
posteas The trial judge's entry after verdict in which afternoon. Cf. ante meridiem.
he/she indicates the issue and summarizes the pro- post mortem abbr. P.M. or p.m. adv. [L. post after
ceedings. See ex post facto. Cf. ab initio. (1); mortem death (2): after death.] After death. The
post eventum adj. I adv. [L. post after (1); eventum nature of the disease was determined only when the
event, occurrence (2): after the event.] After its oc- patients had been examined post mortem. — post-
currence, adj. A post eventum prediction is as good mortem adj. 1. After death. Associated with the
as no prediction. —
adv. He is a fake soothsayer who period following death. The pathologist examined
lays claim to predictions post eventum. eight postmortem cases. 2. After the event Done after
post factum adj. [L. post after factum deed, act,

( 1 ); the event. This is essentially a postmortem discussion.
fact (2): after the fact.] Retrospective. Happening after — n.,pl. postmortems 1. An after-death examination.
the fact. 2. A discussion of an event after its occurrence. An
post hoc adv. [L. post after (1); hoc this (2): after th* autopsy. The students indulged in a postmortem after
(time).] After this. Henceforth. theirfailure in the examination. — v. To make a post-
post hoc, ergo propter hoc or post hoc, propter hoc mortem. Cf. ante mortem.
[L. post after (1); hoc this (2); ergo therefore, ac- post natus or post-natus n., pi. post nati or post-nati
cordingly (3); propter on account of, because of (4); [L. post after (2); natus born (1): born after.] 1. A
hoc this (5): after this, therefore, because of this.] person bom after a momentous event and whose legal
Logic. A fallacy in which one infers or assumes that status is affected by that event. 2. Britain. A person
something is the cause of something else because the bom after the union with Scotland. 3. U.S.A. A person
former precedes the latter. The argument may befor- bom after the signing of the Declaration of Indepen-
mally stated in a way it as one of the
that exposes dence. Cf. ante natus.
classical examples of the post hoc ergo propter hoc post-obit adj. shortened form of post-obitum [L. post
,
fallacy (Eysenck 1982:26). after (1); obitum death (2): after death.] Occurring
posthumus adj. [L. postumus late-born or latest bom, after death. To take effect after death, a) post-obit
born after the father's death.] Posthumous. — n. A son bond; b) post-obit donation.
bom after the death of his father. — neut. pi. posthuma postpartum adj. [L. post after (1); partum birth, deliv-
Writings published after the death of the author. ery (2): after birth.] Relating to the period after birth,
postiche n., pi. postiches [Fr. false.] 1. Something a) ... a brief respite from the legal battles that have
which is not real. A sham. 2. A hairpiece. A toupee. compounded their postpartum pain (Newsweek Int.
postliminium n.,pl. postliminia [L. post after (1 ); limen Nov 28, 1983:26). b) Mrs. Groso went to the hospital
threshold (2): after the threshold, a complete return yesterday for postpartum examination.
home, restoration of rank and privileges, postliminy.] post postscriptum abbr. P.P.S. or p.p.s. [L. post after
1 . Roman Law. A doctrine whereby prisoners of war (1); postscriptum postscript (2): after the postscript]
merely had their property and civil rights suspended Additional postscript.
and so they regained them on their return to Rome. post rem adv./adj. [L. post after, behind (1); rem matter,
2. International Law. A doctrine whereby persons or thing, property, business, affairs (2): after the thing.]
things captured in war are, after their return to their Philosophy. Existing after something else, especially
country, restored to their original status. a general or universal concept which comes into being
See postliminium fingit etc. only after a particular experience. Cf. ante rem.
postliminium fingit eum qui captus est in civitate postscriptum abbr. P.S. or p.s. n., pi. postscripta [L.
semper fuisse. [L. postliminium postliminy (1); post after (2); scriptum that/what has been written,
fingit pretends (2); eum one, him/her (3); qui who (4); written ( 1 ): written after.] Postscript A note or notes
captus est has been captured (5); in in, on (8); civitate containing additional information written after the
state (9); semper always (7); fuisse to have been (6): conclusion of a letter, article, book, etc. Ironically,
Postliminy pretends (that) one who has been captured the most significant information in the letter appeared
has always been in the state.] By the principle of in a postscriptum.
postliminy someone who is a prisoner of war is consid- postulatum n.,pl. postulata [L. that which is demanded,
ered never to have left the state. See postliminium. claimed, requested.] Postulate.
post litem motam adv. [L. post after (1); litem suit posturbem conditam abbr. p.u.c. [L. post after (1);
(2); motam having been moved, commenced (3): urbem city (2); conditam having been founded (3):
.
309 pou sto
after the city having been founded.] After the founda- potpourri or pot-pourri n., pi potpourris or pot-
tion of the city. RomanUsed for chronology,
History. pourris [Fr. pot pot (2); pourri rotten ( 1 ): rotten pot
753 B.C. being the starting point. See ab urbe condita or jar, a medley, a hodgepodge.] 1. A collection of
and anno urbis conditae. highly-scented dried flowers and/or leaves and spices
pot-de-vin n., pi. pots-de-vin [Fr. pot pot (1); de of, used for sachets or for scenting a room. 2. A medley
wine (3): pot of wine, bribe, hush-money.]
for (2): vin or series of songs or other artistic productions. The
French Law. A sum of money, usually more than the show was essentially a potpourri of old high-life
amount agreed upon, which is often paid at the time tunes, juju music, recitationofpoems, jokes, etc. 3. A
a contract is made. Its effect is to make the contract collection of various literary works. The book lacks
irrevocable. Cf. argentum Dei. organic unity and is basically a potpourri ofextracts
potentia /;.. pi. potentiae or potentias [L. power ] from various works. 4. A collection or mixture of
Power. Potency. Efficacy. various unrelated persons, things, elements, etc. . . . to
potentia debet sequi justitiam, non antecedere. [L. amalgamate the multifarious interest groups and
potentia power (1); debet ought, should (2); sequi come out with a potpourri of representatives in a
to follow (3); justitiam justice (4); non not (5); cabinet {The Guardian 1986). See melange; melee;
antecedere to precede, go before (6): Power ought olla podrida; and omnium-gatherum.
to follow, not to precede, justice.] Justice should take pourboire n.,pl. pourboires [Fr. pour for, in order to,
precedence over power, which should be based upon to ( 1 ); boire drink, drinking (2): for drink or drinking,
or follow what is just. a tip.] A tip to a servant. Gratuity. Cf. douceur.
potentia non est nisi ad bonum. [L. potentia power pour encourager les autres adv. Voltaire ( 1 694-1 778).
( 1 ); non not (3); est is, exists (2); nisi unless (4); ad Candide 23. [Fr. pour for, in order to, to (1 ); encour-
to, at, for. according to (5); bonum good (thing) (6): ager to encourage (2); les the (3); autres others (4):
Power is not unless for good.] Law. Power is con- to encourage others.] To serve as an inducement or a
ferred only for the public good. lesson to others. At the end ofevery year the company-
potestas n., pi. potestates [L. power.] Power such as holds a party at which gifts are distributed to indus-
that of the paterfamilias over his wife, children, and trious and productive employees pour encourager
slaves. See familia and paterfamilias. les autres. See Dans ce pays-ci etc.
potestas abstinendi n. [L. potestas power (1); pour faire rire adv. [Fr. pour for, in order to, to ( ); faire 1
abstinendi of refraining, abstaining (2): power of tomake (2); rire to laugh (3): in order to make to laugh.]
refusing.] Roman Law. The right given by praetorian To cause or raise a laugh. As a joke. Cf. pour rire.
law to a necessary heir, i.e., heres necessarius (q.v.), pourparler n., pi. pourparlers [Fr. pour for, in order
to reject the inheritance. See beneficium abstinendi. to, to ( 1 );
parler to talk (2): in order to talk, a parley,
Cf. tempus deliberandi. negotiation, diplomatic conversation.] French and

potestas stricte interpretatur. [L. potestas power (1); International Law Negotiations or discussions which
.
stricte strictly, tightly (3); interpretatur is inter- precede the conclusion of a contract, treaty, agreement,
preted (2): Power is strictly interpreted.] Law. Power etc., but do not form part of the actual agreement.
is given a strict interpretation. Informal discussions or conference preceding diplo-
potior est conditio defendentis. [L. potior better, pref- matic negotiation.
erable (4); est conditio condition (1);
is (3); pour passer le temps pour to, for (1); passer
adv. [Fr.
defendentis of the one defending, of the defender to pass (2); le the (3); temps time, weather (4): to pass
(2) The condition of the defendant is better.] Law.
: the time.] For the sake of amusement. To pass away
The condition of the defendant is preferable to that the time.
of the plaintiff. See in aequali jure melior etc. pour rire adj. I adv. [Fr. pour for, in order to, to (1);
potior est conditio possidentis. [L. potior better, rire to laugh, joke (2): in order to laugh or joke.] For
preferable (4); est is (3); conditio condition (1); fun. For a joke. — adj. Used postpositively. a) The
possidentis of the one possessing (2): The condi- attempt ofElagabalus to merge all other religions in
tion of the possessor is better.] The condition of the that ofthe sun-god ofEmesa was merely pour rire; . .
possessor is preferable to that of the person seeking (Cary 1970:762). b) When high-ranking governmental
possession. See in aequali jure melior etc. officials take serious affairs pour rire, then there is cause
potius sero quam numquam Livy (59 B.C.-17 A.D.). for alarm. Cf. pour faire rire.
Ab urbe condita IV,2. [L. potius rather (1); sero late pour-soi n. [Fr. pour to, for (1); soi itself, oneself, him-
(2); quam than (3); numquam never (4): rather late self, herself (2): for itself.] Philosophy. The concept of
than never.] Better late than never. an independent consciousness, as developed by Jean-
potomania n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. poto(n) drink (2); Paul Sartre (1905-1980) in L'Etre et le neant (q.v.).
mania enthusiasm, mad desire ( ): enthusiasm or mad 1 pou sto n. [Gk. pou where ( 1 ); stO I am to stand (2): where
desire for drink.] Alcoholism. An abnormal or uncon- I am to stand.] A base from which one operates. A
trollable desire for alcoholic drinks. See dipsomania. standing position. Cf. dos moi pou sto etc.
p.p. 310
p.p. abbr. for pater patriae (q. v.), per procurationem school has set aside premiumsfor academic excellence.
(q.v.), and propria persona (q.v.). 2. Bonus. Additional remuneration. The employees
pp abbr. for Papa 1 and pianississimo (q.v.). ofthe company receive premiums in addition to their
P.P.S. or p.p.s. abbr. for post postscriptum (q.v.). basic salaries. 3. Something which is given for a loan
p. r. abbr. for pro rata (q.v.). in addition to the normal interest. The moneylender
praecipe or precipe n., pi. praecipes or precipes [L. expects borrowers to pay a premium before approving
order, admonish.] Law. 1 . A writ asking a defendant their applications for loans. 4. Payment for a con-
to do something or appear and show cause why he/ tract of insurance. 5. Payment for instructions in a
she should not do it. 2. An order in writing to the profession or trade. 6. A value higher than is usually
clerk of court to issue a specified writ. expected of a thing. Mr. Adetona puts a high pre-
praecipuum n., pi. praecipua [L. something taken mium on accuracy, punctuality, personal integrity,
before others; something special.] 1. Roman Law. A and probity.
portion of an inheritance taken before the actual dis- praemium pudicitiae or premium pudicitiae [L.
tribution. 2. Scots Law. An additional portion of an praemium reward, compensation ( ); pudicitiae for/ 1
inheritance. of chastity (2): compensation for chastity.] Com-

praecognitum n., pi. praecognita [L. something pensation for deprivation of chastity. Applicable to
learned beforehand.] Something that needs to be compensating a seduced woman.
known before something else can be understood. praemium pudoris or premium pudoris [L.
praedium dominans n. [L. praedium estate, farm (2) praemium reward, compensation ( 1 ); pudoris for/
dominans dominant ( 1 ): dominant estate.] Civil Law. of shame, modesty (2): compensation for shame.]
Dominant tenement. An estate which benefits in con- Praemium pudicitiae (q.v.).
sequence of an easement exercisable on a servient praemonitus praemunitus [L. praemonitus fore-

estate. Cf. praedium serviens. warned ( 1 ); praemunitus forearmed (2): forewarned,
praedium rusticanum n. [L. praedium estate, farm forearmed.] Forewarned is forearmed.
(2); rusticanum rural, rustic, country (1): country praenomen praenomina or praenomens [L.
n., pi.
estate.] Roman, Civil, and Scots Law. Land situated prae before (2) nomen name (1): name before, first
either in the country or town on which no building is name.] A person's first name or a personal name
constructed. which distinguishes one from other members of the
praedium rusticum n. [L. praedium estate, farm (2); same family. Marcus was the praenomen ofthe Roman
rusticum rural, rustic, country (1): rural estate.] Roman Marcus Porcius Cato. James is the praenomen of
and Civil Law. Land set aside and used for pastoral the Nigerian James Gbadebo Adetunji. Cf. nomen.
and agricultural activities. praepositus n. [L. prae before, in front of (2): positus
praedium serviens n. [L. praedium estate, farm (2); having been placed (1): having been placed before, one
serviens serving (1): serving estate.] Civil Law. Ser- placed before, in front, or first.] A person from whom
vient estate; i.e., an estate under servitude or easement descent is traced. Males in equal degree ofrelationship
to another estate. Cf. praedium dominans. to the praepositus were preferred to females (Parry
praedium servit praedio. [L. praedium farm, estate 1961:142).
(1) ; servit is under servitude, is subject to an ease- praepropera consilia raro sunt prospera. [L.
ment (2); praedio to farm, estate (3): An estate is praepropera overhasty, precipitate (1); consilia
under servitude to an estate.] Law. An estate (or land) counsels (2); raro seldom, rarely (4); sunt are (3);
is under servitude to an estate (or land); i.e., a servi- prospera prosperous, favorable (5): Precipitate coun-
tude is not a personal right. sels are seldom favorable.] Hasty advice or plans are
praedium urbanum n., pi. praedia urbana [L. prae- rarely good.
dium estate, farm (2); urbanum urban, town (1): praescriptio n. [L. from prae before (2) and scriptio
urban estate.] Roman, Civil, and Scots Law. An es- writing (1): writing before, prescription.] Roman Civil
tate either in the city or in the country which is meant Law. Acquisition of property by virtue of use and
for human habitation and use, though the adjacent enjoyment over a long period of time. Initially it dif-
land may be used for other incidental purposes. fered from usucapio (q.v ), but the two were merged
praefatus abbr. p. fat or praefat. adj. [L. prae before by Justinian.
(2) ; fatus having been said (1): having been said before, praescriptio est titulus ex usu et tempore substan tiam
said beforehand, uttered in advance.] Said previously. capiens ab auctoritate legis. [L. praescriptio pre-
praelegatum n.,pl. praelegata [L. something bequeathed scription (1); est is (2); titulus title (3); ex arising
in advance.] Roman Law. An advance payment either from, emanating from (4); usu use (5); et and (6);
in whole or in part of an heir's share of the inheritance. tempore time (7); substantiam substance, validity
praemium or premium n.,pl. praemia orpraemiums, (9); capiens taking, deriving (8); ab from, by (10);
premia or premiums [L. a reward, recompense, com- auctoritate authority (1 1); legis oflaw(12): Prescrip-
pensation, prize.] 1. A reward or recompense. The tion is a title arising from use and time and taking
311 Prelude a Papres-midi
substance from the authority of law.] Law. Prescription Forcible presumption is valid in law.] Law. Strong
is a title emanating from use and time, and deriving its presumption carries weight in law. See violenta
validity from legal authority. Cf. sine possessione etc. praesumptio etc.
and transferuntur dominia etc. praetor n., pi. [L. praetor, judge.] Roman
praetors
praesidium or presidium n.pl. praesidia orpraesidiums, Law. A who ranked immediately below
magistrate
presidia or presidiums [L. a garrison, fortification, the consuls, the highest Roman magistrates, and was
defense, protection.] 1. A presiding committee of an entrusted with the duty of administering the law.
organization. 2. Communism. A permanent executive praetor peregrinus n. [L. praetor praetor, judge (2);
committee, selected from a bigger body, supposedly peregrinus foreign (1): foreign praetor.] Ancient
acting for the bigger body but actually exercising full Rome. The praetor assigned jurisdiction over foreign
powers. residents.
praestat cautela quam medela. [L. praestat is superior, praevaricator or prevaricator n.,pl. praevaricators or
better (2); cautela caution, precaution (1); quam than prevaricators [L. prae before, in front of (2); varicator
(3) ; medeia cure, medication (4):) Precaution is better one who straddles ( 1
): one who straddles before, one
than cure.] Prevention is better than a cure. It is better who walks in a crooked manner, a collusive prosecu-
to avoid a problem than to find a remedy for it. tor, an unfaithful lawyer.] A person who 1. Civil Law.
praesumatur pro justitia sententiae. [L. praesumatur betrays the confidence reposed in him. A lawyer who
it should be presumed (1); pro for, on behalf of (2); perfidiously helps the opposite party. 2. A liar.
justitia justice (3); sententiae of sentence, judgment pratique n., pi. pratiques [Fr. practice, business, asso-
(4) : It should be presumed for the justice of a sentence.] ciation, intercourse.] Permission given to a ship to
Law. The justice of a sentence should be presumed. transact business in the port(s) of a country after satis-
praesumptio, ex eo quod plerumque fit. [L. prae- fying quarantine requirements or producing a clean
sumptio presumption (1); ex arising from (2); eo that bill of health.
(3); quod which (4); plerumque generally, com- praxis n., pi. praxeis [Gk. doing, exercise, practice,
monly (5); fit happens, occurs (6): presumption arising action, act.] 1 . Exercise or practice of a skill, art, etc.
from that which generally happens.] Law. Presumption 2. Habit, custom. Usual manner of doing things.
is based on general occurrences. praxis judicum est interpres legum. [L. from Gk.
praesumptio fortior n. [L. praesumptio presumption praxis practice ( 1 ); judicum ofjudges (2); est is (3);
(2); fortior stronger ( 1 ): stronger presumption.] Law. interpres interpreter (4); legum of laws (5): The prac-
Strong presumption; i.e., a presumption based on fact, tice of judges is interpreter of the laws.] Law. It is
which must be accorded great credence and thus puts the duty of judges to interpret the laws.
on the opposite party the onus of producing evidence precario adv. [L. (by) something obtained by prayer,
to refute the presumption. something which depends on the will of another,
praesumptio hominis n. [L. praesumptio pre- something transitory or uncertain.] Law. By pre-
sumption hominis of person, human being (2):
(1); carium (q.v.). By the right or permission granted by
presumption of a human being.] Law. An individual's the owner (or bailor) to another (bailee) to use a thing
natural, spontaneous, or free presumption not bound or exercise a right until the former revokes the grant.
by any rule. precarium n., pi. precaria [L. something obtained
praesumptio juris n. [L. praesumptio presumption by prayer, something which depends on the will of
( 1 ); juris of right, law (2): presumption of law.] Law. another, something transitory or uncertain.] Civil Law.
An inconclusive or conditional presumption in which Something loaned or given to another to be returned
the law assumes that something exists until evidence whenever the grantor wishes. A contract based on such
is adduced to refute it. Cf. juris et de jure. terms. A precarious or uncertain tenancy.
praesumptio juris et de jure n. [L. praesumptio prece partium adv. [L. prece at the prayer, request,
presumption (1); juris of right, law (2); et and (3); de entreaty (1); partium of parties (2): at the prayer of
of, from, about, for (4); jure right, law (5): presump- parties.] Law. At the request of the parties. Used with
tion of law and about right.] Law. Presumption of law reference to the continuation of a suit.
and of right; i.e., whose refu-

a conclusive presumption precis n.,pl. precis [Fr. abstract.] A summary or abridg-
tation the law will not permit. See juris et de jure. ment. A concise abstract. Cf. epitome.
praesumptio violen ta plena probatio. [L. praesumptio prego adv. [It. I beg ] Please. See bitte schon; bitte sehr;
presumption (2); violenta forcible, vehement, strong parakalo; per favore; por favor; and s'il vous plait.
(1); plena full (3); probatio proof (4): Forcible pre- Prelude a Papres-midi d'un faune n. [Fr. prelude pre-
sumption is full proof] Law. Strong presumption is lude (1); a to, toward, in, by, with, until (2); P the (3);
full proof. See violenta praesumptio etc. apres after (4); midi noon (5); d' of (6); un a (7);
praesumptio violenta valet in lege. [L. praesumptio faune faun (8): prelude to the afternoon of a faun.]
presumption (2); violenta forcible, vehement (1); "Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun," the title of a
valet is strong, is valid (3); in in, on (4); lege law (5): musical composition by Claude Debussy ( 1 862- 1918).
premier 312
premier adj. [Fr. first, leading, principal, foremost.] First Paris designers . . . volleyed back with outre styles
in rank, importance, position, time, etc. . . . Nigeria 's of their own . . . (Newsweek Int. Jan. 2, 1984:58).
premier female college, the Queen 's College, . . . (The pret a usage n.. pi. prets a usage [Fr. pret ready, pre-
Guardian 1987). — n.,pl. premiers Prime Minister. pared, loan (1); a to, toward, in, by, with, until (2);
Head of state or government. usage use (3): loan to use.] French Law. Loan to
premier danseur or fern, premiere danseuse n. [Fr. use. Loan for use. A contract whereby one party gives
premier first, principal (1); danseur dancer (2): to the other something to be used on condition that
principal dancer.] Ballet. The principal dancer of a the same article should be returned. Commodatum.
company. Porter's Prince was David Wall, indis- Cf. commodati actio.
putably the company s premier danseur (Newsweek pretium afTectionis n.,pl. pretia affect ionis [L. pretium
June 30, 1980:480).
Inf. price, value ( 1 ); afTectionis of affection, inclination (2):
premiere or premiere pi. premieres or premieres price of affection.] An unrealistic value put on an
[Fr. premiere first, foremost.] First night, perfor- article by the owner on account of its sentimental
mance, or exhibition of a play, film, etc. At the associations.
premiere the maestro, reserved hut smiling, appeared pretium periculi n. [L. pretium price, value (1);
onstage at the end and was appropriately showered periculi of danger, risk, hazard (2): the price of risk.]
with flowers (Newsweek Int. April 26, 1982:49). —adj. Premium paid on insurance policies of various kinds.
Principal. First. Chief. Outstanding. The premiere preux chevalier n. [Obs. Fr. preux useful, brave, valiant
program
item on the evening's will he a dance My (1) ; chevalier knight (2): valiant knight.] A valiant or
and bridegroom.
the bride chivalrous knight.
premium See praemium. prevaricator See praevaricator.
premium pudicitiac See praemium pudicitiae. Priapus n.,pl. Priapi or Via puses I [L. from Gk. Priapos
premium pudoris See praemium pudoris. god of procreation.] Greek and Roman Mythology. 1 .
prendre or prender n., pi. prendres or prenders [Fr. A god of sexuality and procreation, and protector of
prendre to take, grasp or seize.] Law. The right or the garden. Usually depicted with an erect phallus.
power to take something instead of waiting for it to 2. A phallus.
be given. prie-dieu n.,pl. prie-dieux [Fr. prie pray ( 1 ); dieu God
prenomen var. of praenomen (q.v.). (2) pray God.]
: A prayer-stool with a place to kneel, a
presidio pi. presidios [Sp. garrison, fortress, protec- railing, and a bookshelf, sometimes with a seat attached.
tion.] A fort. A military post. A fortified or garrisoned prima adj. [It./L. first.] First. Principal. Leading.
settlement. prima ballerina n.. pi. prime ballerine or prima
presidium var, of praesidium (q.v.). ballerinas [It. prima principal, leading (1); ballerina
Presidium or Presidium n., pi. Praesidia or Presidia female dancer (2): leading female dancer.] Ballet. The
or Praesidiums or Presidiums [Russ. prezidium principal or leading female dancer in a company.
from L. praesidium guard, protection, fort.] The prima ballerina assoluta, short form assoluta n. [It.
chief executive committee of the Communist Party prima principal, leading (2); ballerina female dancer
in the former Soviet Union. (3) ; assoluta absolute, complete ( 1 ): absolute leading
presto adv.ladj. [It. soon, quickly, quick.] 1. Immedi- female dancer.] Ballet. Principal female dancer. A
ately. Quickly. In haste. 2. Fast. At a fast tempo. Used, title of rare honor conferred on a danseuse (q.v.).
primarily, as a musical direction. . . . director Fonteyn has been elevated to the title ofprima balle-
Federico Fellini finished "Orchestra Rehearsal" at rina assoluta (Newsweek Int. June 6, 1981:43).
. . .
presto pace: shooting took only seventeen days prima donna //., pi prime donne or prima donnas
(Newsweek Int. March 12, 1979:57). — /;../;/. prestos [It. prima first (1); donna woman, lady (2): first
Music. A composition or a portion of a composition woman/lady.] The leading female singer in an opera
1 .
played in a fast tempo. or concert group. See diva. 2. A person who cannot
pret n..pl. prets [Fr. loan, lending.] French Law. A loan. tolerate criticism or control. A person whose tempera-
A contract whereby something is loaned on condition ment is such that he/she cannot perform satisfactorily
that, after its use, the same article or its equivalent in when directed or as a member of a group. An arrogant
quality and species should be returned. person, a) . . . political prima donnas like de Gaulle
pret-a-porter abbr. p.a.p. adj. [Fr. pret ready, prepared seldom bow out gracefully . . . (Newsweek Int. March
(1); a to, toward, in, by, with, until (2); porter to 24, 1980: 1 b) As my deputy after the first year, he
1).
wear, carry (3): ready to wear.] Ready-to-wear. disciplined my anarchic tendencies and established
Ready-made. . . . revolutionary collections of loose- coherence in a National Security Council staff of
fitting women 's clothes, men 's designer wear and talented prima donnas (Times Int. 1982).
prit-O-porter lines {Newsweek Int. Feb. 28, 1983: 38). primae impressionis adj. [L. primae of first ( 1 ); impres-
— n. Ready-made clothing. //; pret-d-porter. with a sionis (of) impression (2): of first impression.] Law.
billion dollars in worldwide business at stake, young Of first impression. A case primae impressionis is a
313 principiorum
case without precedent, which cannot, therefore, be equals (4); sed but (5); longo by long (6); intervallo
judged by the application of any legal principle but (by) interval, distance (7): first not among equals but
by the application of reason and discretion, by a long interval.] Not merely first among equals
prima facie adv. [L. prima at/on first ( 1 ); facie (at/on) but preeminently first. In theory, a chiefexecutive of
view, appearance, sight (2): at first sight.] At first an educational institution is primus inter pares, but,
sight or appearance. On the surface. Presumably. His in practice, he/she could be primus non inter pares
testimony is prima facie acceptable. —adj. Apparent. sed longo intervallo.
Seemingly satisfactory or acceptable, thus warranting princeps n., pi. principes [L. the first person, chief,
judicial proceedings or detailed investigation. The leader.] Somebody or something that is first or
1.
magistrate decided that the prosecution had failed foremost. 2. The head of the Roman state/Empire
to make out a prima facie case against the accused during the imperial period. The Emperor (e.g.,
and accordingly ordered his release. Augustus, Tiberius, Nero, etc.). 3. A chieftain or prin-
prima materia n. [L. prima first (1); materia material, cipal official. 4. The first printed edition of a book.
matter (2): first matter.] Philosophy. The first material Editio princeps (q.v ).
from which all other creation is derived. Primordial principalis debet semper excuti antequam
matter. perveniatur ad fideijussores. [L. principalis prin-
primigravida n.,pl. primigravidae or primigravidas cipal (1); debet ought, should (2); semper always
[Neo-L. from L. prim(us) first (2); gravida pregnant (3); excuti to be driven out, removed (4); antequam
(1): pregnant for the first time.] Medicine. A woman before (5); perveniatur it is arrived (6); ad to, at, for,
who is carrying her first pregnancy. Cf. gravida, according to (7); fideijussores guarantors, sureties (8):
primipara n., pi. primiparae or primiparas [Neo-L. The principal ought always to be driven out before it
from L. prim(us) first (2); par(io) give birth ( 1 ): giving is arrived at guarantors.] Law. The principal debtor
birth for the first time.] Medicine. A woman who has should always exhaust his/her assets before action is
given birth to one child or is giving birth to her first taken against the guarantors.
child. Mrs. Rockson, a midwife at the hospital, usually principe n.,pl. principes [It./Sp. /Port, from L. princeps
disappears from the maternity ward whenever a the first person, chief, leader.] A prince, especially
primipara is brought in for delivery. Cf. multipara, the eldest son of the king of Spain or Portugal.
primogenitor n. [L. from prim(us) first (1); genitor Cf. infante and infanta.
begetter (2): first begetter.] First ancestor. Ancestor. principia probant, non probantur. [L. principia prin-
Forefather. The Yoruba generally regard Oduduwa ciples (1); probant prove (2); non not (3); probantur
as their primogenitor. are proved (4): Principles prove; they are not proved.]
primo venienti [L. primo to the first (1); venienti com- Fundamental principles are used for proof; they need
ing (2): to the first coming.] Law. To the first to come. no proof. See contra negantem etc. and principiorum
"First come, first served." Applicable, originally, to the non etc.
practice in ancient times whereby an executor settled principiis obsta. [L. principiis beginnings, origins (2);
the claims of creditors as they presented them, without obsta oppose, thwart ( 1 ): Oppose beginnings.] Oppose
considering whether the assets were adequate for all ills (or diseases) right from their inception. For a fuller
claims or not. See priori petenti and prior petens. form, see principiis obsta; sero etc. Cf. venienti
primum mobile n , pi. primum mobiles [L. primum occurrite morbo.
first (1); mobile movable, inconstant (2): the first principiis obsta; sero medicina paratur / cum mala
movable/inconstant.] A primary source of activity or per longas convaluere moras. Ovid (43 B.C.-l 7 A.D.).
motion. Prime mover. Over-ambition and the desire Remedia Amoris 91 . [L. principiis beginnings, origins
to achieve the impracticable seem to be the primum (2); obsta oppose, thwart (1); sero late, too late (3);
mobile of all his activities. medicina medicine, remedy (4); paratur is prepared
primum non nocere [L. primum first (thing) ( 1 ); non (5); cum when (6); mala ills, evils (7); per through, by
not (2); nocere to harm, injure (3): The first (thing) (9); longas long (10); convaluere have grown strong,
(is) not to harm.] Medicine. First of all, do no harm. gained strength moras delays (11): Oppose begin-
(8);
The first rule of the Hippocratic oath, nings; too late remedy prepared / when the ills
is the
primus inter pares or fern, prima inter pares n., pi. have grown strong through long delays.] Oppose ills at
primi inter pares or fern, primae inter pares [L. their inception. It is too late to prepare the medicine
primus first (1); inter among (2); pares equals (3): when the disease has grown strong through long delay.
first among equals.] First in a group of equals. The For shorter form, see principiis obsta.
head of theinstitution, who by virtue of his position principiorum non est ratio. [L. principiorum of
ismerely primus inter pares, is so obsessed with principles (4); non not (2); est there is (1); ratio
power that he acts dictatorially. reasoning (3): There is not reasoning of principles.]
primus non inter pares sed longo intervallo adj. [L. Fundamental principles need not be proved.
primus first ( 1 ); non not (2); inter among (3); pares Cf. contra negantem etc.
principium 314
principium n.,pl. principia [L. beginning, origin, prin- does not detract from public right.] Law. Agreement
ciple, element.] Basis or fundamental principle. by private persons does not impair the public right.
prior adj. [L. former, first, better.] 1 . Previous. Ante- See conventio privatorum etc.
cedent. Preceding in point of time, rank, etc. a) At the privatum commodum publico cedit. [L. privatum
beginning oftheir conference they reviewed the points private (1); commodum convenience, interest, advan-
covered at their prior meeting, b) A prior obligation tage (2); publico to public (4); cedit yields (3): Private
kept herfrom attending the performance. 2. Enjoying interest yields to the public] Law. Private interest yields
precedence in value, importance, etc. Joseph is a remark- to the public interest: See in casu extremae etc.
able paterfamilias who regards his responsibility to privatum incommodum publico bono pensatur. [L.
hisfamily prior to all other considerations. — n. 1 . An privatum private (1); incommodum inconvenience,
official in charge of a priory or the member of a reli- misfortune (2); publico by public (4); bono good (5);
gious community ranked immediately below an abbot. pensatur is compensated, recompensed (3): Private
2. A magistrate in the medieval republic of Florence inconvenience is compensated by the public good.]
in Italy. Law. The inconvenience of private individuals is
priores leges ad posteriores trahantur. [L. priores counterbalanced by the public good. See in casu
former, previous (1); leges laws (2); ad to, at, for, extremae etc.
according to (4); posteriores later (5); trahantur privilegium n.,pl. privilegia [L. law on an individual, a
should be drawn (3): Former laws should be drawn special enactment, privilege.] 1 . Roman Law. A special
to later ones.] Law. Earlier laws should be superseded legal provision whereby the Roman emperor bestowed
by subsequent ones. See lex posterior etc. on an individual an irregular right, or imposed an
priori petenti [L. priori to the first ( 1 ); petenti (to) claim- irregular obligation or punishment on an individual.
ing, demanding, applying (2): to the first applying/ 2. Civil Law. An extraordinary favor or right conferred
claiming.] Law. To the first applicant. Applicable to by the law. A special claim or lien on property, such
the rule that where several equally qualified persons as that of seamen on a ship as a guarantee of payment
apply for the grant of administration, the first appli- of wages.
cant should get the grant. See prior petens. privilegium est beneficium personale, et extinguitur
prior petens n. [L. prior first (1); petens claiming, cum persona. [L. privilegium privilege ( 1 ); est is (2);
suing, applying (2): the first applying.] Law. The first beneficium benefit, favor (4); personale personal (3);
applicant. See priori petenti. et and (5); extinguitur it is extinguished, annulled (6);
prior tempore potior jure. [L. prior first (1); tempore cum with (7); persona person (8): A privilege is a
in time (2); potior better, preferable (3); jure in right, personal favor and it is extinguished with the person.]
law (4): The first in time is preferable in right.] Law. Law. A privilege is a personal favor and its duration
He who enjoys priority in time likewise enjoys supe- ends with the death of the beneficiary.
riority in right. See qui prior etc. privilegium est quasi privata lex. [L. privilegium
prius n., pi. priora or priuses [L. former, previous, privilege ( 1 ); est is (2); quasi just as if, as one might
first.] A precondition or prerequisite. Something say (3); privata private (4); lex law (5): Privilege is,
which takes precedence. Something which precedes. so to speak, a private law.] Law. Privilege is the
privatim adv. [L. privately.] In a private capacity. Pri- equivalent of a private law.
vately. There is a wide discrepancy between his public privilegium non valet contra rempublicam. [L.
and private image for, though he seems strict and aus- privilegium privilege ( 1 ); non not (2); valet is valid/
tere palam, he is very relaxed and generous privatim. effective (3); contra against, opposite (4); rem
Cf. palam. publicam the public affair, the state (5): A privilege
privatis pactionibus non dubium est non laedi jus is not valid against the state.] Law. A privilege loses
caeterorum. [L. privatis by private (8); pactionibus its validity when it is detrimental to the state. See in
(by) agreements, contracts (9); non not (2); dubium casu extremae etc.
doubtful, uncertain (that) (3); est it is (1); non not prix fixe n. [Ft. prix price (2); fixe fixed (1): fixed
(6); laedi to be/is hurt, violated (7); jus right, law price.] A fixed-price menu.
(4); c(a)eterorum of others (5): It is not doubtful P.R.N. or p.r.n. abbr. for pro re nata (q.v.).
that the right of others is not violated by private agree- pro prep. on behalf of, in favor of, on the side
[L. for,
ments.] Law. There can be no doubt that the rights of of, for the benefit of, in accordance with, as.] For.
others cannot be prejudiced by private agreements. In support of. Though expected to argue pro the
See res inter alios acta alteri etc. proposal, he was unwittingly arguing con it. n., —
privatorum conventio juri publico non derogat. [L. pi. pros 1 . The argument, testimony, or evidence
privatorum of private (persons) (2); conventio favoring or supporting a position, statement, etc. The
agreement, compact (1); juri right, law (6); publico policy was adopted after a careful examination of
public (5); non not (3); derogat impairs, diminishes, the pros and cons. 2. The affirmative side or posi-
detracts from (4): The agreement of private persons tion. The one maintaining the affirmative side or
315 prochein ami
position. His conversion from pro to neutral and probitas laudatur et alget. Juvenal (c.60-1 17 AD ).
finally to anti paralleled the erosion of his own Satires 1,74. [L. probitas honesty, probity (1);
standing. . . (Newsweek Int. Jan 18, 1982: 28).
—adj. laudatur is praised, commended (2); et and (3); alget
Favoring. Supporting. Relating to the affirmative feels cold, is left out in the cold (4): Honesty is praised
position. After a careful examination ofthe pro and and left out in the cold.] Honesty is praised but ignored.
con arguments, the proposal was rejected. adv. — Cf.Sans argent I'honneur etc.
Favorably. In faver. She argued at length, pro and pro bono et malo adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in
con, and requested members of the panel to decide accordance with, as (1); bono good (2); et and (3);
on the merits of the case. —pref. 1. Championing. malo evil, bad (4): for good and evil.] For good and
Favoring. Supporting, a) pro-American; b) pro- ill. Before a man and a woman contract a conjugal
government; c) pro-regime; d) pro-Soviet. 2. Acting bond, they should have no doubt in their minds that
for. Taking the place of. a) pro-Chancellor; b) pro- they are prepared to cohabit pro bono et malo.
consul; c) propraetor. Cf. con. pro bono publico adv. /adj. [L. pro for, on behalf of,
Pro Archia [L. pro for, on behalf of, in accordance with, in accordance with, as (1); bono good (3); publico
as ( ); Archia Archias (2): on behalf of Archias.] For

1
public (2): for the public good.] In the interest of the
Archias, a defense speech for Licinius Archias in 62 state. For the good of all. Despite the considerable
B.C. by Marcus Tullius Cicero ( 1 06-43 B.C.). hardships created by the government 's austere eco-
pro aris et focis [L. pro for, on behalf of, in favor of, nomic measures, the populace has accepted them in
on the side of, for the benefit of, in accordance with, the belief that they are pro bono publico.
as ( 1 ); aris altars (2); et and (3); focis hearths (4): for probus et legalis homo n., pi. probi et legales hom-
altars and hearths.] For one's religion and for one's ines [L. probus good, upright ( ); et and (2); legalis
1
home. lawful (3); homo person, human being (4): a good

probandi necessitas incumbit illi qui agit. [L. and lawful person.] Law. A good and law-abiding
probandi of proving (2); necessitas compulsion, human being. Particularly applicable to a person who
urgency, necessity (1); incumbit falls on, rests on is deemed competent both morally and legally to
(3); illi that (one) (4); qui who (5); agit sues (6): The serve on juries or as a witness. Cf. homo legalis.
compulsion of proving lies on that one who sues.] procedendo n.,pl. procedendos [L. by proceeding.] Law.
Law. The burden of proof lies upon the person who 1. Action in which a court of superior jurisdiction
brings a suit (i.e., the plaintiff or prosecutor). orders a lower court to proceed to judgment. 2. A
See actori incumbit etc. writ issuing from a superior court to an inferior court
probatio mortua n. [L. probatio proof (2); mortua in which the former directs the latter to take action
dead (1): dead proof] Law. Proving with the aid of on certain matters; e.g., a case sent back after it was
inanimate articles such as written evidence. removed from the inferior court on inadequate
probationes debent esse evidentes, id est, perspicuae grounds.
et faciles intelligi. [L. probationes proofs (1); proceres/?/. n. [L. noblemen, nobles, the leading men.]
debent ought, should (2); esse to be (3); evidentes Nobles. Lords. Applicable to such bodies as Britain's
manifest, clear, evident (4); id that (5); est is (6) House of Lords.
perspicuae clear (7); et and (8); faciles easy (9); processus n.,pl. processus [L. movement, course, pro-
intelligi to be understood (10): Proofs ought to be cess, advance, progress.] Operation. Functioning.
evident, that is, clear and easy to be understood.] Law. Working. If it were possible to know the processus
Proofs should be evident, that is, clear and easily ofanother person 's mind, perfidy would almost com-
understandable. pletely be wiped out.
probatio plena n. [L probatio proof (2); plena full (1): proces-verbal n„ pi. proces-verbaux [Fr. report, pro-
full proof] Civil Law. Full proof; i.e., proof provided ceedings, minutes, statement of facts.] 1. An official,
by two or more witnesses or an official instrument. authenticated written record of proceedings, showing
See violenta praesumptio etc. the details of what was said and done. 2. Law. A writ-
probatio semiplena or semiplena probatio n. [L. ten record of facts presented in a legal action, the
probatio proof (2); semiplena half-full (1): half-full procedures adopted, and what the judge did. 3. In-
proof] Civ/7 Law. Half or inadequate proof; i.e., proof ternational Law. A written record of negotiations held
provided by a single witness or an unofficial instrument. by representatives of countries. 4. The minutes or
probatio viva n. [L. probatio proof (2); viva living written record of the proceedings of an organization.
(1): living proof] Law. Proof provided orally by living prochein ami or prochein amy or prochain amy n.
witnesses. [Obs. Fr. prochein next (1); ami friend (2): next
probatis extremis, praesumuntur media. See extre- friend.] Law. A person who, though not a regularly
mis probatis, praesumuntur media. appointed guardian, brings an action on behalf of a
probatum n., pi. probata [L. something proved.] person who is not sui juris (q.v.), such as a child or
Something which has been proved. married woman.
pro confesso 316
pro confesso adv./adj. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in accor- incapable of managing his/her property and should,
dance with, as ( 1 ); confesso confessed (2): as confessed.] therefore, be given a conseil judiciaire (q.v.) for
Law. Considered as true since it has not been denied. controlling and administering his/her property.
As though admitted. The defendant was asked to ap- See curator prodigi.
pear in court and answer the allegation, otherwise prodigus n., pi. prodigi [L. prodigal, lavish, wasteful.]
judgment would be taken pro confesso. Roman Law. A spendthrift or a prodigal. A person
proconsul n.,pl. proconsuls [L. pro on behalf of, for (1); who squanders money to such an extent that he/she
consul consul (2): on behalf of the consul.] 1. Ancient cannot manage his/her personal affairs and needs the
Rome. An official who, on the expiration of his term of services of a guardian.
office as a consul, serves as a governor or military compro domino adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in accor-
mander of a province. 2. Modern Times. A governor or dance with, as (1); domino master, lord, owner (2):
extraordinary administrator of a colony, dependency, as owner.] In the capacity of an owner.

or occupied territory. pro eadem causa adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in
procureur procureurs [Fr. agent, attorney,

n., pi. accordance with, as (1); eadem the same (2); causa
proxy, procurator.] French Law. An attorney, agent, cause, case, reason (3): for the same reason.] On ac-
representative, or prosecutor in a lawcourt. count of the same cause.
Procureur de la Republique n., pi. Procureurs de la pro emptore adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in accor-
Republique [Fr. procureur attorney (1); de of (2); dance with, as (1); emptore buyer, purchaser (2): as
la the (3); republique republic (4): Attorney of tfce a buyer.] As the purchaser.
Republic] French Law. Public prosecutor who is pro et contra adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in favor
entrusted with the responsibility of initiating criminal of, on the side of, for the benefit of, in accordance
proceedings. with, as (1); et and (2); contra opposite (3): for and
pro def. abbr. for pro defendente (q.v.). against.] On behalf of and in opposition to. He pre-
pro defectu emptorum adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, sented a good paper in which he examined all the
in accordance with, as (1); defectu want, lack (2); issues, pro and reached an almost irrefut-
et contra,
emptorum of buyers (3): for want of buyers.] Due able conclusion. — pro
et contra or pro and contra
to lack of buyers. n., pi. pros and cons Argument for and against. They
pro defectu exitus adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in carefidly considered all the pros and cons before
accordance with, as (1); defectu want, lack (2); exitus making a decision.
of issue, result (3): for want of issue.] Due to lack of pro facto adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in accor-
issue. dance with, as ( 1 ); facto deed, act, fact (2): as a fact.]
pro defectu heredis adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in Regarded as a fact. He has an unscholarly habit of
accordance with, as (1); defectu want, lack (2); presenting his views, even personal opinions and con-
heredis of heir (3): for want of an heir.] Due to lack troversial issues, pro facto.
of an heir. profanum vulgus n. [L. profanum common, ordinary,
pro defectu justitiae adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in wicked ( 1 ); vulgus common people (2): ordinary com-
accordance with, as ( 1 ); defectu want, lack (2); justi- mon people.] The common people. Hoi polloi (q.v.).
tiae ofjustice (3): for want of justice.] Due to lack of profecticia dos n., pi. profecticiae dotes [L.
justice. profecticia derived from an ancestor (2); dos dowry
pro defendente abbr. pro def. adj. [L. pro for, on behalf (1): a dowry derived from an ancestor.] Roman Law.
of, in accordance with, as (1); defendente the one Profectitious dowry. Dowry derived from an ancestor;
defending (2): for the one defending.] Law. For the i.e., the wife's dowry contributed from the property
defendant. Counsel pro defendente argued with such of her father or paternal grandfather. See dos.
brilliance, erudition andforce that the plaintiffs case proferens n., pi. proferentes [L. (the one) bringing
was dismissed. Cf. pro querente. forth.] Law. The initiator of a contract or a term or
prodigi interdictio n. [L. prodigi of wasteful, lavish condition of a contract.
(person) (2); interdictio prohibiting, forbidding (1): professor emeritus n., pi. professors emeriti [L.
a prohibiting of a wasteful person.] Roman Law. Inter- professor professor (1); emeritus having earned
dicting a spendthrift, particularly one who wastes by service (2): professor having earned by service.]
property inherited from an intestate, from dealing A retired professor who still retains his/her posi-
with his/her own or the inherited property. A feature tion as an honorary title. See emeritus.
ofRoman law rejected by English law but adopted professor ordinarius n. [L. professor professor, one
by some modern systems, especially French law. who professes (2); ordinarius regular, ordinary (1):
See curator prodigi. a regular professor.] A very high-ranking professor

prodigue n., pi. prodigues [Fr. waster, spendthrift, in a German university. A professor who occupies a
prodigal.] French Law. A spendthrift. A person who chair, is an authority on his/her subject, and partici-
wastes his/her property and is consequently deemed pates in the administration of the university.
317 pro memoria
profit a prendre or profit a prendre or profit one should do on one's own land what could hurt
apprendre or profit apprender n., pi. profits a another's.] Law. It is unlawful to do on one's land what
prendre or profits a prendre or profits apprendre could hurt another's property. See sic utere tuo etc.
or profits apprender [Fr. profit profit (1); a to, to- pro ilia vice adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in accordance
ward, in, by, with, until (2); prendre to take, seize, with, as (1); ilia that (2); vice part, duty, position (3):
grasp (3): profit to take/seize/grasp.] Law. The right for that part or duty.] For that occasion only. For that
to take something out of another's land or to take

k
turn. Cf. pro hac vice.
part of the soil. The right includes, inter alia, the right pro indiviso adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in accordance
to mine, drill, and log. In the case of mining, the per- with, as ( 1 ); indiviso undivided (2): as undivided.] Law.
son enjoying the right can enter the land, remove from As being held in common. The testator 's lands were to
it whatever is designated, and use as much of the be held pro indiviso by his two children.
surface as is necessary for taking the product. pro ipsa rata adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in accor-
pro forma abbr. p.f. adj. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in dance with, as ( 1 ); ipsa itself (3); rata calculated (2):
accordance with, as ( 1 ); forma form (2): in accordance in accordance with the calculated (part) itself] In the
with form.] 1 . For the sake of form. As a formality to exact proportion. According to the very calculated
satisfy legal requirements. The generalprinciple is that factors. Thus the broker and L/U negotiate the terms
in case ofdoubt and where words ofa contract are in ofthe slip . . . and the slip goesforward to other under-
conflict, greaterforce is to be given to words selected writers as the assured 's offerfor acceptance pro ipsa
by the parties to express their intent than to general rata (Colinvaux 1979:20).
words of a pro forma nature . . . (Major 1978:1 1). projet n., pi. projets [Fr. scheme, project, design, plan,
2. Relating to or concerning information indicating draft.] 1. International Law. The draft of a proposed
that goods are ready for shipment. The business- measure, convention, or treaty. 2. A project or proposed
man received a pro forma invoice on the goods to design, especially one which has advanced beyond
be shipped by his associates. the stage of a sketch.
progenitor or fern, progenitrix n., pi. progenitors or pro laesione fidei adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in
fern, progenitrices [L. an ancestor, founder of a fam- accordance with, as ( 1 ); laesione injury (2); fidei of
ily.] 1. A forefather. A lineally direct ancestor. 2. A faith (3): for injury of faith.] For breach of faith.
precursor, predecessor, or originator, i.e., in the aca- pro legato adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in accordance
demic field, politics, etc. with, as ( 1); legato bequest, legacy (2): for a legacy.]
prognosis n.,pl. prognoses [Gk. prognosis: pro before, As a bequest or legacy.
in front of (2); gnosis knowing ( 1 ): knowing before, prolegomenon n.,pl. prolegomena [Gk. pro before, in
foreknowledge, prediction.] 1. Forecast. Prediction. front of (2); legomenon that which is spoken ( 1 ): that
Prognostication, a) . . . evidence emerges that his which is spoken before, that foretold.] 1 Introductory .
prognosis could be mercilessly right (The Guardian remarks or observations, especially an essay or dis-
1987). b) Even welcome

that tentative prognosis is cussion which introduces or explains a work. The third
news to a once-comfortable little country whose edition ofthe book has a very useful and well-written
economy has been crumbling for nearly a decade prolegomenon. 2. Introduction. A reading, lecture, or
(Newsweek Int. May 4, 1981:28). 2. Medicine. Predict- intellectual discussion preparatory to further knowl-
ing the course of a disease. 3. Medicine. The prospect edge or understanding of a field. Friedrick August
of surviving, or recovering from, a disease based on Wolfs Prolegomenon ad Homerum (1795) remains a
knowledge of the normal course of the disease or as basic introdution to the Homeric problem.
suggested by peculiar features of that particular case. prolepsis n.,pl. prolepses [Gk. prolepsis: pro before,
pro hac vice abbr. p.h.v. adv. [L. pro for, on behalf in front of (2); lepsis taking hold, seizing (1): seizing
of, in accordance with, as (1); hac this (2); vice part, before, anticipation.] Rhetoric. A not quite appropriate
duty, position (3): for this part or duty.] For this occa- use of a word, especially in expectation of a situation
sion only. A lawyer who is admitted into a court pro in which the word is appropriate; e.g., "They dug the
hac vice is allowed to treat only that particular case. empty hole."
Cf. pro ilia vice. proletariat n. [Fr. proletariat lowest classes.] The lowest
pro herede or pro haerede adv. [L. pro for, on behalf or working-class.
of, in accordance with, as (1); herede heir, successor pro majori cautela adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in
I
(2): as an heir.] In the capacity of an heir. accordance with, as (1); majori greater (2); cautela
prohibetur ne quis faciat in suo quod nocere possit caution (3): for greater caution.] By way of being
alieno. [L. prohibetur it is forbidden (1); ne that more cautious. See ad abundantiorem cautelam.
(2); quis one (3); faciat should do (4); in in, on (5); pro memoria n., pi. pro memoria [L. pro for, on behalf
suo one's own, his/her own (6); quod what, (that) of, in accordance with, as ( 1 ); memoria memory (2):
which (7); nocere to hurt (9); possit could, may be for memory.] Diplomacy. A formal note containing
able (8); alieno another's (10): It is forbidden that a record of diplomatic talks.
promenade 318
promenade n., pi promenades [Fr. a walk, a place to form ofradio and TV broadcasts (Time Int. 1980). . . .
walk.] A walk, usually at a leisurely pace, in a park

1 . 4. A public action designed to promote one's cause
or other public place. 2. A formal ball or dance. 3. A or to damage the cause of an opponent. Politicians
procession of guests at a formal ball. 4. A counter- were busy in the villages, distributing worthless gifts,
clockwise, circular movement in a square dance. — v. a piece of propaganda which enlightened citizens
intr. To walk at a leisurely pace in a public place.
1 . strongly condemned. — attrib. Characteristic of propa-
2. To make a show as if walking in a public place. ganda. President Leonid Brezhnev 's October speech
She promenaded around the house clad only in her proclaiming a reduction of Russian forces in East
bathrobe. Cf. paseo. Germany was largely a propaganda ploy (Newsweek
Pro Milone n. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in favor of, on Int. Dec. 17, 1979:24).
the side of, for the benefit of, in accordance with, as pro patria [L. pro for, on behalf of, in favor of, on the
Milone Milo (2): on behalf of Milo.] For Milo, a
( 1 ); side of, for the benefit of, in accordance with, as (1);
52 B.C. speech by Cicero (106-43 B.C.). patria country, fatherland (2): for the county.] For
promotor fidei n.,pl. promotores fidei [L. promotor one's homeland.
promoter ( 1 ); fidei of faith (2): promoter of the faith.] prophylaxis n., pi. prophylaxes [Neo-Gk. from Gk.
1. Devil's advocate. 2. Roman Catholic Church. An prophulaxis: pro in front, before (2); phulaxis
official entrusted with the duty of exposing defects guarding ( 1 ): guarding before, advance guard.] Medi-
in the evidence adduced in support of the canoniza- cine. Protective or preventive treatment of disease.
tion or beatification of a person, or showing that the Measures designed to promote the preservation of
person is not fit for the honor by reason of his char- health and prevention of diseases.
acter. See advocatus diaboli. Cf. advocatus dei. propositus n., pi. propositi [L. the person proposed,
pro non scripto adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in accor- placed before.] 1 . The primary person involved in a
dance with, as (1); non not (2); scripto something situation. 2. Genealogy. The first person known
written (3): as something not written.] As if it had whose family tree is to be determined.
never been written. pro possessore adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in accor-
pronto adv. [Sp./It. prompt, ready, soon.] Promptly. dance with, as (1); possessore possessor (2): as a
Immediately. At once. Usually used colloquially. possessor.] As the one in possession.
Need we add that the huge debt was paid, pronto? pro possessore habetur qui dolo injuriave desiit
{The Guardian 1988). possidere. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in accordance
pro nunc [L. pro for, on behalf of, in favor of, on the with, as (7); possessore possessor (8); habetur he is
side of, for the benefit of, in accordance with, as (1); had, held, regarded (6); qui (he) who (1); dolo
nunc now (2): for now.] For the present. through fraud, guile (4); injuriave or through injury/
pro-nuncio n., pi. pro-nuncios [L. pro for, on behalf wrong (5); desiit has ceased, stopped (2); possidere
of, in favor of, on the side of, for the benefit of, in to possess (3): He who has ceased to possess through
accordance with, as (1); nuncio nuncio (2): for the fraud or injury is regarded as possessor.] Law. A per-
nuncio.] A papal representative in a country which son who is deprived of possession through fraud or
does not grant preference or precedence to papal injury is still deemed to be the possessor. See nemo
ambassadors. Cf. nuncio. debet ex etc.
prooemium n.,pl. prooemia or prooemiums [L. from propria persona abbr. p.p. adv. [L. propria in one's
Gk. prooimion: pro before, in front of (2); oim(e) own (1); persona (in) person (2): in one's own person.]
song (1): song before, an introduction, proem or pref- Law. Personally. Without the assistance of a lawyer
ace.] A discourse or comment which serves as an in- or legal representation.
troduction to a speech or work. proprio motu See motu proprio.
propaganda n., pi.propagandas [L. that which must proprio vigore adv. [L. proprio with its own ( ); vigore 1
be spread or propagated.] 1 The Congregatio de pro-

. (with) vigor, force (2): with own force.] By its/their
its
paganda fide, an organization established by Pope own force. By its/their inherent meaning. By the lex
Gregory XV and entrusted with the responsibility of loci contractus (or celebrationis), every contract is
supervising missionary activities. 2. Spreading of in general to be regulated by the laws ofthe country
rumor, ideas, doctrines, etc. with the intention of aiding in which it is made, which alone are binding proprio
or hurting a cause, person, organization, etc. The vigore on aliens as well as on natural-born citizens
politician 's promise ofvarious amenities was no more or subjects (Megrah and Ryder 1972:300).
. . .
than propaganda designed to win the votes of the proprium humani ingenii est odisse quern laeseris.
electorate. 3. Rumor, allegations, ideas, doctrines, Tacitus (c.55 -c.l 17 A.D.). Agricola XLII. [L.
information, facts, etc. deliberately spread to help a proprium characteristic, peculiar (2); humani of
person, a cause, etc. or to harm an opponent, the human (3); ingenii (of) nature, temperament (4); est
opponent's cause, etc. Baghdad has also been busy it is (1); odisse to hate (5); quern (one) whom (6);
dispensing strident anti-Iranian propaganda in the laeseris you have hurt (7): It is characteristic of human
319 proskunesis
nature to hate the one whom you have hurt.] It is a complaining (2): for the one complaining.] For the plain-
special feature of humankind to hate the person whom tiff. Counsel pro querente contributed not a little to the
you have injured. dismissal ofthe plaintiffs suit. Cf. pro defendente.
pro privato commodo adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in pro rata or pro rata parte abbr. p.r. adv. [L. pro for, on
accordance with, as ( 1 ); privato private (2); commodo behalf of, in accordance with, as (1); rata calculated
advantage, convenience (3): for private advantage.] (2); parte part (3): in accordance with the calculated
and "D" " "B, " "C, "
On behalf of personal advantage or gain. Some politi- part.] Proportionately. If "A,
cians behave as though they have the interest of the form a company and they are to share a profit of
nation at heart, but anybody with discerning mind and $10,000.00, each of them would receive 25%. But if
eyes can easily see that in whatever they do, they act their respective contributions —investment, duration
pro privato commodo. ofparticipation, etc. —varied, such factors would be
propter aequitatis rationem adv. [L. propter on account taken into consideration in the sharing of the profit.
of, by reason of (1); aequitatis of equity, fairness Thus, in a case in 1826, a jury was directed that a
(3); rationem consideration, principle (2): on account clerk employed by the year but apparently paid at
of consideration of equity.] Law. Considering the intervals within the year could recover salary pro
principles of equity. rata down to the time of dismissal if he had been

propter affectum adv. [L. propter on account of, by wrongfully dismissed (Freedland 1976:129). — adj.
reason of (1); affectum disposition, mood, affection Divided, shared proportionally. Pro rata sharing of
(2) : on account of disposition.] On account of par- profits.
tiality or affection. Applicable to a kind of challenge. pro re nata abbr. P.R.N, or p.r.n. adv. /adj. [L. pro
His membership in the investigating panel was chal- for, on behalf of, in accordance with, as ( 1 ); re matter,
lenged propter affectum. thing, property, business, affair (2); nata born (3):
propter defectum adv. [L. propter on account

by of, according to the matter born.] According to the cir-
reason of (1); defectum defect (2): on account of a cumstances of the matter. As and when the occasion
defect.] Because of a defect. Applicable to a kind of arises. The chiefexecutive of the institution does not
challenge. His nomination as a juror was challenged operate according to laid down policies, but he takes
propter defectum. decisions and implements them pro re nata.
propter defectum sanguinis adv. [L. propter on account Pro Roscio n. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in favor of, on
of, by reason of (1); defectum defect, lack (2); san- the side of, for the benefit of, in accordance with, as
guinis of blood (3): on account of defect/lack of blood.] (1); Roscio Roscius (2): on behalf of Roscio.] For
For lack of a qualified heir. The deceased man 's estate Roscius, a 80/79 B.C. speech by Cicero ( 1 06-43 B.C.).
was taken over by the state propter defectum sanguinis. pro salute animae adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in
propter delictum adv. [L. propter on account of, by accordance with, as (1); salute the good, safety (2);
reason of (1); delictum crime (2): on account of a animae of soul (3): for the safety of the soul.] Chris-
crime.] Because of conviction for a crime. Applicable tianity. For the good/safety of the soul. The purpose
to a kind of challenge. He was nominated as Minister of prosecutions in ecclesiastical courts.
by the President, but he was disqualified because of prosateur n.,pl. prosateurs [Fr. prose writer.] A writer
public scrutiny propter delictum. of prose.
propter honoris respectum adv. [L. propter on ac- proscenium n.,pl. proscenia or prosceniums [L. pro for,
count of, by reason of (1); honoris of rank, office on behalf of, in favor of, on the side of, for the benefit
(3) ; respectum respect, consideration (2): on account of, in accordance with, as ( 1); scenium scene (2): in
of respect for rank.] By reason of respect for the office. front of the scene.] Greek and Roman Theater.
1 .
Applicable to a kind of challenge. Thejudge declined The area between the orchestra and the back wall of
the offer to serve as chairman of the "Association of the theater; i.e., the stage. 2. Modern Theater. The area
Hoodlums "propter honoris respectum. between the curtain and the area where the audience
; propter odium et atiam adv. [L. propter on account is located.
of, by reason of ( 1 ); odium hatred, ill-will (2); et and pro se adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in accordance
(3); atiam hatred, ill-will (4): on account of hatred with, as (1); se oneself (2): on behalf of oneself] In
and ill-will.] Because of animosity and bad feelings. person. For oneself. Personally. Law. Applicable to
! Cf. de odio et atia. a person who appears in court for himself/herself and
propter privilegium adv. [L. propter on account of, does not use the services of a lawyer. See inops con-
!
by reason of (1); privilegium privilege (2): on ac- silii and in propria persona.
count of privilege.] Because of privilege. Applicable prosit adv. [L. prosit May it be helpful.] A wish for
to an exclusive right to hunt and kill wild animals in good health and prosperity, especially in German-
parks or preserves. speaking areas. Cf. mazel tov, salute, and skoal.
1'pro querente abbr. pro quer. adj. [L. pro for, on be- proskunesis or proskynesis n. [Gk. proskunesis pros
half of, in accordance with, as ( 1 ); querente the one to, towards, in addition to (2); kune(o) to kiss (1):
pro socio 320
kissing towards, prostrating oneself before, adora- and successor, Prime Minister Abdou Diouf was
tion, obeisance.] Prostration. Obeisance. Greeting by peaceful . . . (Newsweek Int. Jan 12, 1981:55).
throwing oneself on the ground. Among certain eth- b) While the metropolitan jobs were given to proteges
nic groups in Africa, it is the customary practice for whom it was intended to favor, the colonialjobs were
young men to greet elders by performing proskynesis. most often granted to proteges of a different kind,
pro socio adj. /adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in accor- namely those whom somebody wished to get out of
dance with, as (1); socio partner, associate (2): for the way (Suret-Canale 1 97 1 :3 1 7). 2. A person living
an associate.] Law. On behalf of a partner. Applicable in one country, but protected juridically by another
to an action instituted on behalf of an associate. country; e.g., a colonist,
pro solido adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in accordance pro tempore abbr. pro tern, or p.t. adj./adv. [L. pro
with, as (1); solido whole, complete, entire (thing) for, on behalf of, in accordance with, as (1); tempore
(2): as a whole/complete thing.] As an entity. As orte. time (2): for a time.] For the time being. Occupying
Jointly. an acting position. Before his departurefor the confer-
prosopopoeia n.,pl. prosopopoeias [Gk. prosopopoiia: ence, Seidu appointed Ugo as pro tempore head ofthe
prosopon face, mask, character (1); poi(eo) make department.
(2): character making, the putting of speeches into Proteus n., pi. Proteuses [L. from Gk.] 1. Greek and
the mouth of characters, the putting of speeches into Roman Mythology. A minor sea-god, who was capable
another's mouth.] I. Rhetoric. A figure of speech in of assuming different shapes, but, if held tenaciously,
which a person who is absent is portrayed as making would revert to his true shape and answer questions.
a speech or a deceased person is represented as being 2. A very versatile person. A person who can undergo
alive. 2. Personification. endless changes. A person who has a large variety of
prospectus n., pi. prospectus [L. pro for, on behalf interests and capabilities. This comedian is a true Pro-
of, in favor of, on the side of, for the benefit of, in teus and there is hardly anybody whose mannerisms
accordance with, as (2); spect(o) look for, see (1): a he cannot imitate.
looking for, an outlook.] A pamphlet, brochure, or prothalamium (L.) or prothalamion (Neo-Gk. )n.,pl.
other document describing a proposed or forthcoming prothalamia pro before, in front of, in addition
[L.
project, course of study, etc. to (1); thalam(os) chamber, bed chamber, bridal
prosthesis n., pi. prostheses [Gk. pros to, towards, in chamber (2): before the bridal chamber, a bridal
addition to (2); thesis placing ( 1 ): placing in addition, song.] A song or poem for celebrating a marriage.
an addition, application.] 1. Linguistics. The addition See epithalamium.
of a letter, syllable, or sound to a word, especially in pro timore mortis adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in
the form of a prefix; e.g., "beloved" from "loved." accordance with, as (1); timore fear (2); mortis of
2. Medicine. Inserting an artificial part into the body death (3): for fear of death.] Because of fear of death.
to replace one that is missing or damaged. The artifi- pro uno delicto adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in accor-
cial part which is inserted or is to be inserted. After dance with, as (1); uno one (2); delicto offense (3):
exposing the ends ofMrs. Thomas 's spine. Edwards for one offense.] Law. For the same offense.
and his team started to install the prosthesis provenance n., pi. provenances [Fr. origin, source,
(Newsweek Int. Sept. 17, 1979:41). place of production.] Source. Place of origin. Deri-
pro tanto adv. [L. pro for, on behalf of, in accordance vation. There is hardly a Yoruba state which does
with, as ( 1 ); tanto so much, only so much (2): for so not trace its provenance to Ile-Ife.
much.] For only so much. Used in respect of partial proviso n., pi. provisoes or provisos [L. with the pre-
payment. caution taken, with it provided.] Law. A clause or
protasis n., pi. protases [Gk. pro before, in front of article which introduces a limitation or exception in
(2); tasis stretching, extension (1): stretching before, contracts, deeds, leases, mortgages, etc. The accused
that which is put forward.] I. The earlier part of a person was granted bail with the proviso that he
dramatic or narrative poem. 2. Logic. A proposition, should report to the police charge office every day.
especially the premise of a syllogism. 3. Rhetoric. proxeneta n.,pl. proxenetae [L. from Gk. proxenetes:
The antecedent, subordinate, hypothetical, or "if pro for, on behalf of, in accordance with as (1);
clause of a conditional sentence; e.g., "If my father xen(os) stranger (2): on behalf of a stranger, one who
had given me the money, . .
." See hypothesis 3. acts on behalf of another.] Civil Law. A broker. A
Cf. apodosis. person who negotiates the terms of a contract on behalf
protege or fern, protegee n., pi. proteges or fern. of parties.
protegees [Fr. a ward, favorite, protected person, proxenete n.,pl. proxenetes [Fr. from Gk. proxenetes.]
dependent.] 1. A person who is helped or protected A pimp. A procurer. A sexual go-between. Cf.
in his/her career by an influential person such as a souteneur.
patron, or sponsor. A pupil, a) Senghor left his post proximo abbr. prox. adj. [L. in the next (month).]
voluntarily and the transfer ofpower to his protege Scheduled for the next month. The 12th meeting of
321 purdah
the association will be held on the 15th proximo. pug n. [Hindi pag.] A track or trail, especially of foot-
Cf. ultimo. prints or paw prints.
P. S. abbr. for postscriptum (q.v.). puisne adj. [Obs. Fr. puis afterwards (2); ne born ( 1 ):
pseudepigrapha pi n. [Gk. pseud(es) false (1), epi born afterwards.] 1. Subordinate. Junior. 2. Law.
upon, in addition (3); graph(O) write (2): things writ- Associate. The head of the Family Division is the
ten with (something) false written upon (them), things President who is assisted by about 1 7 puisne judges
with false title or superscription.] Spurious books, (Newton 1983:36). 3. Law. Later. Belonging to a later
especially those supposedly written by characters of date or time. — n., pi. puisnes 1. A person who is
the Bible. subordinate or junior. 2. Law. A puisne or associate

psyche n.,pl. psyches [Gk. psukhe ghost, soul, the con- judge.
scious self or personality, spirit.] 1. The spirit, soul, puissance n., pi. puissances [Fr. power, strength,
personality or self. The spiritual or mental element authority, force.] Ability to control, influence, or
which combines with the body to form a human being sway. The electorate should show more awareness
or an animal. 2. Psychology: The mind or mentality. of their puissance and not allow themselves to be
A combination of the ego, id, and superego, including used by unscrupulous politicians.
the conscious aspects of the mind, a) Having bequeathed puissant adj. [Fr. powerful.] Strong. Influential. The
to our younger ones this brutalised psy che, we should success of Bayo 's career is mainly attributable to
be getting ready /or killers more bestial than Jack the the assistanceof his puissant uncle.
Ripper. . . (The Guardian 1986). b) . . . the hobgoblins pukka or pucka adj. [Hindi pakka cooked, ripe.] 1 . Real.
that lurksomew here beneath the polished surface of Genuine. 2. First-class.

the French psyche (Newsweek Int. Oct. 20, 1980: pulchrum dicitur id quod visum placet. [L. 1
1 ).
Cf. pneuma pulchrum pretty, beautiful (thing) (6); dicitur is said

psychosis n..pl. psychoses [Gk. psukhosis giving life (5); id that (1); quod which (2); visum having been
or soul to somebody/something, animating, quick- seen (3); placet is pleasing (4): That which, having
ening.] I. A serious mental disorganization in which been seen, is pleasing, is said (to be) a beautiful
the patient, unable to cope with the demands of his/ (thing).] Something which is pleasing to look at is
her environment, loses contact with reality in his/her said to be a pretty thing.
behavior, feeling, and thinking. 2. A severe mental punctum indifferens n. [L. punctum point (1);
disorder either of an individual or a group, particularly indifferens not differing, neither good nor bad (2): a
during situations of momentous significance. "The point neither good nor bad.] A neutral or impartial
"
government is attempting to create a war psychosis, point.
said a young worker. (Newsweek Int. Jan 4, 1982:10).
. . punctum temporis. n. [L. punctum point (1):
psychosoma n., pi. psychosomas [Gk. psukhosOma: temporis of time (2): a point of time.] The smallest
psukh(e) soul (1); sOma body (2): soul-body.] The portion of time. An instant. A moment.
mind and body functioning together as a unit. pundit n. [Hindi pandit from Skt. panditas scholar ]
P. T. abbr. for 1 . Paschale Tempore (q.v.). 2. pro tem- 1. A person of great learning or knowledge. 2. An
pore (q.v.). opinionated source, especially in the media. Tim pundits
publici juris adj. [L. publici of public (1); juris (of) were all predicting the resignation of the President.
right, law (2): of public right.] Law. Belonging to Cf. pandit.
the public. The expression is used to describe things, punica fide adv. [L. punica with Punic, Carthaginian
such as light, public streets, public water, and air, ( 1 ); fide (with) trust, faith (2): with Punic faith.] With
which are common property, and can thus be used characteristic (or typical) Punic treachery. Romans
by everybody. It is also used for a copyright which regarded Carthaginians as very treacherous people.
has expired. Cf. res communes and res publicae. The friendship between Amos and Noah persisted
publicum jus or jus publicum n. [L. publicum public until the latter, acting punica fide, betrayed the
(1); jus right, law (2): public law.] Law. I. Public former.
law, i.e., the law relating to government, public func- punica fides n. [L. punica Punic, Carthaginian (1);
tionaries, the constitution, etc. 2. Public right. Common fides trust, faith (2): Punic trust.] Characteristic (or
property. typical) Punic treachery. See punica fide.
p.u.c. abbr. for post urbem conditam (q.v.). pur autre vie adv. /adj. [Obs. Fr. pur for (1); autre
pudendum n.. pi. pudenda Used more often in the pi. other, another (2); vie life (3): for another life.] Law.
than sing. [L. something shameful, disgraceful or During the lifetime of another person. Applicable to
abominable.] The external genital organs or private tenancy of an estate, which depends not on the lifetime
parts of both the male and female, especially the latter. of the tenant but of another person. See autre vie.
Cf. mons veneris and muliebria. purdah or pardah tl, pi. purdahs or pardahs [Urdu
puerpera n. pi puerperae [L. a woman
, in labor.] A woman pardah screen, curtain, veil.] A practice prevalent
who is in childbirth or has just given birth to a child. among Muslim and Hindu communities, which involves
puris omnia pura 322
the seclusion of women by keeping them at the resi- purusha n. [Skt. humankind.] X.Hindu Mythology. The
dence behind walls and screens, and by their wearing sacrificial victim used by the gods in the creation of
of clothes, especially veils, which cover almost the the world. 2. Hinduism. The world soul. The living
entire body. His colleagues have never met his wife, consciousness of the material world.
since she lives in purdah. putsch or Putsch n., pi. Putsche or putsches [Ger.
puris omnia pura [L. puris for pure, clean (people) Putsch insurrection.] A secretly planned insurrection.
(3); omnia all things, everything ( ); pura pure, clean
1
Removal, usually secretly planned, sudden or violent,
(2): all things pure for pure people.] Everything pure of political opponents, a government, or governmen-
for those who are pure. tal body. . . . Suslov was the mind behind the putsch
purpureus pannus n.,pl. purpurei panni Horace (65-8 that replaced Nikita Krushchev . . . with the Neo-
B.C.). Ars Poetica 14-15. [L. purpureus purple, Stalinist Brezhnev (Newsweek Int. Feb. 8, 1982:53).
purple-colored (1); pannus patch, rag (2): a purple See coup d'etat and Machtubernahme.
patch or passage.] A literary passage which is con- putto n., pi. putti [It. boy.] Art. The figure of a naked
spicuously splendid or brilliant in a work which is or semi-clothed child, sometimes winged, to represent
generally uninspiring or dull. a Greco-Roman cupid or a Christian angel.
pur terme d'autre vie adj. /adv. [Obs. Fr. pur for (1); p.v. abbr. forper vaginam (q.v.).
terme term (2); d' of (3); autre other, another (4); pxt. abbr. for pinxit (q.v.).
vie life (5): for the term of another Law. During
life.] pyromania n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. pur fire (2); mania
the lifetime of another person. Until the demist of madness, enthusiasm ( 1 ): madness/enthusiasm for fire.]
another person. Applicable to tenancy of an estate, Psychology. Uncontrollable impulse to cause arson.
which depends not on the lifetime of the tenant but pyrophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. pur fire (2);
that of another person. See autre vie. phob(os) fear (1): fear of fire.] Psychology. Abnormal
fear of fire.
Q
Q. or q. abbr. for 1. quaere (q.v.). 2. quasi (q.v.). in the liberal arts following the trivium (q.v.), i.e.,
Q.C.F. abbr. for quare clausum fregit (q.v.). arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music.
Q.D. or q.d. abbr. for 1 quaque die (q.v.). 2. quasi
. quae ab hostibus capiuntur, statim capientium fiunt.
dicat (q.v ). 3. quasi dictum (q.v.). 4. quater die (q.v.). [L. quae (those things) which (1); ab from, by (3);
Q.E. or q.e. abbr. for quod est (q.v.). hostibus enemies (4); capiuntur are captured, seized
Q.E.D. abbr. for quod erat demonstrandum (q.v.). (2); statim immediately (5); capientium of the cap-
Q.E.F. abbr. for quod erat faciendum (q.v.). turing (persons) (7); fiunt become (6): Those things
Q.E.I, abbr. for quod erat inveniendum (q.v.). which are captured from enemies immediately be-
Q.E.N, abbr. for quare exsecutionem non (q.v.). come of the capturing persons.] International Law.
Q.H. or q.h. abbr. for quaque hora (q.v.). Things captured from the enemy immediately become
Q.I.D. or q.i.d. abbr. for quater in die (q.v.). the property of the captors.
Q.I.P. abbr. for quiescat in pace (q.v.). quae ab initio non valen t, ex post facto convalescere
Q.L. or q.l. abbr. for quantum libet (q.v.). non possunt. [L. quae (those things) which (1); ab
Q.M. or q.m. abbr. for quo modo (q.v.). from, by (4); initio beginning (5); non not (2); valent
Q.N. or q.n. abbr. for quaque nocte (q.v.). are valid (3); ex out of, from, directly after, away from
Q.P. or q.p. abbr. for quantum placet (q.v.). (9); postfacto (something) done afterwards (10);
qq.v. abbr. for quae vide (q.v.). convalescere to become valid, grow strong (8); non
Q.S. or q.s. abbr. for quantum sufficit (q.v.). not (7); possunt can, are able (6): Those things which
Q.T. abbr. for qui tarn (q.v.). are not valid from the beginning cannot become valid
qu. abbr. for quasi (q.v.). from something done afterwards.] Law. Things which
qua prep. [L. by/in which.] In the role or character of. are not valid right from the beginning cannot gain
As. a) Mr. Nwachukwu qua principal of the school retrospective validity. See quod ab initio etc.
ordered that all fees should be paid within a week. quae accessionum locum obtinent extinguuntur cum
b) No legal practitioner qua legal practitioner was principales res peremptae fuerint. [L. quae (those
allowed to appear before a "native " court, although things) which (1); accessionum of additions, acces-
provision was made for of a liti-
the representation sories (4); locum place (3); obtinent occupy, keep
gant by a duly authorised relative (Adewoye (2); extinguuntur are annulled, extinguished (5);
1977:140). cum when (6); principales original, principal (7);
quadrennium or quadriennium n., pi. quadrennia res matters, things, property, business, affairs (8);
or quadrenniums or quadriennia or quad rien niu ms peremptae fuerint have been extinguished, annihi-
[L. from quattuor four (1) and annus year (2): a lated (9): Those things which occupy the place of
four-year period.] 1. A period of four years. 2. Civil accessories are extinguished when the principal
Law. A course of four years in legal studies which things have been extinguished.] Law. Accessories are
served as prerequisite for a course on the Code of extinguished when their principals are extinguished.
Imperial Constitutions. Cf. biennium. See accessorium non ducit etc.
quadrivium n. [L. quattuor four (1); vi(a) road, way quae cohaerent personae a persona separari
(2): four roads, a place where four roads meet, an nequeunt. [L. quae (those things) which (1);
intersection.] Medieval Europe. The course of study cohaerent cohere, cling to (2); personae to person
323
quae contra 324
(3) ; a from (6); persona person (7); separari to be quaelibet concessio fortissime contra donatorem
separated (5); nequeunt are unable, cannot (4): Those interpretanda est. [L. quaelibet all, any whatsoever
things which cling to a person are unable to be sepa- ( 1 ); concessio grant, concession (2); fortissime most
rated from the person.] Law. Things which cohere to strongly (5); contra against, opposite (6); donatorem
the person cannot be separated from that person. grantor, donor (7); interpretanda to be interpreted
Cf. cuicunque aliquis etc. (4) ; est is (3): Any grant whatsoever is to be inter-
quae contra rationem juris introducta sunt, non preted most strongly against the grantor.] Law. Every
debent trahi in consequentiam. [L. quae (those grant must be interpreted as strongly as possible
things) which (1); contra against, opposite (3); against the grantor. See ambigua responsio etc.;
rationem rule, reason (4); juris of right, law (5); ambiguum pactum etc.; ambiguum placitum etc.;
introducta sunt have been introduced (2); non not benigne faciendae sunt etc.; concessio versus etc.;
(7) ; debent ought, should (6); trahi to be drawn (8); in contra proferentem; contra proferentes; in
into, to, against, for (9); consequentiam consequence stipulationibus etc.; and obscuritas pacti etc.
(10): Those things which have been introduced quaelibet jurisdictio cancellos suos habet. [L.
against the rule of law ought not to be drawn to conse- quaelibet any whatsoever, all (1); jurisdictio juris-
quence.] Law. Decisions which are contrary to a rule diction (2); cancellos limits, boundaries (5); suos its
of law should not be regarded as valid precedents. own (4); habet has, holds, regards (3): Any jurisdic-
quae dubitationis causa tollendae inseruntur tion whatsoever has its own boundaries.] Law. Every
communem legem non laedunt. [L. quae (thoê jurisdiction has its limits. See extra territorium jus etc.
things) which (1); dubitationis of doubt (4); causa quaelibet poena corporalis, quamvis minima, major
for the sake of (3); tollendae (of) that must be removed est qualibet poena pecuniaria. [L. quaelibet any
(5) inseruntur are inserted, introduced (2);
; whatsoever, all (1); poena punishment (3);
communem common (8); legem law (9); non not corporalis; corporal (2); quamvis however, however
(6) laedunt hurt, violate (7): Those things which are
; much (4); minima least, very small (5); major
inserted for the sake of doubt that must be removed greater, bigger (7); est is (6); qualibet than any what-
do not hurt the common law.] Law. Insertions that soever, all (8); poena punishment (10); pecuniaria
are remove doubt do not hurt the common
made to monetary, pecuniary (9): Any corporal punishment
law. See quae dubitationis tollendae etc. whatsoever, however very small, is greater than any
quae dubitationis tollendae causa contractibus monetary punishment whatsoever.] Law. Corporal
inseruntur, jus commune non laedunt. [L. quae punishment, no matter how small, is more serious
(those things) which (1); dubitationis of doubt (5); than any fine.
tollendae (of) to be removed (6); causa for the sake quae mala sunt inchoata in principio vix bono
(4) ; contractibus (in) contracts (3); inseruntur are peraguntur exitu. [L. quae (those things) which ( ); 1
inserted, implanted (2); jus right, law (10); mala bad (3); sunt inchoata were begun, started (2);
communem common, general (9); non not (7); in in, on (4); principio beginning, principle, origin
laedunt hurt, harm
Those things which are in-
(8): (5) ; vix scarcely, hardly (6); bono with good (8);
serted in contracts for the sake of doubt to be removed peraguntur are carried out, accomplished (7); exitu
do not hurt the common law.] Law. Clauses inserted (with) result, end (9): Things which were started bad
in contracts for the avoidance of doubt do not hurt in the beginning scarcely are accomplished with good
the common law. See quae dubitationis causa etc. result.] Law. Things which at the outset were bad
quae est eadem [L. quae which (1); est is (2); eadem scarcely end on a good note. See quod ab initio etc.
the same (3): which is the same.] That which is the quae nocent docent. [L. quae (those things) which ( 1 );
same. Que est le mesme (q.v.). nocent harm, hurt (2); docent teach (3): Those things
quae in testamento ita sunt scripta ut intelligi non which hurt teach.] Harmful things teach. Cf. pathei
possint, perinde sunt ac si scripta non essent. [L. mathos.
quae (those things) which ( 1); in in, on (4); testamento quae praeter consuetudinem et morem majorum
will (5); ita in such a way (6); sunt have been (2); fiunt neque placent neque recta videntur. [L. quae
scripta written (3); ut that (7); intelligi to be under- (those things) which (1); praeter contrary to, against
stood (10); non not (9); possint they can, are able (3); consuetudinem custom, usage (4); et and (5);
(8) ; perinde just (12); sunt are (1 1); ac as (13); si if morem custom, usage (6); majorum of ancestors (7);
( 1 4); scripta written ( 1 7); essent they had been ( 1 6); fiunt are done neque neither (8); placent please,
(2);
non not (15): Those things which have been written are approved (9); neque nor (10); recta right, proper
in a will in such a way that they cannot be understood (12); videntur seem, are deemed (11): Those things
are just as if they had not been written.] Law. Things which are done contrary to the custom and usage of
which have been written in a will in such a way that the ancestors are neither approved nor deemed proper.]
they cannot be understood are considered not to have Things done contrary to ancestral custom and prac-
been written at all. tice are neither approved nor considered proper.
325 quando aliquid prohibetur fieri
quae propter necessitatem recepta sunt, non debent although (1); aliquid something (2); per by (3); se
in argumentum trahi. [L. quae (those things) which itself (4); non not (6); sit may be, is (5); malum bad,
(1) propter on account of, by reason of (3);

;
evil (7); tamen nevertheless (8); si if (9); sit it be, it
necessitatem compulsion, urgency, necessity (4); is (10); mali of bad, evil (1 1); exempli (of) example
recepta sunt were allowed, admitted (2); non not (12); non not (14); est it is (13); faciendum to be
(6); debent ought, should (5); in into, to, against, for done (15): Although something by itself may not be
(8); argumentum argument, reasoning, inference (9); bad, nevertheless, if it is of bad example, it is not to
trahi to be dragged, Those things which
drawn (7): be done.] Law. Although something may not be inher-
were admitted on account of compulsion ought not ently bad, nevertheless, if it sets a bad example, it
to be drawn into reasoning.] Law. Things which were must not be done. See quando aliquid per se etc.
allowed on account of necessity should not be ques- and quod alias bonum etc.
tioned. See necessitas quod etc. quando abest provisio partis, adest provisio legis.
quaere quaeres [L. ask, seek for.] A query. A
n., pi. [L. quando when (1); abest is absent (4); provisio
question. Used to indicate that what follows or what it provision (2); partis of party (3); adest is present
refers to is questionable. Quaere, whether the modern (7); provisio provision (5); legis of law (6): When
paterfamilias can exercise the absolute powers ofhis the provision of a party is absent, provision of law is
ancient Roman counterpart. present.] Law. In the absence of any provision by the
quaerens See querens. party, the provision of the law is available.
quae rerum natura prohibentur nulla lege quando aliquid mandatur, mandatur et omne per
confirmata sunt. [L. quae (those things) which ( 1 ); quod pervenitur ad illud. [L. quando when (1);
rerum of matters, things, property, business, affairs aliquid something, anything (2); mandatur is ordered,
(4); natura by nature (3); prohibentur are forbid- commanded (3); mandatur is ordered, commanded
den, prohibited (2); nulla by no (7); lege (by) law (10); et also (1 1); omne everything (4); per through,
(8); confirmata reinforced, confirmed (6); sunt are, by (5); quod which (6); pervenitur it is reached, ar-
have been Those things which are forbidden by
(5): rived (7); ad to, at, for, according to (8); illud that
the nature of things have been confirmed by no law.] When something is ordered, everything
(thing) (9):
Law. Things which are forbidden by the nature of by which it is arrived at that thing is also ordered.]
things have not been supported by any law; i.e., hu- Law. When an order is given, every means by which
man law is consistent with natural law. the object is attained is also ordered.
quaere verum [L. quaere seek ( 1 ); verum true (thing) quando aliquid per se non sit malum, tamen si sit
(2) Seek the true thing.] Seek the truth,
: mali exempli, non est faciendum. [L. quando when
quaesitum n., pi. quaesita [L. thing sought for.] An (1); aliquid something, anything (2); per by, through
end. A goal. An objective. There can be no doubt (3); se itself (4); non not (6); sit is (5); malum bad,
that the quaesitum of most people is a healthy and evil (7); tamen nevertheless, but yet (8); si if (9); sit
prosperous life. it be (10); mali of bad (11); exempli (of) example

quaestio n.,pl. quaestiones [L. question, inquiry, ques- (12); non not (13); est it is (14); faciendum to be
tioning, investigation.] 1 . Roman Law. A commission done (15): When something by itself is not bad, but
set up to handle the investigation and trial of crimes. yet if it be of bad example, it is not to be done.] Law.
Criminal court. 2. Medieval Law. Inquisition by torture. Even if something by itself is not bad, but it sets a
quaestio vexata or vex a ta quaestio n. pi.
, quaestiones bad example, it should not be done. See quamvis
vexatae or vexatae quaestiones [L. quaestio question aliquid per se etc. and quod alias bonum etc.
(2); vexata vexed, disturbed (1): a vexed question.] A quando aliquid prohibetur ex directo, prohibetur
mooted point. A question often discussed but not yet et per obliquum. [L. quando when (1); aliquid
settled. This is a quaestio vexata and there is no point something, anything (2); prohibetur is forbidden,
in discussing it, particularly when no new evidence prohibited (3); ex out of, from, directly after, away
is available. from (4); directo the direct (5); prohibetur it is forbid-
quae vide pi. of quod vide (q.v.). den, prohibited (6); et also (7); per through, by (8);
quamdiu se bene gesserit adv. [L. quamdiu as long obliquum the oblique, indirect (9): When something is
as (1); se himself/herself (3); bene well (4); gesserit forbidden from the direct, it is also forbidden through
he/she will have behaved, comported (2): as long as he/ the indirect.] Law. When something is forbidden
she will have behaved/comported himself/herself directly, it is also forbidden indirectly. See nemo
well.] Law. During good conduct. A condition at- potest facere per obliquum etc.
tached to letters patent or certain appointments, indi- quando aliquid prohibetur fieri, prohibetur ex directo
cating that they are to continue as long as there is no et per obliquum. [L. quando when ( ); aliquid some- 1
abuse. Cf. dum

bene etc. and durante beneplacito. thing, anything (2); prohibetur is forbidden (3); fieri
quamvis aliquid per se non sit malum, tamen, si to be done (4); prohibetur it is forbidden (5); ex out
sit mali exempli, non est faciendum. [L. quamvis of, from, directly after, away from (6); directo direct
quando aliquid prohibetur 326
(7) ; et and (8); per through (9); obliquum oblique, seems (6); et also (8); id that (9); sine without (10);
indirect (10): When something is forbidden to be quo which (11); res matter, thing, property, business,
done, it is forbidden from the direct and through the affair (1 2); ipsa itself (13); esse to be, exist ( 1 6); non
indirect.] Law. When something is forbidden, it is not ( 1 5); potest can, is able (14): When the law grants
forbidden both directly and indirectly. See nemo something to anyone, it seems to grant also that with-
potest facere per obliquum etc. out which the thing itself cannot exist.] Law. When
quando aliquid prohibetur, prohibetur et omne per the law gives something to a person, it is implied
quod devenitur ad illud. [L. quando when (1); aliquid that the law also gives whatever is needed for the
something, anything (2); prohibetur is forbidden, grant itself to exist. See cuicunque aliquis etc.
prohibited (3); prohibetur is forbidden, prohibited quando lex est specialis, ratio autem generalis,
(10); et also (11); omne every (thing) (4); per generaliter lex est intelligenda. [L. quando when
through, by (5); quod which (6); devenitur there is (1) ; lex law (2); est is (3); specialis special (4); ratio
an arriving (7); ad to, at, for, according to (8); illud reason, motive (6); autem but, however (5); generalis
that (thing) (9): When something is forbidden, every- general (7); generaliter generally (11); lex law (8);
thing through which there is an arriving at that thing est is (9); intelligenda to be understood (10): When
is also forbidden.] Law. When something is forbid- a law is special, but its motive general, the law is to be
den, everything by which it is accomplished is also understood generally.] Law. When a law is special
forbidden. but its motive is general, the law must be interpreted
quando charta continet generalem clausula**), generally. See generate dictum generaliter est
posteaque descendit ad verba specialia quae intelligendum.
clausulae generali sunt consentanea, interpretanda quando licet id quod majus, videtur et licere id quod
est charta secundum verba specialia. [L. quando minus. [L. quando when (1); licet is allowed, permit-
when (1); charta writing, deed (2); continet con- ted (5); id that (2); quod which (3); majus greater
tains, comprises (3); generalem general, generic (4); (4); videtur seems, is deemed (9); et also ( 1 0); licere
clausulam clause (5); posteaque and afterwards (6); to be allowed, permitted ( 1 1 ); id that (6); quod which
descendit descends (7); ad to, at, for, according to (7); minus less (8): When that which (is) greater is
verba words (10); specialia special (9); quae
(8) ; allowed, that which (is) less is also deemed to be
which (11); clausulae clause (15); generali with gen- allowed.] Law. When the greater is permitted, the
eral (14); sunt are (12); consentanea consistent, less is also deemed to be permitted. See majus
agreeing (13); interpretanda to be interpreted (18); continet minus.
est ischarta writing, deed (16); secundum in
(17); quando plus fit quam fieri debet, videtur etiam illud
accordance with, according to (19); verba words fieri quod faciendum est. [L. quando when (1); plus
(21); specialia special (20): When a deed contains a more (2); fit is done (3); quam than (4); fieri to be
generic clause and afterwards descends to special done (6); debet ought, should (5); videtur it seems
words which agree with the general clause, the deed (9) ; etiam also (8); illud that (7); fieri to be done
is to be interpreted according to the special words.] (10) ;
quod which (11); faciendum to be done (13);
Law. When a deed contains generic language and est is (1 2): When more is done than ought to be done,
afterwards proceeds to special language which is that also seems to be done which is to be done.] Law.
consistent with the generic language, the deed must be When a person does more than he/she should do, he/
interpreted in accordance with the specialized language. she is deemed to have done also what he/she must
See generate dictum generaliter est intelligendum. do. In such a case, what the person must do remains
quando duo jura concurrunt in una persona, valid, but the excess becomes null and void. Thus, if
aequum est ac si essent in diversis. [L. quando a person who has power to lease property for six years
when (1); duo two (2); jura rights, laws (3); should lease it for twelve years, the lease for six years
concurrunt concur, meet (4); in in (5); una one (6); remains, in equity, valid. See majus continet minus.
persona person (7); aequum just, like (9); est it is quando verba mens congruunt, non est inter-
et
(8); ac as ( 1 0); si if ( 1
1 ); essent they were ( 1 2); in in, pretation! locus. [L. quando when (1); verba words
on (13); diversis different, diverse (persons) (14): (2) et and (3); mens mind, intention, purpose (4);
;
When two rights meet in one person, it is just as if congruunt agree, coincide (5); non not (7); est there
they were in different (persons).] Law. When two is (6); interpretation! for interpretation (9); locus
rightsconcur in a single person, it is just as if they room, place (8): When words and intention agree,
were vested in different persons. there is not room for interpretation.] Law. When there
quando lex aliquid alicui concedit, concedere videtur is an agreement between words and intention, no inter-
et id sine quo res ipsa esse non potest. [L. quando pretation is necessary.
when (1); lex law (2); aliquid something, anything quando verba statuti sunt specialia, ratio autem
(4); alicui to someone, anyone (5); concedit gives, generalis, generaliter statutum est intelligendum.
grants (3); concedere to grant, give (7); videtur it [L. quando when (1); verba words (2); statuti of
327 quasi-traditio
statute (3); sunt are (4); specialia special (5); ratio the storeroom and take legal stationery, quantum
reason, motive (7); autem
however (6); generalis
but, sufficit.
general (8); generaliter generally (12); statutum quantum valebant n. [L. quantum as much as, so
statute (9); est is (10); intelligendum to be under- much as ( ); valebant they were worth (2): so much
1
stood (11): When the words of a statute are special as they were worth.] Law. To the extent of their worth.
but its reason is general, the statute is to be under- A count in a legal action brought, for instance, to
stood generally.] Law. When the words of a statute claim payment for the value of goods delivered, when
are special, but its motive general, the statute must the supplier did not deliver the actual goods specified
be interpreted generally. See generale dictum in the contract, but different goods, and the purchaser
generaliter est intelligendum. does not reject the goods supplied. Cf. quantum
quantum sufficit (q.v ).
quant, suff. abbr. for ; meruit.
quantum n.,pl. quanta [L. how much, how far, as much quantum vis abbr. Q.V. or q.v. adv. [L. quantum as
as.] Amount. Portion. Due share, a) The headmaster 's
1 . much as, so much as (1); vis you wish, will (2): as
attitude is guided by his strong conviction that even much as you wish.] As much as you want.
in the most incorrigible child there is a quantum of See quantum placet.
goodness, b) The court pegged the quantum of dam- quaque die abbr. Q.D. or q.d. adv. [L. quaque in/on
ages at $10, 000 in favor ofthe plaintiff. 2. Aggregate. every, each die (on) day (2): on every day.] Every
( 1 );
Bulk. Totality. The plight of ordinary workers has day. Medicine. Each day.
reached such an alarming point that unless the quan- quaque hora abbr. Q.H. or q.h. adv. [L. quaque in/
tum of the general standard of living is improved, a on every, each ( 1 ); hora (in) hour (2): in every hour.]
catastrophe will be inevitable. — attrib. Characteristic Medicine. Every hour. Each hour.
of quantum. Rapid, significant, abrupt, etc. a) quan- quaque nocte abbr. Q.N. or q.n. [L. quaque in/on
tum evolution; b) quantum mechanics; c) Though the every, each (1); nocte (in) night (2): in every night.]
dispute between the factions has not been settled, Medicine. Every night. Each night.
there has clearly been a quantum leap towards mutual quare clausum fregit abbr. Q.C.F. n. [L. quare where-
understanding. fore (1); clausum the enclosure (3); fregit he broke
quantum damnificatus quantum how much/
n. [L. (2): wherefore he broke the enclosure.] Law. Where-
far (1); damnificatus wronged, harmed (2): how fore he broke the close or property barrier. A writ for
much wronged/damnified.] Law. An issue referred the recovery of damages in respect of trespass to lands.
to a court of law by a court of equity with instruc- quare exsecutionem non abbr. Q.E.N. [L. quare
tions to establish the compensation to be awarded wherefore, why (1); exsecutionem execution (2); non
for damages. not (3): wherefore execution not.] Law. Wherefore
quantum libet abbr. Q.L. or q.l. adv. [L. quantum as there should be no execution; i.e., the action should
much as (1); libet it pleases, it is pleasing/agreeable not be carried out.
(2): as much as it is pleasing.] As much as you please. quasi abbr. qu. adv. [L. just as if, as if, as though,
quantum meruit n. [L. quantum as much as, so much almost.] As if. As it were. Almost. In some sense, a) A
as (1); meruit he/she deserved,
was entitled to (2): so quasi-judicial organization; b) quasi-legislativefunc-
much as he/she deserved.] Law. As much as he/she tions. — adj. Resembling. Virtual. Somewhat like.
deserves or is entitled to. A count in a suit brought for Law. Used to indicate that, although two things are
pro rata (q.v.) remuneration in respect of a contract inherently different, they resemble each other, a) quasi
which, for one reason or another, was not completed, corporation; b) quasi government.
a) Jidda and Company brought a suit on a quantum quasi dicat abbr. Q.D. or q.d. [L. quasi as if ( 1 ); dicat
meruit in connection with a contract for building a he/she should say (2): as if one should say.] As if
shopping center which was reawarded when the work one were to say.
was almost completed, b) If it is the employer who quasi dictum abbr. Q.D. or q.d. [L. quasi as if (1);
brings the work to an end prematurely, the contractor dictum said (2): as if said.] As if it were said.
can sue for damages or on a quantum meruit (Lewis quasi ex contractu adv.ladj. [L. quasi as if (1); ex out
1976:62). Cf. quantum valebant. of, from, directly after, away from (2); contractu
quantum placet abbr. Q.P. or q.p. adv. [L. quantum drawing together, shrinking, contract, agreement (3):
as much as, so much as (1); placet it pleases (2): as as if from a contract.] Law. As if it were taken from
much as it pleases.] As much as you please. At one's a contract.
discretion. See quantum vis. quasi in rem adv.ladj. [L. quasi as if (1); in against
quantum suff. abbr. for quantum sufficit (q.v.). (2); rem matter, thing, property, business, affair (3):
quantum sufficit abbr. Q.S. or q.s. or quant, suff. or as if against the thing.] Law. As if it were against a
quantum suff. adv. [L. quantum as much as (1); thing.
sufficit it suffices (2): as much as suffices.] As much quasi-traditio n. [L. quasi as if (1); traditio handing
as is needed. The office attendant was asked to go to over, delivery (2): as if handing over.] Civil Law. As
quatenus 328
if it were delivery. Seeming delivery. Used in a case quemadmodum ad quaestionem facti non respondent
where a person uses the property of another without judices, ita ad quaestionem juris non respondent
objection or a person in possession of property is juratores. [L. quemadmodum in the way that, just
granted the right to it. as (1); ad to, at, for, according to (5); quaestionem
quatenus adv. [L. as far as, to the distance that.] In the question, inquiry (6); facti of fact (7); non not (3);
capacity of. In the quality of. As. respondent respond, answer (4); judices judges (2);
quater die abbr. Q.D. or q.d. adv. [L. quater four times ita so (8); ad to, at, for, according to (12);
( 1 ); die in a day (2): four times in a day.] Four times quaestionem question, inquiry (13); juris of right,
a day. See quater in die. law (14); non not (10); respondent respond, answer
quater in die abbr. Q.I.D. or q.i.d. adv. [L. quater (11); juratores jurors (9): In the way that judges do
four times ( 1 ); in in, on (2); die a day (3): four times not respond to a question of fact, so jurors do not
in a day.] Four times a day. See quater die. respond to a question of law.] Law. Just as judges do
quatrocento n. [It. quatro four ( 1 ); cento hundred (2): not answer to a question of fact, so jurors do not answer
the four hundreds.] The 1400s. The 15th century. to a question of law. See ad quaestionem facti etc.
Used especially in reference to Italian history, litera- quern Deus vult perdere, prius dementat. or ellipti-
ture, and art. Cf. cinquecento; seicento; and trecento. cally quern Deus vult perdere . . . [L. quern (One)
quatuor pedibus currit. See currit quatuor pedibus. whom (1); Deus God (2); vult wishes, wants (3);
quattuorvir n., pi. quattuorviri or quattuorvirs [L. perdere to destroy, ruin (4); prius first, before (6);
quattuor four (1); virimen (2): four men, one of a dementat he makes mad (5): (One) whom God wants
body of four.] A member of a ruling body of four. to destroy, He first makes mad.] The person God wishes
Cf. decemvir. to destroy is first made insane. Cf. quern Juppiter

Que bello horizonte! interj. [Sp. que what (1); bello vult perdere etc. and stultum facit fortuna etc.
beautiful (2); horizonte horizon (3): What a beautiful quern di diligunt adulescens moritur. Plautus (254-
horizon!] How beautiful the horizon is! Before the 184 B.C.). Bacchides 1,817. [L. quern (one) whom
service, John Paul squinted crowd and then
into the ( 1 ); di gods (2); diligunt love, esteem (3 ); adulescens
glanced at the mountains that ring the city: "Que bello a youth, young, youthful (5); moritur dies (4): (One)
horizonte, " he sighed {Newsweek Int. July 14, 1980:37). whom the gods love / dies a youth.] The person the
que est le mesme [Obs. Fr. que which (1); est is (2); le gods love dies young.
the (3); mesme same (4): which is the same.] Law. quern Juppiter vult perdere dementat prius. James
That which is the same thing. Quae est eadem (q.v.). Duport (1606-1679). Homeri Gnomologia 282. [L.
Used in actions of trespass and others to allege that quern (one) whom (1); Juppiter Jupiter (2); vult
what is said in the plea and the declaration are the wishes, wants (3); perdere to destroy, ruin (4);
same. dementat he makes mad (5); prius first, before (6):
Quel dommage! interj. [Fr. quel what (1); dommage The one whom Jupiter wants to destroy, he first makes
harm, injury, damage (2): What harm!] WTiat a pity! mad.] The person Jupiter wants to destroy he first
What a shame! Too bad. Often used ironically. "Poor makes insane. Cf. quern Deus vult etc. and stultum
Hubert, " sighs one female acquaintance "He was facit Fortuna etc.
always so polite. " Quel dommage {Newsweek Int. querela n., pi. querelae [L. accusation, complaint.]
Aug. 9, 1982:18). Law. An action in a court of justice.

Quelle horreur! interj. [Fr. quelle what (1); horreur querela inofficiosi testamenti n. [L. querela com-
horror, shocking or dreadful thing (2): What horror!] plaint, action (1); inofficiosi of undutiful (2);
Disgusting! How shocking! Often used ironically. testamenti (of) will (3): complaint of undutiful will.]
And now highflying Hubert and stony Stefania are Civil Law. Legal action about a will which violates
locked up in jail. Quelle horreur! {Newsweek Int. natural affection; e.g., a suit brought by a disinherited
Aug. 9, 1982:17). child. Such legal action is based upon the assump-
Quellenforschung n., pi. Quellenforschungen [Ger. tion that the testator was not in his/her right mind.
Quelle origin, source (1): Forschung research (2): See donatio inofficiosa.
origin research, research about origins or sources.] querens n. [L. one complaining/lamenting.] Law. A
Investigation or examination of sources, i.e., of liter- complainant. A plaintiff. Sometimes incorrectly
ary works, etc. spelled quaerens.
Quellen kritik n. [Ger. Quelle origin, source ( 1 ); Kritik questionnaire n., pi. questionnaires [Fr. a list of ques-
criticism (2): origin criticism, criticism about sources tions.] A list of questions asked in a survey, usually
or origins.] Source-criticism. Critical examination of in writing, in order to collect statistical data.
sources, i.e., of literary age of qui acquirit sibi acquirit heredibus. [L. qui (one) who
works, etc. In this
Quellenkritik, a historian should not only mention ( 1 ); acquirit acquires, gains (2); sibi for oneself (3);
the names ofhis sources but also show awareness of acquirit acquires, gains (4); heredibus for heirs, suc-
their relative worth. cessors (5): (One) who acquires for oneself acquires
329 quicquid plantatur
for heirs.] Law One who gams

. property for oneself sine without (7): quo which (8): concessio concession,
guns it for one's heirs. grant (9): est is (10); irrita useless, invalid (1 1): (One)
qui aliquid statuerit parte inaudita altera, aequum who grants something grants all that without which
licet dixerit haud aequum fecerit. [L. qui (one) the grant is useless.] Lom . A person who concedes
who ( 1 ): aliquid something (3); statuerit will have something concedes everything without which the
decided (2); parte (with) side (5): inaudita (with) concession is of no use. See cuicunque aliquis etc.
unheard (6); altera with one of two (4); aequum qui contemnit praeceptum contemnit praecipientem.
impartial, fair (thing) (9): licet although, notwith- [L. (qui (one) who (1): contemnit despises (2);
^T"^*g (7); dixerit he she spoke, pronounced (8); praeceptum command (3): contemnit despises
order,
haud noL by no means (11): aequum impartial fair (4) : praecipientem the one ordering (5): (One) who
(thing ) ( 1 2 i. fecerit he will have done (10): (One) who despises an order despises the one ordering it] Law.
will have decided something, with one of two sides The person who disobeys an order, disobeys the one
unheard, although he/she pronounced an impartial who ordered it
thing, will not have done an impartial thing.] La* . quicquid acquiritur servo acquiritur domino. [L.
Whoever decides on a matter without listening to the quicquid whatsoever, whatever ( 1 ): acquiritur is
two s>des. has done injustice, even if his her decision acquired (2); servo for a servant (3): acquiritur is
was just See audi partem alteram acquired (4); domino for a master (5): Whatsoever
quia timet r . ~L quia because (1 ): timet he fears (2): is acquired for a slave is acquired for a master.] Law.
because he is afraid.] Law. A bill filed in cases of Whatever comes into the possession of a slave or an
equity by a parry, requesting the assistance of a court agent becomes the possession of the slave's master
because of his her apprehension of a future possible or the agent's principal, accessorium non ducitetc.
violation of his her interests or rights, a) If no wrong quicquid in excessu actum est lege prohibetur. [L.
has been committed, but is merely threatened, a quia quicquid whatsoever, whatever (1): in in, on (3);
timet injunction may be asked for, but in these cir- excessu excess (4); actum est has been done (2);
cumstances an injunction will be granted only where lege by law (6): prohibetur is prohibited, forbidden
there is extreme probability o f irreparable injury (5) : Whatsoever has been done in excess is prohib-
(Lewis 1976:118). b) The existence of the court 's ited by law.] Law. Whatever has been done in excess
power to grant a quia timet injunction is undoubted, is forbidden by law. See aurea mediocritas.
but it is not often exercised for the plaintiffmust show quicquid judicis auctoritati subjicitur novitati non
both a near certainty that damage will occur and subjicitur. [L quicquid whatsoev er, whatev er (1):
that it is imminent (Rogers 1975:58-59). judicis of judge (4): auctoritati authority, decision
qui cito dat bis dat [L. qui one)
( who ( 1 ): cito quickly, (3): subjicitur is placed under, subjected to (2);
speedily (3); dat gives (2): bis twice (5): dat gives novitati newness, novelty (7); non not (5): subjicitur
4):One! who gives quickly gives twice.] A person
( is placed under, subjected to (6): Whatever is placed
who gives hastily gives two times. See beneficium under the authority of a judge, is not subjected to
inopi e:c newness.] Lom: Whatev er is brought for a judge's
qui concedit aliquid. concedere videtur et id sine quo decision is not subjected to innovation. See pendente
concessio est irrita. sine quo res ipsa esse non lite nihil innov etur.
potuit [L. qui (one) who (1): concedit grants (2); quicquid plantatur solo, solo cedit. [L. quicquid
aliquid something 1 5 >. concedere to grant, concede whatever, whatsoever (1 ): plantatur is planted, af-
(5): videtur seems, isdeemed (4); et also (6): id that fixed (2): solo to ground, soil (3): solo to ground,
(7); sine without (8 ): quo which (9): concessio grant. soil (5): cedit accrues (4): Whatev er is affixed to the
coDcession (10): est is (11): irrita useless, invalid soil accrues to the soil.] Law. Whatev er is affixed to
(12); sine without (13): quo which ( 14): res matter, the soil belongs to it. Though the rule is generally
thing, property, business, affair (15): ipsa itself ( 1 6); valid, its sev erity is reduced by equity. Thus, if a per-
esse to be. exist (19): non not (18): potuit could, son, sincerely believing that he has absolute title to
v. as able ~ One who grants something is deemed land, erects a building on it with the rightful owner not
1 ( c ( )
to grant also that without which the grant is useless, only being aware of the dev elopment of the land but
that without which the thing itself was not able to also taking no steps to stop the erection of the building,
exist] Lom. A person who concedes something is the rightful owner can be compelled by a court of
considered also to have conceded that without which equity to compensate the person for his expenditure
the concession is useless, that without which the thing on the dev elopment of the land. Equity has followed
itself could not exist See cuicunque aliquis etc. law, step by step, in relaxing in favor of tenants
qui concedit aliquid concedit omne id sine quo against landlords the severity of the rule quicquid
concessio est irrita. [L. qui < one) who ( 1 ): concedit plantatur solo, solo cedit (Hanbury 1962:439).
gratis 1 1. aliquid something, anything (3 »: concedit See aedificatum solo etc aedificia solo cedunt. .
grants (4): omne all, eveiy (thing) (5): id that (6); omne quod etc : quod aedificatur in area etc quod
qui cum alio 330
solo inaedificatur etc.; solo cedit quod solo qui docet discit. [L. qui (one) who (1); docet teaches
implantatur: solo cedit quod solo inaedificatur; (2); discit learns (3): One who teaches learns.] A
superficies; and superficies solo cedit. teacher learns from the act of teaching.
qui cum alio contrahit, vel est, vel debet esse, non quid pro quo n., pi. quid pro quos or quids pro quos
ignarus conditionis ejus. [L. qui (one) who ( 1 ); cum or quids pro quo [L. quid what (1); pro for, on behalf
with (3); alio another (4); contrahit contracts (2); of, in accordance with, as (2); quo what (3): what for
vel either (5); est is (6); vel or (7); debet ought, should what.] Something for something. Giving something
(8) ; esse to be (9); non not (10); ignarus ignorant, to receive something else in return. Tit for tat. Adu is
unacquainted with (11); conditionis of condition a corrupt official who insists on quid pro quo when
(13); ejus his/her (12): (One) who contracts with transacting business with contractors. See do ut des;
another either is or should be not ignorant of his condo ut facias; facio ut des; facio ut facias; manus
dition.] Law. Someone who makes a contract with manum lavat; quid; and quo.
another person either is, or should be, aware of the quid sit futurum eras fuge quaerere et / quern Fors
other's condition. Cf. scire debes cum etc. dierum cumque dabit lucro / appone. Horace (65-8
quicumque jussu judicis aliquid fecerit non videtur B.C.). Odes 1,9,13-15. [L. quid what (1); sit is (2);
dolo malo fecisse, quia parere necesse est. [L. futurum about to be (3); eras tomorrow (4); fuge
quicumque whoever, whosoever ( ); jussu by order 1
avoid, shun (5); quaerere to ask (6); et and (7); quern
(4) ; judicis of judge (5); aliquid something (3); . cumque whatsoever (8); Fors Chance, Luck (10);
. .
fecerit will have done (2); non not (6); videtur seems dierum of days (9); dabit will give (11); lucro for
(7); dolo (with) deceit, fraud (10); malo with bad gain (13); appone consider, regard, set down as (12):
(9) ; fecisse to have done (8); quia because (11); What is about to be tomorrow avoid asking and /
parere to obey (14); necesse necessary (13); est it is whatsoever of days Luck will give set down as gain.]
(12): Whoever will have done something by order of Do not ask what tomorrow will be and count as gain
a judge does not seem to have done it with bad deceit, whatever days Fortune will give you.
because it is necessary to obey.] Law. Whoever does quid turpi ex causa promissum est non valet. [L. quid
something on the order of a judge is not deemed to what (1); turpi base, disgraceful (4); ex out of, from,
have acted with evil intent because it is necessary directly after, away from (3); causa cause, case, reason
for him/her to obey. See qui jussu etc. (5) promissum est has been promised, was promised
;
quid n.,pl. quids [L. quid what] The quid which is part (2); non not (6); valet is valid (7): What has been
of the expression quid pro quo (q.v.). Something or promised out of a disgraceful cause is not valid.] Law.
anything given in reciprocity for, or expectation of, A promise based on an immoral consideration is not
something or anything. Other noncommunist leaders valid. See ex turpi causa etc.
all over the world are discovering that a Reagan quid quiescat in pace. abbr. Q.I.P. [L. quiescat May he/
does not always require a reciprocal quo (Newsweek she rest (1 ); in in, on (2); pace peace (3): May he/she
Int. Oct. 5, 1981:39). rest in peace.] May he/she rest peacefully in death.
qui desiderat pacem, praeparet bellum. Vegetius quieta non movere n. [L. quieta calm, undisturbed
(379-395). De Rei Militaris III. [L. qui (one) who (things) (3); non not (1); movere to disturb, move
(1); desiderat desires, longs for (2); pacem peace (2): Not to disturb calm things.] Not to disturb a
(3); praeparet let him prepare for (4); bellum war settled/established situation. To leave alone a settled
(5) : (One) who desires peace, let him prepare for war.] situation. "Let a sleeping dog lie." Let well enough
Someone who desires peace should prepare for war. alone. See res judicata.
See si vis pacem etc. quietus n.,pl. quietuses [L. quiet, undisturbed, acquit-
quid non mortalia pectora cogis, / auri sacra fames! ted, discharged.] 1. Final and complete discharge
Vergil (70-19 B.C.). Aeneid 111,56-57. [L. quid what, from an obligation. After many years, he has finally
in what way (4); non not (6); mortalia mortal, hu- obtained a quietus ofhis debt. 2. Discharge from life,
man (7); pectora hearts (8); cogis you compel, force i.e., death. Many unfortunate motorists have met their
(5); auri of gold (3); sacra accursed, forfeited (1); quietus on the Lagos-Ibadan expressway. 3. Inactivity.
fames hunger, greed (2): Accursed greed of gold, / The short quietus offour months has had a telling
in what way do you not compel mortal hearts!] Oh effect on the boxer.
accursed greed for gold/money, what compulsion do qui facit per alium facit per se. [L. qui (one) who ( 1 );
you not exert on mortal hearts! facit does, makes (2); per through, by (3); alium
quidnunc n., pi. quidnuncs [L. quid what (1); nunc another makes (5); per through, by
(4); facit does,
now (2): what now?] An inquisitive person, particu- (6) ; se (One) who does something
himself (7):
larly one whose curiosity is centered on petty things. through another does it by himself] Law. Someone
A gossip. A busybody. Here comes Mr. Knowles, who acts through an agent acts by himself. A rule
the most notorious quidnunc of the neighborhood. applicable to the rights and liabilities of principals
331 qui non habet potestatem
and agents, masters and servants, etc. Thus, if an guile (10); malo with evil (9); fecisse to have done
agent, acting within the scope of his authority, trans- (8) ; obey ( 14); necesse
quia because (11); parere to
acts business for his principal, the latter is liable for necessary (13); est it is (12): (One) who will have
any damages arising therefrom. Where the obli- . . . done something by the order of a judge, does not
gation does not involve a personal element, the law seem to have done it with evil contrivance because it
permits vicarious performance on the principle that is necessary to obey.] Law. Whoever acts in compli-
quifacit per alium facit per se . . . British Waggon ance with the order of a judge is deemed not to have
Co. v. Lea (1880) (Major 1978:179 and 180). acted with wrongful purpose, because it is obligatory
See injuria servi etc.; qui mandat etc.; qui per for him to obey. The maxim, though valid where a
alium etc. and respondeat superior. Cf. in malefi- court exercises jurisdiction of a case, is not valid where
cio ratihabitio etc.; nemo potest facere per alium the court has no jurisdiction. In the latter instance,
etc.; and quod per me etc. an officer who executes the order of the court can be
qui in jus dominiumve alterius succedit jure ejus sued. See ejus nulla etc.; homicidium ex justitia;
uti debet. [L. qui (one) who (1); in into, to, against, legitime imperanti etc.; and quicumque jussu ju-
for (3); jus right, law (4); dominium ownership, rule, dicis etc. Cf. extra territorium jus etc.
dominion (6); ve or domain (5); alterius of another qui mandat ipse fecisse videtur. [L. qui (one) who
(7) ; succedit succeeds (2); jure right, law (1 1); ejus (1); mandat orders, commands (2); ipse himselfTherself
his/her ( 1 0); uti to use, enjoy (9); debet ought, should (4) ; fecisse to have done (5); videtur seems (3): (One)
(8) : (One) who succeeds to the right or domain of who orders seems himself/herself to have done it.]
another, ought to enjoy his/her right.] Law. A person Law. A person who orders a deed is deemed to have
who inherits the right or property of another should done it himself/herself. See qui facit per alium etc.
enjoy his/her right; i.e., he/she inherits the assets and qui molitur insidias in patriam id facit quod insanus
liabilities. See assignatus utitur etc. nauta perforans navem in qua vehitur. [L. qui
qui in utero est pro jam nato habetur, quoties de (one) who (1); molitur undertakes, attempts (2);
ejus commodo quaeritur. [L. qui (one) who (1); in insidias plot (3); in against (4); patriam; fatherland
in, on (3); utero belly, womb (4); est is (2); pro as (5) ; id that (7); facit does (6); quod which (8);
(6); jam already (7); nato born (8); habetur is had, insanus mad, insane (9); nauta sailor ( 1 0); perforans
held, regarded (5); quoties as often as (9); de of, from, perforating (11); navem ship ( 1 2); in in, on (1 3); qua
about, for (1 1); ejus his/her (12); commodo advan- which (14); vehitur he/she is carried (15): (One) who
tage, benefit (13); quaeritur it is asked (10): (One) undertakes a plot against the fatherland does that
who is in the belly is regarded as already born as which the insane sailor (does), perforating the ship
often as it is asked about his advantage.] Law. A person in which he is carried.] A person who plots against
who is in the womb is considered as a person already his/her fatherland is behaving like the insane sailor
born, whenever a question is raised about his/her ben- who cuts a hole in the ship in which he/she is sailing.
efit. See en ventre sa mere. quindecemvir n.,pl. quindecemviri orquindecemvirs
qui jure suo utitur neminem laedit [L. qui (one) who [L. quindecem fifteen (1); vir man (2): fifteen man,
(1); jure right, law (4); suo his/her own (3); utitur one of a body of fifteen.] A member of a ruling body
uses, enjoys (2);neminem no one, nobody (6); laedit of fifteen. Cf. decemvir.
hurts, injures, offends (5):(One) who enjoys his/her qui non habet, ille non dat. [L. qui who (2); non not
own right, offends nobody.] Law. A person who exer- (3); habet has, holds, regards (4); ille that (person)
cises his/her own right offends nobody. Thus, though ( 1 ); non not (5); dat gives (6): That person who does
"A's" opening of his window disturbs "B's" privacy, not have does not give.] A person does not give what
"B" cannot sue "A." See non videtur vim etc.; nullus he/she does not have. See nemo dat qui etc.
videtur etc.; and qui jure suo utitur, nemini etc. qui non habet in aere, luat in corpore, ne quis
qui jure suo utitur, nemini facit injuriam. [L. qui peccetur impune. [L. qui; (one) who (1); non not
(one) who (1); jure right, law (4); suo his/her own (2) ; habet has, holds, regards (3); in in, on (4); aere
(3); utitur uses (2); nemini nobody, no one (7); facit money, bronze (5); luat should pay, suffer (6); in in,
makes, does (5); injuriam harm, injury (6): (One) on (7); corpore body (8); ne lest, in order that not
who uses his/her own right, does harm to nobody.] (9) quis anyone ( 1 0); peccetur offend (11); impune
;
Law. Whoever exercises his/her own right, harms no with impunity (12): (One) who does not have in
one. See qui jure suo utitur neminem laedit. money should pay in body, lest anyone offend with
qui jussu judicis aliquod fecerit non videtur dolo impunity.] Law. A person who cannot pay a fine
malo fecisse, quia parere necesse est. [L. qui (one) should pay the penalty by his/her person so that no
who (1); jussu by order (4); judicis of judge (5); one may offend with impunity.
aliquod something (3); fecerit will have done (2); non qui non habet potestatem alienandi habet necessi-
not (6); videtur seems (7); dolo (with) contrivance, tatem retinendi. [L. qui (one) who ( 1 ); non not (2);
qui non improbat 332
habet has, holds, regards (3); potestatem power (4); culpable, criminals (3); innocentes guiltless, innocent
alienandi of alienating (5); habet has, holds, regards (5); punit punishes (4): (One) who spares the guilty
(6); necessitatem compulsion, urgency, necessity (7); punishes the innocent.] Law. A person who spares the
retinendi of retaining (8): (One) who does not have guilty punishes the guiltless. Cf. impunitas semper etc.
the power of alienating something has the compul- qui peccat ebrius, luat sobrius. [L. qui (one) who ( 1 );
sion of retaining it.] Law. A person who does not peccat offends (2); ebrius drunk, intoxicated (3); luat
have the power of alienating property is under obli- should pay, suffer (4); sobrius sober, not drunk (5):
gation to retain it. See nemo dat qui etc. (One) who offends drunk should pay sober.] Law. A
qui non improbat, approbat [L. qui (one) who ( 1 ); non person who commits an offense when intoxicated,
not (2); improbat disapproves (3); approbat approves should pay the penalty when sober.
(4): who does not disapprove approves.] Law.
(One) qui per alium facit, per seipsum facere videtur. [L.
A person who does not disagree agrees. See agentes qui (one) who (1); per through, by (3); alium an-
et consentientes etc.; consensus tollit errorem; other (4); facit does, makes (2); per by, through (7);
consentientes et agentes error qui non

etc.; seipsum himself/herself (8); facere to do, make (6);
resistitur etc.; fraus est celare fraudem; idem est videtur seems (5): (One) who does something through
facere etc.; in maleficio, ratihabitio etc.; longa another, seems to do it by himself/herself] Law. A
patientia etc.; nemo videtur fraudere etc.; non person who acts through an agent is deemed to act by
decipitur etc.;omnis consensus etc.; qui non negat himself/herself. See qui facit per alium etc.
fatetur; qui non obstat etc.; qui non prohibet etc.; qui per fraudem agit, frustra agit. [L. qui (one) who
qui tacet, consentire videtur; qui tacet, consentire (1); per through, by (3); fraudem deceit, guile (4);
videtur, ubi etc.; quod quis etc.; scienti et volenti agit acts, performs (2); frustra in vain, to no pur-
etc.; and volenti non fit injuria. Cf. non consentit pose (6); agit acts, who acts
performs (5): (One)
etc.; culpa caret etc.; and non videntur qui etc. through deceit, acts in vain.] Law. A person who acts
qui non negat, fatetur. [L. qui (one) who (1); non not fraudulently acts in vain. See ex turpi causa etc.
(2) ; negat denies (3); fatetur admits, confesses (4): qui prior est tempore potior est jure. [L. qui (one)
(One) who does not deny admits.] Law. A person who (1); prior first (3); est is (2); tempore in time
who does not deny confesses; deny is
i.e., failure to (4); potior superior, preferable (6); est is (5); jure in
equivalent to an admission. See qui non improbat, right, law (7): who is first in time is superior in
(One)
approbat. right.] Law. A person who appears first has a superior
qui non obstat quod obstare potest, facere videtur. claim to a right. See prior tempore etc.
[L. qui (one) who (1); non not (2); obstat opposes qui rationem in omnibus quaerunt rationem
(3) ; quod (that) which (4); obstare to oppose, hinder subvert unt. [L. qui (those) who (1); rationem reason
(6); potest he can, is able (5); facere to do (8); videtur (3) in in, on (4); omnibus all (things) (5); quaerunt
;
seems (7): who does not oppose that which he

(One) search for, seek (2); rationem reason (7); subvertunt
can oppose seems to do it.] Law. A person who does subvert (6): (Those) who search for reason in all
not thwart a deed when it is power to do

in his/her things subvert reason.] Persons who look for reason
so, is deemed to do it. See qui non improbat, in everything subvert reason.
approbat. qui sciens solvit indebi turn donandi consilio id videtur
qui non prohibet quod prohibere potest assentire fecisse. [L. qui (one) who (1); sciens knowing (2);
videtur. [L. qui (one) who (1); non not (2); prohibet solvit pays (3); indebitum not owed, not due (thing)
prevents, forbids (3); quod (that) which, what (4); (4) ; donandi of giving, donating (9); consilio with
prohibere to prevent, forbid (6); potest he can, is the intention (8); id that (7); videtur seems, is deemed
able (5); assentire to assent, approve (8); videtur (5) ; fecisse to have done (6): (One) who, knowing,
seems (7): (One) who does not prevent that which he pays a thing not owed seems to have done it with the
can prevent seems to approve.] Law. A person who intention of giving.] Law. A person who knowingly
does not prevent what he can prevent is deemed to pays that which is not owed, is deemed to have done
approve of it. See qui non improbat approbat. so with the intention of giving a present.
quinquennium n.,pl. quinquennia or quinquenniums quis custodiet ipsos / custodes? Juvenal (c. 60-1 17
[L. quinque five (1); annus year (2): a five year pe- A.D.). Satires VI,347. [L. quis who (1); custodiet
riod.] Five years. A period of five years. A lustrum. will guard (2); ipsos themselves (4); custodes guards
Cf. biennium. (3): Who will guard / the guards themselves?] Who
quinquevir n., pi. quinqueviri or quinquevirs [L. will watch the guards (to make sure they follow the
quinque five (1); vir man (2): five man, one of a law)? In a situation where high-ranking public officers
body of five.] A member of ruling body of five. are embezzling huge sums ofmoney, one cannot help
"
Cf. decemvir. but ask "Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?
qui parcit nocentibus innocentes punit. [L. qui (one) qui semel actionem renuntiaverit amplius repetere
who (1); parcit spares (2); nocentibus the guilty, non potest. [L. qui (one) who (1); semel once, at
333 qui transtulit sustinet
any time (4); actionem action (3); renuntiaverit will quisquis praesumitur bonus; et semper in dubiis
have renounced, given up (2); amplius longer (8); pro reo respondendum. [L. quisquis every one,
repetere to sue again (7); non not (6); potest can, is each ( 1 ); praesumitur is presumed (2); bonus good
able (5): (One) who will have given up an action once (3) ; et and (4); semper always (5); in in, on (6);
is not able to sue again longer.] Law. A person who dubiis doubts (7); pro for, in favor of (9); reo the
renounces an action at any time cannot reintroduce accused, defendant ( 1 0); respondendum to be decided,
it anymore. See nolle prosequi. answered (8): Every one is presumed good; and always
qui semel est malus. semper praesumitur esse in doubts it is to be decided in favor of the accused.]
malus in eodem genere. [L. qui (one) who (1); Law. Every one is presumed to be good and. where
semel once, ever, at any time malus (3); est is (2); there is doubt, a decision must always be made in
criminal, depraved (4); semper always (6); favor of the accused. See in dubio, pars etc.
praesumitur is presumed (5): esse to be (7); malus qui tacet consentire videtur. [L. qui (one) who (1);
criminal, depraved (8); in in, on (9); eodem the same tacet is silent, says nothing (2V consentire to agree
(10); genere kind, class (11): (One) who is once (4) ; videtur seems (3): (One) who says nothing,
criminal, is always presumed to be criminal in the seems to agree.] Law. A person who is silent is
same class.] Law. A person who has ever committed deemed to agree; i.e.. silence implies consent. See qui
a crime is always presumed to be capable of com- non improbat. approbat. Cf. silentio consentum
mitting the same kind of crime. significat.
qui sentit commodum sentire debet et onus. [L. qui qui tacet, consentire videtur, ubi tractatur de ejus
(one) who (1); sentit experiences, endures (2); commodo. [L. qui (one) who ( 1 ); tacet is silent, says
commodum advantage (3); sentire to experience (5); nothing (2): consentire to agree (9): videtur seems
debet ought, should (4); et also (7); onus burden (6): (8); ubi when (3); tractatur it is being discussed (4);
(One) who experiences advantage should also expe- de of, from, about, for (5); ejus his (6); commodo
rience the burden.] Law. A person who receives an advantage (7): (One) who is silent, when it is being
advantage also ought to receive the burden, respon- discussed about his advantage, seems to agree.] Law.
sibility, or cost of this advantage. See cujus est A person who is silent, when his affairs are being
commodum etc. and quod approbo etc. Cf. qui discussed, is deemed to agree. See qui non improbat,
sentit onus etc.; and secundum naturam est etc. approbat.
qui sentit onus sentire debet et commodum. [L. qui qui tacet consentit [L. qui (one) who ); tacet is silent
( 1
(one) who (1); sentit experiences (2); onus burden (2); consentit consents (3): One who is silent consents.]
(3) ; sentire to experience (5); debet ought, should Law. Silence means consent. Cf. silentio consentum
(4) ; et also (7); commodum advantage (6): (One) significat. See qui non improbat, approbat.
who experiences a burden ought to experience the qui tacet non utique fatetur, sed tamen verum est
advantage also.] Law. A person who bears the bur- eum non negare. [L. qui (one) who (1); tacet is si-
den also ought to bear the advantage. Cf. qui sentit lent, says nothing (2); non not (4): utique certainly,
commodum etc. assuredly (3); fatetur confesses, acknowledges (5);
qui serius solvit, minus solvit. [L. qui (one) who (1); sed but (6): tamen nevertheless, but yet (7); verum
serius rather late, too late (3); solvit pays (2); minus true (9); est it is (8); eum that he/she (10); non not
less (5); solvit pays (4): (One) who pays rather late (12); negare denies, to deny (1 1): (One) who is silent
pays less.] Law. A person who pays too late pays certainly does not confess but nevertheless it is true
less. Cf. beneficium inopi etc. that he/she does not deny.] Law. A person who says
Qui s'excuse s'accuse. [Ft. qui (one) who ( 1); s' oneself, nothing certainly does not acknowledge, but never-
himself/herself (3); excuse excuses (2); s' oneself, theless it is true that he/she does not deny. See qui
himself/herself (5); accuse accuses, indicts (4): (One) non improbat, approbat.
who excuses oneself accuses oneself] Law. A person qui tarn abbr. Q.T. adj. [L. qui who ); tarn as much,
( 1
who apologizes (or makes excuses) is practically as well, in the same degree (2):who as well.] Who
accusing himself/herself. Excuses are a manifestation as much. —qui tarn action Law. An action which
of a guilty conscience. an informer brings as much for himselfrherself as for
quis fallere possit amantem? Vergil (70-19 B.C.). the state. A civil action under statute which provides
Aeneid IV,296. [L. quis who (1); fallere to deceive that part of the penalty should go to the plaintiff, the
(3); possit can, is able (2); amantem a lover (4): Who rest going to the state or an institution.
is able to deceive a lover?] Who can trick a lover? qui tardius solvit, minus solvit. See minus solvit, qui
quisling n., pi. quislings [Norw. from Vidkun Quisling tardius solvit.
(1887-1945), the ruler of Norway under Nazi occu- qui transtulit sustinet [L. qui (the one) who ( 1 ); transulit
pation inWorld War II.] A traitor who collaborates transferred, transplanted (2); sustinet maintains, sus-
with an invading enemy and assists in the establish- tains (3): (The one) who transferred maintains.] He who
ment of a puppet government. transferred sustains. Mono of the State of Connecticut.
qui vive 334
qui vive n. [Fr. qui who ( 1 ); vive lives (2): Who lives? made, effected (13): What at other times is good and
Who goes there?] 1. The challenge of a sentinel. just, if it should be sought by force or fraud, is made
2. Look-out. Awareness. It will be difficult to deceive bad and unjust.] Law. If what is otherwise good and
him because he is always on the qui vive. just should be obtained by force or fraud, it becomes
quo n., pi. quos The quo which is part of

[L. which.] bad and See quamvis aliquid per se etc. and
unjust.
the expression quid pro quo (q.v.). Something or quando aliquid per se etc.
anything received in reciprocity for something or quod alias non fuit licitum, necessitas licitum facit.
anything. [L. quod (that) which, what (1); alias otherwise, at
quoad prep. [L. as far as, to the extent that.] With other times (4); non not (3); fuit was (2); licitum law-
respect So far as [. .]
to. . in particular is concerned. The ful, permitted (8); necessitas compulsion, urgency,
same acts, too, amount to lawful marital intercourse necessity (5); licitum lawful, permitted (7); facit
quoad W, but illicit and adulterous copulation quoad makes (6): (That) which was not lawful at other times
//(Megarry 1973:211). compulsion makes lawful.] Law. Necessity makes
quoad hoc adv. [L. quoad as far as, to the extent that lawful what otherwise was unlawful. See necessitas
(1); hoc this (2): as far as this.] As far as concerns quod etc.
this. As The accused was acquitted ofnine of quod approbo non reprobo. [L. quod (that) which,
to this.
the charges, but with respect to the tenth, he was what (1); approbo I approve (2); non not (3);
convicted quoad hoc. reprobo I reject (4): What I approve, I do not reject.]
quoad sacra adv. [L. quoad as far as, to the extern Law. I cannot reject what I approve; i.e., you either
that (1); sacra sacred (things) (2): as far as sacred accept or reject wholly. Thus a legatee cannot accept
(things).] As far as sacred things are concerned. For a will and reject a condition attached to it. See qui
sacred/religious purposes. sentit commodum etc.
quo animo n. [L. quo with what (1); animo (with) quod constat clare non debet verificari. [L. quod
mind, intention (2): with what mind/intention.] With (that) which, what ( 1 ); constat is certain, established
what motive. Motive, Members of
intention or design. (2); clare clearly (3); non not (5); debet ought, should
the investigating committee were urged to consider, (4) ; verificari to be verified (6): (That) which is
first andforemost, the quo animo of the suspect. clearly established ought not to be verified.] Law.
quod ab initio non valet in tractu temporis non What is clearly certain does not have to be verified.
convalescit [L. quod (that) which, what ( 1 ); ab from, See manifesta probatione etc.
by (4); initio beginning (5); non not (2); valet is quod constat curiae opere testium non indiget. [L.
sound, valid, effective (3); in in, on (8); tractu course, quod (that) which, what ( ); constat is certain, known
1
tract (9); temporis of time (10); non not (6); (2); curiae to court (3); opere work (6); testium of
convalescit gains strength, grows strong (7): That witnesses (7); non not (4); indiget needs, requires
which is not sound from the beginning does not grow (5) What is certain to the court does not need the
:
strong in the course of time.] Law. What is bad from work of witnesses.] Law. What is clear to the court
the beginning does not improve in the course of time. does not need the aid of witnesses. See manifesta
For instance, a bad custom will never be acceptable. probatione etc.
Also, when a deed is based on an illegal consider- quod contra legem fit pro infecto habetur. [L. quod
ation, lapse of time will never remove the illegality. (that) which, what (1); contra against, opposite (3);
See quae ab initio etc.; quae mala sunt etc.; and legem law (4); fit is done (2); pro as (6); infecto
quod initio etc. undone (7); habetur is had, held, regarded (5): (That)
quod aedificatur in area legata cedit legato. [L. quod which is done against the law is held as undone.]
(that) which, what (1); aedificatur is built (2); in in, Anything done contrary to the law is considered not
on (3); area ground, building-site (4); legata be- to have been done.
queathed, left by will (5); cedit accrues, belongs (6); quodcunque ob tutelam corporis sui fecerit,
aliquis
legato to bequest, legacy (7): What which is built on jure id fecisse videtur. [L. quodcunque whatever
bequeathed ground belongs to the bequest.] Law. (1); aliquis anyone (2); ob on account of (4); tutelam
What is built on ground bequeathed by will belongs safety (5); corporis (of) body (7); sui of his/her, one's
to the legacy. See quicquid plantatur etc. own (6); fecerit will have done (3); jure by right,
quod alias bonum et justum est, si per vim vel law (11); id that, it (10); fecisse to have done (9);
fraudem petatur, malum et injustum efficitur. [L. videtur he/she seems (8): Whatever anyone will have
quod (that) which, what ( ); alias at other times, other-
1 done on account of the safety of his/her body, he/she
wise (2); bonum good (4); et and (5); justum just seems to have done it by right.] Law. Whatever any-
(6); est is (3); si if (7); per through, by (9); vim force one does to protect himself/herself is deemed to have
( 1 0); vel or ( 1 ); fraudem fraud, guile ( 2); petatur
1 1 been done rightly. See domus sua etc.
should be sought malum

bad (14); et and (15);
(8); quod di omen avertant. interj. Cicero (106-43 B.C.).
injustum unjust (16); efficitur is accomplished, Philippic 111,14,35. [L. quod which, and this (1); di
335 quod omnes
gods omen omen (2); avertant may they avert,

(3); quodlibet n., pi. quodlibets [L quod what (1); libet
turn (4): And this omen may the gods avert.]

away pleases (2): what pleases.] 1. A topic for theological
May God (or the gods) avert this omen! God forbid! or philosophical discussion and argument. 2. Music.
See absit omen. A carefree, humorous composition. A musical joke,
quod dubitas, ne feceris. [L. quod what (2); dubitas especially the playing of several different tunes.
you doubt (3); ne feceris do not do (1): Do not do quod meum est sine facto meo vel defectu meo
what you are in doubt of] When in doubt, don't do it. amitti vel in alium transferri non potest. [L. quod
quod enim mavult homo verum esse, id potius credit. (that) which, what (1); meum mine (3); est is (2);
Francis Bacon ( 1 56 1-1 626). Novum Organon XLIX. sine without (11); facto deed, act, fact (13); meo
[L. quod (that) which, what (2); enim for ( 1 ); mavult my (12); vel or (14); defectu defect (16); meo my
prefers,chooses (4); homo person, human being (3); (15); amitti to be lost (6); vel or (7); in into, to,
verum true (6); esse to be (5); id that (7); potius rather, against, for (9); alium another (10); transferri to
more (9); credit he/she believes (8): For (that) what be transferred non not (5); potest can, is able
(8);
a person prefers to be true, that he/she rather believes.] (4): (That) which is mine cannot be lost or trans-
A person rather believes what he/she prefers to be ferred to another without my deed or defect.] Law.
true. Cf. fere libenter etc. and populus vult decipi. What is my property cannot be lost or transferred
quod erat demonstrandum abbr. Q.E.D. [quod (that) to another without my deed in either alienating or
which (1); erat was (2); demonstrandum to be forfeiting it. See id quod nostrum est etc.
proved, demonstrated (3): (that) which was to be quod omnes homines constituit,
naturalis ratio inter
proven.] Geometry and Logic. What had to be demon- vocatur jus gentium. [L. quod (that) which, what
strated. Used, especially in abbreviated form, after (1); naturalis natural (2); ratio reason, consideration
the point has been proven. (3); inter among, between (5); omnes all (6); hom-
quod erat faciendum abbr. Q.E.F. n. [L. quod (that) ines people, human beings (7); constituit has decreed,
which, what ( 1 ); erat was (2); faciendum to be done established (4); vocatur is called (8); jus right, law
(3): (that) which was to be done.] Geometry. What (9); gentium of nations, peoples (10): (That) which
had to be done. Used, especially in abbreviated form natural reason has decreed among all human beings
after a construction has been demonstrated. is called the law of peoples.] The law which natural
quod erat inveniendum abbr. Q.E.I, n. [L. quod reason has established among all people is called the
which, what (1); erat was (2); inveniendum to be law of nations. See jus gentium.
found out, discovered (3): (that) which was to be quod necessarium est est licitum. See quod est nec-
found out.] What had to be discovered. essarium est licitum.
quod est abbr. Q.E. or q.e. [L. quod which (1); est is quod necessitas cogit, defendit. See necessitas quod
(2) : which is.] That is. cogit, defendit.
quod est inconveniens aut contra rationem non quod non apparet non est. [L. quod (that) which, what
permissum est in lege. [L. quod (that) which, what (1); non not (2); apparet appears (3); non not (5);
(1); est is (2); inconveniens inconvenient, unsuitable est is, exists (4): (That) which does not appear is not.]
(3) ; aut or (4); contra against, opposite (5); rationem What does not appear does not exist. See de non etc.
reason (6); non not (7); permissum permitted, allowed and idem est non esse etc.
(9); est is, has been (8); in in, on (10); lege law (11): quod non habet principium non habet finem. [L.
(That) which is unsuitable or against reason has not quod (that) which, what (1); non not (2); habet has,
been allowed in law.] Law. What is inconvenient or holds, regards (3); principium beginning (4); non
unreasonable is not permitted in law. not (5); habet has, holds, regards (6); finem end (7):
quod necessarium est licitum. [L. quod (that)
est (That) which does not have beginning does not have
which, what (1); est is (2); necessarium necessary end.] What has no beginning has no end.
(3); est is (4); licitum lawful, permitted (5): (That) quod nullius est, id ratione naturali occupanti
which is necessary is lawful.] Law. What is neces- conceditur. [L. quod (that) which (2); nullius of no
sary is permitted. See necessitas quod etc. one (4); est is (3); id that (1); ratione (by) reason
quod initio vitiosum est non potest tractu temporis (7); naturali by natural (6); occupanti to the one
convalescere. [L. quod (that) which, what (1); ini- occupying (8); conceditur is granted (5): (That)
tio in the beginning (4); vitiosum invalid, defective which is of no one is granted by natural reason to the
(3); est is (2); non not (6); potest can, is able (5); one occupying.] Law. What belongs to no one is by
tractu in the course (8); temporis of time (9); natural reason granted to the first occupant. See res
convalescere to recover, become valid, be improved, nullius naturaliter etc.
be remedied (7): (That) which is defective in the be-quod omnes tangit ab omnibus debet supportari. [L.
ginning is not able to be remedied in the course of quod (that) which, what ( ); omnes all (persons) (3); 1
time.] Law. What is initially invalid cannot become tangit touches, affects (2); ab from, by (6); omni-
valid over a period of time. See quod ab initio etc. bus all (persons) (7); debet ought, should (4);
quod per 336
supportari to be supported (5): (That) which touches quo jure adv. [L.quo with what (1); jure (with) right,
all persons ought to be supported by all.] What af- law (2): with what right?] By what title/right/authority?
fects everyone should be supported by everyone. quo ligatur, eo dissolvitur. [L. quo by which (1);
Cf. nam tua res etc. ligatur bound (2); eo by that (3); dissolvitur it
it is
quod per me non possum nec per alium. [L. quod is unbound (4): By which it is bound, by
dissolved,
(that) which, what (1); per through (4); me me (5); that it is unbound.] Something is unbound by the same
non not (3); possum I can (2); nec nor, and not (6); means by which it is bound. See eodem modo quo
per through alium another (8): (That) which I
(7); quid constituitur, dissolvitur.
cannot through me, nor through another.] Law. What quo modo abbr. Q.M. or q.m. n., pi. quo modos [L.
I cannot do by myself, I cannot also do through the quo in what (1); modo (in) way (2): in what way?
agency of another person. Cf. qui facit per alium etc. how?] Manner. Means. Jeremiah has been dreaming
quod per recordum probatum, non debet esse of a brilliant career in the future, but his principal
negatum. [L. quod (that) which, what (1); per problem is that he does not know the quo modo for
through, by (3); recordum record (4); probatum achieving his objective. —
adv. In what way or manner.
proved (2); non not (6); debet ought, should (5); esse How. By what means.
to be (7); negatum denied (8): (That) which is proved quo modo quid constituitur eodem modo dissolvitur.
through record ought not to be denied.] Law. What [L. quo in what (1); modo (in) way (2); quid some-
is proved by documentary evidence should not be thing, anything (3); constituitur is made, established
denied. (4); eodem in the same (5); modo (in) way (6);
quod quis ex culpa sua damnum sentit non dissolvitur it is dissolved (7): In what way some-
in telligitur damnum sentire. [L. quod any . . . that, thing issame way it is dissolved.] Law.
made, in the
what (1); quis anyone (3); ex out of (5); culpa fault, A thing same way in which it is
is dissolved in the
error, blame, guilt, failure (7); sua one's own, his/ made. See eodem modo quo quid constituitur
her own (6); damnum harm, injury (2); sentit expe- dissolvitur.
riences, suffers (4); non not (8); intelligitur he/she quondam adj. [L. at one time, at some time, formerly,
is understood (9); damnum harm, injury (11); sentire once.] Former. Who used to be. Abubakar, a quon-
to experience, suffer (10): Any injury that anyone dam Permanent Secretary ofthe Ministry ofFinance,
suffers out of his/her own fault, he/she is not under- has established a large farm near his village.
stood to suffer injury.] Law. When a person suffers quorum n., pi. quorums [L. of which.] A specified
injury through his/her own fault, he/she is deemed minimum number of members required at any meet-
not to suffer injury. See qui non improba t approbat. ing of an organization before its deliberations could
quod solo inaedificatur solo cedit. [L. quod (that) be valid. According to the constitution of the club,
which, what (1); solo soil, ground, land (3); the quorum for any ordinary meeting is twelve. Cf.
inaedificatur is built on/in (2); solo to the soil, minyan.
ground, land (5); cedit accrues (4): (That) which is quota n.,pl. quotas [L. from quota pars: quota what
built on the soil accrues to the soil.] Law. What is in number, how many (1); pars part, portion (2):
built on land belongs to the land. See quicquid what part in number.] 1. The share of something
plantatur etc. (e.g., benefits, liabilities, etc.) which each member
quod scripsi scripsi John 19:22. [L. quod that which of a group or body is entitled to. a) Some politicians
(1); scripsi I have written (2); scripsi I have written engage in irrational and destructive criticism instead
(3) That which I have written I have written.] What is
: ofcontributing their quota to the development ofthe
written is written. The words of Pontius Pilate regard- nation, b) Even a successful reclassification as white
ing dissatisfaction with the inscription prepared for . .has its quota ofpain (Newsweek Int. April 19,
.
Jesus' cross, i.e., Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judaeorum 1982:35). 2. A restricted percentage or number; e.g.,
(q.v.). Sometimes quoted in opposition to changing of immigrants. 3. A fixed, assigned or determined
something which has already been written, published, goal, a) export quota; b) sales quota; c) output quota;
or decreed. d) production quota.
quod vanum et inutile est, lex non requirit. [L. quod quot homines, tot sententiae. Terence (c. 1 85—159
(that) which, what ( 1 ); vanum vain, futile (3); et and B.C.). Phormio, 454. [L. quot as many as (1); hom-
(4) ; inutile useless (5); est is (2); lex non law (6); ines human beings, people (2); tot so many (3);
not (7); requirit demands, requires (8): (That) which sententiae opinions (4): As many as human beings,
is vain and useless the law does not require.] The so many the opinions.] There are as many views as
law does not demand what is futile and useless. See there are people.
impotentia excusat legem. quot judices, quot as many as (1);
tot sententiae. [L.
quod vide abbr. quae vide abbr. qq.v. [L. quod
q.x.pl. judices judges many (3); sententiae opin-
(2); tot so
which (1); vide see (2): which see.] See this. Used ions (4): As many as judges, so many the opinions.]
for bibliographical references. Law. There are as many views as there are judges.
337 q.v.
quo vadimus? [L. quo to what place, whither (1); issued formerly in England on behalf of the king to
vadimus are we going (2): To what place are we ask a person to justify a claim to, or usurpation of,
going?] In which direction are we headed? Cf. quo office, liberty, franchise, etc. There is still a legal
vadis? proceeding with similar purpose.
quo vadis? John 16:5. [L. quo to what place, whither quum de lucro duorum quaeratur, melior est causa
( 1 ); vadis are you going (2): To what place are you possidentis. [L. quum when (1); de of, from, about,
going?] In which direction are you headed? 1. The for (3); lucro profit, gain (4); duorum of two (persons)
question Jesus supposedly asked Peter in a vision as (5); quaeratur there may be asking (2); melior better
Peter was leaving Rome just before his execution. 2. A (9); est is (8); causa cause, case, reason (6); possidentis
question used to introduce a discussion about the fu- of the one possessing (7): When there may be asking
ture plans of an individual or an organization. —Quo about the gain of two persons, the cause of the one pos-
Vadis? The title of an 1886 novel by Henryk sessing is better.] Law. When a question arises as to the
Sienkiewicz (1846-1916). advantage of two persons, the cause of the one in pos-
quo warranto n. [L. quo with what (1); warranto session is better. See in aequali jure melior etc.
(with) warrant (2): with what warrant.] Law. A writ q.v. abbr. for quod vide (q.v.).
R
R or r. abbr. for 1 . Recht (q.v.). 2. recipe (q.v.). 3. recto son.] A descendant of powerful Hindi landowner or
(q.v.). 4. rector (q.v.). 5. regina (q.v.). 6. rex (q.v.). military families in northern and central India.
R.A. abbr. for Reverendus Admodum (q.v ). Ramadan or Ramadhan orRamazan n.,pl. Ramadans
rabbi n.,pl. rabbis [Heb. rabbi: rab master (2); -f my or Ramadhans or Ramazans [Ar. Ramadan month
(1) : my master.] Judaism. 1. The head of a Jewisn of dryness.] 1. The ninth month of the Muslim year
congregation. 2. A scholar trained in Jewish law. during which all Muslims, with very few exceptions,
raconteur orfern, raconteuse n.,pl. raconteurs orfern. should strictly abstain from eating, drinking, smoking,
raconteuses [Fr. story-teller.] A narrator. A person and sexual intercourse from sunrise to sunset. 2. The
accomplished in the art of telling anecdotes. abstention observed during the month.
radix enim omnium malorum est cupiditas. Timothy 1 ranchero n., pi. rancheros [Sp. a rancher.] A rancher,
6:10. [L. radix root (2); enim for (1); omnium of all herdsman, or small-scale farmer.
(3); malorum (of) evils (4); est is (5); cupiditas greed, rani or ranee n. pi.
,
ranis or ranees [Hindi rani queen.]
desire (6): For the root of all evils is greed.] For the love The wife of a rajah (q.v.).
of money is the root of all evils. Cf. radix malorum. rapport n., pi. rapports [Fr. relation, connection, con-
radix malorum n. [L. radix root ( 1 ); malorum of evils tact, return.] A relation marked by harmony or accord.
(2) root
: of evils.] The root of every evil (or all evils); Harmonious or sympathetic relationship, a) The two
i.e., money. For fuller form, see radix enim etc. men developed a personal rapport (Time Int. . . .
Ragnorok n. [Old Norse from ragna of the gods (2); 1980). b) The new member ofstaffhas already estab-
rok fate ( 1 ): fate of the gods.] Norse Mythology. The lished a warm rapport with most of his colleagues.
fated end of the gods and of humankind following a rapport a succession n.,pl. rapports a succession [Fr.
cosmic battle with monsters. rapport relation, connection, contact, return (1); a
raison d'etat n., pi. raisons d'etat [Fr. raison reason, to, toward, in, by, with, until (2); succession inherit-
motive (1); d' of (2); etat state (3): reason of state.] ance, estate (3): return to inheritance.] French Law.
Reason associated with national security; i.e., as A hodge-podge. Collatio bonorum (q.v.). The prac-
justification for an action which is apparently despotic. tice whereby an heir or legatee restores to the estate
raison d'etre n.,pl. raisons d'etre [Fr. raison reason, or inheritance all advances and gifts received during
motive ( 1 ); d' of (2); etre to be, existence, being (3): the lifetime of the decedent so that an equitable distri-
reason of existence.] Justification for, reason for, or bution may be made.
purpose of, the existence of a thing. The primary objec- rapporteur or fern, rapporteuse n., pi. rapporteurs
tiveof a South African nuclear option, as indeed the or fern, rapporteuses [Fr. reporter, recorder.] 1. An
raison d'etre ofits entire military establishment is . . . official entrusted with the duty of recording and pre-
to maintain the system ofapartheid. (Sammy Kum . . senting reports, especially proceedings of a meeting.
Buo in West Africa 1982). 2. An official entrusted with the duty of conducting
raj n. [Hindi raj rule, kingdom.] Absolute rule, espe- an investigation and reporting its findings to a body.
cially British control over India. rapprochement n.,pl. rapprochements [Fr. bringing
rajah or raja n.,pl. rajahs or rajas [Hindi raja king ]
together, reconciling, reconciliation.] Reconciliation.
An Indian king or ruler. Cf. maharaja. Establishment or reestablishment of harmonious
Rajput or Rajpoot n. [Hindi rajput from Skt. relations. Renewal of friendly or cordial relations,
rajaputrah: raja king (1); putrah son (2): king's a) Haig foresees a gradual drift by Egypt toward
338
339 ratio scripta
rapprochement with the Arab world, (Time Int. . . . ratio est legis anima; mutata legis ratione mutatur et
1982). b) Given the depth ofmistrust on both sides, a lex. [L. ratio reason, ground, judgment ( 1); est is (2);
true rapprochement between Peking and the Vatican legis of law (4); anima soul (3); mutata (with) having
seems unlikely in the near future (Newsweek Int. been changed (7); legis of law (6); ratione with reason
March 9, 1981:31). (5); mutatur is changed (10); et also (9); lex law (8):
raptus n.,pl. raptus or raptuses [L. A snatching away.] Reason is the soul of law; with the reason of law having
1. A condition of .spiritual ecstasy characterized by been changed, the law also is changed.] Law. Reason is
loss of sensation. 2. A condition of deep emotional the soul of law. When the reason for a law changes, the
excitement. law also changes. See lex plus laudatur etc.
rara avis in terns or (elliptically) rara avis n.,pl. rarae ratio legis n. [L. ratio reason, ground, judgment (1);
aves in terris or rarae aves Persius (A.D. 34-62). legis of law (2): the reason of law.] Law. The reason
Satires 1.46. [L. rara rare ( 1 ); avis bird (2); in in, on (3); or ground of/for a law.
A rare bird in
terris the lands (4): rare bird in the lands.] ratio legis est anima legis. [L. ratio reason, ground,
the world. A rarity. A rare person or thing. A person or judgment ( 1 ); legis of law (2); est is (3); anima soul
thing that is remarkable. Ben described his friend, Pat, (4); legis of law (5): The reason of law is the soul of
as a man of remarkable qualities, indeed, a rara avis. law.] Law. The reason of/for a law constitutes the
rariora pi. n. [L. rarer things or items.] A collection of soul of the law. See lex plus laudatur etc.
rather rare things. The Professor emeritus has a library ratione contractus adv. [L. ratione by reason, ground,
of rariora to which he takes visitors occasionally. judgment ( 1 ); contractus of drawing together, shrink-
raro antecedentem scelestum / deseruit pede Poena ing, contract, agreement (2): by reason of contract.]
claudo. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes 111,1,31-32. [L. Law. On account of a contract.
raro rarely, seldom (5); antecedentem going in front, ratione delicti adv. [L. ratione by reason, ground,
preceding (7); scelestum miscreant, scoundrel (6); judgment (1); delicti of offense, crime, wrong (2):
deseruit has deserted, abandoned (4); pede (with) foot by reason of crime.] Law. On account of a crime.
(3); Poena Punishment ( 1 ); claudo with halting, limp- ratione domicilii adv. [L. ratione by reason, ground, judg-
ing (2): Punishment with halting foot has abandoned / ment (1); domicilii of abode, habitation, domicile (2):
rarely the scoundrel going in front.] Rarely has Punish- by reason of domicile.] Law. On account of habitation.
ment, though with halting steps, failed to catch up with ratione imperii adv. [L. ratione by reason, ground,
the scoundrel going before her. judgment (1); imperii of order, command (2): by
ratihabitio n. [L. ratum confirmed (1); habeo have, reason of a command.] Law. On account of an order.
hold, regard (2): confirmed holding, approval, sanc- ratione impotentiae adv. [L. ratione by reason,
tion.] Confirmation, ratification, ratihabitation; e.g., ground, judgment ( 1 ); impotentiae of helplessness,
of a contract. weakness (2): by reason of helplessness.] On account
ratio n., pi. ratios [L. ground, motive, understanding, of inability. Applicable to wild animals; e.g., the inabil-
computation, calculation, relation, reason, judgment] ity of young ones to run or fly.
1 . Rationale. Reason. Part ofthe ratio in that decision ratione personae adv. [L. ratione by reason, ground,
was that it was "contrary to custom for the parents to judgment (1); personae of person (2): by reason of
"
give consent (to marriage) on behalfofthe daughter the person.] On account of the person involved or
(Adewoye 1977:209). 2. Proportion. Rate. The relation affected. From the person's character.
between two or several things in terms of number, ratione rei gestae adv. [L. ratione by reason, ground,
degree, etc. a) The ratio between production and con- judgment (1); rei of matter, thing, property, business,
sumption, b) Girls in the school outnumber boys by a affair (2); gestae (of) done, transacted, accomplished
ratio of 2:1. (3): by reason of the thing done.] On account of his/
ratio cognoscendi n.,pl. rationes cognoscendi [L. ratio her deed/achievement.
reason, ground, judgment (1); cognoscendi of know- ratione rei sitae adv. [L. ratione by reason, ground,
ing, understanding (2): reason of knowing.] The judgment ( 1 ); rei of matter, thing, property, business,
ground of knowledge. A thing through which some- affair (2); sitae (of) situated, placed (3): by reason of
thing is known. the thing situated.] By reason of the position or situ-
ratio decidendi n., pi. rationes decidendi [L. ratio ation of the thing.
reason, ground, judgment (1); decidendi of deciding ratione soli adv. [L. ratione by reason, ground, judgment
(2): reason of deciding.] Law. Reason for a decision. (1); soli of soil (2): by reason of the soil.] Because of
Ground or reason for making a judicial decision. Pre- the soil. On the basis of the soil. The plaintiff claimed
cedents are derived from the ratio decidendi. that the building as well as everything on the land
ratio essendi n.,pl. rationes essendi [L. ratio reason, belonged to him ratione soli.
ground, judgment (1); essendi of being (2): reason ratio scripta n.,pl. rationes scriptae [L. ratio reason,
of being.] Reason, ground, judgment or cause of a ground, judgment (2); scripta written (1): written
thing's existence. Cf. raison d'etre. judgment.] Law. A judgment written and delivered.
re 340
re prep. [L. (in) the thing/affair/matter.] Regarding. demolished the writer 's thesis, exposing the recherche
Concerning. In the matter of. a) Re Bukar, i.e. "in inferences.
Bukar's case" or "in the matter of Bukar." b) Re your Recht abbr. R. or r. n., pi. Rechte [Ger. law, right.]
letter dated January 18th, 1989, i.e. "with reference German Law. 1 . Right. Equity. Justice. 2. A privilege,
to your letter dated January 18th, 1989." title to. 3. Law. Unwritten law. The entire body of
realia pi. n. [L. real things.] Tangible objects or facts law. Cf. droit.
as opposed to theories or mere descriptions. Rechtsstaat n.,pl. Rechtsstaats [Ger. from Rechts of
Realpolitik or realpolitik n. [Ger. Realpolitik: real real, the right (2); Staat -state (1): state of the right.] A
actual ( 1 ); Politik politics (2): real politics, realist poli- lawful state. A state or nation which recognizes the
tics.] Practical or realistic politics. Politics motivated rule of law.
by the real needs, circumstances, interests, and power recipe abbr. R. or r. or rp. n., pi. recipes [L. imperative
of the nation, as distinct from one based on theory, of recipere take, accept, receive.] 1. Medicine. A pre-
sentiments, morality, or idealism. Politics considered scription. A formula for preparing a drug or medi-
not as a means to an end but an end in itself, a) . . . this cine. Though not a certified pharmacist, she finds
unlikely alliance, based on realpolitik, has already had her recipes highly respected by medical practitioners.
wide-ranging repercussions in northwest Africa and 2. A formula for making something out of several
beyond {South 1984). b) Practitioners of realpolitik ingredients. A formula for preparing food or drinks,
in the US administration may argue that they can af- a) Housewives have been visiting Mrs. Akpan in con-
ford to ignore African protests {West Africa 1986). . nection with her recipefor okra soup, b) the Show . . .
Realpolitiker «., pi. Realpolitiker or Realpolitikers and Talk even has a printer to produce copies of
[Ger. real real, actual (1); Politiker politician, states- menus and recipes (Newsweek Int. June 22, 198 1 :3).
man (2): real politician, realist politician.] A person 3. A procedure, method, or means of achieving a goal,
who believes or engages in Realpolitik (q.v.). solving a problem, etc. a) Critics of the government
rebus n.,pl. rebuses [L. by/with matters, things, prop- have described the austerity budget as a recipe for
erty, business, affairs.] Pictures, letter combinations, economic and political catastrophe, b) The best
and other symbols used to suggest a specific word or recipefor improving one 's knowledge ofa language
phrase. is to read good novels in that language.
rebus sic stantibus adv. [L. rebus with matters, things, reclame n.,pl. reclames [Fr. publicity, advertisement.]
property, business, affairs (1); sic thus (2); stanti- 1 . Publicity. Public acclaim or attention which is not
bus (with) standing (3): with things thus standing.] necessarily commensurate with, or justified by,
International Law. Under these circumstances. As achievement. The journalist's articles, though of
long as the situation has not substantially changed. questionable quality, have won considerable reclame.
Usually used to indicate that treaties remain binding 2. Showmanship. A passion, flair, propensity, or gift
as long as conditions remain unchanged. for publicity. His reclame is such that he is recog-
receptitia dos n.,pl. receptitiae dotes [L. recepti(c)ia nized wherever he goes.
receptible, recoverable (1); dos dowry (2): recover- recto abbr. R. or r. n., pi. rectos short form of folio
able dowry.] Roman Law. A wife's dowry given with recto (q.v.). Cf. verso.
the stipulation that it should be reclaimed on termi- rector or fern, rectrix abbr. R. or r. pi. rectors or fern.
nation of the marital bond. See dos. rectrices [L. leader, ruler, director, governor, guide.]
rechauffe n.,pl. rechauffes [Fr. warmed-up, reheated, 1. The head of an educational institution. 2. The head
stale, warmed-up Food which has
dish, rehash.] 1. of any of the seventeen educational departments of
been warmed up. Warmed-up dish. He woke up, France. 3. The head of a secondary or elementary school
quickly ate a rechauffe ofrice and stew, and drove to in Germany. 4. God as ruler of the world. 5. Roman
the lecture-theater. 2. A rehash, especially of literary Catholic Church. A cleric who is the spiritual head
material. The book is a poor rechauffe of basically of the parish, religious community, etc. 6. Anglican
worthless material. — adj. 1. Warmed-up. Reheated. Church. A cleric who has full charge of a parish and
She had a reasonably delicious meal ofrice and stew has complete right to the tithes of the parish. 7. Protes-
rechauffe this morning. 2. Rehashed. Restated in tant Episcopal Church. A cleric elected as the head
another form. The publication, which comprises almost of the parish.
exclusively rechauffe material, has been receiving rectum n., pi.recta or rectums [L. the straight, i.e.,
uncomplimentary reviews. intestine.] The terminal portion of the large intestine
recherche or recherche adj. [Fr. choice, refined, af- which leads directly to the anus.
fected, studied, select.] 1 . Sought for or obtained with recurrendum est ad extraordinarium quando non
care. She gave her boss a of recherche perfume.
gift valet ordinarium. [L. recurrendum to be reverted,
2. Rare. Exotic. An interesting aspect ofthe author 's hastened back (2); est it is ( 1 ); ad to, at, for, according
diction is her recherche expressions. 3. Refined. to (3); extraordinarium extraordinary (thing) (4);
Choice. Studied. Exquisite. 4. Farfetched. The critic quando when (5); non not (7); valet avails, succeeds
341 reglement de comptes
(8); ordinarium ordinary (thing) (6): It is to be re- regalia, including, particularly, the magnificent cloak
verted to an extraordinary thing when the ordinary made for Oba Oyekunle (1916-1934) (D.W. in West
thing does not avail.] Law. We must take to an ex- Africa 1982). 2. The special costume, ornaments, insig-
traordinary measure when the ordinary does not suc- nia etc. of an office, order, social group, or fraternity.
ceed. See numquam decurritur etc. 3. Costume for a special occasion. Every Sunday the
Redemptor hominis n. [L. redemptor redeemer (1); cobbler, his wife, and children, dressed in theirfinest
hominis of person, human being (2): redeemer of a regalia, take a taxi and go to church.
human being.] Christianity. Redeemer of the human regatta n.,pl. regatte or regattas [It. contest, contention.]
race. 1. A boat race organized on the lagoon of Venice,

redivivus adj. [L. renewed, renovated, freshened up.] 1. e., the Grand Canal. 2. An organized series of races
Reborn. Born again. Resurrected. Restored to life. involving rowing-boats, speed-boats, yachts, etc.
Grace has a habit of being taciturn for a long time reg. gen. abbr. for regula generalis (q.v.).
and then, like a person redivivus, becoming vociferous. regime or regime n.,pl. regimes or regimes [Fr. system,
reductio ad absurdum n.,pl. reductiones ad absur- government, diet] 1 . A method of administration or gov-
dum [L. reductio reduction, reducing (1); ad to, at, ernment, a) Apartheid regime; b) Communist regime;
for, according to (2); absurdum absurdity, the ab- c) Marxist regime; d) Fascist regime; e) democratic
surd (3): reduction or reducing to absurdity.] 1 . Logic. regime; f) totalitarian regime; g) military regime.
Reduction or reducing to the point of absurdity. Used 2. The period of a government's rule. Government
with reference to arguing in such a way that the issues of. Government headed by. a) the Castro regime;
are rendered absurd, or to an argument which leads b)Khomeini 's regime; c) the Obasanjo regime; d) the
to absurd consequences. This reductio ad absurdum Park regime; e) the Shah 's regime. 3. Diet. Regimen
of the notion of gross negligence depends entirely 1 (q.v.). He followed a strict regime of black coffee
on the view that negligence is merely a name for a and plain toast every morning.
state of mind consisting in the absence offoresight regime dotal n. [Fr. regime system (2); dotal dotal
of consequences (Hart 1978:149). 2. Pushing things (1): dotal system.] Civil Law. Dowry system. Regu-
to the point of absurdity. lations governing the administration of the property
reductio ad impossible n. [L. reductio reducing, reduc- which the wife brings as her contribution to the assets
tion (1); ad to, at, for, according to (2); impossibile of the couple. The husband has the right and power
impossible (3): reducing to the impossible.] Reducing to administer the property until the termination of
to the point of the impossible. Logic. Used in respect of With respect to the immovable property,
the marriage.
the mode of arguing which disproves a point by show- however, neither the husband nor the wife nor the
ing that it leads to obviously impossible conclusions. two by their joint decision can alienate or mortgage
redux adj. [L. led back.] Returned. Brought back. Gen- it. Cf. conquets
erally used postpositively, as in John Updike's Rabbit regimen n.,pl. regimens [L. rule, guidance, command,
Redux. government.] 1. A regulated mode of life, especially
referendum n., pi. referenda or referendums [L. that one with special diet, exercises, and medication pre-
which must be carried back or referred, something scribed for medical reasons or as a punitive measure.
to be submitted for consideration, something to be A treatment or regulation which is expected in due
referred.] 1 . A plebiscite. The practice of referring to course to be beneficial. The Kelley program eschews
the electorate for approval a measure proposed or conventional anti-cancer drugs, surgery and radia-
passed by a legislative body. Parliament decided that tion in favor ofa "holistic " regimen ofspecial diets,
a referendum should be held to decide whether or nutritional supplements, coffee enemas and infusions
not the austerity measures should be continued. ofcellsfrom cattle {Newsweek Int. Oct. 20, 1980:57).
2. International Law. A note sent by a diplomatic 2. Government. Rule. Administration.
agent to his government asking for instructions on regina abbr. R. or r. n., pi. reginae [L. queen.] A female
certain matters. monarch. Used, inter alia, in the titles of British law-
reformado n., pi. reformados or reformadoes [Sp. suits during the reign of a queen. Regina v. Crayburn,
reformed, reconstructed, or reorganized person.] i.e., the Crown v. Crayburn. Cf. rex.
1 . An officer whose troops have been disbanded or Regius Professor abbr. R.P. n. [L. regius kingly, royal
reorganized and has thus lost his command but still (1); professor professor (2): royal professor.] British
retains his rank and receives remuneration either Universities. A professor whose chair was established
wholly or partly. 2. A volunteer who serves with- by royal generosity or depends on royal patronage.
out a commission but has the rank of an officer. Such chairs were established by Henry VIII.
regale n., pi. regalia [L. kingly thing.] sing. Royal reglement de comptes n., pi. reglements de comptes
power, —pi. 1 . The paraphernalia or emblems of roy- [Fr. reglement settlement (1); de of (2); comptes
alty, such as scepter, crown, attire, and orb. But the accounts (3): settlement of accounts.] Settling of ac-
book also describes the rest of the ruler 's beaded counts or old scores. Some cowardly officials tend to
regnat populus 342
regard appointment to high office as opportunityfor religieux or fern, religieuse adj., pi. religieux,
reglement de comptes. religieuses [Fr. religious.] Pious. Religious. — n.
regnat populus. [L. regnat rules, reign (2): populus Christianity. An individual, such as a monk or a nun,
people, the citizenry (1): People rule.] The people who has accepted religious vows and who follows a
rule. Motto of the State of Arkansas. religious rule.
reg. pi. abbr. for regula placitandi (q.v.). Religio laici [L. religio religion ( 1 ); laeci of the laity, of
regula n., pi. regulae [L. rule.] Regulation. the layperson (2): religion of the layperson.] "Reli-
regula est Juris quidem ignorantiam cuique nocere, gion of a layperson," the title of a poem by John
facti vero ignorantiam non nocere. [L. regula rule Dryden (1631-1700) in which he describes his per-
(2); est it is (1); juris of right, law (4); quidem cer- sonal religious beliefs.
tainly, in fact (5); ignorantiam that ignorance (3); reliquiae abbr. rel pi. n. [L. relics, remains.] Relics.
cuique to each one, everybody (7); nocere does harm, Remains, especially organic remains or the remains
hurts, injures (6); facti of fact ( 1 0); vero but indeed, of the dead.
however (8); ignorantiam ignorance (9); non not remanent pro defectu emptorum n. [L. remanent
(11); nocere hurts, to hurt ( 1 2): It is a rule that igno- they remain (1); pro for (2); defectu want, lack (3);
rance of law certainly does harm to each one, but emptorum of buyers, purchasers (4): They remain
indeed ignorance of the fact does not harm.] Law. It for want of buyers.] Law. A return made by the sheriff
is a legal rule that each one is prejudiced by his igno- to a writ such as fieri facias (q.v.) when the goods
rance of law, but not by his ignorance of fat;. have not been bought,
See ignorantia facti; ignorantia facti excusat; ig- remanet n., pi. remanets [L. It remains.] Something
norantia facti excusat, ignorantia etc.; ignorantia remaining. A remnant. A case whose hearing is post-
juris haud excusat; ignorantia juris neminem poned.
excusat; ignorantia juris non excusat; ignorantia Remedia Amoris n. remedia remedies ( ); amoris
[L. 1
juris quod quisque scire etc.; ignorantia juris quod Remediesfor Love,
otffor love (2): remedies for love.]
quisque tenetur etc.; ignorantia legis neminem a poem by Ovid (43 B.C.-17 A.D.).
excusat; and ignorantia legis non excusat. remise en cause n., pi. remises en cause [Fr. remise
regula generalis abbr. reg. Gen. or R.G. n. [L. regula putting back (1); en into (2); cause consideration,
rule (2); generalis general ( 1 ): general rule.] Law. A reason (3): putting back into consideration.]
general or standing order. Applicable to a court. Re-examination. Reconsideration. Self-examination. We
regula placitandi abbr. reg. pi. n., pi. regulae need to discuss, rethink, diverge, disagree, reexamine,
placitandi [L. regula rule ( 1 ); placitandi of pleading break away, to constantly ensure a remise en cause
(2): rule of pleading.] Law. A rule or regulation for {The Guardian 1987).
pleading, especially in a court of law. remittitur n.,pl. remittiturs [L. It is remitted, abated,
regulus n., pi. reguli or reguluses [L. a petty king, a sent back.] Law. 1 . A process whereby a plaintiff either
ruler of a small country.] A petty king. A kinglet. A voluntarily or by order of court remits to the defen-
ruler of negligible power. dant a portion of damages considered to be excessive.
Reich n.,pl. Reiche [Ger. empire, realm, state, kingdom.] The court may also order a complete retrial or one
1 . An empire. A state. 2. The German State or Common- restricted to the question of damages. 2. The sending
wealth. Historically, there are a number of periods: the back of a case and record of proceedings from a supe-
First Reich, i.e., the Holy Roman Empire (9th century rior to an inferior court for further action.
to 1806); the Second Reich (1871 to 1918); the Third renaissance n., pi. renaissances [Fr. rebirth, revival,
Reich, i e., the period of the Nazis (1933-1945). renewal.] 1. Rebirth. Renewal, a) a renaissance in
rel. abbr. for reliquiae (q.v.). French films (Newsweek Int. Jan 5, 1981:53); b) The
relata refero n. [L. relata reported, related (things) end of military rule is usually followed by a renais-
(2); refero I report, repeat (1): I repeat reported sance ofparty politics with its characteristic acrimony.
things.] Repeating (or repetition of) stories or what is 2. A period of considerable improvement or rebirth of
reported. But he is not always content with a relata cultural, artistic, and literary activity after a period of
refero (Lesky 1966:320). decay, especially the period of European history from
relator or fern, relatrix n., pi. relators or relatrixes the 1 4th century to the early 1 7th century when there
[L. a reporter, a proposer or mover of motions.] was an efflorescence of the arts and letters under the
1 . Narrator. A person who relates. My grandfather is influence of the Classics, and the foundation of modem
a delightful relator ofstories. 2. An informer. A pri- science was laid. The Italian Renaissance.
vate person who brings information and on whose rencontre n., pi. rencontres [Fr. meeting, encounter,
behalf a writ quo warranto or mandamus is issued. collision, duel, fight, skirmish.] A combat or duel. 1 .
relievo n., pi. relievos [It. relief] Art. Figures partially A hostile encounter. By
end of the meeting of the
the
sculptured on a flat background, i.e., not sculptured diplomatic representatives of the two sides, it was
in the round. Cf. bas relief and mezzo relievo. clear that a rencontre was inevitable. 2. A debate or
343 Rerum Politicarum Doctor
contest. In a lively rencontre between two highly in- Repondez s'il vous plait abbr. R S.V.P. [Fr. repondez
telligent groups, the group arguing in support of the reply, respond (1); s' if (2); il it (3); vous you (5);
unpopular cause presented its case so forcefully that plait pleases, appeals to (4): Reply, if it pleases you.]
it won the day. 3. A casual or accidental meeting with Respond, if you please. Please reply.
a person or thing. Okoro had a very pleasant rencontre Repondez vite s'il vous plait abbr. R.V.S.V.P. [Fr.
with Ifoma at the supermarket yesterday. repondez reply, respond (1); vite quickly, soon (2);
rendezvous abbr. rt. n.,pl. rendezvous [Fr. meeting- s' if (3); il it (4); vous you (6); plait pleases, appeals
place, appointment, date.] 1 . A place and time appointed to (5): Reply quickly, if it pleases you.] Respond
for meeting or assembly, a) Reagan ended the talk quickly if you please. Please reply soon.
with " You and I have a rendezvous with destiny "... reprise n., pi. reprises [Fr. renewal, resumption, re-
(Time Int. 1981). b) Khomeini 's rendezvous with his- vival, repeat.] 1. A repeated event or occurrence.
tory began last week at his home-in-exile outside Renewal, resumption or recurrence, a) If they suc-
Paris (Newsweek Int. Feb. 12, 1979:9). 2. A place ceeded .... there would almost certainly be a reprise
and time appointed for the assembling of troops, of last August, when the lack of a quorum had can-
ships, airplanes, etc. in preparation for, or after the celled the meeting (West Africa 1982). b) The whole
completion of, an operation. 3. A date. A meeting at episode sounded like a small reprise of the Iranian
a place and time agreed upon. Agreement to meet. hostage crisis but without the publicity (Newsweek
For weeks she and the prince managed to throw- Int. Aug. 1, 1983:24). 2. Music. Repetition of a theme.
newsmen off the scent by holding secret rendezvous 3. Recapitulation.
at various royal estates (Newsweek Int. March 9,
. . . Requiem n.,pl Requiems [L. rest, repose.] 1. The first
1981:13). 4. A place where people usually meet. A word of the introit of the Latin Requiem Mass. 2. A
popular resort. 5. A meeting place or headquarters musical setting of the Mass for the souls of the de-
of criminals, pirates, etc. — v. intr. To assemble, meet parted. — requiem pi. requiems 1. A dirge for the
or come together at an appointed place and time. The repose of the soul(s) of the deceased. 2. Something
vehicleswould slip one by one into Tehran and ren- which resembles or seems to resemble such a dirge.
dezvous at a warehouse (Time Int. 1980). . . . Now that the dispute has been settled, we may sing
renvoi n.,pl. renvois [Fr. sending back, dismissal, expul- its requiem. — Requiem Mass or requiem mass A
sion, reference.] I. Deportation of an alien. 2. Private mass sung or said for the repose of the soul of a dead
International Law. A court's reference, in case of person or the souls of several dead persons, usually
conflict of laws, to the rules of foreign law or the law at All Souls' Day or funerals, a) Accompanied by
of the forum, i.e., doctrine of renvoi. herfamily, she attended a requiem mass that marked
reo absente See absente reo. theend of the nation 's official mourning period
repertoire n., pi. repertoires [Fr. repertoire repertory, (Newsweek Int. Oct. 25, 1982:27). b) At the Requiem
index, list, catalog, collection.] 1. A list of artistic, dra- Mass that preceded the burial, it rained intermittently
matic, musical, etc. works available or which a person (Time Int. 1978).
or company can perform, a) . . . Lord Olivier . . . recently requiem aeternam dona eis, Domine. [L. requiem
added King Lear to his film repertoire . . . (Newsweek rest, repose (4); aeternam eternal, everlasting (3):
Int. May 9, 1983: 1 7). b) The music hall is featuring dona give, grant ( ); eis to them (2 ); domine O lord
1
tonight a famous musician with a rich repertoire. (5): Grant to them eternal rest, O Lord.] Give them
2. Stock-in-trade. A supply or list of skills, methods, eternal rest, Lord. The first words of the introit of the
devices, etc. available in a field, or which a person Latin Requiem Mass.
has and uses in his/her, profession, occupation, etc. requiescant in pace abbr. R.I. P. [L. requiescant May
The repertoire ofthat dubious businessman includes they rest (1); in in, on (2); pace peace (3): May they
treachery, issuing ofbouncing checks, cheating, and rest in peace ] See requiescat. Cf. requiescat in
blackmail. 3. The dishes or meals available at a restau- pace.
rant or other places. The host had a varied repertoire, requiescat n., pi. requiescats [L. May he/she rest.] A
and the guests really enjoyed the meals. prayer for the repose of the soul of a dead person.
repertorium n.,pl. repertoria [L. repertory.] Reposi- requiescat in pace abbr. R.I. P. [L. requiescat May
tory. A storehouse. A collection. he/she/it rest (1); in in, on (2); pace peace (3): May
replica n., pi. replicas [It. repetition.] A duplicate copy he/she/it rest in peace.] See requiescat. The writer v
or reproduction, especially of a work of art.A fac- controversial view has been successfully demolished.
simile (q.v.). a) Many Argentines are Anglophiles. Requiescat in pace! Cf. requiescant in pace.
Buenos Aires has a replica ofBig Ben (Newsweek . . . Rerum Politicarum Doctor abbr. R.P.D. n. [L rerum
Int. April 26, 1982:4). b) they touched the feet, . . . (of) matters, things, property, business, affairs (3):
the hands and body of the child, admiring its long politicarum of political (2); doctor teacher (1):
toes andfingers, straight pointed noseand handsome teacher of political matters ] Doctor of Political Science.
face, a replica of his father's (The Guardian 1987). A terminal graduate degree in political science.
res accessoria 344
res accessoria n., pi. res accessoriae [L. res matter, water is stored and released for domestic or industrial
thing, property, business, affair (2); accessoria acces- consumption, as and when the need arises. 2. Anything
sory (1): accessory thing.] Civil Law. An accessory in which liquid is held. 3. A repository or storehouse,
thing, i.e., something connected to a principal thing. i.e., of facts, ideas, knowledge, data, etc. The re-
res accessoria sequitur rem principalem. [L. res searcher was advised to consult a certain octogenarian
matter, thing, property, business, affair (2); who was generally regarded as a veritable reservoir
accessoria accessory ( 1 ); sequitur follows (3); rem ofknowledge on the precolonial history of the area.
matter, thing, property, business, affair (5); res extra commercium n.,pl. res extra commercium
principalem principal (4): The accessory thing fol- [L. res matter, thing, property, business, affair (1);
lows the principal thing.] The accessory follows its extra outside of, beyond (2); commercium com-
principal. See accessorium non ducit etc. merce (3): a thing outside of commerce.] A thing
res adjudicata See res judicata. which cannot be owned. A thing which is not sub-
res angusta domi Juvenal (c.60 A.D.-c. 140 A.D.). Sat- ject to private ownership or acquisition. See extra
ires 111,165. [L. res matter, thing, property, business, commercium.
affair (2); angusta narrow, difficult ( 1 ); domi at home res fungibiles See fungibiles res.
(3): difficult matter at home.] A difficult situation at res gestae pi. n. [L. res matters, things, property, busi-
home. ness, affairs (1); gestae done, transacted (2): things
res cogitans n. [L. res matter, thing, property, busi- done.] 1. Things done. Deeds. Exploits. Achievements.
ness, affair (2); cogitans thinking, reflecting (1): a Transactions. 2. Law. The facts that constitute the
thinking thing.] Something which thinks; i.e., the environment of a litigation. The circumstances of, and
mind or soul. spontaneous utterances relating to, an event or transac-
res communes communis [L. res matters,
n., sing, res tion and deemed admissible and useful as illustrations
things, property, business, affairs (2); communes com- and explanations.

mon, public ( 1 ): common things.] Roman and Civil Law. res humani juris pi. n. [L. res matters, things, property,
Common or public things; i.e., things which belong to business, affairs humani of human (2); juris (of)
( 1 );
the public, are used by everyone and cannot be right, law (3): matters of human right.] Law. Matters
anybody's private property; e.g., air, light, the open sea, of human law. Cf. res divini juris.
etc. Cf. publici juris and res publica. residuum n.,pl. residua or residuums [L. the remain-
res controversa n.,pl. res controversae [L. res matter, der, the rest] 1 . Something which remains after expenses
thing, property, business, affair (2); controversa dis- or charges have been paid, or after the completion of
puted, undecided (1): disputed thing.] Civil Law. A a process. Residue. Balance. 2. The remainder of a
disputed or undecided matter. A matter to be determined. deceased person's estate after the payment of debts
res corporales n., sing, res corporalis [L. res matters, and deduction of legacies.
things, property, business, affairs (2); corporales cor- res immobiles n., sing, res immobilis [L. res matters,
poreal, bodily (1): bodily matters.] Roman and Civil things, property, business, affairs (2); immobiles im-
Law. Corporeal or tangible things; things that can be movable, unmoved (1):immovable things.] Civil Law.
perceived by the senses. Cf. res incorporates. Immovable objects; e.g., land and things connected to
rescriptum n.,pl. rescripta [L. something written back, it, such as buildings and trees. Immeubles (q.v.).
a rescript.] Roman Law. A response in writing. The res incorporales n., sing, res incorporalis [L. res
emperor's response to an inquiry on legal matters. matters, things, property, business, affairs (2); incor-
Such responses served as precedents and became a porales incorporeal, intangible (1): intangible things.]
source of law. Civil Law. Incorporeal or intangible things; i.e., things
res derelicta n.,pl. res derelictae [L. res matter, thing, which can be perceived only by the mind. Cf. res
property, business, affair (2); derelicta deserted (1): corporales.
a deserted thing.] Law. Property which is deserted or res integra n., pi. res integrae [L. res matter, thing,
abandoned and can thus be acquired by the first occu- property, business, affair (1); integra untouched,
pant or taker. See res nullius naturaliter etc. undecided (2): a thing untouched/undecided.] Law.
res divini juris pi. n. [L. res matters, things, property, A question or case which has not been examined and
business, affairs (1); divini of divine (2); juris (of) on which a decision has not been made. See res nova
right, law (3): matters of divine right.] Law. Matters and sub judice. Cf. res judicata.
of divine law. Cf. res humani juris. res inter alios acta n.,pl. res inter alios actae [L. res
res dominans n. [L. res matter, thing, property, busi- matter, thing, property, business, affair (1); inter
ness, affair (2); dominans dominant (1): a dominant between, among (3); alios others (4); acta done (2): a
thing.] Law. The dominant tenement or property thing done among other persons.] Law. A thing done
which can enjoy a servitude. among strangers. Evidence on such acts is not admis-
reservoir n., pi. reservoirs [Fr. tank, container, holder.] sible in a court of law, since the accused or defendant
1 . A place such as an artificial lake or tank, where is not a party to them. The defense counsel submitted
345 respice finem
that, since his/her client was not party to the transac- res mobiles n., sing, res mobilis [L. res matters, things,
tion, which was essentially res inter alios acta, he/she property, business, affairs (2); mobiles movable, easy
was not liable. See res inter alios acta alteri etc. tobe moved ( 1 ): movable things.] Movables. Objects
res inter alios acta alteri nocere non debet. [L. res which can be moved. Meubles (q.v.).
matter, thing, property, business, affair (1); inter res nec mancipi pi. n. [L. res matters, things, prop-
between (3); alios some (persons) (4); acta done (2); erty, business, affairs (1); nec and not, nor, not (2);
nocere to do harm, hurt, injure

alteri to another (8); mancipi of legal purchase (3): things not of legal
(7); non not (6); debet ought, should (5): A thing purchase.] Roman Law. Things not subject to legal
done among some persons ought not to do harm to purchase. All things which could be alienated or
another.] Law. A thing done among strangers ought transferred without undergoing the formal ceremony
not to harm a person who is not party to it. Hence, a of legal purchase. Cf. res mancipi.
person cannot be affected by declarations, acts, affi- res non fungibiles pi. n. [L. res matters, things, prop-
davits, or conduct of other persons. See debitorum erty, business, affairs (1); non not (2); fungibiles
pactionibus etc.; inter alios res gestas etc.; non fungible (3): things not fungible.] Civil Law. Things
deberet alii etc.; non debet alii etc.; pacta tertiis etc.; that are not interchangeable in quality and quantity;
privatis pactionibus etc.; and res inter alios acta. e.g., a horse, an antique, etc. Cf. fungibiles res.
res ipsa loquitur. [L. res matter, thing, property, busi- res non potest peccare. [L. res matter, thing, prop-
ness, affair (1); ipsa itself (2); loquitur speaks (3): erty, business, affair (1); non not (3); potest can, is
The matter itself speaks.] Law. The matter speaks able (2); peccare to err, offend (4): A thing cannot
for itself. A case in which by merely proving that offend.] Law. A thing is not able to err; i.e., only a
there was an incident, it could be justifiably inferred person can.
that it was the result of the negligence of the accused/ res non verba [L. res matter, thing, property, busi-
defendant, unless the inference is rebutted by con- ness, affair (1); non not (2); verba words (3): things
vincing explanation. not words.] Actions not words.
res judicata or res adjudicata n.,pl. res judicatae or res nova n. [L. res matter, thing, property, business,
res adjudicatae [L. res matter, thing, property, busi- affair (2); nova new (1): a new thing/matter.] Law.
ness, affair ( 1 ); judicata decided, resolved, concluded A new matter or case. A question which has not been
(2): a thing/matter decided or concluded.] Law. A previously decided. See res integra and sub judice.
matter conclusively decided. The rule that, when a Cf. res judicata.
case has been finally determined on its merits by a res nullius n. [L. res matter, thing, property, business,
court which has jurisdiction over both the matter and of no one (2): a thing of no one.]
affair (1); nullius
the parties, it cannot be revived. Res judicata relates Law. Property which belongs to nobody, whether
to a decision; stare decisis relates to a rule orprinciple because it has never been acquired or because its pre-
of law involved (Curzon 1979:241). See autrefois; vious owner has completely abandoned it or because,
chose jugee; cosa juzgada; in rem judicatam; non in the case of Roman law, it cannot be privately
bis in idem; quieta non movere; res judicata pro owned. See res nullius naturaliter etc.
etc.; stare decisis; and stare decisis et non etc. Cf. res nullius naturaliter fit primi occupantis. [L. res
res integra; res nova; and sub judice. matter, thing, property, business, affair (1); nullius
res judicata pro veritate accipitur. [L. res matter, of no one (2); naturaliter naturally (3); fit becomes,
thing, property, business, affair (1); judicata ad- is (4); primi of first (5); occupantis (of) occupying,
judged, decided (2); pro as (4); veritate truth (5); occupant (6): A property of no one naturally becomes
accipitur is accepted (3): A matter adjudged is accepted that of the first occupant.] Law. Property which belongs
as the truth.] A final and complete judgment on a to no one naturally becomes the property of the first
matter is accepted as the truth. See infinitum in etc. occupant. See occupantis fiunt derelicta; quod
See also res judicata. nullius etc.; res derelicta; res nullius; and terra
res litigiosae n., sing, res litigiosa [L. res matters, things, manens vacua etc.
property, business, affairs (2); litigiosae disputed, con- res perit suo domino. [L. res matter, thing, property,
troversial (1): disputed things.] Roman Law. Things, business, affair (1); perit perishes, perishes for (2);
rights, or property which are involved in a pending suit. suo to/for its domino for owner (4): The
own (3);
res mancipi pi. n. [L. res matters, things, property, busi- thing perishes for own owner.] Law. The loss is
its
ness, affairs (1); mancipi of legal purchase or incurred by the owner. When goods in transit are lost,
mancipium (2): things of legal purchase.] Roman Law. damaged, or delayed through an act of God, any loss
Things subject to legal purchase or mancipium. These arising thereby is incurred by the owner, not the carrier.
were things which could be alienated or transferred only See periculum rei etc.
through a formal ceremony of legal purchase called respice finem [L. respice look at ( 1 ); finem end, limit
mancipium (q.v.) or mancipatio (q.v.). Such things (2): Look at the end.] Look at the end, especially of
included houses, lands, and slaves. Cf. res nec mancipi. life. Cf. memento mori.
respondeat superior 346
respondeat superior n. [L. respondeat let him answer former condition or the status quo ante (q.v.). Restora-
(2); superior higher, senior (person) (1): Let the tion of a case to its initial state in order to have a retrial,
higher person answer.] Law. The master is liable for a) The general principle underlying the assessment of
the acts of the servant. The principal is liable for the damages in contract is that of restitutio in integrum
acts of his/her agent. When an agent commits a (Freedland 1976:244). b) When a contract is rescinded,
wrongful act either with the consent or under the di- the parties are returned to their original positions; itfol-
rection of the principal, and the injured party brings lows, therefore, that such a return must be possible. Ifit
a suit, both the principal and the agent are liable. is not, ifthere can be no restitutio in integrum, there can
See qui facit per alium etc. be no rescission (Lewis 1976:65-66).
respondentia pi. n. [L. answering things, things suffic- res transit cum suo onere. [L. res matter, thing, prop-
ing to meet.] A loan secured on the cargo of a ship to erty, business, affair (1); transit passes, is transferred
be repaid with maritime interest when the cargo or (2); cum with (3); suo its (4), onere burden (5): A thing
some of it arrives safely at port. Originally, respon- is transferred with its burden.] Law. Property burdened
dentia and bottomry were two different things, but with a mortgage is transferred with the incumbrance
the former is now used infrequently and the latter is of the mortgage. Cf. terra transit etc.
used both in its original sense and for respondentia. resume n.,pl. resumes [Fr. summary.] 1. A summary,
Cf. nautica pecunia and nauticum faenus. abstract, or abridged version, a) However, a brief
respondere non debet. [L. respondere to answer (3); resume ofthe main criticisms ofFreudian beliefs may-
non not (2); debet he/she ought, should (1): He/she* be interpolated here . . . (Eysenck 1982:10). b) In
should not answer.] Common Law. A pleading used resume, Saho may choose to boldly turn down the
by a defendant, who claims immunity or privilege offer of office (Jay Saidy in West Africa 1982). 2. A
as, for instance, a member of the diplomatic corps, brief account or summary of a person's educational
and insists on not responding. background and career. Curriculum vitae (q.v.).
responsa prudentium n., sing, responsum prudentis a) ... he boasts a stellar resume of corporate and
[L. responsa answers, responses (1); prudentium government achievement (Newsweek Int. May 4,
of those experienced (2): responses or answers of 1981:39). b) Applicants have been asked to appear
those experienced.] Roman Law. Opinions of learned at the interview with their resumes. Cf. epitome 1.
jurists on questions or cases referred to them. These res universitatis pi. n. [L. res matters, things, prop-
opinions were as authoritative as present-day reports erty, business, affairs ( 1 ); universitatis of the whole,
and precedents, and they were a very important source the entirety (2): things of the whole or the entirety.]
of law in early Rome. Roman and Civil Law. Things which belong to a com-
res publica or respublica n., pi. res publicae or munity such as a corporation, society, or university,
respublicae [L. res matter, thing, property, business, to be used by every member of the community as
affair (2); publica public (1): a public affair, state, long as they are used properly, but which no indi-
republic] A commonwealth, republic or state. —pi. vidual can appropriate for his/her exclusive use.
Public property or things; i.e., things like the sea, resurgam [L. resurgam I will rise again.] I will return.
public highways and navigable waters which are retorsio facti n.,pl. retorsiones facti [L. retorsio return-
regarded as belonging to no individual and are to be ing, retaliation (1); facti of act, deed (2): returning
used by everybody. Cf. publici juris; res communes; of act.] International Law. Infliction of injuries by one
and res religiosae. nation on another in retaliation to the same degree as
res religiosae n., sing, res religiosa [L. res matters, things, it has suffered. See lex talionis.
property, business, affairs (2); religiosae religious retorsion de droit n.,pl. retorsions de droit [Fr. retor-
( 1 ): religious things.] Religious matters. Things which sion retortion, retaliation (1); de of (2); droit justice,
pertain to religion. Cf. res communes and res publica. due (3): retaliation of justice.] International Law.
res serviens n. [L. res thing, matter, property, busi- Legitimate reprisal or retaliation. See lex talionis.
ness, affair (2); serviens serving (1): serving property.] Retournons a nos moutons. Anonymous. Maistre
Servient property. A tenement which is subject to a Pierre Pathelin 1191. [Fr. retournons let us return
servitude. (1); a to (2); nos our (3); moutons sheep (4): Let us
restaurant n. [Fr. a place for restoration, a place to return to our sheep.] Let us get back to our subject.
eat.] An eatery. A restaurant. Trattoria (q.v.). retraxit n., pi. retraxits [L. He has withdrawn.] Law.
restaurateur or fern, restauratrice n., pi. restaura- A plaintiffs personal renunciation of his/her suit in
teurs orfern, restauratrices [Fr. restaurant-keeper.] open court and consequent loss of the right of ac-
A person who owns or manages a restaurant (q.v.). tion. See nolle prosequi.
restitutio in integrum n. [L. restitutio restoration, rein- retro Satana See vade retro me Satana.
me
statement (1); in into, to, against, for (2); integrum the revanche n.,pl. revanches [Fr. revenge.] Retaliation,
whole, uninjured (3): restoration to the whole or unin- especially governmental policy motivated by desire
jured state.] Roman and Civil Law. Restoration to the to recover lost territory.
347 risorgimento
revenant n., pi. revenants [Fr. one returning; a ghost.] and at parties his sartorial appearance leaves oth-
1 . A ghost or specter. 2. A person who, after a long ers betraying a rictus ofadmiration (Thomas Cooke
period of absence, returns to his/her former place of in West Africa 1985).
residence. 3. A person whose qualities, behavior, riens en arriere n. [Obs. Fr. riens nothing (1); en in
views, etc. are reminiscent of a past age. Ourfriend, a (2); arriere arrears (3): nothing in arrears.] Law. With
revenantfrom the colonial era, believes that we should no overdue obligations or unpaid debts. A plea in a
bring back the colonialists to solve our problems. suit respecting debt, when it has been alleged that
Reverendus Admodum abbr. R.A. See Admodum the account is in arrears.
Reverendus. riens per descent n. [Obs. Fr. riens nothing (1); per
Reverendus Pater abbr. R.P. n., pi. Reverendi Patres through, by (2); descent descent (3): nothing through
[L. reverendus venerable, reverend ( 1 ); pater father descent.] Law. The plea of an heir who has been sued
(2): reverend or venerable father.] Reverend Father. for the debt of his/her ancestor, and has no inherited
reverie n.,pl. reveries [Fr. reverie dreaming, daydream, assets for satisfying the claim.
musing, idle fancy, fantastic idea.] 1. An impracticable rigor juris n. [L. rigor stiffness, firmness (1); juris of
or strange notion, idea, theory, etc. A fanciful or vision- right, law (2): stiffness of the law.] Strictness of the
ary idea. A daydream. After careful consideration, the law.
committee decided that the proposed scheme was no rigor mortis n. [L. rigor stiffness, firmness (1); mortis
more than a reverie and rejected it. 2. A condition of of death (2): stiffness of death.] Medicine. Rigidity of
fanciful musing or meditation. Daydreaming. WhenAmo muscles of the body after death, which is used as a test
entered the room, Abena was so lost in her reverie that of the time of death.
she did not notice his presence. Rio Grande n. [Sp. rio river (2); grande large, big
Reveries d'un Promeneur Solitaire n. [Fr. reveries (2): big river.] The big river. A major river in the
dreams (1); d' of (2); un a (3); promeneur walker southwestern United States.
(4); solitaire solitary, single (5): dreams of a single R.I. P. abbr. for 1. Requiescant in pace (q.v.).
walker.] Dreams of a Solitary Stroller, reflections 2. Requiescat in pace (q.v.).
on the relationship between nature and humanity by riparum usus publicus est jure gentium, sicut ipsius
Jean- Jacques Rousseau (171 2-1 778), published post- fluminis. [L. riparum of banks, river-banks (2); usus
humously. use (1); publicus public (4); est is (3); jure by right,
revers or revere n., pi. revers or reveres [Fr. back, law (5); gentium of nations (6); sicut like, just as (7);
reverse, wrong side.] A portion of a garment turned ipsius (of) itself (8); fluminis of river (9): Use of river-
inside-out so that the reverse is shown; e.g., a lapel. banks is public by the law of nations just like (the use)
revocatur n. [L. It is recalled.] Law. A term signifying of the river itself] Law. The use of river-banks, like
that a judgment has been annulled because of an error that of the river itself, is, by the law of nations, public;
of fact. i.e., the public has a basic right to make use of the
revue n.,pl. revues [Fr. something seen again, a review, banks of a river as well as the river itself.
a survey.] 1. A newspaper, magazine, or professional riposte n.,pl. ripostes [Fr. parry and thrust, retort, smart
journal. 2. Theater. A performance combining act- reply, counter-stroke.] 1. Fencing. A quick return
ing, singing, and dancing, often with a humorous or thrust. 2. A retort. A clever retort. And when Carter
satirical tone. attacked his proposal for a 30 per cent tax cut over
rex abbr. R. or r. n., pi. reges [L. king.] Male monarch. three years as "irresponsible, " Reagan had a deft
Used, inter alia, in the titles of British lawsuits during riposte. "I '11 confess to being irresponsible . . .
ifhe '11
the reign of a king. Rex v. Crayburn, i.e., the Crown admit to being responsible " (Newsweek Int. Nov. 3,
v. Crayburn. Cf. regina. 1980:27). 3. A counter-attack. A swift retaliation. The
R.G. abbr. for regula generalis (q.v.). first Libyan riposte was not a close air strike, but
rhathymia n., pi. rhathymias [Gk. rhathumia easi- high-level bombingfrom above the range ofportable
ness of temper, taking things easily.] The condition missiles (The Economist 1987). — v. intr. 1. Fencing.
of being lighthearted or carefree. To make a quick return thrust. 2. To retort. To make
rhombus n., pi. rhombi [L. from Gk. rhombos a a quick appropriate response. 3. To retaliate swiftly.
magician's circle, a fish.] A parallelogram with two To launch a counter-attack.
obtuse and two acute angles. risorgimento n., pi. risorgimenti or risorgimentos [It.
ricochet v. [Fr. to rebound.] To bounce back, like a bullet a rising, revival, resurrection.] 1. Italy. The historical
or a ball off a wall. — n. The act of bouncing back. period in which Italy struggled for independence and
ricksha or rickshaw See jinriksha. unification (1750-1870). 2. Italy. The movement for
rictus n., pi. rictus or rictuses [L. the mouth opened Italian independence and unification. 3. A revival,
wide. The aperture of the mouth.] 1. The orifice of resurgence, regeneration or renaissance. The ministry'
the mouth. 2. A gaping or wide-open grimace. A has introduced an extensive program of cultural
gaping or broad grin. He drives an immaculate car risorgimento.
risque 348
risque or risque adj. [Fr. risky, hazardous, daring.] locuta est has spoken (2); causa cause, case, reason
Daring. Somewhat indecent or indelicate. Used to (3); finita finished (5); est is (4): Rome has spoken;
describe a story, remark, comment, etc. Jones is a the case is finished.] Rome has spoken and the case
perfect gentleman who would never say anything is finished; i.e., concluded. For shorter form, see
risque. Roma locuta est.
ristourne n., pi. ristournes [Fr. return or refund of roman a clef or roman a cle n., pi. romans a clef or
overpaid amount.] French Colonial Tropical Africa. The roman a cles [Fr. roman novel, romance (1); a to,
unused revenue after expenditure. It was usually dis- toward, in, by, with, until (2); clef or cle key, clue
tributed among the territorial governments as subsidy. (3): novel with a key or clue.] A novel in which real
risus sardonicus n. [L. risus laugh, grin (2); sardonicus persons or events are disguised under fictitious
sardonic, devilish ( 1 ): devilish grin.] 1 . An exaggerated names. A novel in which the author treats a real event
grin or smirk. 2. Medicine. A forced grin or smirk caused or actual events, using fictitious names to conceal
by a medical condition or disease such as tetanus. the identity of the persons or the events, a) So runs
rite adv.ladj. [L. duly, fitly, in the usual manner.] British. the plot of "Samaritan, " by Philippe van Rijndt, a
With a pass. Used to indicate undistinguished per- roman a clefwith a capital R, exploiting the world 's
formance in examinations for graduation from school fascination with Pope John Paul II (Newsweek Int.
or university. Oct. 1 8, 1982:67). b) The book is a brilliant roman a
rite de passage n., pi. rites de passage [Fr rite rite, clef in which the author cleverly exposes the sordid
ceremony (1); de of (2); passage passage (3): rite*>f activities of high-ranking officials, who are more of
passage.] A ceremony or ritual to commemorate tran- a liability than an asset to the nation.
sition from one stage of life to another. roman a these n.,pl. romans a these [Fr. roman novel,
rococo [Fr. rocklike, highly ornamented and elaborate.] romance ( 1 ); a to, toward, in, by, with, until (2); these
1. Art and Architecture. A highly elaborate style thesis, argument (3): novel with a thesis.] A didactic
popular in France in the 18th century. 2. Music. A novel. A novel which aims at proving a hypothesis
highly ornamental musical style which followed the or expressing some views, ideas, theories, etc.
baroque in 18th-century Europe. roman philosophique n.,pl. romans philosophiques
rodeo n. ,
pi. rodeos [Sp. corral.] 1 . An enclosure for range [Fr. roman novel, romance (2); philosophique
cattle. 2. The gathering of range cattle into an enclo- philosophical, philosophic (1): a philosophical
sure. 3. A show or demonstration of skills used in such novel.] A novel which illustrates ideas. Graham
a cattle round-up, such as horse-riding, roping, etc. Greene, a British secret agent and novelist, wrote
roi faineant n., pi. rois faineants [Fr. roi king (2); authentic romans philosophiques.
faineant do-nothing, idle, lazy (1): a do-nothing rondeau n.,pl. rondeaux [Fr. circle, round.] 1. A lyric
king.] A sluggard king. A king who does not perform poem of 13 or 10 lines which repeats its opening as a
his royal functions, especially one who has been de- refrain and uses two sets of rhymes. 2. Music. A song
prived of, or has delegated, royal power. Cf. faineant. popular in medieval France. Cf. rondel; rondelet;
Roma locuta, causa finita. [L. Roma Rome ( 1 ); locuta and rondo.
(has) spoken (2); causa cause, case, reason (3); finita rondel n., pi. rondels [Fr. circle, round.] A lyric poem
(has been) finished, ended: Rome has spoken, the of 13 or 14 lines which, like the rondeau (q.v.), uses
case has been ended.] Roman Catholic Church. Rome two sets of rhymes and repeats its opening line(s) as
has spoken, the case is closed. Applicable to decrees a refrain. — rondel or rondel le n., pi. rondels or
or judgments by the Pope or the Vatican bringing rondelles Something round or of circular shape.
controversies to an end. "This business of Roma rondelet n., pi. rondelets [Fr. a little circle, a little
locuta, causa finita . . . is a thing of the past, " said a rondeau.] A seven-line lyric poem which uses two sets
clergyman in Sao Paulo (Newsweek Int. July 14, of rhymes and repeats the first line as a refrain in lines
1980:37). See Roma locuta est and Roma locuta three and seven. Cf. rondeau; rondel; and rondo.
est, causa etc. rondo n.,pl. rondos [It. circle, round.] Music. A work
Roma locuta est. Augustine of Hippo (354-430 A.D.). which alternates its main theme three or more times
Sermons [L. Roma Rome (
I. locuta est has spoken, 1 );
with variations and episodes. Cf. rondeau; rondel;
said (2): Rome has spoken.] Rome has spoken; i.e., and rondelet.
the imperial power has issued an order bringing the rosa sine spina [L. rosa rose ( 1 ); sine without (2); spina
controversy to an end. Applicable to an order, message, thorn (3): a rose without a thorn.] A thornless rose.
instruction, etc. "from above" which arbitrarily brings An unmixed joy.
a controversy or discussion to an abrupt end. Rosenkavalier n. [Ger. Rosen rose (1); Kavalier
SeeRoma locuta, causa finita. For fuller form, see knight (2): rose knight.] The Cavalier of the Rose, a
Roma locuta est, causa etc. 1910 opera by Richard Strauss (1864-1949).
Roma locuta est, causa finita est. Augustine of Hippo rostrum n., pi. rostra or rostrums [L. bird's beak,
(354-430 A.D.). Sermons [L. Roma Rome (1); I. prow of a ship, stage, orator's platform.] 1. Platform
.
349 R.V.S.V.P.
in the Forum of ancient Rome used by public speak- rp. abbr. for recipe (q.v.).
ers. This platform was decorated with the prows of R.P. abbr. for 1 . Regius Professor (q.v ). 2. Reverendus
enemy ships captured in the battle of Antium in 338 Pater (q.v.).
B.C. 2. A platform or stage used by a public speaker, R.P.D. abbr. for Rerum Politicarum Doctor (q.v.).
conductor, etc. He mounted the rostrum and delivered R.S.V.P. abbr. for Repondez s'il vous plait (q.v.). Cf.
a very emotional speech. 3. A forum or opportunity R.V.S.V.P.

for communicating^ with a large audience or reader- rubato n., pi. rubatos [It. stolen.] Music. Stolen time.
ship American officials are limited by the Kremlin A somewhat free use of musical time in which some
to one brief appearance on Soviet TV each year on sections are played slightly slower and others faster
the Fourth of July. Last year Ambassador Thomas in order to create a sense of rhythmic flexibility and
Watson lost even that rostrum . . . (Newsweek Int. emotion.
March 16, 1981:7). Cf. podium. rubella n. [L. reddish.] Medicine. German measles.
rotonda n., pi. rotondas [It. round ] Rotunda (q.v.). Rubicon n.,pl. Rubicons [L. Rubico, a stream south of
rotunda n., pi. rotundas [L. round, circular, rotund.] Ravenna, Italy.] 1 . Roman History. The stream which,
1. A building or hall which is circular and usually in the Republican era of ancient Roman history, served
has a dome. 2. A large circular room. 3. A big central as a boundary between Italy and Cisalpine Gaul. Since
area in a public building such as a hotel. a Roman general or governor was forbidden to lead
roue n., pi. roues [Fr. a dissolute person.] A profligate. his troops in arms across a Roman boundary into Italy,
A man who lives a life of excessive sensual pleasures, Julius Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon in 49 B.C.
especially in his amorous affairs. A dissolute elderly meant that he was irrevocably committed to war against
man. Anne 's boss is a worthless old roue who spends Pompey and the senatorial party. 2. A boundary, line
most ofhis time in incredible orgies with girls younger or limit whose crossing indicates irrevocable commit-
than his daughters. Cf. vieux marcheur ment to a decision or a complete break with the past
Rouge et Noir n. [Fr. rouge red (1); et and (2); noir or that the "die is cast." a) The Prime Minister after
black (3): red and black.] The Red and the Black, an considerable deliberation and hesitation, crossed the
1831 historical novel by Stendahl (1783-1842). Rubicon by tendering his letter of resignation, b) But
routine n., pi. routines [Fr. habitual procedure, sheer in less than 25 years he has crossed an American
habit.] A regular or normal procedure or way of doing Rubicon from poor immigrant quarters to the com-
things. was dawn in Paris, and Gilbert Zemour
It . . fortable suites of upper U.S. management as a group
was going about his usual early-morning routine vice president . . . (Newsweek Int. May 4, 1981:37).
(Newsweek Int. Aug. 15, 1983:17). adj. Ordinary — See alea j acta est and j acta alea est.
or habitual. Simeon is bored with his routine admin- rendezvous (q.v.).

rv. abbr. for
istrative duties and is looking for an exciting and R.V.S.V.P. abbr. for Repondez vite s'il vous
challenging position. plait (q.v ). Cf. R.S.V.P.
s
S. abbr. for 1. saeculum (q.v.). 2. Senor (q.v.). 3. Signor Sacrae Scripturae Doctor abbr. S.S.D. n. [L. sacrae
(q.v.). 4. Signora (q.v.). 5. solo (q.v.). of sacred, holy (2); scripturae (of) scripture (3); doc-
S.A. abbr. for societe anonyme (q.v.). tor teacher (1): teacher of sacred scripture.] Doctor
S.A. or s.a. abbr. for 1 . secundum artem (q.v,.). 2. sine of Sacred Scripture. A terminal graduate degree in
anno (q.v.). 3. sub anno (q.v.). sacred scripture.
Sabbath n. [Heb. sabbat rest.] 1 Saturday, the seventh . Sacrae Scripturae Licentiatus abbr. S.S.L. n. [L.
day of the week, observed by Jews and other reli- sacrae of sacred, holy (2); scripturae (of) scripture
gious groups as a day of rest and religious observance. (3); Licentiatus Licentiate (1): Licentiate of Sacred
2. Sunday, the day of the week, celebrated by
first Scripture.] An academic degree conferred by Euro-
most Christians as a day of rest and religious obser- pean universities and American seminaries for
vance. Cp. Shabbat. completion of an advanced curriculum in sacred
sabotage n., pi. sabotages [Fr. the noise made by scripture.
sabots, i.e., wooden shoes, planned and organized Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureus abbr. S.T.B. n. [L.
destruction.] 1. Deliberate and malicious destruction sacrae of sacred (2); theologiae (of) theology (3);
of property with intent to hurt a business enterprise baccalaureus bachelor (1): Bachelor of Sacred Theol-
or an institution. Interference with the normal activi- ogy.] An undergraduate degree in sacred scripture.
ties of an organization with the same intention. To Sacrae Theologiae Doctor abbr. S.T.D. n. [L. sacrae
preventfuture sabotage, the government may call in of sacred, holy (2); theologiae (of) theology (3); doc-
army units to guard energy installations {Newsweek tor teacher (1): teacher of sacred theology.] Doctor
Int. June 16, 1980:25). 2. Subverting the efforts of a of Sacred Theology. A terminal graduate degree in
government or a nation, especially during war or a sacred theology.

national emergency. — v. tr. To destroy or damage. Sacrae Theologiae Licentiatus abbr. S.T.L. n. [L.
saboteur n.,pl. saboteurs [Fr. a bungler, a person who sacrae of sacred, holy (2); theologiae (of) theology
engages in or commits sabotage.] Someone involved (3); licentiatus licentiate (1): Licentiate of Sacred The-
in the deliberate and malicious destruction of property, ology.] An academic degree conferred by a European
a) Others would stream across into Poland itself to university for completion of an advanced curriculum
guard railways, roads and bridges against saboteurs in sacred theology.
(Newsweek Int. Dec. 15, 1980:9). b)A party commis- Sacrae Theologiae Magister abbr. S.T.M. n. [L.
sion would decide in due course what sanctions

. . . sacrae of sacred, holy (2); theologiae (of) theology
would be applied against the saboteurs (Achim (3); magister master (1): Master of Sacred Theology.]
Remde in West Africa 1985). A predoctoral graduate degree in sacred theology.
sachet n., pi. sachets [Fr. a little sack.] A small cloth sac ramen turn n.,pl.
sacramenta [L. guarantee, deposit,
sack or envelope filled with pleasantly-scented mate- oath.] Roman Law. 1. Oath. Oath of allegiance. 2. A
rial and used to perfume closets or other storage areas. wager of law. In one of the formal legal processes of
Sacrae Scripturae Baccalaureus abbr. S.S.B. n. [L. early Rome, the litigants deposited a sum of money
sacrae of sacred, holy (2); scripturae (of) scripture (3); with the court. The successful party took his deposit
baccalaureus bachelor (1): Bachelor of Sacred Scrip- away, while the losing party lost his deposit, which
ture.] An undergraduate degree in sacred scripture. was then paid into the national treasury.
350
351 salvo
sacrarium n., pi. sacraria [L. a holy place.] 1. The shanti. 2. India. A demonstration of submission and
sanctuary or sacristy of a church. 2. Roman Catholic obedience which the greeting is accompanied by
in
Church. Piscina. The sink or drain used to dispose of a low bow and hand gesture.
the water with which sacred objects are cleaned. salarium n. [L. salary, allowance.] 1. Ancient Rome.
sacre bleu inter/. [Fr. sacre holy, sacred (1); bleu blue An allowance paid to Roman soldiers so that they
(2): holy blue.] A rhyming euphemism for sacre Dieu could buy salt. Salt-money. 2. Salary. Allowance. An
or "holy God." Good Heavens! Good Lord! Damn annual remuneration.
it! His unsinkable boat capsized several times in sal Atticus n., pi. sales Attici Pliny the Elder (A.D.
rough seas and sacre bleu! at one point he had to 23-79). Historia Naturalis XXXI,87. [L. sal wit, salt
ditch almost 50 liters of good red wine {Newsweek (2); Atticus Attic (1): Attic wit.] Poignant or biting,
Int. Oct. 6, 1980:57). delicate/subtle wit.
sacro egoismo n. Antonio Salandra (1853-1931). [It. saltus n.,pl. saltus or saltuses [L. spring, leap, bound.]
sacro sacred, holy ( 1 ); egoism egoism (2): holy ego- 1 . A break or interruption of continuity. An abrupt
ism.] An egoistic emphasis on the interests of one's transition. 2. Logic. Omitting an indispensable step
own country. Excessive nationalism. in the process of proof.
sadhu n., pi. sadhus [Skt. sadhu holy, right.] Hindu- salus populi suprema est lex. Cicero (106-^43 B.C.).
ism. A holy man who practices asceticism and has De Legibus 111,3,8. [L. salus safety, welfare (1);
spiritual powers. populi of people (2); suprema supreme (3); est is
saeculum abbr. s. or saec. n., pi. saecula [L. age, gen- (4); lex law (5): The safety of the people is the supreme
eration, lifetime, hundred years.] A long period of law.] Law. Public safety is the supreme law. See in
time. Age. Century. casu extremae etc.
saeva indignatio n. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745). [L. salus populi suprema lex esto. [L. salus safety, wel-
saeva fierce, ferocious (1); indignatio anger, indig- fare ( 1 ); populi of the people (2); suprema supreme,
nation (2): fierce indignation.] Strong or ferocious highest (4); lex law (5); esto shall be, let it be, be:
indignation, especially for human stupidity and foolish- The safety of the people shall be the highest law.]
ness. . . . his own saeva indignatio at contemporary Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law.
manners and morals . . . (Laistner 1966:5). Motto of the State of Missouri.
safari n.,pl. safaris [Ar. safar journey.] I. A land journey, salus publica suprema lex. [L. salus safety, welfare
especially in Africa, in search of large game or for pur- (2); publica public, state (1); suprema supreme,
poses of exploration. 2. Any long land journey or trip. highest (3); lex law (4): Public safety is the supreme
Sagittarius n. [L. arrow-shooter, archer.] 1 . Astronomy. law.] Law. The welfare of the people is the supreme
An archer-shaped constellation located near Scorpio law. See in casu extremae etc.
and Capricorn. 2. Astrology. The ninth sign of the salute interj. [It. health, safety.] A toast to good health
zodiac dominant from November 22 through Decem- and prosperity. Cf. mazel tov and skoal.
ber 21. 3. A person born under this sign. salutis gratia abbr. S.G. adv. [L. salutis of safety (2);
sahib n. [Hindi sahib master.] Colonial India. Used as gratia for the sake (1): for the sake of safety.] On
a term of respect by an Indian for a British employer account of safety.
or master. salva veritate adv. [L. salva (with being) safe, unharmed
saisie n. [Fr. seizure, execution, distraint.] French (2); veritate with truth (1): with truth being safe.]
Law. Judicial seizure, attachment, or sequestration As long as truth remains unimpaired. According to
of property. Leibniz's principle that two expressions are deemed
sai sie-execution n. [Fr. saisie seizure, execution, distraint to be synonymous if substituting one for the other
(1); execution execution, carrying out (2): seizure- does not alter the connotation, significance, and truth
execution.] French Law. A writ whereby the movable of the context in which it is used. Cf. eadem sunt
property of a debtor is seized, sold, and the proceeds quorum unum etc.
used for satisfying the claims of the creditor. Fieri salve v., pi. salvete [L. Be well. Hello.] Hello. Greetings.
facias. Cf. fieri facias de bonis propriis. Cf. ave and ciao.
saisie-immobiliere n. [Fr. saisie seizure, execution, salvis erroribus et omissis abbr. S.E.e.O. adv. [L. salvis
distraint ( 1 ); immobiliere immovable property: seizure (with) safe, unimpaired (4); erroribus errors ( 1 ); et
of immovable property.] French Law. A writ whereby and (2); omissis (with) omitted (things), omissions (3):
theimmovable property of a debtor is seized, sold, with errors and omissions unimpaired.] Excepting or
and the proceeds used for satisfying the claims of without prejudice to mistakes and things which have
the creditor. Cf. fieri facias de bonis propriis. been left out.
S.A.L. or s.a.l. abbr. for secundum artis leges (q.v.). salvo n., pi. salvos short for salvo jure [L. salvo (with/
salaam n., pi. salaams [Arab, sal am = Heb. salOm by) safe ( 1 ); jure right, law (2):by safe law.] Law. A 1 .
peace.] 1 . A greeting of peace. Cf. pax; shalom; and saving provision or clause. A reservation or condition.
sal volatile 352
2. An unexpressed or mental reservation or condition Sanctus adj. [L. holy.] Christianity. The first word of
used to evade or avoid a difficulty. 3. An action taken a prayer of praise at the beginning of the canon of
to preserve or salvage one's reputation, dignity, or pride the Catholic Mass. — n. 1 . The prayer itself. 2. Music.
or to ease one's conscience. A composition based on this prayer.
sal volatile n. [L. sal salt (2); volatile rapid, swift (1): San Francisco n. [Sp. san holy, sacred, saint (1); Fran-
swift salt.] Ammonium carbonate. Smelling salts. cisco Francis (2): Saint Francis.] A city in northern
samizdat short form of samizdatel'stvo n. [Russ. sam California, founded as a mission by the Spanish in 1 776.
self ( 1 ); izdat(erstvo) publishing house (2): self pub- sang-froid or sangfroid n.,pl. sang-froids or sangfroids
lishing house.] I. The publication and circulation of [Fr. sang blood (2); froid cold (1): cold-blood, compo-
illegal literature in the Soviet Union. 2. Literature sure, self-possession.] Cool-headedness. Calmness.
circulated illegally in the Soviet Union. 3. An under- Self-control or imperturbability, especially during an
ground publishing house. emergency or dangerous circumstances, a) The film . .
samurai n., pi. samurai or samurais [Japan, warrior ]

caused French critics to abandon their sangfroid; . .
1 . A professional soldier in feudal Japan. 2. The Japa- {Newsweek Int. Feb. 5, 1979:17). b) There was pande-
nese feudal aristocracy originally based upon military monium when a snake entered the classroom, but the
prowess. teacher handled the situation with magnificent sangfroid.
san or -san n. [Japan, honorable.] Japan. An honorific sannyasi or sannyasin n. [Hindi sannyasi from Skt.
title or expression of courtesy. Usually attached as a samnyasl renounces] Hinduism. A wandering
suffix to a person's name or title; e.g., "Reverend-san" begger and ascetic who has renounced all social ob-
"Captain-san," "Michael-san," and "Mama-san" ligations and material goods for religious reasons.
(q.v.). See babu; Herr; Monsieur; Senhor; Senor; sans prep. [Fr. without.] Devoid of. Deprived of. She
and Signor. is still a very charming woman, even sans the vivacity
sanae mentis et bonae memoriae adj. [L. sanae of of her youthful days.
sound (1); mentis (of) mind (2); et and (3); bonae Sans argent l'honneur n'est qu'une maladie. Jean
(of)good (4); memoriae (of) memory (5): of sound Racine (1639-1699). Les Plaideurs 1,1. [Fr. sans
mind and good memory.] Old English Law. With a without (1); argent money honneur (2); I' the (3);
sound mind and a reliable memory. Used to indicate honor (4); n\ . une
.qu' merely, only (6); est is (5);
that a testator is mentally fit to make a will. a (7); maladie malady, disease (8): Without money
See compos mentis. honor is only a disease.] Honor without money is
sanatorium or sanitorium or sanatarium or sani- merely a malady. Cf. probitas laudatur etc.
tarium n., pi. sanatoriums or sanatoria, sanito- sans cause adj. Iadv. [Fr. sans without ( 1 ); cause cause
riums or sanitoria, sanatariums or sanataria, (2): without cause.] French Law. Without cause or
sanitariums or sanitaria [L. a healing/curing reason. Sine causa (q.v.). An obligation sans cause
place.] 1. An establishment which provides recu- cannot be enforced.
peration and rest for patients, especially invalids. sans ceremonie adv. [Fr. sans without ( 1 ); ceremonie
. Andropov is still in a special sanitarium for
. . ceremony (2): without ceremony.] Without ceremony.
members of the Communist Party Central Com- Without any ceremony or formality. Informally.
mittee {Newsweek Int. Jan. 2, 1984:8). 2. An
. . .
— adj. Informal. Unceremonious. Cf. sans facon.
establishment that provides treatment for diseases sans-culotte n., pi. sans-culottes [Fr. sans without (1)
requiring protracted attention, such as tuberculosis, culottes pants, breeches (2): without breeches, a rabid
mental disorders, or drug addiction. or ultra-violent republican.] 1 . A member of France's
Sanctae Memoriae abbr. S.M. adj. [L. sanctae of holy, extreme republican party during the Revolution. 2. A
sacred (1); memoriae (of) memory (2): of holy radical or extremist politician or political activist, espe-
memory.] Deceased. ciallyone who does not hesitate to resort to violence.

sanctorium n., pi. sanctoria or sanctoriums [L. a An anarchist. A revolutionary. 3. The lowest echelons
consecrated/sacred place.] A shrine. of society. Cf. hoi polloi.
sanctum n., pi. sancta or sanctums [L. something sa- Sansei n., pi. Sansei or Sanseis [Japan, san three (1);
cred, inviolable, and consecrated.] 1 . A sacred or holy sei generation (2): third generation.] A grandchild of
place. Something that is hallowed. 2. Office, study, a Japanese immigrant to the United States. A third-
or place of retreat. He has at his residence a sanctum generation Japanese- American. Cf. issei and Nisei.
where he whenever he wants to do serious
retires sans facon adv. [Fr. sans without ( 1 ); facon ceremony,
studies. See adytum and sanctum sanctorum. fuss (2): without fuss.] Without any ceremony or fuss.
sanctum sanctorum n. [L. sanctum holy (thing) (1); Informally. In an offhand manner. — adj. Unceremo-
sanctorum of holy (things, matters) (2): holy of holy nious. Informal. Cf. sans ceremonie.
things.] 1. Holy of Holies. The most holy place. 2. A sans frais abbr. S.F. or s.f. adv. [Fr. sans without (1);
place of retreat. A place where a person can go to and frais expenses, cost (2): without expenses.] Without
be free from disturbances. See adytum and sanctum. cost. Free of charge.
353 savoir vivre
sans-gene n. [Fr. sans without ( 1 ); gene shame, restraint sources than to pursue the rivulets.] Looking for the
(2): without shame, offhandedness, over-familiarity.] chief source is better than chasing minor paths.
1 . Lack of self-restraint or constraint. Though he helped See melius est petere etc. Cf. origo rei etc.
himselfto the spoils ofvictory with more than the usual Saturnalia pi. n. An English plural ending is sometimes
sans-gene of a Roman triumphator, he was by. no added to this Latin plural, as Saturnalias. [L. festival
means ungenerous to his soldiers (Cary 1970:355). of Saturn.] 1. Ancient Rome. A very merry festival of
2. Off-handedness. Failure to observe formality or the god Saturn. During the celebration, which began
politeness. on December 1 7th, there were tumultuous festivities,
sans jour adv. [Ft. sans without ( 1 ); jour day (2): with- slaves were granted temporary freedom, gifts were
out day.] Indefinitely. Without appointing any future exchanged and the was presided over by a
festival
day for a meeting. Sine die (q.v.) The court adjourned mock king. Elements of the festival were subse-
at 12:00 noon sans jour. quently incorporated into Christmas and New Year's
sans nombre adj. [Fr. sans without ( 1 ); nombre num- Day celebrations. 2. An orgy. A wild, uncontrolled,
ber (2): without number.] Numberless. Countless. tumultuous spectacle, celebration, or festivity. Members
Sine numero (q.v.). of the football club had a Saturnalia in celebration
sans recours adv. Iadj. [Fr. sans without (1); recours of their victory in this year s competition. 3. Exces-
recourse, appeal (2): without recourse.] Without appeal. sive emotion or immorality. The nation was engulfed
Applicable to qualified endorsement. in such a Saturnalia of moral turpitude that a pro-
Santa Clara n. [Sp. santa holy, sacred, saint ( 1 ); Clara gram of moral reforms became imperative. 4. The
Clare (2): Saint Clare.] 1. A city in Cuba founded in short title for Conviviorum Saturnaliorum Libri
1689. 2. A city in western California. Septem (q.v.) by Macrobius (late 4th/early 5th cen-
Santa Cruz n. [Sp. santa holy, sacred, saint (1); cruz tury A.D.).
cross (2): holy cross.] 1. A city in Bolivia founded satyriasis n., pi. satyriases [Gk. saturiasis from
c.1560. 2. A city in western California. satur(os) satyr, goat-man: condition of a satyr, sexual
Santa Fe n. [Sp. santa holy, sacred, saint (1); fe faith abnormality characteristic of a lewd, goatish man.]
(2): holy faith.] 1. A city in NE Argentina founded Abnormal desire for sexual pleasure by a male.
1573. 2. The capital of New Mexico founded c. 1609. Cf. andromania.
santo n., pi. santos [Sp. saint.] A saint. A holy person. saut du meme au meme [Fr. saut jump, leap (1); du
The image of a saint. from the (2); meme same (3); au to the, toward the,
santon n., pi. santons [Fr. a little saint or holy figure.] in the, by the, with the, until the (4); meme same (5):
Creche (q.v.) figures from Provence. jump from the same to the same.] A mistake in copying
sapere aude [L. sapere to be wise (2); aude dare (1): caused by overlooking words which occur between a
Dare to be wise.] Don't hesitate to use wisdom. word or phrase and its repetition. Cf. homoioteleuton.
Satan n. [Heb. satan adversary, devil.] God's evil adver- sauve qui peut n. [Fr. sauve save oneself, flee, run
sary. A fallen angel. The devil. Cf. Shaitan. away (1); qui who, whoever (2); peut can (3): Flee
sati See suttee. whoever can.] Anyone who can should save himself/
satis adv. [L. enough.] That's enough. Basta (q.v.). herself. A headlong, disorderly, helter-skelter or pre-
satis eloquentiae sapientiae parum [L. satis enough cipitate retreat, withdrawal or flight. A total rout. Each
( 1 ); eloquentiae of eloquence (2); sapientiae of wis- one for himself/herself. Panic. Stampede, a) Theflight
dom (4); parum not enough (3): Enough of eloquence, from office which had already set in during a more
not enough of wisdom.] Enough good speaking but prosperous age ended by becoming a general sauve
not enough wisdom. qui peut (Cary 1 970:74 1 ). b) The result has been
satis liquet. [L. satis adequately, sufficiently (2); liquet an understandable drive toward self-protection in
it is clear, apparent (1): It is adequately clear.] It is some cases and a less attractive spirit of sauve qui
sufficiently clear. peut in others {Newsweek Int. June 23, 1980: 10).
satis superque adj. [L. satis enough ( 1 ); superque and savant n., pi. savants [Fr. a learned or well-informed
above (2): enough and above.] Enough and more than person.] A very learned or erudite person. A scholar.
enough. In the opinion ofthe audience, Angus expla- ' savoir faire or savoir-faire n. [Fr. savoir to know,
nation ofthe distinction between ownership and pos- know how (1); faire to do (2): to know how to do.]
session was satis superque. Social adroitness or tact. Knowing what is to be done
satis verborum [L. satis enough (1); verborum of at the right time. Andrew is a pleasant and versatile
words (2): enough of words.] No more need be said. man whose savoir faire never fails him.
satius est petere fontes quam sectari rivulos. [L. savoir vivre n. [Fr. savoir to know, know how (1);
satius better, preferable (2); est it is (1); petere to vivre to live (2): to know how to live.] Knowing how
seek, strive after (3); fontes sources, fountains (4); to live elegantly. Good manners. Etiquette. Tact. Mrs.
quam than (5); sectari to chase, pursue (6); rivulos Kuntu 's lack of savoir vivre has been causing her
petty streams, rivulets (7): It is better to seek the husband considerable embarrassment.
sayonara 354
sayonara interj. [Japan.] Good-bye. Farewell. See a schema n.,pl. schemas [Gk. schema shape, form.] A I.
bientot. diagram. A model. An outline. 2. Psych. A model used

sayyid or saiyid or syed n. [Ar. lord, prince.] Islam. to organize and understand complex patterns of reality.
1. Title ofHusain (627-669?), the grandson of scherzando adv. [It. joking.] Music. In a joking or play-
Muhammad by his daughter Fatima. 2. A descendant ful fashion. The piece was not written to be played
of Husain. 3. Title for a Muslim dignitary or holy man. scherzando. — adj. Joking or playing. The pianist
S.B. abbr. for Scientiae Baccalaureus (q.v.). played the scherzando passage much too slowly. — n.,
S.C. abbr. for I. senatus consulto (q.v ). 2. senatus pi. scherzandos A musical composition written in a
consultum (q.v ). playful or joking style.
sc. abbr. for 1. scilicet (q.v.). 2. sculpsit (q.v.). scherzo n.,pl. scherzos [It joke.] Music. A musical move-
Scala Caeli n. [scala stair, ladder (1); caeli of sky. ment played in a lively fashion, usually in 3/4 time.
heaven (2): the stair of heaven.] Christianity. 1. The schizophasia n.,pl. schizophasias [Neo-Gk. from Gk.
ladder which leads souls to heaven. Seen in a vision skhiz(O) divide (1); phasis utterance (2): divided ut-
by Jacob in the Old Testament and also by St Bernard. terance.] Incoherent speech of the type characteristic
2. A church in Tre Fontane, near Rome, where this of a person suffering from schizophrenia (q.v.).
vision took place. 3. Any religious site where ben- schizophrenia n., pi. schizophrenias [Neo-Gk. from
efits could be gained for the dead souls. 4. Any way Gk. skhiz(O) divide ( 1 ); phren diaphragm, mind (2):
to achieve religious salvation. divided mind.] An abnormal mental condition in
scala naturae n. [L. scala stair, ladder ( 1 ); naturae of which the patient's thoughts are at variance with his/her
nature (2): the stair of nature.] The great chain of actions. The patient cannot think logically, experiences
being. paranoia, hallucinations, and delusions, and usually
scandalum magnatum abbr. scan. mag. n.,pl. scandala withdraws from the real world and social interaction
magnatum [L. scandalum slander (1); magnatum into a world of fantasy, a) Miller . . . began slipping
of great (persons) (2): slander of great persons.] England. into schizophrenia after an older brother committed
A defamatory publication or speech designed to injure suicide (Newsweek Int. June 27, 1983:38). b) These
a judge, peer, or other high-ranking officer. drugs relieved the hearing of voices and delusions
scan. mag. abbr. for scandalum magnatum (q.v.). typical ofschizophrenia (Newsweek Int. Nov. 12, . . .
Sc.B. abbr. for Scientiae Baccalaureus (q.v.). 1979:60). c) . . . the President's team of economic
Sc.D. abbr. for Scientiae Doctor (q.v.). advisers suffers from a slight case of schizophrenia
scenario n.,pl. scenari or scenarios [It. scene ] 1. The (Newsweek Int. Sept. 28, 1981:38).
outline of a play, film, or opera, including details of schlemiel or shlemiel n., pi. schlemiels or shlemiels
the scenes in their sequence. 2. Imagined or projected [Yid. shlemiel from Heb. selumi'el] An unlucky
sequence of events about to take place, a) Anxious bungler.
policymakers envisioned a number offrightening sce- schlimazel n. [Yid. shlimazl ] An unlucky, incompetent
narios ranging all the way from the inconvenience of person.
an oil-short winter on the Continent to a high-stakes schlock or shlock n. [Yid. shlak ] Poor or inferior
Soviet power play in the Persian Gulf(Newsweek Int. material or merchandise. — adj. Poor. Cheap. Shoddy.
Nov. 10, 1980:13). b) . . . Europe has little chance of schmaltz or schmalz n., pi. schmaltzes or schmalzes
achieving a balance with Japan in the trade arena [Yid. shmalts rendered fat.] Extreme sentimentalism
even under the rosiest scenarios (Newsweek Int. March in music, art, etc. Something which is distastefully
23, 1981:10). 3. Plan of a military campaign. sentimental. . . . the group 's music, which is a cheer-
scene a faire n., pi. scenes a faire [Fr. scene scene, ful mishmash ofincongruous genres, from reggae and
episode (1); a to, toward, in, by, with, until (2); faire country-Western to torchy American schmaltz and
make, do (3): a scene to make.] An episode, scene, classic Motown (Newsweek Int. Jan. 23, 1984:42).
or event in a novel, play, or other piece of creative schmeer or schmear or shmear n. [Yid. shmir smear,
writing which is necessary to the plot. The defense smudge.] A whole lot or group.
team argued that the scenes in question were not schmooze or schmoose v. [Yid. shmues chat ] To gossip
plagiarized but simply scenes a faire which anyone or chat, especially cozily and confidentially. — n. A
would have included.
telling this story cozy, confidential chat.
schadenfreude n. [Ger. Schadenfreude: Schaden schmuck or shmuck n. [Yid. shmok penis, fool.] A
damage, harm, injury (2); Freude joy, glee (1): joy person who is clumsy and easily-deceived.
about injury.] Enjoyment derived from the misfor- schnook n., pi. schnooks [Yid. shnuk snout ] Some-
tune of others. Contrasting sharply with the general one who is easily tricked or deceived.
atmosphere of sincere sympathy was the attitude of schnorrer n., pi. schnorrers [Yid. shnorer begger]
Eva, the victim 's arch-rival, who could not successfiilly Someone who regularly profits from the generosity
disguise her schadenfreude. of others. A parasite.
355 Scorpio
sciens adj.. pi. scientes [L. knowing, understanding.] scintilla n.,pl. scintillae or scintillas [L. spark, glimmer,
Law. Knowing or understanding the implications of trace, particle.]The slightest trace or particle, espe-
an act. The rule that sciens is not volens has given cially of light. The smallest or least particle, a) He
rise to great difficulty in cases between passengers has not adduced a scintilla of evidence to support
in cars and drunken or inexperienced drivers (Rogers his theory, b) There is no scintilla of doubt in my
1975:618). Cf. volens. mind that he is immensely qualified for the job.
scienter adv. [L. knowingly, understanding^. ] Know- scintilla juris n. [L. scintilla spark, glimmer, trace, par-
ingly. Deliberately. Willfully. Intentionally. — n. ticle (1); juris of right, law (2): a particle of right.]
Law. 1. A level of knowledge which makes a person The smallest amount or piece of right or interest. The
legally answerable for his/her act. 2. An allegation, evidence adduced so far clearly indicates that the
in pleading, that the defendant's degree of knowl- plaintiffdoes not have a scintilla juris to the disputed
edge of the circumstances of the cause and his/her property.
conduct make his/her act a crime. — adj. Dealing with scintilla temporis n. [L. scintilla spark, particle (1);
the level of knowledge which makes a person legally temporis of time (2): a particle of time.] The smallest
answerable for his/her act. At common law a person amount of time. Here . . . the mortgagor had had a scin-
might be liable for damage caused by an animal on tilla temporis ofunincumbered ownership . . . (Hanbury
one or more of three distinct grounds, namely, ordi- 1962:398).
nary liability in tort, liability under the scienter rule scire debes cum quo contrahis. [L. scire to know (2);
and liability for cattle trespass (Rogers 1975:392). debes you ought, should (1); cum with (3); quo
scientia. n.,pl. scientiae [L. knowledge.] Knowledge, whom (4); contrahis you are contracting, transacting
particularly the type based on collection and analy- (5): You ought to know with whom you are contract-
sis of verifiable data. Science. ing.] Law. You ought to know the person with whom
Scientiae Baccalaureus abbr. S.B. or Sc.B. n. [L. you are transacting business or making a contract.
scientiae of science, knowledge (2); baccalaureus Cf. qui cum alio etc.
bachelor ( 1 ): Bachelor of Science.] An academic de- scire et scire debere aequiparantur injure. [L. scire
gree for completion of an undergraduate curriculum to know ( 1);et and (2); scire to know (4); debere to
in science. be bound, under obligation (3); aequiparantur are
Scientiae Doctor abbr. S.D. or Sc.D. n. [L. scientiae likened, equaled (5); in in, on (6); jure right, law
of science, knowledge (2); doctor teacher ( 1 ): teacher To know and to be bound to know are likened in
(7):
of science.] Doctor of Science. A terminal

Law. Knowing and being bound to know are
graduate law.]
degree in science. deemed to be the same. See idem est scire etc.
Scientiae Juridicae Doctor abbr. S.J.D. n. [L. scire facias abbr. sci. fa. n. [L. scire to know (2); facias
scientiae (of) science, knowledge (3); juridicae of you should cause, make (1): You should cause/make to
juridical (2); doctor teacher (1): teacher of juridical know.] Law. A judicial writ based upon some matter 1 .
science.] Doctor of Juridical Science. A terminal of record, for instance a judgment, and requiring the
graduate degree injudicial science. person against whom it is issued to show cause why the
Scientiae Magister abbr. S.M. or Sc. M. n. [L. party at whose instance it is issued should not benefit
scientiae of science, knowledge (2); magister master from the record or, in the case of letters patent, why the
(1): Master of Science.] A predoctoral graduate de- record should not be annulled, enforced, or vacated. 2. A
gree in science. legal proceeding prompted by such a writ
scientia scientiarum n. [L. scientia science (1); scire feci n. [L. scire to know (2); feci I have caused
scientiarum of sciences (2): science of sciences.] (1): I have caused to know.] Law. The return of a
Philosophy. sheriff or an officer to a writ of scire facias that notice
scienti et volenti non fit injuria. [L. scienti to the one has been given to the party or parties concerned.
who knows (1); et and (2); volenti to the one who Sc. M. abbr. for Scientiae Magister (q.v.).
wishes/wants non not (5); fit is done (6); injuria
(3); schola cantorum n.,pl. scholae cantorum [L. schola
injury (4): To one who knows and wishes injury is school ( 1 ); cantorum of singers (2): school of singers.]
not done.] Injury is not done to a person who knows A singing group.
and wants it. See qui non improbat, approbat. schottische n.,pl. schottisches [Ger. Schottische Scottish ]
sci. fa. abbr. for scire facias (q.v.). A Scottish dance. A dance popular in 19th-century
scilicet abbr. sc. or scil. or ss. adv. [L. from scire to England and the United States, especially in the south-
know (2); licet it is permitted (1): It is permitted to west, in which several groups of couples move in a
know.] Of course. Namely. That is to say. Videlicet circle at the directions of a caller. Sometimes known
(q.v.). Used to introduce a more specific statement as "the German polka."
or detailed list of things already mentioned generally. Scorpio or Scorpius n. [L. from Gk. skorpios scorpion
— n., pi. scilicets An example of the use of the word. 1 . Astronomy. A scorpion-shaped constellation located
]
scotodinia 356
near Libra and Sagittarius. 2. Astrology. The eighth secundigravida n., pi. secundigravidas [Neo-L.
sign of the zodiac dominant from October 24 through secund(us) second (2); gravida pregnant ( 1 ): pregnant
November 21 . 3. A person born under this sign, for the second time.] Medicine. A woman who is
scotodinia n., pi. scotodinias [Neo-Gk. from Gk. carrying her second pregnancy. A secundigravida
skoto(s) darkness (1); din(eO) whirl (2): whirling in woman. Cf. gravida.
darkness, dizziness, vertigo.] Medicine. Dizziness, secundipara n.,pl. secundiparas [Neo-L. secund(us)
usually accompanied by headache and visual defi- second, for a second time (2); par(io) give birth (1):
ciency. A woman
giving birth for the second time.] Medicine.
scribere est agere. [L. scribere to write (1); est is (2); who has given birth for the second time. A secundi-
agere to act (3): To write is to act.] Law. Writing is parous woman. Cf. multipara.
acting. The writing of treasonable words is equiva- secundum abbr. sec. [L. according to.] According to,
lent to overt treasonable acts. in accordance with.

scripsit v. [L. He/she wrote it] Used to indicate authorship. secundum aequum et bonum adv. [L. secundum accord-
scriptorium n., pi. scriptoria [L. a place for writing ]
ing to, in accordance withaequum the reasonable,
(1);
A room, especially in a monastery, set aside for writing equitable (2); et and (3); bonum the good (4): according
or copying. to the reasonable and good.] Law. According to what is
scriptum n., pi. scripta [L. that which is written.] reasonable and good, i.e., equity. See aequitas
Something written. secundum allegata et probata adv. [L. secundum
scriptum praedictum non est factum suum. [L. scrip- according to, in accordance with (1); allegata
turn writing (2); praedictum previously mentioned charged, alleged (things) (2); et and (3); probata
(1); non not (4); factum deed, act, fact (6);
est is (3); proved (things) (4): according to alleged and proved
suum own (5): The previously
one's own, his/her things.] Law. In accordance with the allegations and
mentioned writing is not his/her deed.] Law. The proofs. See allegata et probata.
written document in question was not written by this secundum artem abbr. S.A. or s.a. or sec. art. adv.
person. Fuller form of non est factum (q.v.). [L. secundum according to, in accordance with (1);
sculpsit abbr. sc. or sculp, or sculps. [L. He/she carved artem art, business, profession (2): according to art.]
it] He/she carved or engraved it. Used to indicate According to the art, business, trade, or profession.
the author of a piece of sculpture. Cf. caelavit. secundum artis leges abbr. S.A.L. or s.a.l. adv. [L.
scutum armorum n. [L. scutum shield (1); armorum secundum according to, in accordance with ( 1 ); artis
of arms (2): shield of arms.] Coat of arms. of art (3); leges rules, laws (2): according to the laws
Scylla n., pi. Scyllas [L. from Gk. Skulle.] 1. Greek of art.] According to the rules of the art, business,
and Roman Mythology. A sea-monster believed to trade, or profession.
inhabit a cave on the headland of the Italian coast secundum bonos mores adv. [L. secundum according
opposite Charybdis. She was said to have twelve feet to (1); bonos good (2); mores customs, usages (3):
and six heads, each equipped with a triple row of according to good customs/usages.] Law. According
teeth. If a ship sailed near the headland, the monster to established/accepted customs.
would seize six sailors at a time and eat them. A sailor secundum formam chartae adv. [L. secundum accord-
who escaped the danger of Charybdis was most likely ing to (1); formam form (2); chartae of writing (3):
to fall into the peril of Scylla. 2. A serious danger. A according to the form of the writing.] Law. According
devastating peril. A good ruler should be adept at the to the form of the deed or charter.
technique of avoiding both the Charybdis of syco- secundum legem abbr. sec. leg., S.L. or s.l. adv. [L.
phants who resort to abject servility and the Scylla secundum according to (1); legem law (2): according
of detractors. Cf. Charybdis. to the law.] Law. In accordance with the law. Anybody
S.D. abbr. for 1 . Scientiae Doctor (q.v.). 2. senatus who perpetrates atrocities should be dealt with secun-
decreto (q.v.). dum legem.
S.D. or s.d. abbr. for 1 . sine dato (q.v.). 2. sine die (q.v.). secundum legem communem adv. [L. secundum
sec. abbr. for secundum (q.v.). according to (1); legem law (3); communem common
sec. art. abbr. for secundum artem (q.v.). (2): according to the common law.] Law. In accor-
sec. leg. abbr. for secundum legem (q.v.). dance with common law.
sec. nat. abbr. for secundum naturam (q.v.). secundum naturam abbr. S.n. or s.n. or sec nat adv. [L.
sec. reg. abbr. for secundum regulam (q.v.). secundum according to ( 1); naturam nature (2): accord-
secretariat n., pi. secretariats [Fr. secretariat office ing to nature.] In accordance with nature. Naturally.
of secretary.] 1 . An administrator, especially govern- secundum naturam est commoda cujusque rei eum
mental, who maintains official records. 2. The office sequi, quern sequuntur incommoda. [L. secundum
space of such an administrator. 3. The staff or depart- in accordance with (2); naturam nature (3); est it is
ment of such an administrator. (1); commoda (that) advantages, profits (4); cujusque
357 semel heres
of each (5); rei (of a) matter, thing, property, busi- sederunt n.,pl. sederunts [L. They sat.] 1 . A long sitting,
ness, affair (6); eum him (8); sequi follow, to follow for instance, for reading, discussion, and relaxation.
(7); quern whom (9); sequuntur follow (11); Members ofthe association organize a sederunt every
incommoda disadvantages, losses (10): It is in accor- Saturday evening during which they hold intellectual
dance with nature that the advantages of each thing discussions. 2. A session of an official body such as
follow him whom the disadvantages follow.] Law. It an ecclesiastical assembly.
is natural that he wjio experiences the disadvantages sede vacante adv. [L. sede with the seat (1); vacante
of a thing should experience its advantages. See qui being vacant (2): with the seat being vacant.] Chris-
sentit commodum etc. and qui sentit onus etc. tianity. While the see of a bishop is vacant.
secundum normam legis adv. [L. secundum according sed fugit interea, fugit inreparabile tempus. Vergil
to (1); normam rule, measure (2); legis of law (3): (70-19 B.C.). Georgics 111,284. [L. sed but (1); fugit
according to the rule of law.] Law. In accordance it flees (3); interea meanwhile (2); fugit it flees (6);
with legal rule. The world would be a better place inreparabile irreparable, irretrievable (4); tempus
for the habitation ofall humankind ifeverybody were time (5): But meanwhile it flees, irretrievable time
to behave secundum normam legis. flees.] But, meanwhile, irretrievable time flies. For
secundum regulam abbr. sec. reg. adv. [L. secundum shorter form, see tempus fugit.
according to (1); regulam rule (2): according to the sed quaere. [L. sed but (1); quaere inquire (2): But
rule.] Law. In accordance with the rule or standard inquire.] Law. Examine this point further. Used to
authority. suggest that the correctness of a statement or rule

secundum tabulas adv. [L. secundum according to (1); laid down is being questioned.
tabulas statutes, tables of the law (2): according to the sed vide [L. sed but (1); vide see (2): But see.] This
tables of the law.] Law. In accordance with the statutes. remark, followed by a quotation or citation, draws
securius expediuntur negotia commissa pluribus, et the reader's attention to a conflicting principle or
plus vident oculi quam oculus. [L. securius more statement.
safely, easily, securely (5); expediuntur are prepared, S.E.e.O. abbr. for salvis erroribus et omissis (q.v ).
settled, arranged, accomplished (4); negotia matters, segue v. [It. It follows. There follows.] 1. Music. To
businesses, affairs ( 1 ); commissa entrusted, assigned move immediately from one compositional unit or
(2); pluribus to more, several (persons) (3); et and theme to another. 2. To move imperceptibly from one
(6); plus more (9); vident see (8); oculi eyes (7); stage, level, or condition to another. The conversa-
quam than (10); oculus eye (11): Matters entrusted tion quickly seguedfrom local gossip to presidential
persons are settled more easily, and eyes
to several politics. — n. A transition. An introduction. He
seemore than an eye.] Assignments are completed adeptly used his political connections as a segue into
more smoothly by several persons (rather than one), the organization.
and several eyes can see more than one. Cf. testis de seicento n. [It. sei six (1); cento hundred (2): the six
visu etc. and testis oculatus etc. hundreds.] The 1600s. The 17th century. Used espe-
secus adv. [L. the contrary, otherwise, not so.] Law. cially in reference to Italian history, literature, and
To the contrary. Otherwise. Used in books to indicate art. Cf. cinquecento; quatrocento; and trecento.
an exception to a stated rule, the rule to be applied in Seigneur n.,pl. Seigneurs [Fr. lord, squire, nobleman.]
different circumstances and the opposite of a previous A gentleman. A feudal lord. A member of the landed
proposition. aristocracy. There was something of the seigneur
sedato animo adv. [L. sedato with settled (1); animo about him in the ease with which he would walk into
(with) mind, intention, purpose (2): with settled inten- the workers homes, ' sit, take lunch, . . . (Chris Dunton
With fixed intention or purpose.
tion.] in West Africa 1986).
se defendendo adv. [L. se himself/herself (2); defend- semble adj. [Fr. It seems. It appears.] Law. Apparently.
endo by/in defending (1): by/in defending himself/ Used, especially in legal judgments and reports, to
herself.] Law. In self-defense. The judge ruled that express an apparent arrangement or a suggestion not
the accused committed homicide se defendendo. confirmed by fact; e.g., a statement made by a reporter
See homicidium se defendendo and vim vi etc. or an obiter dictum (q.v.). Semble, the agent must
sedente curia adv. [L. sedente (with) sitting (2); curia still be employed in his ordinary course of business
with court (1): with the court sitting.] Law. While . . . (Parry 1961:290).
the court was sitting. During the sitting of the court. semel civis semper civis. [L. semel once (1); civis
Seder n.. pi. Sedarim or Seders [Heb. seder order, citizen (2); semper always (3); civis citizen (4):
arrangement.] Judaism. A meal on the first night of Once a citizen, always a citizen.] Law. Citizenship
Passover, commemorating the exodus of the Jews is permanent.
from Egypt, and consisting of prescribed foods and semel heres, semper heres. [L. semel once (1); heres
readings like the Haggadah (q.v.). heir, successor (2); semper always (3); heres heir,
semi-plena probatio 358
successor (4): Once an heir, always an heir.] Law. presumption is always in favor of the person who
The status of heir is permanent, denies an allegation. A rule applicable when opinion
semi-plena probatio See probatio semi-plena, is equally divided. See actori incumbit etc.
semper eadem adj. [L. semper always (1); eadem the semper specialia generalibus insunt. [L. semper
same (things) (2): always the same (things).] Always always (3); specialia special, particular (things) (1);
the same. generalibus general (things) (4); insunt are con-
semper fidelis abbr. semper fi adj., pi. semper fideles tained in, implied in (2): Special things are always
[L. semper always, ever (1); fidelis faithful, trust- implied inThe particular is implied in
general ones.]
worthy (2): Ever faithful.] Always dependable or quando lex est specialis etc.
the general. See
trustworthy. During Ronke 's moments of tribula- semper, ubique, et ab omnibus [L. semper always
tion, all her friends and associates deserted her, ubique everywhere, in every place (2); et and
(1) ;
but Rose, semper fidelis, stood by her side, com- (3);ab from, by (4); omnibus all (5): always, every-
forting, encouraging, and assisting her. The motto where, and by all.] At all times, in all places, and by
of the U.S. Marine Corps. everyone. Human nature is such that there can be
semper idem masc. and neut. sing, form of semper no view, doctrine, tenet, etc. accepted semper, ubique,
eadem (q.v.). et ab omnibus.
semper in dubiis benigniora praeferenda. [L. semper semplice adv./adj. [It. simple, simply.] Music. Simply.
always (1); in in, on (2); dubiis doubtful (things) (3); In a plain way. Without flourish,
benigniora more favorable, liberal (things) £4); sempre adv. [It. always.] Music. Always in the same way.
praeferenda to be preferred (5): Always in doubtful senatus academicus or senatus n., pi. senatus
things more favorable things are to be preferred.] Law. academici or senatus [L. senatus senate (2);
In case of doubt, more favorable interpretations must academicus academic (1): academic senate.] The
always be given preference. See in dubio, pars etc. senate of a university,
semper in stipulationibus et in ceteris contractibus, senatus consulto abbr. S.C. adv. [L. senatus of senate
id sequimur quod actum est. [L. semper always (2) ; consulto by decree, decision (1): by Senate's
(8); in in, on (1); stipulationibus stipulations, agree- decree or decision.] By decree or decision of the
ments (2); et and (3); in in, on (4); ceteris other, all Senate. See senatus consultum.
other (5); contractibus contracts (6); id that (9); senatus consultum abbr. S.C. n.,pl. senatus consulta
sequimur we follow (7); quod which (10); actum [L. senatus of senate (2); consultum decree, decision
est was done ( 1 1): In stipulations and other contracts ( 1 ): decree of the Senate.] Roman Law. A decree of the
we always follow that which was done.] Law. In Roman Senate. In the early Republic, this decree was
stipulations and all other contracts we always con- initially advice to a magistrate, and did not carry the
sider the actual facts. force of law which it acquired in the imperial period.
semper necessitas probandi incumbit ei qui agit. [L. senatus decreto abbr. S.D. adv. [L. senatus of senate
semper always, at all times (1); necessitas compul- (2) ; decreto by decree (1): by decree of the senate.]
sion, urgency, necessity (2);probandi of proving (3); By senatorial decision or decree.
incumbit weighs upon, burdens (4); ei him
settles on, Senatus Populusque Romanus abbr. S.P.Q.R. [L.
(5); qui who (6); agit brings a suit, prosecutes (7): At senatus senate ( 1 ); populus people, citizenry (2); que
all times the compulsion of proving weighs upon him and (3); Romanus Roman (4): Senate and Roman
who brings a suit.] Law. At all times the compulsion People.] Ancient Rome. The Senate and the Roman
of proving a case lies on the plaintiff/prosecution. People. A formulaic expression used in decrees and
See actori incumbit etc. official statements.
semper paratus adj. [L. semper always (1); paratus S. en C. abbr. for societe en commandite (q.v.).
prepared, ready (2): always ready.] Always prepared. senex bis puer [L. senex old man ( 1 ); bis twice, a second
Motto of the Boy Scouts of America. —n. Law. A time (2); puer boy (3): An old man (is) a boy a second
plea by which a defendant, particularly in an action time.] An old man is twice a boy. Cf. bis pueri senes.
of assumpsit, makes an allegation that he has always Senhor abbr. Snr. n., pi. Senhors or Senhores [Port,
been ready comply with what is demanded.

to lord or master.] 1 . Mister or Mr. Prefixed to the name
semper praesumitur pro matrimonio. [L. semper of a man who is Portuguese or Portuguese-speaking.
always (2); praesumitur it is presumed (1); pro in 2.A Portuguese man or one who speaks Portuguese.
favor of, on the side of (3); matrimonio marriage See babu; Herr; Monsieur; san; Sefior; and Signor.
(4): It is always presumed in favor of marriage.] Law. Senhora abbr. Snra n.,pl. Senhoras [Port, mistress.]
The validity of marriage is always presumed. 1 . Mistress or Mrs. Prefixed to the name of a married
semper praesumitur pro negante. [L. semper always woman who is Portuguese or Portuguese-speaking.
(1); praesumitur it is presumed (2); pro in favor of, 2. A Portuguese or Portuguese-speaking woman who is
for (3); negante the one denying (4): Always it is married. Cf. Frau; Fraulein; Madame; Mademoiselle;
presumed in favor of the one denying.] Law. The Senhorita; Senora; Senorita; Signora; and Signorina.
359 sententia non fertur
Senhorita abbr. Snrta n., pi. Senhoritas [Port, young sensu stricto or stricto sensu adv. [L. sensu (in) sense
mistress, young lady.] 1. Miss. Prefixed to the name (2) ; stricto in strict (1): in the strict sense.] Strictly.
of an unmarried woman or girl who is Portuguese or In a narrow sense. Mustapha is, sensu stricto, not my
Portuguese-speaking. 2. A Portuguese or Portuguese- friend, but an acquaintance.
speaking woman who is unmarried. Cf. Frau; sensus verborum est anima legis. [L. sensus sense,
Fraulein; Madame; Mademoiselle; Senhora; meaning (1); verborum of words (2); est is (3);
Senora Senorita; Signora; and Signorina. anima spirit, soul (4); legis of law (5): The sense of
S. en N.C. abbr. for societe en nom collectif (q.v.). words is the spirit of law.] The meaning of the words
Senior abbr. Sr. adj. [L. older.] Older in rank or age. is the soul of the law. Cf. lex plus laudatur etc.
Used as a title in a proper name to indicate the older sensus verborum est duplex, —mitis et asper; et
of two individuals with the same name, especially a verba semper accipienda sunt in mitiori sensu. [L.
father and his son. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Sr. n. — sensus meaning (1); verborum of words (2); est is
senior pi. seniors 1 . A person older in rank or age. A (3) duplex twofold, double (4); mitis mild (5); et
;
senior citizen. 2. A fourth-year student in high school and (6); asper harsh, adverse (7); et and (8); verba
or college. Cf. Junior. words (9); semper always (11); accipienda to be
Se non e vero, e molto ben trovato. Giordano Bruno understood, accepted (12); sunt are (10); in in, on
(15487-1600). [It. se if (1); non not (2); e it is (3); (13); mitiori milder (14); sensu sense (15): The
vero true (4); e it is (5); ben well (6); trovato found meaning of words is twofold, —
the mild and the harsh
(7): If it is not true, it is well found.] Even if it is not meaning; and words are always to be understood in
true, it is a happy discovery. Cf. ben trovato. the milder sense.] Law. Words have two possible
Senor or Senor abbr. S. or Snr. or Sr. n., pi. Sefiores meanings: mild and harsh; they must always be inter-
or Senors [Sp. lord or master.] 1 . Mister or Mr. or preted in the milder sense.
Sir. A title of courtesy used for, or of, a Spaniard or sententia n., pi. sententiae [L. opinion, thought,
a Spanish-speaking man. 2. A Spaniard or Spanish- belief, maxim.] A wise saying or opinion. A Maxim.
speaking man. See babu; Herr; Monsieur; san; —Sententiae Maxims, the title of a collection of
Senhor; and Signor. maxims or proverbs, such as those of Publilius Syrus
Senor a or Senora abbr. Sfira or SRA or Sra n., pi. (first century B.C.).
Senoras or Senoras [Sp. mistress, lady.] 1. Mistress sententia a non judice lata nemini debet nocere. [L.
or Mrs. or Madam. A title of courtesy used for, or of, a sententia sentence, judgment (1); a by (3); non not
married woman who is Spanish or Spanish-speaking. (4) ; judice judge (5); lata passed, delivered (2);
2. A woman who is Spanish or Spanish-
married nemini to no one, nobody (8); debet ought, should
speaking. Cf. Frau; Fraulein; Madame; Mademoi- (6); nocere to do harm, hurt, injure (7): A sentence
selle; Senhora; Senhorita; Senorita; Signora; and passed by not judge should do harm to no one.] Law.
Signorina. A sentence passed by a judge who has no jurisdic-
Senorita or Senorita abbr. Sfirta or SRITA or Srita tion over the case ought to hurt no one. See extra
or SRTA or Srta n.,pl. Senoritas or Senoritas [Sp. territorium jus etc.
young mistress, young lady.] 1 . Miss. A title of cour- sententia contra matrimonium numquam transit in
tesy used for, or of, an unmarried woman or girl who rem judicatam. [L. sententia sentence, judgment
is Spanish or Spanish-speaking. 2. An unmarried (1); contra against, opposite (2); matrimonium
woman who is Spanish or Spanish-speaking. Cf. marriage (3); numquam never (4); transit passes
Frau; Fraulein; Madame; Mademoiselle; Senhora; (5) ; in into, to, against, for (6); rem
matter (8);
Senhorita; Senora; Signora; and Signorina. judicatam decided (7): A judgment against marriage
sensibilia pi. n. [L. perceptible things.] Things that can never passes into a decided matter.] Law. A judg-
be perceived by the senses. ment against marriage is never a final and complete
sensu prep. [L. in the sense (of) ] With the meaning of. judgment.
sensu honesto adv. [L. sensu (in) sense, meaning (2); sententia facit jus, et legis interpretatio legis vim
honesto in honest ( 1 ): in an honest sense.] Honestly. obtinet. [L. sententia sentence, judgment ( 1 ); facit
Frankly. Used of unprejudiced interpretation of makes (2); jus right, law (3); et and (4); legis of law
words. Had he interpreted the words sensu honesto, he (6) ; interpretatio interpretation (5); legis of law (9); vim
would have realized that there is nothing defamatory force (8); obtinet obtains, acquires, has (7): Judgment
in the article. makes right and interpretation of law obtains force
sensu lato adv. [L. sensu (in) sense (2); lato in broad, of law.] Law. Judgment gives a right, and interpreta-
wide (1): in a broad sense.] In a wide sense. tion of the law acquires the force of law. Cf. legis
sensum n., pi sensa [L. something felt or perceived.] interpretatio etc. and omnis interpretatio etc.
Sense-datum. A thing perceived by the senses. sententia non fertur de rebus non liquidis. [L.
sensus n. [L. sense or meaning.] Sense or meaning, sententia sentence, judgment ( 1 ); non not (2); fertur
especially of words. is brought, passed (3); de of, from, about, for (4);
senza sordini 360
rebus matters (5); non not (6); liquidis clear (7): sequestrator oxfern, sequestratrix n.,pl. sequestrators
Judgment is not brought about matters not clear.] or fern, seq u est rat rices [L. one who receives as a
Law. Judgment is not passed on matters which are third party or trustee.] Law. 1 . A person appointed to
not clear. receive sequestered property. 2. A person appointed
senza sordini adv. [It. senza without (1); sordini mutes to execute a writ of sequestration.
(2): without mutes.] Music. With string or brass instru- sequi debet potentia justitiam, non praecedere. [L.
ments unmuted. sequi to follow (3); debet ought, should (2); poten-
separaliter adv. [L. separately.] Law. Used in indict- tia power, authority (1); justitiam justice (4); non
ments to show that the accused persons are charged not (5); praecedere to precede, lead (6): Power
separately. should follow justice, not precede (it).] Law. Power
separatim adv.ladj. [L. separately.] Severally. Apart. should come after, not before, justice. See potentia
Separate. debet sequi etc.
bonorum n. [L. separatio separation (1);

separatio sequitur abbr. seq. n., pi. sequiturs [L. It follows.]
bonorum of goods (2): separation of goods.] Roman Logic. A logical inference from a premise. The article
Law. 1 . (a) The separation of the goods of a decedent is centered on one premise from which the writer
from those of the heir(s). (b) The right of the creditors derives many useful sequiturs. Cf. non sequitur.
of a decedent to insist that his/her goods be kept separate seraglio n., pi. seraglios [It. serraglio from Turk,
from those of the heir(s). 2. The goods of a decedent, sarayi enclosure, harem, palace of a sultan.] 1. A
including the original ones and subsequent additions. harem (q.v.). The portion of a Muslim household
seppuku n. [Japan, from seppu to cut (2); ku abdomen where the women live, completely secluded from the
(1) abdomen-cutting.]
: Hara-kiri (q.v.). rest of society. 2. A Turkish palace. A sultan's resi-
septemvir n.,pl. septemviri or septemvirs [L. septem dence or palace. See zenana.
seven (1); man (2):
vir seven man, one of a body of sera nimis vita est crastina vive hodie. Martial (c.40-
;
seven.] A member of a body, group, board, council, 103/4 A.D.). Epigrammata 1,15. [L. sera late (2);
association, commission or ruling body of seven. nimis too (1); vita life (4); est is (3); crastina of
Meanwhile MacCabe's supporters considered . . . tomorrow, tomorrow's (5); vive live (6); hodie today
convening the Septemviri, the university court, on the (7): Too late is the life of tomorrow; live today.]
ground that MacCabe s opponents had violated a Tomorrow it is too late to live; live today. For a fuller
secrecy rule . . . {Newsweek Int. Feb. 16, 1981:46). form, see non est, crede etc.
Cf. decemvir. serenade n., pi. serenades [Fr. serenade a song in the
Septuaginta n. [L. from sept(em) seven (1 ); -ginta tens open air.] 1. A song sung in the open air at night,
(2) seven tens, seventy.]

: The 3rd century B.C. trans- usually to a beloved. 2. Any song sung in the honor
lation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, traditionally of a particular individual. 3. Music. A composition
said to have been translated by seventy scholars. written for a small instrumental group. — v. To honor
seq. abbr. for 1. sequens (q.v.). 2. sequitur (q.v.). an individual with a song.
seqq. abbr. for 1. sequentes (q.v.) or sequentia. seriatim [L. in a series.] adv. Serially. One by one.
2. sequentibus (q.v.). Separately, a) He received a letter setting forth the
sequamur vestigia patrum nostrorum. [L. sequamur terms ofhis appointment seriatim, b). rather than . .
letus follow (1); vestigia footsteps, tracks (2); laying down general principles, a number of trans-
patrum (of) fathers (4); nostrorum of our (3): Let actions will be taken seriatim (James 1982:246). — adj.
us follow the footsteps of our fathers.] We should Done, arranged, or set down in a series. His speech
follow in the footsteps of our ancestors. is essentially a seriatim rebuttal of the allegations
sequens abbr. seq. adj. In., pi. sequentes or sequentia leveled against him.
abbr. seqq. [L. following.] The following. sermo index animi See index animi sermo.
sequentes or sequentia pi. of sequens (q.v.). servanda est consuetudo loci ubi causa agitur. [L.
sequentibus abbr. seqq. [L. (in) following things.] In servanda to be observed (7); est is (6); consuetudo
the following places. custom, usage, tradition (1); loci of place (2); ubi
sequester n., pi. sequesters [L. trustee, depositary, me- where causa cause, case, reason (4); agitur is
(3);
diator, go-between.]Roman and Civil Law. A person brought (5): The custom of the place where the case
who keeps the property disputed by the litigants, pend- is brought is to be observed.] Law. The custom of
ing the settlement of the suit. the place where the case is being handled must be
sequestratio n. [L. protection under a third party or observed.
trustee.] Roman and Civil Law. Sequestration. The servitia personalia sequuntur personam. [L. servitia
separation or removal of a disputed property from services (2); personalia personal (1); sequuntur
the person in possession, pending the settlement of follow (3); personam person (4): Personal services
the suit in court. It could either be voluntary or ordered follow the person.] Law. The the duties and obliga-
by the court. tions of an individual follow that individual.
361 Shiatsu
servitus n. [L. the condition of a servant, slavery, ease- sesquipedalia pi.n. [L. from sesquipes a distance of
ment, liability.] 1. Roman and Civil Law. Slavery. one and one half feet: one and one half feet.] Extra-
Servitude. 2. Law ofNations. Subjection to another's ordinarily long words.Words of many syllables. Her
domination, contrary to the principles of natural right. lecturewas filled with so many sesquipedalia that
servitus actus n. [L. servitus the condition of a servant, her audience was unable to discern her main point.
slavery, servitude, easement, liability (1); actus of sextipara n.,pl. sextiparas [Neo-L. from sext(us) sixth
the right of way, of the right to drive through a place (2); par(io) give birth (1): giving birth for the sixth
(2): servitude of the right of way.] Law. The right to time.] Medicine. A woman who has given birth for
cross over the land of another. the sixth time. Cf. multipara.
servitus altius non tollendi n. [L. servitus the condition S.F. or s.f. abbr. for 1. sans frais (q.v.). 2. sub finem
of a servant, slavery, servitude, easement, liability ( 1 ); (q.v.).
altius higher (4); non not (3); tollendi of building, S.F.S. abbr. for sine fraude sua (q.v.).
erecting (2): servitude of not building higher.] Law. S.G. abbr. for salutis gratia (q.v.).
A right attached to a building which empowers the Shabbat n. [Heb. sabbat rest ] Judaism. Sabbath (q.v.).
owner to prevent a neighbor from erecting a building shah n. [Pers. shah king.] A hereditary monarch in Persia
higher than his/her own. (Iran).
servitus aquae ducendae n. [L. servitus the condition Shaitan n. [Ar. saytan from Heb. satan adversary,
of a servant, slavery, servitude, easement, liability (1); accuser.] Islam. The devil. Satan. — shaitan pi.
aquae of water (2); ducendae to be conducted (3): shaitans An evil spirit. Cf. Satan.
servitude of water to be conducted.] Law. The right shalom interj. [Heb. salom peace.] Used to greet or
to conduct water to one's property through another's. say farewell in Jewish and also some Christian com-
servitus aquae educendae n. [L. servitus the condition munities. Cf. pax; salaam; and shanti.
of a servant, slavery, servitude, easement, liability (1); shaman n.,pl. shamans [Russ. from Tungusian saman ]
aquae of water (2); educendae to be drawn out (3): A religious figure, especially in northern Asia, with
servitude of water to be drawn out.] Law. The right magical, healing, and seeing powers from the super-
to run off water from one's land into another's. natural world.
servitus aquae hauriendae n. [L. servitus the condition shanti n., pi. shantis [Skt. peace.] Hinduism. A wish
of a servant, slavery, servitude, easement, liability (1); for peace, used as a greeting or as part of the reading
aquae of water (2); hauriendae to be drawn out (3): of the Upanishads. Cf. pax; salaam; and shalom.
servitude of water to be drawn out.] Law. The right shari'a or sharia or shariat or sheria or sheriat n.
to draw out water to one's property from another's. [Ar. shar'iah lawfulness.] Islam. The body of laws
servitus itineris n. [L. servitus the condition of a servant, based on the Koran and the Sunna (q.v.), governing
slavery, servitude, easement, liability (1); itineris of the religion and almost every aspect of life economic,
passage, way, going (2): servitude of passage.] Law. social, political, ethical, domestic, etc.The estab-
The right to cross over another's property. See lished law in every Muslim country. The law of the
servitus viae. land is the harsh Koranic Sharia and is administered
servitus ne luminibus officiatur. n. [L. servitus the bytheulema, {Newsweek Int. March 3, 1980:21).
. . .
condition of a servant, slavery, servitude, easement, sharif or shareef or shereef or sherif n.,pl. sharifs or
liability (1); ne in order that not (2); luminibus to shareefs or shereefs or sherifs [Arab, sharif noble ]
lights (4); officiatur there may be an obstacle (3): A male descendant of Muhammed and his daughter
servitude in order that there not be an obstacle to Fatima. —Sharif An Arab official or ruler, especially
lights.] Law. The right not to have one's windows' the governor of Mecca (q.v.) or the ruler of Morocco.
accessibility to light jeopardized by a neighbor's sharifa n.,pl. sharifas [Arab, feminine form of sharif
building. noble.] The wife of the
ruler of Morocco.
servitus pascendi n. [L. servitus the condition of a shegetz shhotzim [Yid. sheygets] A deroga-
n., pi.
servant, slavery, servitude, easement, liability (1); tory term for a non-Jewish boy. Cf. goy and shiksa.
pascendi of pasturing (2): servitude of pasturing.] sheikh or sheik or sheykh or shaikh or shaykh n., pi.
Law. The right to pasture one's cattle on the property sheikhs or sheiks or sheykhs or shaikhs or shay khs
of another. Cf. jus pecoris pascendi. [Ar. shaykh old man, chief] 1 The chief or head of .
servitus viae n. [L. servitus the condition of a servant, an Arab family, clan, tribe, or village. 2. A prince or
slavery, servitude, easement, liability ( 1 ); viae ofway, governor in Arab or Muslim communities. 3. A Mus-
road (2): servitude of the road.] Law. The right to walk, lim scholar or leader.
ride or drive over another's land. See servitus itineris. shekel n., pi. shekels [Heb. sheqel ] 1. Coinage used
Servus servorum Dei n., pi. Servi servorum Dei [L. in ancient and modern Israel. 2. Money, especially
servus servant ( 1 ); servorum of servants (2); Dei of coins. Used in slang. Cf. denarius and dinaro.
God (3): servant of the servants of God.] One of the Shiatsu n. [Japan, short for shiatsuryoho: shi finger ( 1 );
Pope's titles. atsu pressure (2); ryoho treatment (3): finger pressure
shibboleth 362
treatment.] A form of Japanese massage in which could cure by usual things, new things are not to be
finger and palm pressure is used on areas treated in attempted.] If you can cure a malady by using familiar
acupuncture. drugs, you need not try new ones. See numquam
shibboleth n.,pl. shibboleths [Heb. shibbOlet stream, decurritur etc.
flood, ear of grain.] I. The word used by Jephthah, sic adv. [L. so, thus, in this way.] 1 . In such manner. In
when crossing the Jordan, to distinguish the this manner. As follows. 2. Intentionally written in
Gileadites, his followers, from the Ephraimites, who this way. Used after a printed word or passage to
pronounced "sh" as "s" (Judges XII:6). 2. A word so show that it was deliberately written in that way or
difficult for foreigners to pronounce that it is used as that it is an exact reproduction of the original. Used
an acid test to distinguish foreigners from indigenous to criticize a writer's language or view without saying
inhabitants. 3. A
custom or practice which distin- so explicitly.
guishes one group from another. Ownership of a Sic et non n. [L. sic thus, in this way, yes (1); et and
Peugeot 504 saloon car is increasingly ceasing to (2); non not, no (3): yes and no.] Yes and no, the title
be the shibboleth of the middle class ofNigeria. 4. A of a theological work by Peter Abelard (1079-1 142).
slogan. A catchword. An almost meaningless expres- — sic et non n., pi. sic et nons A form of medieval
sion or saying which is usually used by members of argumentation in which scriptural passages were offered
Language which is almost exclusively used
a group. in a series of exchanges without commentary.
by members of a particular group. 5. A platitude. A sic itur ad astra. Vergil (70-19 B.C.). AeneidlXML
commonplace idea or saying. All of them are highly [L. sic so, thus, in this way (1); itur there is a going
individual, all discuss some aspect ofthat worn shib- (2); ad to, at, for, according to (3); astra stars (4): In
boleth, the American Dream {Time Int. 1980). this way there is a going to the stars.] This is the path
shikar n. [Hindi shikar hunt.] 1. The act of hunting. (or way) to the stars. This is what should be done, if
2. That which is hunted. Game. v. To hunt. — one wants to achieve success, fame, prosperity, etc.
shikari n., pi. shikaris [Hindi shikari hunter ] I. A sic passim adv. [L. sic so, thus, in this way ( 1 ); passim
hunter of big game. 2. Someone who guides such a in different places, scattered about far and wide (2):
hunter. thus in different places.] So throughout. Usually used
shiksa or shikse n. [Yid. shikse.] A derogatory term to show that an idea, view, word or error, etc. can be
for a non- Jewish girl. Cf. goy and shegetz. found at different places throughout a book or other
shiva or shivah or shibah n. [Heb. shib'ah seven ]
published source.
Judaism. A period of mourning for seven days fol- sic semper tyrannis [L. sic thus, in this way (1); semper
lowing a funeral. always (2); tyrannis to tyrants, despots (3): Thus always
shlemiel See schlemiel. to tyrants.] This is the way tyranny (or despotism)
Shoah n. [Heb. destruction.] The Holocaust. The perse- should always end. This should be the fate of all tyrants
cution of European Jews by the Nazis. (or despots). Spoken by John Wilkes Booth ( 1 838—
shogun n., pi. shoguns [Japan, general.] A Japanese 1865) when Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865)
killing
warlord. Tycoon 1 (q.v.). on April 14, 1865. Motto of the State of Virginia.
S.H.V. or s.h.v. abbr. for 1 . sub hac voce (q.v.). 2. sub sic transit gloria mundi. Thomas a Kempis (1380—
hoc verbo (q.v ). 1471). Imitatio Christi 1,3,6. [L. sic so, thus, in this
si alicujus rei societas sit et finis negotio impositus way (1); transit passes by; passes away (2); gloria
est, finitur societas. [L. si if (1); alicujus of any, glory (3); mundi of world, universe (4): Thus passes
some (4); rei (of) matter, thing, property, business, away the glory of the world.] Such is the transitory
affair (5); societas partnership, association (3); sit nature of worldly glory or success. Ifwe are still here to
there should be (2); et and (6); finis end, termination witness the destruction of our planet some five billion
(7); negotio business, affair (10); impositus imposed, years or more hence, then we will have achieved
put on (9); est is, has been (8); finitur is ended, ter- something so unprecedented in the history oflife that
minated (12); societas partnership, association (1 1): we should be willing to sing our swan song with joy.
If there should be a partnership of any affair and an Sic transit gloria mundi {Newsweek Int. March 29,
end has been imposed on the business, the associa- 1982:44).
tion is ended.] Law. If there is a partnership for a sicut alias n. [L. sicut just as, as (1); alias at another
venture and the business is subsequently terminated, time, some other time (2): just as at another time.] Law.
the partnership is similarly terminated. Cf. solvitur A second writ sent out when the first could not be
adhuc societas etc. executed.
si assuetis mederi possis, nova non sunt tentanda. sic utere tuo ut alienum non Iaedas. [L. sic so, thus,
by usual, familiar (things) (4);
[L. si if (1); assuetis in this way, in such a way (3); utere use (1); tuo
mederi to heal, cure (3); possis you could, should be yours (2); ut that (4); alienum another's (7); non
able (2); nova new (things) (5); non not (7); sunt are may hurt (5): Use yours in such a
not (6); laedas you
(6); te(mp)tanda to be attempted, tried (8): If you way that you may not hurt another's.] Law. Use your
363 si monumentum
property in such a way that you do not hurt another's. at Rome, live in the Roman way; / if you will have
See aedificare in tuo etc.; expedit reipublicae etc.; been elsewhere, live just as there.] When in Rome,
interest reipublicae ne sua etc.; interest reipublicae do as the Romans do. When you are elsewhere, live
ut quilibet etc.; ita utere tuo etc.; and prohibetur as they do there.
ne quis etc. Sig. abbr. for 1. Signor (q.v.). 2. Signora (q.v.).
sicut me Deus adjuvet. [L. sicut so (1); me me (4); Signor or Signore abbr. S. or Sig. n., pi. Signors (for
deus God (2); adjuvet may help (3): So may God Signor only) or Signori (for both) [It. lord, master.]
help me.] So help me, God. 1 . Mister or Mr. or Sir. Prefixed to the name of an
sicut natura nil facit per saltum, ita nec lex. [L. sicut adult male Italian. 2. A high-ranking adult male Italian.
so as, just as (1); natura nature (2); nil nothing (4); See babu; Herr; Monsieur; san; Senhor; Senor;
facit does (3); per by, through (5); saltum leap, and Signor.
bound (6); ita so, thus, in this way (7); nec also not, Signora abbr. S. or Sig. n., pi. Signoras or Signore
and not, nor (8); lex law (9): Just as nature does noth- [It. lady, mistress.] 1. Madam.
Mistress or Mrs. or
ing by a leap, so also the law does not.] Both nature name of a married Italian woman. 2. A
Prefixed to the
and the law change slowly. See natura non facit high-ranking married Italian woman. Cf. Frau;
saltum etc. Fraulein; Madame; Mademoiselle; Senhora;
Si Dieu n'existait pas, il faudrait 1'inventer. Voltaire Senhorita; Senora; Senorita; and Signorina.
(1694-1778). Epitres XCVI. [Fr. si if (1); Dieu God Signorina n.,pl. Signorinas or Signorine [It. young
(2) ; n' . . . pas not (4); existait existed (3); il it (5); lady, young mistress.] 1. Miss. Prefixed to the
faudrait would be necessary (6); 1' him (8); inventer name of an unmarried Italian woman or girl as a
to invent, devise (7): If God did not exist, it would title of courtesy. An Italian woman or girl who is
2.
be necessary to invent him.] The concept of God unmarried. Cf. Frau; Fraulein; Madame; Made-
would be necessary even if there were no God. moiselle; Senhora; Senhorita, Senora; Senorita;
si dis placet adv. [L. si if ( 1 ); dis to the gods (3); placet and Signora.
it is pleasing (2): if it is pleasing to the gods.] If the si ingratum dixeris, omnia dixeris. [L. si if (1);
gods are willing. ingratum ungrateful, unthankful (3); dixeris you will
si duo in testamento pugnantia reperientu r, ultimum have said (2); omnia all (5); dixeris you will have
est ratum. [L. si if (1); duo two (2); in in, on (5); said (4): If you will have said ungrateful, you will
testamento will (6); pugnantia fighting (things) (3); have said all.] If you say that a person is ungrateful,
reperientur will be found (4); ultimum the last (7); you have said it all.
est is (8); ratum valid, confirmed (9): If two fighting silent enim leges inter arma. Cicero (106-43 B.C.).
things will be found in a will, the last is valid.] Law. Pro Milone IV, 1 1 . [L. silent are silent, enim
still (3);
If two conflicting clauses are found in a will, the last for (1); leges laws (2); inter among, between (4);
is accepted. See cum duo inter se etc. and testa- arma arms, weapons (5): For laws are silent among
menta cum duo etc. arms.] During war the laws are silent/inactive; i.e.,
siddur n., pi. siddurim [Heb. arrangement.] Judaism. during war "the law of military necessity" operates.
A book of prayer. Also inter arma silent leges.
Sieg Heil inter/. [Ger. Sieg victory (2); heil hail, long silentio consentionem significat. [L. silentio silence
life to (1): Hail, victory.] The Nazi salute. — n., pi. (1); consentionem consent, agreement (3); significat
Seig Heils The shouting of the Nazi salute. The Sieg means, signifies (2): Silence means consent.] Silence
Heils ofthe crowd were enthusiastic and long-lasting. gives consent. Cf. qui tacit consentit.
sierra n.,pl. sierras [Span, rugged mountains.] A rugged s'il vous plait abbr. S.V.P. [Fr. s' if (1); il it (2); vous
mountain range, i.e., one with many sharp and steep you (4); plait pleases (3): if it pleases you.] If you
points. Used to identify several ranges in the south- please. Please. Cf. bitte schon; bitte sehr; per
western United States, including the Sierra Madre favore; prego; and por favor.
and Sierra Nevada. simile n., pi. similes [L. like, similar, resembling.]
siesta n., pi. siestas [Sp. an afternoon nap.] A midday Rhetoric. A figure of speech in which two things are
nap. An afternoon rest. A short rest or sleep. Students compared. It is usually introduced by words such as
of the school have siesta every afternoon from 3:00 "like," "as," and "just as;" e.g., "As busy as a bee."
to 4:00 P.M. similia similibus curantur. [L. similia like, similar
si fueris Romae, Romano vivito more; / si fueris alibi, (things) (1); similibus with similar, like (things) (3);
vivito sicut ibi. Jeremy Taylor (1613-1667). [L. si curantur are cured, healed (2): Similar things
if ( 1 ); fueris you will have been (2); Romae at Rome should be cured with similar things.] Similar rem-
(3) ; Romano in Roman (5); vivito live (4); more edies are used to cure similar diseases. A principle
(in) way, manner (6); si if (7); fueris you will have of homeopathy.
been (8); alibi elsewhere (9); vivito live (10); sicut si monumentum requiris circumspice. [L. si if (1);
just as; as (1 1); ibi there (12): If you will have been monumentum monument (3); requiris you seek,
simpatico 364
look fix p . circumsp+ce look, around (4V If \oe persons. ifus~. fjVor.V cXv
look for a monument, ^vk around ] If you are look- unJbivwn cv^nmined rite act.
rg for - rcrera mcmcment. 7r.e sine animo re>- enendi j.r. ;i sine - mo_: : . animc
tomb inscnpDoo of Christopher Wren ( 1 652-1 723) mud. liiim pfc re%rrtemfi of returning (3 r. without
in Sl Paul's Cnmuhri m Ijomkm Cf si quaeris me intention returning.] With no intent of returning,
peninsulam amoenam cireumspice See animus non revertendi
simpaoco j.: Soar vear e. ag-eear e
. s.m ir sine animo revocandi juV [L. sine without (1); aumno
i::r?ca...rg.rr.:virg 3
simplei m$ [L. simple.] Having a simpie strjctune. — out the intention of mailing ] Wim bo intention of
i . .m >e-:e-ce gee me me srucrcre wh:eh has re-. .>cr.g C: animo revocandi and anim
a simple form. sine anno orr^ S-A. or s-a. cJ. [L sine without (
non obtigat. T_. simplei simme anno ear I ~ ; _: i > ear ] Undated
roc .5 . obtigat hinds. mcves .an e a Srmme reco-rr- reason _ - r out reason.] For bo reason . v
does not bind] Mere 1 1 1—n oriuif of
:b% a\endccis no: 2 guarantee ::" u< auao.r. sine dato jo- SJ). or suL <*£ [L. sine without (1);
See ca> eat emptor. dato given (1): without a given (day V] Without date.
Horace (co^ B.CA Odm L>J>. [L. Undated.
aple ( I munditiis n neatnesses, sine deereto -im. T sine without ( 1 decreto resokt-
(2): sample m elegances.] Elegant m szm- txxu decree, dec mmi (2X without (Ri skmfa iilumm ]
i
pliciry. Simple atnt Law. Without a judge's atrthority.
obtigat. T. simplex s mr e 1 . sine die jhh- SJ). or s.d L sine wirhout(l); tfe
: . non no: 5 . obtigat r.ncs ca;. I • mo_: ca> ; thou: an> rusher da> re ng
ncnal hcnd :s not h:nd:ng — u.
simpocitas est legibus arnica. 1 simpticitas s:m.ruc:t> aa> Se ng r.xec 1
>.mr on. >~r~a :;i-i a-s As-- re sine fraude sua _r - S.F.S. u.r. ]L. sine without ilk
or rarura r.terrreta: on 0: the : • s s the Sest. frande fraud (3); an his her own (2> without his
nka: et nimia subtilitas in her owa fraud.] Law. With no fraud on his her part
jure reprobarur. [L simpticitas sanpoory (IV est sine ira et studio o*Y Tacitus (c-55-cll7 A.D.).
si .legibus :c aws a arnica fa-, orame. rher.do. a-jzl&L: ^ sine w thout ii » I ,
(3); et nimia :cv much. uuajMWk (6);

and (5); (2); et and (3\; r mdm prtt i 1
miji (40 without in-
(7); ui in. on (Sfc jnre right, fanr

sabtkty dismtion and partisanship L] Without negame emooon
- . reprobarur s jondemnec. a .sarrre eo • : arc ...thoc: aicng sides. .•?
.] Law. Snnphcirs is ssue #dMu

ressnre suhcet> of mearmg sine legrrima prole or sine prole legrrima Jon*- SJ—P
il Japwh ill or sJ-pc or SJ»X. or s-pJ. ad\\ adj [L. sum without
s.~r > ; L- i<c
-•
3> tse.fre-se leginma eg.nm-e. a.o_ : prole r^srr.ng.
: . .
child (3 1 without legitimate oflfepring or issue.] With

children. See decessit sine prole
simulacmms T sine loco aiir SJ_ or sJ. adv. [L. sue without (It
loco pUce uV. without place.] No place of putfic*
^. Mr. S^:-:«:t^ . sine loco, anno (veD nomine coo- SX.A^V otsJjj.
hasbeenpiocedmfrtmtof ad\ [L. sine without (1>; loco place(Zt mmmm year
: A semh ance. A shadowy , 3 vd or 4); nomine name (5* without place. >ear
.
is : .: JC:ran.j..- :r name W
th.:ct i-.e riace
; r-r oar. on. > ear 0:
sine loco et anno con- sd. et a. T_. sine --th.oct
[L simnlatthc'— r tor. together. locophce(2):ctaod(3); an*o>ear (4i without

(1);
(IX cum win (2Y together with.]

Law. Along wufc. Accompnmod by. Used m actions
of tort ami piUAiulkm to stmufy mat me wrong m
puce and year ] Without puce or > ear of puNKaoon.
sue mascuia prole or sine prole mascmla
or sjh4>- or
S3LF.
SJ»AL or &4>m. adv. ou)L [L.
^ suewmV
w 2s rerrec-arec r> some vnowa ami uuinuw
: out \ 1 l tOTh male, masnihne (2 U
365 si quid universitati
child (3): withoutmale offspring or issue.] Without the fortifications of Troy, subsequently released the
male children. Without sons. See decessit sine prole Greek warriors locked up in the "horse" and joined
mascula. them in sacking Troy. 2. A perfidious person. A trai-
sine nomine abbr. S.N. or s.n. adv. [L. sine without tor who achieves his ends by telling false stories. A
( 1 );nomine name (2): without name.] Anonymously, Sinon, who had wormed his way into the organiza-
sine numero adj. [L. sine without (1); numero number tion, was exposed and expelled.
(2) : without nurftber.] Without limitation or stint. si non appareat quid actum est, erit consequens ut
Sans nombre (q.v.). id sequamur quod in regione in qua actum est
sine possessione usucapio procedere non potest. [L. frequentatur. [L. si if (1); non not (2); appareat it
sine without (5); possessione possession (6); is evident, apparent (3); quid what (4); actum est
usucapio usucaption, prescription ( 1 ); procedere to was done (5); erit it will be (6); consequens fit (7);
proceed (4); non not (3); potest can, is able (2): Usu- ut that (8); id that (10); sequamur we follow (9);
caption cannot proceed without possession.] Law. quod which ( 1 1 ); in in, on ( 1 3); regione region, dis-
Prescription cannot be effected without possession. trict, place (1 4); in in, on ( 1 5); qua which ( 1 6); actum
Cf. praescriptio est titulus etc. and transferuntur est it was done (17); frequentatur is usually done
dominia etc. (12): If it is not evident what was done, it will be fit
sine prole abbr. S.P. or s.p. adv. [L. sine without ( 1 ); that we follow that which is usually done in the district
prole offspring, offshoot (2): without offspring/issue.] in which it was done.] Law. If the terms of the agree-
Without children. Mr. Jones died sine prole at the ment are not clear, we need to apply the terms usually
age of 68. See defunctus sine prole and mortuus observed in the place where the agreement was made.
sine prole. si opus sit abbr. S.O.S. [L. si if (1); opus need (3); sit
sine prole legitima See sine legitima prole. there should be (2): if there should be the need.]
sine prole mascula See sine mascula prole. Should the need arise. Should the occasion demand
sine prole superstite abbr. S.P.S. or s.p.s. adv. [L. or require. If necessary.
sine without (1); prole offspring, child (3); si parva licet componere magnis Vergil (70-19 B.C.).
superstite surviving, remaining alive (2): without Georgics IV, 176. [L. si if (1); parva small (things)
surviving offspring.] Without a surviving child. See (4) ; licet it is allowed, permitted (2); componere to
decessit sine prole superstite. compare, contrast (3); magnis with great (things) (5):
sine qua non n., pi. sinequa nons [L. sine without If it is allowed to compare small things with great
(1); qua which (2); non not (3): without which not.] things.] If one may compare the small with the great.
Something considered essential or indispensable. Air is Cf. magna componere parvis.
a sine qua non for human existence. — adj. Essential. si plures sint fidejussores, quotquot erunt numero,
Absolutely necessary. Indispensable. Any official who singuli in solidum tenentur. [L. si if (1); plures
thinks that he is sine qua non is obviously living in a more, several (3); sint there should be (2); fidejussores
fool 's paradise. guarantors, sureties (4); quotquot how many soever
sine strepitu adv. [L. sine without ( 1 ); strepitu confused (5) ; erunt they shall be (6); numero in number (7);
noise, din (2): without confused noise.] Without acri- singuli individual (persons), several (persons) (9);
mony or rancor. Quietly. Visitatorialpanels are expected in into, to, against, for (10); solidum the whole, entire
to settle disputes or solve problems sine strepitu. (11); tenentur they are held, bound (8): If there
singspiel n., pi. singspiels [Ger. Singspiel: sing(en) should be several guarantors, how many soever they
sing (1); Spiel play (2): sing play.] A form of enter- shall be in number, they are bound (as) individual
tainment in 1 8th-century Germany
which comic in (persons) into the whole.] Law. If there should be
dialogue is combined with the singing of folk songs. several guarantors, whatever be their number, they
singuli in solidum adj. [L. singuli several, individual are bound individually for the entire sum.
(1); in into, to, against, for (2); solidum the whole, si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspice. [L si
entire (3): several into the whole.] Law. Severally for if (1); quaeris you look for, seek (2); peninsulam
the whole. Severally liable for the entire amount due. peninsula (4); amoenam pleasant, pleasing (3);
singuli in solidum tenentur. [L. singuli several, indi- circumspice look around (5): If you look for a pleasing
vidual (2); in into, to, against, for (3); solidum the peninsula, look around.] If you seek a pleasant penin-
whole, entire (4); tenentur they are held (1): They sula, look around. Motto of the State of Michigan.
are held several into the whole.] Law. They are liable Cf. si monumentum requiris circumspice.
severally for the entire amount due. Each of them is si quid universitati debetur singulis non debetur, nec
liable for the whole amount. quod debet universitas singuli debent. [L. si if ( 1 );
Sinon n.,pl. Sinons [Gk. Sinon ] Greek Mythology.

1. quid anything (2); universitati to aggregate, entirety,
A Greek who, pretending to have deserted the Greek corporation (4); debetur is owed (3); singulis to indi-
forces at Troy, told the Trojans false stories about vidual (persons) (7); non not (5); debetur it is owed
the wooden horse, persuaded them to drag it within (6) ; nec nor, and not (8); quod (that) which, what (9);
si quis praegnantem 366
debet owes (1 1); universitas aggregate, corporation dolendum to be suffered (6); est it is (5); primum
(10); singuli individual (persons) (12); debent owe first (7); ipsi (by) self (9); tibi by you (8): If you
(13): If anything is owed to a corporation, it is not want me to weep, it is to be suffered / first by you
owed to individuals, and what the corporation owes yourself.] If you want me to shed tears, you yourself
individuals do not owe.] Law. If anything is owed to must first suffer.
a corporation, it is not owed to the individual mem- si vis pacem, para bellum. you want,
[L. si if (1); vis
bers, nor do the individual members owe what the wish (2); pacem peace (3); para prepare for (4);
corporation owes, bellum war (5): If you want peace, prepare for war.]
si quis praegnantem uxorem reliquit. non videtur If you wish for peace, get ready for war. Cf. qui
sine liberis decessisse. [L. si if (1); quis any (man) desiderat etc.
(2) praegnantem pregnant (4); uxorem wife

; (5); S.J. or s.j. abbr. for sub judice (q.v.).
reliquit left (3); non not (6); videtur he seems (7); S.J.D. abbr. for Scientiae Juridicae Doctor (q.v.).
sine without (9); liberis children (10); decessisse to skepsis or scepsis n. pi.
, skepses or scepses [Gk. exami-
have departed (8): If any man left a pregnant wife, nation, consideration, speculation.] Skepticism. Critical
he does not seem to have departed without children.] attitude or outlook. Skeptical approach.
Law. If a man dies, leaving behind a pregnant wife, skoal interj [Dan. and Norw. from skaal cup.]
. A drink-
he is deemed not to have died childless. ing toast. Cf. mazel tov and Salute.
sirdar n. [Hindi sardar from Pers. sar head (1); dar S.L. ors.l. abbr. for 1. secundum legem (q.v ). 2. sine
holder (2): head holder.] An individual of great rank. loco (q.v.).
Siren n.,pl. Sirens [L. from Gk. Seiren] Greek Mythol- S.L.A.N. or s.l.a.n. abbr. for sine loco, anno (vel) nom-
ogy. A sea creature, often half-female and half-bird, ine (q.v.).
which charms sailors with her song and leads them s.l. et a. abbr. for sine loco et anno (q.v.).
to death. — siren 1 . A seductive and dangerous female S.L.P. or s.l.p. abbr. for sine legitima prole (q.v.).
of great beauty. 2. A device used to emit a loud, warning S.M. abbr. for 1. Sanctae Memoriae (q.v ). 2. Scientiae
sound. Magister (q.v.).
sirocco or sciroccos n., pi. siroccos or sciroccos [It. smorgasbord n.,pl. smorgasbords [Swed. smorgas-
scirocco wind from the south or south-east.] A warm, bord: smor butter (1); gas goose (2); bord table (3):
humid southern wind, especially one blowing from buttered goose table.] 1. A self-serve meal consisting
North Africa across the Mediterranean into southern of a variety of dishes served on a sideboard. 2. A
Europe. mixture. A collection. Miscellanea (q.v.). The ad-hoc

situs n.,pl. situs [L. situation, location, position, site.] committee met with a smorgasbord of ideas which
The place where something originates, exists, or is were suggested to honor the occasion.
considered to belong for purposes of legal jurisdic- S.M.P. or s.m.p. abbr. for sine mascula prole (q.v.).
tion or taxation. S.N. or s.n. abbr. for 1. secundum naturam (q.v ).
situs inversus viscerum n. [L. situs position (2); 2. nomine (q.v.).

sine
inversus inverted (1); viscerum of the vital organs Snr. abbr. for Senhor (q.v.).
(3) inverted position
: of the vital organs.] Medicine. Snr. abbr. for Senor (q.v.).
A condition in which the position of the internal body Snra. abbr. for Senhora (q.v.).
organs is reversed. Snra. abbr. for Senora (q.v.).
sit venia verbo abbr. s.v.v. [L. sit let there be ( 1 ); venia Snrta. abbr. for Senhorita (q.v.).
pardon (2); verbo for the word (3): Let there be par- Snrta. abbr. for Senorita (q.v.).
don for the word.] Forgive (or pardon) the expression. sobriquet or soubriquet n., pi. sobriquets or
Sitzkrieg n.,pl. Sitzkriege or Sitzkriegs [Ger. Sitz seat soubriquets [Fr. A nickname.
sobriquet nickname ]
( 1 ); Krieg war (2): seat war, sedentary or sitting war.] A fanciful name or epithet, a) Hisfilm-making prowess
Warfare by avoiding major battles, a) . . . the mountain has earned him the sobriquet 77 Maestro "... (Newsweek '
war sputtered into something like a sitzkrieg {Newsweek Int. March 12, 1979:57). b) Jerry Rowlings, Ghana 's
Int. March 12, 1979:22). b) Quintus Fabius Maximus, Head ofState, has a number ofsobriquets, including
acknowledging Hannibal 's superior generalship, "J.J.,
" "Junior Jesus, " "Jerry the Savior" and "Jerry
"
took to sitzkrieg with the intention ofwearing out the is our Moses.
enemy. Cf. blitzkrieg. societas n., pi. societates [L. co-partnership, associa-
si vis amari, ama. Seneca (c.4 B.C.-65 A.D.). Epistles tion in business.] Roman and Civil Law. Partnership
IX,4. [L. si if (1); vis you wish, want (2); amari to or contract by which two or more persons unite their
be loved (3); ama love (4): If you wish to be loved, resources in a common stock to share in the profits.
love.] If you want to be loved, be loving. societas leonina or leonina societas n. [L. societas
si vis me flere, dolendum est / primum ipsi tibi. partnership (1); leonina of lions (2): partnership of
Horace (65-8 B.C.). Ars Poetica 102-103. [L. si if (1); lions.] Roman Law. Applicable to a proposed part-
vis you wish, want (2); me me (3); flere to weep (4); nership in which some of the partners take all the
.
367 solo cedit
profits, while the rest get nothing. Such partnership name.] Law. A partnership in which all the partners
is void ab initio (q.v.). The expression is derived from are liable jointly and severally.
the story of the lion which formed a hunting partner- sociinomine pi. n. [L. socii comrades, partners (1);
ship with other animals and took all the prey. nomine in name (2): partners in name.] Nominal
societas navalis n. [L. societas partnership, associa- partners. Partners in name only.
tion (1); navalis of ships (2): partnership/association socius criminis n.,pl. socii criminis [L. socius associate,
of ships.] An association in which a number of ships partner, accomplice (1); criminis of crime (2): asso-
sail together to facilitate mutual protection. ciate of crime.] Law. Associate/partner/accomplice
societasomnium bonorum n. [L. societas partnership, in crime. Accessory. See particeps criminis. Cf. in
association (1); omnium of all (2); bonorum (of) pari delicto.
goods (3): partnership of all goods.] Roman Law. A soi-disant adj. [Fr. soi oneself (2) disant calling (1):
partnership which covers all the goods of the associates calling oneself, so-called, self-styled.] Supposed. Pre-
or partners. See societas universorum bonorum. tended. Would-be. The police have warned the general
Societas Sanctae Crucis abbr. S.S.C. n. [L. societas public to be on their guard against a soi-disant busi-
society ( 1 ); sanctae of holy (2); crucis (of) cross (3): nessman who has been duping unwary traders.
Society of the Holy Cross.] Roman Catholic Church. soiree or soiree n., pi. soirees or soirees [Fr. evening
A religious society founded in London in 1855 by a party.] A party, reception or assembly in the evening.
small group of Anglo-Catholic priests led by Father The tragedy was that they . . . were not prevented . .
Charles Lowder. from relating their exploits with amusement to provide

societas universorum bonorum n. [L. societas part- entertainment at colonial soirees (Suret-Canale
nership ( 1 ); universorum of entire (2); bonorum (of) 1971:321).
goods (3): partnership of entire goods.] Universal sola ac per se senectus donationem, testamentum
partnership. A partnership which includes all the aut transactionem non vitiat. [L. sola alone (1); ac
goods of the partners. See societas omnium and (2); per by, through (3); se itself (4); senectus
bonorum. old age (5); donationem gift (8); testamentum will
societe abbr. ste n.,pl. societes [Fr. society, association, (9); aut or ( 1 0); transactionem transaction (11); non
company, partnership.] French Law. An association, not (6); vitiat vitiates, nullifies (7): Alone and by
society, partnership, or company. itself, old age does not vitiate a gift, will, or transac-
societe anonyme abbr. S.A. n.,pl. societes anonymes tion.] Law. Old age, alone and by itself, does not nullify
[Fr. societe society, association, company, partnership a gift, will or transaction.
(2); anonyme anonymous (1): anonymous society.] solatium n., pi. solatia [L. solacium comfort, conso-
1 . French Law. Originally, a partnership in which the lation, relief, solace.] Something which compensates
name of only one member is used for conducting busi- for, or alleviates, loss, suffering, or inconvenience.
ness, all other partners being strictly secret. 2. Civil Damages or compensation for injured feelings.
Law. A corporation in which the liability of all the soliste n., pi. solistes [Fr. soloist.] Ballet. A solo dancer.
partners is limited to the capital they have invested. solitaire n.,pl. solitaires [Fr. solitary.] 1.A hermit. A
Limited liability company. Cf. commandite. person who lives alone. 2. Games. A card game
societe d'acquets n.,pl. societes d'acquets [Fr. societe played by one person or a game for more than one
society, association, company, partnership ( 1 ); d' of person based upon that game. 3. A piece of jewelry
(2); acquets acquisitions (3): partnership of acquisi- with only one gem in its setting.
tions.] Law. A written contract made by a married solitudinem faciunt pacem appellant. Tacitus (56/57
couple in which they agree to consider as joint prop- A.D.-C.118 A.D.). Agricola 30. [L. solitudinem
erty only things acquired during their marriage. wasteland (2); faciunt they make (1); pacem peace
Cf. conquets. (4); appellant they call 3): They make a wasteland,
commandite
societe en abbr. S. en C. n., pi. societes they call (it) peace.] They create a wasteland and call
en commandite [Fr. societe society, association, it peace.

company, partnership (1); en in (2); commandite solo abbr. s. n., pi. soli or solos [It. alone, lone, sole.]
limited partnership, commandite (3): company in lim- A performance, such as a song, dance, recital, or
ited partnership.] Limited partnership. A partnership flight,done by one person. —
adj. /adv. Performed or
in which one party provides capital to the other for done alone. Unaccompanied, a) He is so conceited
business, receiving a portion of the profits and being that he dislikes working with a team and prefers to
liable only to the extent of the capital provided. work solo, b) He was not the first solo oarsman to
See commandite. make the Atlantic crossing, but he covered the great-
societe en nom collectif abbr. S. en N.C. n., pi societes est distance in the shortest time
. . . (Newsweek . . .
en nom collectif [Fr. societe society, association, Int. Oct. 6, 1980:57). Cf. pas seul.
company, partnership (1); en in (2); nom name (4); solo cedit quod solo implantatur. [L. solo to soil (5);
collectif joint, collective (3): partnership in joint cedit accrues (4); quod (that) which, what (1); solo
solo cedit 368
soil (3); implantatur is planted on (2): That which sonata n., pi. sonatas [It. that which is sounded, a
is planted on the soil accrues to the soil.] Law. What- musical composition.] Music. A composition usually
ever grows on (or is affixed to) the soil belongs to written for keyboard and several other instruments
the owner of the soil. See quicquid plantatur etc. and consisting of three or four movements in different
solo cedit quod solo inaedificatur. [L. solo to soil (5); tempos.
cedit accrues (4); quod (that) which, what (1); solo sonatina n., pi. sonatinas [It. that which is sounded, a
soil (3); inaedificatur is built on (2): That which is small musical composition.] Music. A short sonata
built on the soil accrues to the soil.] Law. Any building (q.v.).
erected on the soil belongs to the owner of the soil. sondage n., pi. sondages [Fr. sounding, boring, prob-
See quicquid plantatur etc. ing, borehole.] 1. Sounding of the earth before actual
solutio indebiti payment (1); indebiti of
n. [L. solutio archaeological work. Preliminary archaeological exca-
what is not due, whatowed (2): payment of
is not vation. 2. An opinion poll. Based upon a recent
what is not due.] Civil Law. Payment of what is not sondage the politicians decided to include this point
owed. If a person pays what is not owed, performs in their platform.

labor which he/she is not obliged to, or abandons a son et lumiere n., pi son et lumieres [Fr. son sound
right when he/she should not, this person may, in (1) ; et and (2); lumiere light (3): sound and light] 1 . A
any of these cases, demand back what has been done night show, usually at an historical site, which uses
as though it were a loan. the effect of recorded sound and dramatic lighting to
solvit ad diem n. [L. solvit he paid ( 1 ); ad to, at, for. tell a narrative. 2. A flashy kind of writing which
according to (2); diem day (3): He paid at the day.] seeks the same sort of effect.
Law. A plea in legal case concerning a debt that the sophia n. [Gk. wisdom.] Intelligence and understanding.
money was paid on the stipulated day. sophrosy ne n. [Gk. sophrosun moderation, self-restraint,
solvit ante diem n. [L. solvit he paid (1); ante before self-control, or temperance.] Self-control. Will-power.
(2); diem day (3): He paid before the day.] Law. A Avoidance of extremes. Antonym of hubris (q.v.).
plea in a legal case concerning a debt that the defen- soprano n., pi. soprani or sopranos [It. from sopra
dant paid the money before the stipulated day. above: an upper range voice.] Music. 1. A human
solvit post diem n. [L. solvit he paid (1); post after voice in the highest singing range, usually that of a
(2); diem day (3): He paid after the day.] Law. A woman or a young boy. 2. A person with such a voice.
plea in a legal case concerning a debt that the money 3. A musical part written for such a voice. 4. An instru-
was paid after the stipulated day, but before the begin- ment which plays in this range.
ning of the suit. sortes Biblicae n. [L. sortes lots, fates, prophecies (2);
solvitur adhuc societas etiam morte socii. Gaius (fl. Biblicae biblical (1): biblical lots.] Randomly selected
c.l lO-c.180). [L. solvitur is dissolved, broken up, biblical passages used to tell the future or seek the
solved (3); adhuc similarly (1); societas partnership truth.
(2); etiam also (4); morte by death (5); socii of partner sortes Vergilianae n. [L. sortes lots, fates, prophecies
(6): Similarly, a partnership is dissolved also by the (2) ; Vergilianae Vergilian ( 1 ):
Vergilian lots.] Random
death of a partner.] Law. In addition, a partnership is selections from the works of Vergil (70-19 B.C.),
broken up by the death of a partner. Cf. si alicujus especially the Aeneid, used to tell the future or seek
rei etc. the truth.
solviturambulando [L. solvitur it is dissolved, broken sortie n., pi. sorties [Fr. going out, coming out, outlet,
up, solved (1); ambulando by walking (2): It is outburst.] 1 . A sally. A sudden attack on the enemy
solved by walking.] The solution can be found not by besieged troops. 2. An attack or combat mission
by thinking but by doing. by one plane. 3. The exit of a ship or a fleet of ships
solvitur eo ligamine quo ligatur. [L. solvitur it is dis- from a harbor.
solved, broken up, solved (1); eo by that (2); S.O.S. abbr. for si opus sit (q.v.).
ligamine (by) bond, tie (3); quo by which (4); ligatur sostenuto adv. /adj. [It. sustained.] Music. With the
it is bound, united (5): It is dissolved by that bond by sound sustained. — n.,pl. sostenuti or sostenutos A
which it is bound.] Law. A thing is dissolved in the note, chord, or passage which is sustained.
way in which it is bound. See eodem modo quo quid sotto voce or, simply, sotto adv. [It. sotto under, beneath
constituitur dissolvitur. (1); voce voice (2): under voice.] In an undertone or
Somnium Scipionis n. [L. somnium dream, sleep (1); low voice. Privately, a) Though the notorious gossip
Scipionis of Scipio (2): dream of Scipio.] The Dream was conversing sotto voce, the equally notorious
o/Scipio, a portion of Cicero's De re publica (q.v.) busybody heard everything, b) The band 's rendition
preserved by Macrobius and describing a dream by sotto voce won loud applause. adj. Silent, undis- —
Scipio Aemilianus in which Scipio is given a vision closed, or unconfirmed. In a low voice. The rumor,
of the glory of Roman and of eternity by the ghost of initially sotto voce, burst into the open and spread
his famous ancestor Scipio Africanus. like wildfire.

369 spes accrescendi
sou n., pi sous [Fr. former French coin worth five S.P. or s.p. abbr. for sine prole (q.v.).
centimes, about half a penny.] A penny. A very small sparsim adv. [L. here and there.j Spread at intervals or
sum of money. A trifle. Though he does not have a widely. Adegoke sued Awofisan for committing tres-
sou, he is greatly respected in his community. pass to his propertyby cutting trees sparsim.
soubrette from Provencal soubreto conceited.]
n. [Fr. speciality de la maison [Fr. speciality speciality ( 1 );
//.
1 . A disrespectful, flirtatious female servant in French de of (2); la the (3); maison house (4): speciality of
comedy and opera. 2. Any young woman who is the house.] 1. The house speciality. The particular
flighty and flirtatious. meal or dish for which a restaurant is known. 2. Any
sou peon n., pi. soupcons [Fr. suspicion, conjecture, talent or characteristic peculiar to a particular group.
small quantity.] A small amount. A little bit. a) The The specialite de la maison in thatfamily is sarcasm
erudite lecturer has a delightful way offlavoring his and irony.
scholarly discourses with soupcons ofpopularjokes. specie n. [L. in kind, appearance, resemblance, likeness.]
b) No one is so depraved that a soupcon ofgoodness Coined money.

cannot be found in him. species n.,pl. species [L. kind, appearance, resemblance,
sous adj. [Fr. under, beneath, below.] Of lower rank. likeness.] 1. A class of individuals with common
Of subordinate rank. Assistant. Deputy. Usually used attributes and bearing a common name. 2. Form, aspect
in titles. or appearance. 3. Civil Law. A shape or appearance
sous-entendu adj. [Fr. sous under, beneath, below (2); given to materials.
entendu heard, understood (1): heard under.] Under- speciflcatio n. [L. from species form, species (2);
stood without saying. Their love affair was sous-entendu make (1): making species.] Roman Civil Law.
faci(o)
to our conversation. — n. A tacit understanding. Making a form or species. Something made into a
sous seing prive adj. [Fr. sous under, beneath, below new form or species becomes the property of the
(1) ; seing sign, manual, signature (3); priv£ private maker rather than the owner of the original material.
(2) : under private sign.] Law. Under private sign or Cf. droit d'accession.
signature; i.e., signed privately by the parties, but not spectatum veniunt, veniunt spectentur ut ipsae. Ovid
sealed or witnessed. Such a document does not enjoy (43 B.C.-17 A.D.). ArsAmatoria 1,99. [L. spectatum
the authenticity or validity of one signed before a to see, to watch (2); veniunt they come (1); veniunt
judge or notary. they come (3) spectentur they might be seen,
souteneur n., pi. souteneurs [Fr. protector.] A male watched (6); ut so that, in order that (4); ipsae they
who is supported financially by a prostitute or pros- (fern.) themselves (5): They come to see; they come
titutes under his protection. A pimp. Cf. proxenete in order that they themselves be watched.] Women
souvenir n., pi. souvenirs [Fr. memory, recollection, come to the amphitheater to watch the games; but
keepsake, memento.] Remembrance. Memento they also come so that they themselves can be
(q.v.). Keepsake. Something purchased by, or given watched.
to, a person to remind one of an important occasion, spectre n., pi. spectres [Fr. ghost, apparition.] 1. A
place, or person, a) . . . an ideal giftfor intrepid tourists ghost, phantom, or apparition. 2. An imaginary,
who want souvenirs ofsome ofthe world 's less photo- haunting, or perturbing vision. With the spectre of
graphed wonders (Newsweek Int. Aug. 23, . . . imminent bankruptcy haunting him, Ziga recovered
1982:3). b) There are many art objects in the living his sanity and changed his lifestyle.
room ofDr. Cobold, souvenirs ofhis visits to numerous spectrum n.,pl. spectra or spectrums [L. appearance,
countries, c) The scar on the old man 's nose is a image, apparition, form.] 1. Apparition. 2. A band
souvenir ofa puerile escapade. — attrib. For the purpose or display of colors which is formed when light is
of a keepsake or remembrance, a) souvenir items; refracted and passed through a prism. 3. A continuous
b) souvenir T-shirts; c) souvenir cups. Cf. memorabilia. (or wide) range/sequence of things, a) The latter cover
soviet n., pi. Soviets [Russ. sovet council.] Legislative a broadpolitical spectrum from ultra-leftists, Commu-
assemblies popularly elected at local, regional, and nists and radical intellectuals to right-wingers (New . . .
national levels in the Soviet Union. — Soviet An inhabit- African 1979). b) The spectrum of things that can
ant of the Soviet Union. — the Soviets The government go wrong at even the most determinedly responsible
of the Soviet Union and its officials. — adj. 1 . Pertain- news organization ranges from premeditated dis-
ing to the Soviet Union. 2. Pertaining to a legislative honesty . . . to honest misinterpretation (Newsweek
assembly. Int., May 4, 1981:47).
sovkhoz or sovkhos n., pi. sovkhozy or sovkhozes spero meliora [L. spero I hope for ( 1 ); meliora better
short form of sovetskoe khozya [Russ. sov(etskoe) (things) (2): I hope for better things.] I hope for the
soviet (1); khoz(ya) farm(2): Soviet farm.] A farm better.
owned by the state of the U.S.S.R. where people work spes accrescendi n. [L. spes hope (1); accrescendi of
for wages. Cf. kibbutz and kolkhoz. growing up, increasing (2): hope of growing up.]
S.P. abbr. for Summus Pontifex (q.v.). Hope of survival or surviving.
spes impunitatis 370
spes impunitatis continuum affectum tribuit dowry, unless she is brought back by her husband of
delinquendi. [L. spes hope (1); impunitatis of impu- his own free will.
nity, freedom from punishment (2); continuum continu- S.P.Q.R. abbr. for Senatus Populusque Romanus
ous, uninterrupted (4); affectum disposition, inclination (q.v.).
(5); tribuit gives (3); delinquendi of doing wrong (6): S.P.S. or s.p.s. abbr. for sine prole superstite (q.v.).
Hope of impunity gives a continuous inclination of sputnik/?.,/?/, sputniks shortform of sputnik (zemlyi)
doing wrong.] Law. Hope of impunity tends to pre- [Russ. sputnik fellow traveler ( 1 ); zemlyi of the earth
dispose a man to crime. See impunitas semper etc. (2): fellow traveler-of the earth.] The first satellite
spes recuperandi n. [L. spes hope (1); recuperandi of sent into space (by the Soviet Union on October 4,
recovering (2): hope of recovering.] Hope of recovering' 1957).
recapturing captured goods. Used of goods captured Sr. abbr. for Senor (q.v.).
at sea. SRA or Sra abbr. for Senora (q.v.).
spes successionis n. [L. spes hope (1); successionis of SRITA or Srita abbr. for Senorita (q.v.).
succession, inheritance (2): hope of succession.] SRTA or Srta abbr. for Senorita (q.v.).
Hope of succession/inheritance. ss. abbr. for scilicet (q.v.).
Sphinx n. [L. from Gk.] Greek and Roman Mythology. S.S. abbr. for supra scriptum (q.v ).
A hybrid creature with the head and upper torso of a S.S.B. abbr. for Sacrae Scripturae Baccalaureus
woman, the body of a lion, and the wings of a bird, (q.v.).
associated with death, and often represented on tomb- S.S.C. abbr. for Societas Sanctae Crucis (q.v.).
stones. Especially the creature which posed the riddle S.S.D. abbr. for Sacrae Scripturae Doctor (q.v ).
to the Greek hero Oedipus. sphinx pi. sphinxes — S.S.L. abbr. for Sacrae Scripturae Licentiatus (q.v.).
or sphinges Egyptian Mythology and Religion. A
1 . st. abbr. for stet (q.v.).
creature with a human head and a lion's body. 2. Any Stabat Mater Dolorosa [L. stabat was standing (3);
individual or object mysterious and difficult to un- mater mother (2); dolorosa sorrowful, grieving (1):
derstand. The griev ing mother was standing.] Christianity. The
S.P.L. or s.p.l. abbr. for sine prole legitima (q.v.). first words of a hymn commemorating the death of
splendide mendax adj. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes Jesus. —

n., short form Stabat Mater pi. Stabat
111,1 1,35-36. [L. splendide nobly, splendidly (1); Maters 1. The hymn itself. 2. Music. A composition
mendax untrue, false, deceitful (2): nobly untruthful.] based upon this hymn.
Telling lies in the interest of a noble cause. stabit praesumptio donee probetur in eontrarium.
S.P.M. or s.p.m. abbr. for sine prole mascula (q.v ). [L. stabit will stand (2); praesumptio presumption
spolium n., pi. spolia [L. booty, prey, spoil.] Civil and ( 1 ); donee until, as long as (3); probetur it be proved
Common Law. Something forcefully and illegally- (4); in into, to, against, for (5); eontrarium the con-
taken away from another. trary (6): A presumption will stand until it be proved
sponsalia per verba de futuro [L. sponsalia betrothal, to the contrary.] An assumption will remain valid until
engagement (1); per through, by (2); verba words proved to the contrary.
(3); de of, from, about, for (4); futuro future (5): staccato abbr. stac. or stacc. adj. [It. detached.] Dis-
betrothal through words about the future.] Law. Engage- connected. Abrupt. Jerky, a) comers of his
. . . the
ment through words about the future; i.e.. engagement mouth wrenched in a clown 's grimace as the voice
validated by promise to marry or by references to machine-guns a blast of staccato croaks (Time Int.
living in the future as husband and wife. 1982). b) Whenever Ekechi meets Godwin, she is
sponte sua See sua sponte. overwhelmed with love and her heart begins to beat
sponte virum mulier fugiens et adultera facta, dote in a frenzied staccato rhythm. — n., pi. staccatos or
sua careat. nisi sponsi sponte retracta. [L. sponte staccati 1 . Music. Releasing one note completely
by/of accord, willingly (4); virum man, husband (3); before starting the next one. 2. Something, such as
mulier woman, wife (1); fugiens fleeing, running sound or speech, that comes out in short abrupt bursts.
away from (2); et and (5); adultera adulteress (7); stagnum n.,pl. stagna [L. standing water.] Lake, pool
facta having been made, having become (6); dote or pond which has no outlet.
dowry ( 1 0); sua her own (9); careat should be deprived stante matrimonio adv. [L. stante (with) standing (2);
of, lose (8); nisi unless (11); sponsi of bridegroom (14); matrimonio with marriage (1): with the marriage
sponte by accord, free will (13); retracta brought standing.] As long as the marriage continues. Stante
back (12): A woman running away from the husband matrimonio, it is an offense for the husband or the wife
by her own accord and having become an adulteress to engage in amorous escapades with somebody else.
should be deprived of her own dowry, unless called stare decisis n. [L. stare to stand (1 ); decisis by decisions,
back by the free will of the bridegroom.] Law. A by what has been decided or settled (2): to stand by
woman who willingly deserts her husband, particu- decisions or what has been decided.] Law. A doc-
larly after committing adultery, should lose her trine which requires judges to follow precedent or
371 stigma
established legal principles based on previous judgments The state of affairs before the war. The treaty was
unless and until becomes absolutely necessary to rem-

it essentially based on the status quo ante belium.
edy glaring and long continued injustice. Res judicata Cf. uti possidetis 2.
relates to a decision; stare decisis relates to a rule statuta pro publico commodo late interpretantur.
or principle of law involved (Curzon 1979:241). [L. statuta statutes ( 1 ); pro for, in favor of (2); publico
See res judicata, public (3); commodo advantage, convenience (4); late
stare decisis et non quieta movere. [L. stare to stand broadly, widely (6); interpretantur are interpreted
(1) ; decisis by decisions (2); et and non not (4);

(3); (5): Statutes for public advantage are interpreted
quieta the undisturbed, the quiet (6); movere to broadly.] Law. Statutes made for the public good are
move, disturb (5): To stand by decisions and not to given a broad/liberal interpretation.
disturb the undisturbed.] Law. To abide by precedents statutum generaliter est intelligendum quando verba
and not to disturb settled matters. The principle of statuti sunt specialia, ratio autem generalis. [L.
precedent, whereby a judge is bound generally to statutum statute (1); generaliter generally (4); est
apply principles and rules contained in earlier deci- is (2); intelligendum to be understood (3); quando
sions, rests on the doctrine of stare decisis et non when (5); verba words (6); statuti of statute (7); sunt
quieta movere. . . (Curzon 1979:241). See res judicata. are (8); specialia special (9); ratio reason (1 1); autem
stasis n.,pl. stases [Gk. position, state, condition.] 1 . Stag- but, however (10); generalis general (12): A statute
nancy. Stagnation. A state of stagnant or stable equi- is to be understood generally when the words of the
librium reached by opposing forces or society in its statute are special but the reason (is) general.] Law.
development, a) His Middle East peace-making process When the words of a statute are special, but the reason
is near {Newsweek Int. Jan. 1, 1979:40).
stasis, . . . for it is general, the statute must be understood (or
b) The new regime
is making no effort to move the interpreted) generally. See generate dictum
nation out ofthe economic, social and political stasis generaliter est intelligendum.
bequeathed by its predecessor. 2. Medicine. Stagnation, S.T.B. abbr. for Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureus (q. v.).
slowing, or stoppage of the flow of fluid in the body, S.T.D. abbr. for Sacrae Theologiae Doctor (q.v.).
such as that of blood in the veins or arteries. ste. abbr. for societe (q.v.).
stat magni nominis umbra. Lucan (39-65 A.D.). stela (L.) or stele (Gk.) n., pi. stelae or stelai or steles
Pharsalia 1,135. [L. stat stands (4); magni of great [L. from Gk. stele a block or slab used as a memorial,
(2) nominis (of) name (3); umbra shadow, shade
; an inscribed monument.] 1 . A stone or slab bearing
( 1 ): The shadow of a great name stands.] There stands an inscription and often used as a gravestone. 2. A
the shadow of a great name. monument shaped like a pillar.
status n.,pl. statuses [L. position, state, condition, rank, Stella maris n. [L. stella star (1); maris of the sea (2):
situation.] 1. A person's legal condition or position. star of the sea.] Roman Catholic Church. Title given
2.A political entity's legal condition. 3. Rank or position to Mary, the Mother of Jesus, and to many churches
ina community or society. My daughter has attained dedicated to her.
the status of a mother. 4. A relative rank in a hierar- stem ma n., pi. stemmata or stemmas [L. from Gk.
chical system. Woodrow Wilson used the status of wreath, garland.] A genealogical tree showing relation-
professor as a stepping stone to a political career. ships among family members of manuscripts of a given
5. Recognition, high rank or prestige. Established network. The book is a collection of short biographies,
works facilitate the search for status. 6. Situation, each with a stemma ofthe subject.
condition or state of affairs. From time to time he Stentor n., pi. Stentors [Gk. StentOr] 1. A herald in
gives reports on the status of the negotiations. Homer's Iliad whose shout was as loud as those of
status quo n. [L. status state, condition, position (1); fifty ordinary men. 2. A person who has a very power-
quo in which (2): state/position in which.] The exist- ful or loud voice. The eulogy was delivered by a man
ing state of affairs at any particular time. The reforms who is not only a good orator but also a Stentor.
were vigorously opposed by several powerful indi- stet abbr. st. [L. Let it stand.] Do not delete. Ignore a
viduals who had a vested interest in the status quo. previous order to cancel or omit. Used in the correc-
status quo ante n.,pl. status quo ante [L. status state, tions of manuscripts or printer's proof.
condition, position (1); quo in which (2); ante before stet processus n. [L. stet let stand ( 1 ); processus process
(3) the state in
: which before.] The previous state of (2): Let the process stop/stand.] Old English Legal
affairs. The state of affairs prevalent before, i.e., a Practice. An entry in the record of a legal action putting
certain date or the present time. The new administra- a stop to proceedings.
tion, which arrived with copious promises, has done stigma n., pi. stigmata or stigmas [Gk. tattoo-mark,
nothing to effect changes in the status quo ante. mark, spot.] 1. Mark of shame, infamy, or discredit.
status quo ante belium n. [L. status state, condition, A disgrace, ignominy, or stain, a) The political history
position (1); quo in which (2); ante before (3); ofAfrica. . . will sufferfrom the stigma ofincomplete-
belium war (4): the state in which before the war.] ness until it ... (Y.Y. in West Africa 1982). b) The
stiletto 372
constituency elected as its senator a man ofprobity change. In West Germany, Strukturwandel ... is
who leaves no stone unturned to avoid the stigma of constantly on the lips of industrialists, politicians,
corruption. 2. An identifying or distinctive mark. The economists and union bosses (Time Int. 1978).
boy takes great delight wearing the stigmata of a
in stultum facit Fortuna quern vult perdere. Publilius
scout, —pi. stigmata Wounds resembling those on the Syrus (c.85-43 B.C.). Sententiae 613. [L. stultum
body of the crucified Jesus Christ which mysteriously foolish, stupid (3); facit makes (2); Fortuna Fortune,
appear on the bodies of some devout Christians (e.g., Fate (1); quern (one) whom (4); vult she wants,
St. Francis of Assisi) and are believed to be super- wishes (5); perdere to destroy (6): Fortune makes
naturally inflicted. stupid one whom she wants to destroy.] One whom
stiletto n., pi. stilettos [It. dagger.] 1. A dagger, espe- Fortune wishes to destroy, she makes stupid. Cf. quern
cially one with short, narrow, and tapered blade. 2. A Deus vult etc. and quem Juppiter vult etc.
heel shaped like such a dagger. A spike heel. 3. A stupor n.,pl. stupors [L. senselessness, astonishment,
sewing instrument used to poke holes in fabric. — v. stupidity.] 1 . Medicine. A condition marked by in-
1 To kill with a dagger.

. creased senselessness and diminished awareness,
stilus virum arguit [L. stilus style (1); virum man (3); especially caused by the use of drugs. 2. A state of
arguit makes clear, proves (2): Style proves the man.] shock and surprise. An inability to think.
Style proves the person. Cf. Le style, c'est Thomme stupor mundi n. [L. stupor senselessness, astonishment,
meme. stupidity (1); mundi of world (2): the astonishment
stimulus n.,pl. stimuli [L. prick, goad, incentive, spur.] of the world.] A person of great international power,
Incentive. Spur. Something that arouses to activity. influence, and reputation, who is respected and feared
The new management introduced a number offringe at the same time. After the death ofFrederick II, the
benefits which proved to be a stimulus to productivity. stupor mundi, Roman emperor's sphere
in 1250, the
stipendium n.,pl. stipendia or stipendiums [L. stipend, ofauthority was definitely restricted to German soil
wages.] Salary or pay. (Cary 1970:780).
stirps n.,pl. stirpes [L. stock of a tree, family, lineage, Sturm und Drang n. [Ger. Sturm storm (1); und and
offspring.] Branch of a family. A person who is the (2); Drang stress (3): storm and stress.] 1. A German
ancestor of a branch of a family. See per stirpes. literary movement of the late 1 8th century which was
S.T.L. abbr. for Sacrae Theologiae Licentiatus (q.v.). a revolt against the Enlightenment. This movement
S.T.M. abbr. for Sacrae Theologiae Magister (q.v.). was characterized by native genius, linguistic realism,
stratum n., pi. strata or stratums [L. that which is and emotionalism, and emphasized the revolt of the
spread out, a covering, bed, couch.] 1 . A layer or individual against societal injustice. Cf. Aufklarung.
bed, as of sedimentary rock, earth, atmosphere, tissue, 2. A time of storm and stress. Turmoil. Turbulence,
archaeological findings, etc. 2. A socio-economic a) Barely two months after his hands-down reelection
group or level, comprising people of similar educa- victory, West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt
tional background, profession, income, status, cultures faces a gathering economic Sturm und Drang (News-
etc. It took care to foment feelings of mistrust and week Int. Dec. 15, 1980:46). b) In his personality we
dislike among the various strata of society . . . find a union ofall the impulses ofthe sophistic move-
(Suret-Canale 1971:440). ment, whose period of Sturm und Drang reached a
stretto n.,pl. stretti or strettos [It. narrow, close, con- symbolic end in his dramatic death (Lesky 1 966:357).
stricted.] Music. 1.The entrance of voices in close sua cuique voluptas Statius (c. 45 A.D.-C.96). Thebaid
succession in a fugue. 2. An increase in tempo near 11,2,73. [L. sua one's own (1); cuique to each (3);
the end of a composition, especially an oratorio. voluptas pleasure (2): one's own pleasure to each.]
stricti juris adv. [L. stricti of strict ( 1 ); juris (of) right, Each person has a pleasure of his/her own. To each
law (2): of strict law/right.] According to strict law. his/her own pleasure.
Applicable to a license or privilege which a person suapte natura adv. [L. suapte in/by its own ( 1 );
natura
enjoys not by his/her own right but as an indulgence, (in/by) nature (2): by its own nature.] Intrinsically.
and so must be observed strictly. See strictissimi juris. In its own nature.
strictissimi juris adv. [L. strictissimi of strictest (1); sua sponte or sponte sua adv. [L. sua by his/her/its
juris (of) right, law (2): of the strictest law/right.] own (1); sponte free will, accord, impulse (2): by
According to the strictest right. Applicable to licenses his/her/its own accord.] Of one's own accord. Will-
and privileges. See stricti juris. ingly. Freely. The court accepted the statement of
stricto jure adv. [L. stricto in strict ( 1 ); jure (in) right, the accused as an exhibit after satisfying itselfthat it
law (2): in strict law.] According to strict law. was made sua sponte. See ex mero motu.
stricto sensu See sensu stricto. suave adj. [Fr. pleasant, sweet, nice, mild, soft.]
strictum jus See jus strictum 1. Pleasant, especially to one's senses. 2. Urbane.
Strukturwandel n. [Ger. Struktur structure (1); Agreeably affable, polite, gracious, smooth or easy
Wandel change (2): structure change.] Structural in manner (though possibly insincere).
373 sub rosa
suaviter in modo, fortiter in re adv. [L. suaviter taken away, the state tumbles down.] When magis-
sweetly, pleasantly (1); in in, on (2); modo manner trates cease to be respected, the state collapses,
(3) ; fortiter bravely, strongly (4); in in, on (5); re sublato fundamento cadit opus. [L. sublato (with)
matter, thing, property, business, affair (6): sweetly having been taken away (2); fundamento with
in manner, bravely in the matter.] Gently in manner, foundation, basis (1); cadit falls (4); opus structure,
resolutely in execution. Applicable to a person (or building (3): With the foundation having been taken
anything) who, very politely but resolutely, refuses away, the structure falls.] A structure collapses when
to succumb to pressure and to change his/her mind. the foundation is removed. See accessorium non
Jim tendered his letter of resignation and, though ducit etc.
pressure was exerted on him from all corners, he sublato principali tollitur adjunctum. [L. sublato
comported himselfsuaviter in modo, fortiter in re. (with) having been removed, taken away (2);
sub anno abbr. S.A. or s.a. [L. sub under, beneath (1); principali with principal ( 1 ); tollitur is taken away,
anno year (2): under the year.] Invariably followed removed (4); adjunctum adjunct (3): With the prin-
by adate. Used for reference to entries in a series of cipal having been taken away, the adjunct is taken
annals or in a chronicle. away.] Law. When the principal is removed, the ad-
subauditur n., pi. subauditurs [L. It is understood.] junct is similarly removed. See accessorim non
Something implied or understood. ducit etc.
sub colore juris adv. [L. sub under ( 1 ); colore color (2); sub lite adv.[L. sub under, beneath (1); lite lawsuit,
juris of right, law (3): under color of right.] Under the dispute (2): under dispute.] Law. Under litigation.
appearance, color, or show of right, power, or law. sub modo adv. [L. sub under (1); modo limit, restric-
sub conditione adv. I adj. [L. sub under, subject to (1); tion (2): under qualification.] Under qualification,
condi(c)ione condition (2): under or subject to con- condition, or restriction.
dition.] Law. Conditional. Conditionally. Used for sub nomine adv. [L. sub under (1); nomine name (2):
expressing condition in a conveyance and for creating under the name.] In the name of. Under the title or
a conditional estate. caption of.
sub dio adv. [L. sub under, beneath (1); dio bright, sub pede sigilli adv. [L. sub under (1); pede foot (2);
clear (2): under bright (light).] In daylight. In the open sigilli of seal (3): under the foot of the seal.] Under
air. Alfresco (q.v.). seal. See sub sigillo.
sub finem abbr. S.F. or s.f. sub towards ( 1 ); finem

[L. subpoena n., pi. subpoenas [L. sub under (1); poena
end (2): towards the end.] Near the end. penalty (2): under penalty.] Law. 1. A writ ordering
sub hac voce abbr. S.H.V. or s.h.v. [L. sub under ( 1 ); a person named in it to appear in court under penalty
hac this (2); voce word, voice (3): under this word.] for noncompliance. 2. The process whereby a defen-
Used for references to headwords in dictionaries and dant in an action is ordered to appear in court and
other works arranged alphabetically. See in verbo. answer the bill of the plaintiff. — v. To serve a sub-
sub hoc verbo abbr. S.H.V. or s.h.v. [L. sub under poena on, or summon with a writ of subpoena. He
(1); hoc this (2); verbo word (3): under this word.] was subpoenaed to appear in court. adv. Under —
Used for references to headwords in dictionaries and penalty.
works arranged alphabetically. See in verbo. subpoena ad testificandum n.,pl. subpoenas ad tes-
sub judice abbr. S.J. or s.j. adj. /adv. [L. sub under, tificandum [L. sub under ( 1 ); poena penalty (2); ad
before, in the power of (1); judice judge (2): before to, at, for, according to (3); testificandum testifying
a judge.] Law. Under judicial consideration. Unde- (4): under penalty for testifying.] Law. Under penalty
cided. Undetermined. The police officer said that the to testify. A writ ordering a person to appear in court
matter was sub judice, and so he would not comment to testify as witness under penalty for noncompliance.
on it. Cf. res judicata. subpoena duces tecum n., pi. subpoenas duces tecum
sublata causa, tollitur effectus. [L. sublata (with) [L. sub under (1); poena penalty (2); duces you will
having been taken away, removed (2); causa with bring (3); tecum with you (4): under penalty you will
cause, case, reason ( 1 ); tollitur is taken away, removed bring with you.] Law. A writ ordering a person to
(4) ; effectus effect (3): With the cause having been produce at trial documents or evidence deemed per-
taken away, the effect is removed.] Law. When the tinent to the case under trial, non-compliance being
cause is removed, the effect disappears. See cessante punishable with a fine or imprisonment.
causa etc. and ubi aliquid impeditur etc. sub potestate adj. [L. sub under ( 1 ); potestate power (2):
sublata veneratione magistratuum, res publica ruit. under power.] Roman Law. Applicable to members of
[L. sublata (with) having been taken away (3); the family under the control of the paterfamilias (q.v.).
veneratione with respect, veneration ( 1 ); magistra- sub rosa adj. [L. sub under ( 1 ); rosa rose (2): under
tuum of magistrates, public functionaries (2); res the rose.] Secretive. Confidential. David has enrolled
publica the state,republic (4); ruit tumbles down, as a member of a sub rosa society. —adv. Without
collapses (5): With respect of magistrates having been notice or publicity. Confidentially. Privately. A client's
3"4
mitrmctiom to m legal pnxtirkmer chambers ism sub voce err* r S.V. or s.v. [L. sab under (1); voce
v.: .. V r
s*r ~rsu. The meaning of the mwtvoky (2): under the wotd.] Used fia leSaences I
e\r~ess or s :r • cc ~:~ re .ml- secec ;. Live- :; -?i: .;-L> - l;:;:i-^ ;l?- i ?::>e:^.L.
- re e~: - ;-c - -e~ i -ose - as r.ur£ cer re a—ar.iec « See hac %oce arc in \erbo
council table, socces de ridicule * Tr. socces success (1): de of |
subsigiUojjvar X. sub under 1 u sigilio seal : 2 ridicule -

. ;.;l^:^.:^:^ success 5
sea ;
".-
sr:: cc- fierce of absurdity ] Ik success, acclaim, or rK*oriety ofa |
subsiientiour. X sub under 1 1\ 1 nil
i 1 ill 1 1 jEQz lilerary or artistic *ork *ii>ch is mainh ann rxnabie
asrec L • e • rxri-Jc s~r r:; I a<r:crr.:L*r> ccr.er.t- cr assoc :ators ~>c s .--r-jgeovs .
of eternity (3): nnder the aspect of eaernky.] From n i ntni * o/dbejuW ananSnnnn/ cmsaomtswMjbr
J
re nerscecr. e of ecerr. r> Ir .:> esserta: rarure or .: ut swcro .zc sru-iuXc 'S By then, *it*o*x.
M—
j
-TOii. «UCJ CVCOTi- U S^CCsS S£ SCUrLTUif

sub specie perennitaas ir. X sub uroer specie V r - ;;>. > >er: 2 -5 55
Lsrec. LLocL-L-cc serrr ar?ce 5 . perennitans socces de snobcsme i Tr. succes success (IV. de of
of perpeauky. coauinuunce .5 under roe aspect of (2V snaousnue snobbery (3V success of snobbery.]
rortruance or ner~>?ru:r> ; As i cortrur. As ar 7r.e success, acclaim or notoriety woo by a thenars
- , l ... . .. c succes d'estnne Tr succes success (Uu* of(uVesunae

t-l- M-^;-.TO-wi-r4> b.\vi c"" esteerru recarc: 5 :
success of esteerrX Ntid success.
sub specie potestam uur. JL. sub uroer ; .. specie aauerar. or arrcspc uotk anus, n¥na> does 1 achieve I
cf rcvi cr 5 uroer re ser.r arce cf rc - er ] Vroer *r_r. <> succ£> c tsr^jt. cv mjnojn
sub specie ten pons ^ X sab uroer 1. specie ûn r
. r rroe 5 uroer rre e -f . rci-e re-- —:~r-L r ^'&ekmmL Nov. IS, 198236V
.vrecr .e:- L-eL5oro;sec:. c:er-rr» Cfsnb specie sncces fou i Tr socces success 2 . fou risire. rnad «-c
aetcrartatis (IV a uiid msj Agnantorer-uâsDc success,
snb spe rwonciSationB ^ snb uroer 1. sperore snccessio ab inre>uto - X snccessio swu mm^
uroer ±e hope c: record .:ar or.] la tne nope of reo

:
(3V snrrrssinn front aa intestate.] lanr. Smu ssion I
- T
or?c:'. i res:-", srr: u c~ :Curo-: ;.- :c ar r:csru:e S.jcessior .r the even: cf mtestacy.
eru^vjv.Yflc so- 'tvo^-Lrr.'us Inncritancc of tnc property of aa intestate,
substratum r, substrata or substratums X lt>: Cf bereditas ab intestate arc beres ab intestate
- r.:-cr. s srreac uroer *
1 A e. or a>er cf a sur> succuba or succubus pi sneenbae or sneenbior
: - . ; su cr as earth or roc : ; - cart ar r r_-. er socenbuses A5eoes a! I xr trorr L succuba a rerscr
v.hc ues unDerneai- . ce _ r:
snyposon)y tnkes Ac form of n araanan and engages
- se\_a r:c-;;_-sc l~ rre- •• r.er. re;, are as eer
2 A derror. devfl, or fiend. 3. A pfosntnte or «rx~ve

Cf cocotte, femme fibre, arx: meretrii
sub sue pericuio uu~ X sab at uroer . sno one s sneenrritnr minori: facins est lapsus jnrentnm. [L.
aasner own (2V puiinii rcsk. perfl. nazard (3V at sneenrritnr tnere is a ennnaag to ndp or aid ( 1
ore's own risk.] At bis ber own risk or cost. See sno nunori cto> yoaanj (person) (2V facnas easy (OX est
pericuio is (5 'u kapsns slip, error, failing (3V jnvenmtis of
sub verbo urr - S.V. or s.v. X snb under . . verb* > our 4V Theretsarnanang lobdp a young person;
t
ore 2 uroer the - . t . sec :"; - - ; es : ; ar er-or : : - r s eas> ] Lorn. Minors are helped.
375 superficies
sudum pactum n., pi. suda pacta [L. sudum clear ( 1 ); summum jus, summa injuria. [I summum highest,
pactum agreement, compact (2): clear agreement.] topmost ( 1 ); jus right, law (2); summa highest, top-
Law. Clear compact or agreement. most (3); injuria injury (4): Highest law, highest
suggestio falsi pi. suggestiones falsi [L. suggestio injury.] Law. Extreme right brings extreme injury;
suggestion, representation (1); falsi of falsehood, 1. e., rigorous insistence on a person's strict legal
untruth (2): suggestion of falsehood.] Law. False rights could do incalculable harm to others.
representation or statement. Suggesting what is false. summum jus, summa injuria; summa lex, summa
Deliberately misrepresenting something by either crux. [L. summum highest, topmost (1); jus right,
action or speech, even though one does not actually law (2); summa highest, topmost (3); injuria injury
say what is untrue. See suppressio veri. (4); summa highest, topmost (5); lex law (6); summa
sui generis adj. [L. sui of its own ( 1 ); generis (of) kind, highest, topmost (7); crux torture; misery (8): Highest
class (2): of its own kind/class.] In a class or category right, highest injury; highest law, highest misery.]
of its own. Unique. A statutory right of occupancy is Law. Extreme right brings extreme injury; extreme
a right granted to a "native" or "non-native" . and
. . (or strict) law brings extreme misery; i.e., strict insis-
though a right ofoccupancy has many characteristics tence on one's legal rights, without regard for equity,
of a lease, it is sui generis (James 1982:25). could do incalculable harm to others.
sui juris adj. [L. sui of one's own (1); juris (of) right, Summus Pontifex abbr. S.P. n. [L. summus highest
law (2): Of one's own right.] Qualified to enjoy full (1); pontifex pontiff (2): highest pontiff] Supreme
civil and social rights. Not being a minor any more. Pontiff. The Pope.
Deemed competent, and enjoying full legal rights to sumo n. [Japan.] A Japanese form of wrestling for men.
take care of or conduct one's own affairs. See homo Sunna or Sunnah n.. pi. Sunnas or Sunnahs [Ar.
sui juris. Cf. alieni juris; homo alieni juris; and sunnah established practice, custom.] 1. A body of
non sui juris. the traditional practices and customs of Islam based
suite n., pi. suites [Fr. retinue, attendants, train, con- on the sayings and deeds of the Prophet Mohammed.
tinuation, succession, series.] 1. Retinue. A train or 2. Any practice or custom observed by an individual or
company of attendants or followers, especially the a community. A body of such practices and customs.
private staff of a ruler or high public official, who Cf Hadith.
accompany him/her on a journey for official purposes. Sunni n. [Ar. sunniy follower of the Sunna.] That part
2. A number of rooms in an apartment building, hotel, of Islam which considers the legal successors of
train, etc. regarded as a set or unit and used by one Mohammed to have been the first four caliphs. — pi.
person or a group of persons. The Minister and his Sunni or Sunnis A Muslim who recognizes this suc-
entourage held discussions with their counterparts cession. A Sunnite Muslim.
A set or group of matched furni-
in their hotel suite. 3. sunt lacrimae rerum. Vergil (70-19 B.C.). Aeneid
ture. 4. A number of musical compositions regarded 1,462. [L. sunt there are (1); lacrimae tears (2); rerum
as a set and played one after another. of matters, things, property, business, affairs (3):
summa cum laude aav.ladj. [L. summa highest, topmost There are tears of things.] Human life is inherently
(2); cum with (1); laude praise (3): with highest (or basically) tragic. See hinc illae lacrimae and
praise.] With highest distinction. Used to indicate the lacrimae rerum.
highest performance in school or university. suo motu adv. [L. suo by its own ( 1 ); motu (by) impulse,
See magna cum laude. motion by its own impulse.] By its own impulse
(2):
summa potestas n. [L. summa highest, topmost (1); or initiative. The court has power suo motu to order
potestas power, authority (2): highest power.] Highest the distribution of the property of the deceased. See
power or authority. A "state " had a different basis ex mero motu.
from that of other organisations in that it included suo periculo adv. [L. suo at one's own, his/her own
summa potestas, that is, superior power residing in (1); periculo risk, hazard (2): at one's own risk.] At
some individuals (Curzon 1979:62). his/her own peril. See sub suo periculo.
summa ratio n. [L. summa highest, topmost (1); ratio sup. abbr. for supra (q.v.).
reason, rule (2): the highest reason.] The supreme superficies n.,pl. superficies [L. upper side, surface, top,
rule. Applicable to law. improvements, fixtures, buildings.] 1. The external
summum bonum n. Cicero (106-43 B.C.). De Officiis characteristics of something. Superficial appearance.
1,2,5. [L. summum highest, topmost (1); bonum The surface. Some people pay more attention to the
good (2): the highest good.] The supreme good. superficies than the substance ofa thing and, not sur-
summum jus n. [L. summum highest, topmost (1); prisingly, are usually duped. 2. Roman and Civil Law.
jus right, law (2): the highest right/law.] Law. Ex- Things like houses or other structures that are so in-
treme right. Strict legal right. Exact or rigorous law. extricably connected to a piece of ground as to form
Cf. aequitas. part of it. Also an owner's alienation of the surface
superficies solo 376
of the ground in return for a periodic rent. sursum corda [L. sursum lift up (1); corda hearts (2):
See quicquid plantatur etc. Lift up heart.] Christianity. "Lift up your hearts." Part
superficies solo cedit. [L. superficies structure, building of a refrain in the Eucharistic liturgy.
(1) ; solo to ground, soil (3); cedit accrues (2): A struc- susurrus n., pi. susurruses [L. whispering or mutter-
ture accrues to the ground.] Law. Structures constitute ing sound.] Mutterings, especially of discontent.
a part of the ground. See quicquid plantatur etc. Under a tyrannical regime, vociferous popular out-
superflua non nocent. [L. superflua superfluous bursts make way for the susurruses of the intimidated
(things) (1); non not (2); nocent do harm, hurt, injure populace.
(3): Superfluous things do not do harm.] Superfluities sutra n.,pl. sutras [Skt. sutra thread, rule.] 1. A short
do not hurt. rule or wise saying, especially one dealing with law,
supersedeas n.,pl. supersedeas [L. You should desist, philosophy, or even grammar. 2. Buddhism. Sacred
refrain or forbear.] A common law writ order-
Law. 1 . scripture. Cf. Kama Sutra.
ing a stay of proceedings at law. 2. A writ from a suttee or sati n. [Hindi sat! true, virtuous.] Hinduism.
court of appeal prohibiting execution of a writ by 1.The practice, now illegal, of self-immolation of a
reason of an appeal. widow upon her husband's funeral pyre as the ultimate
Supplices pi. n. [L. suppliants.] The Suppliants. The act of conjugal devotion. 2. pi. suttees or satis A
Latin title of Hiketides, a play by Aeschylus about woman who performs such an act.
the myth of the daughters of Danaus, who come as suum cuique [L. suum one's own, his/her own (2);
suppliants to Greece in order to avoid marriage With cuique to each (1): to each one's own.] To each
their Egyptian cousins. according to his/her due. Giving to each one what
suppressio veri n.,pl. suppressiones veri [L. suppres- one deserves. Social justice demands that people
sio suppression (1); veri of truth (2): suppression of should be treated on the principle of suum cuique.
the truth.] Law. Concealment of the truth. In both Cf. Jeder nach etc.
law and equity, suppressio veri is equivalent to sug- suum cuique tribuere [L. suum one's own, his/her
gestio falsi and, when proved, is to the advantage of own (3); cuique to each (2); tribuere to give; assign
the injured party. See suggestio falsi; suppressio ( ): To give to each one's own.] Suum cuique (q. v.).
1
veri, expressio falsi; and suppressio veri, suggestio suus heres or suus haeres See heres suus.
falsi. S.V. or s.v. abbr. for 1. sub verbo (q.v.). 2. sub voce
suppressio veri, expressio falsi. [L. suppressio sup- (q.v.).
pression (1); veri of truth (2); expressio expression S.V.P. abbr. for s'il vous plait (q.v.).
(3); falsi of falsehood (4): Suppression of truth is an s.v.v. abbr. for sit venia verbo (q.v.).
expression of falsehood.] Law. Suppression of the swami n.,pl. swamis [Hindi svami master.] Hinduism.
truth is analogous to expression of falsehood. See 1. A religious instructor. 2. A mystic. A yogi (q.v.).
suppressio veri. 3. A term of honor for such a person,
suppressio veri, suggestio falsi. [L. suppressio suppres- swastika n.,pl. swastikas [Skt. svastika from su good
sion (1); veri of truth (2); suggestio representation, (1) ; asti being (2): good being.] 1 A good luck symbol
.
suggestion (3); falsi of falsehood (4): Suppression of found in ancient India, the Near East, and elsewhere,
the truth is a suggestion of falsehood.] Law. Suppres- in which the four arms of a cross are extended with
sion of the truth implies falsehood. See suppressio veri. right-angled arms in either a clockwise or counter-
supra abbr. sup. adv. [L. above, before, previously, clockwise direction. 2. The symbol of the German
formerly.] Above. In the previous or earlier part of National Socialist (Nazi) party. 3. A flag with such
this work. Cf. infra and post. an emblem.
supra scriptum abbr. S.S. [L. supra above, on the top syce n. [Hindi.] A groom or stable worker.
(2) ; scriptum written (1): written above.] Written syllepsis n., pi. syllepses [Gk. sullepsis: sun together
earlier in the work. (2) ; lepsis taking, seizing (1): taking together, a figure
supremo n. [It. supreme person.] 1 . Commander-in-chief by which a predicate belonging to one subject is attrib-
of an army. 2. The supreme head of a government uted to several.] Rhetoric. The use of a word, e. g.
1.
department, organization, etc. 3. A supreme authority. a verb or an adjective, which governs two or more
Cf. generalissimo. other words (i.e., noun) but agrees grammatically with
sura n. [Ar. surah from Heb. sura row, line.] Islam. A only one of them; e.g., the verb in"The boys were
chapter of the Koran. happy and likewise the girl." 2.The use of a word
Sur le pont d' Avignon [Fr. sur on (1); le the (2); pont grammatically related to two or more other words in
bridge (3); d' of Avignon Avignon (5): on the
(4); such a way that for one the literal sense is applicable,
bridge of Avignon.] The title of a popular French while for the other or others it is the metaphorical
song about a bridge in the city of Avignon. sense; e.g., "His argument was so cogent and per-
surrogatum n., pi. surrogata [L. that which is pro- suasive that he demolished not only his opponent's
posed as a substitute.] Substitute or substitution. thesis but also the opponent himself." Cf. zeugma.
.
377 Syrinx
sylloge n.,pl. sylloges [Gk. sulloge gathering, collecting, confusion.] Rhetoric. A confusing word order, espe-
summary, collection.] A compendium. A collection. cially one that interlocks words together tightly: e.g..
symbiosis n. ,
pi. symbioses [Gk. sum biosis: sun with, "poor dilapidated John's car" for "poor John's dilapi-
together (2); bio(s) live ( 1 ): living with, companion- dated car."

ship, good fellowship.] 1. The mutually beneficial syncope tl, pi. syncopes [L. from Gk. sunkope: sun
living together of organisms of different species. with, together (2); kope cutting ( 1 ): cutting with.] 1
2. Mutually beneficial cooperation between persons, Rhetoric. The shortening of a word cutting sounds
groups, bodies, etc. a) Some partners remain bound from the middle, as "e'en" for "evening" or "even."
in awful w edlock by a kind of symbiosis in which 2. Medicine. A temporary loss of consciousness
mutual dependency may go hand in hand with mutual caused by inadequate oxygen in the brain.
loathing. {Newsweek Int. July 13, 1981:45).

. . synecdoches ..pi. synecdoches [Gk. sunekdokhe: sun
b) . . . publishers and writers need themselves in an with, together (3); ek out of. from (2); dekh(omai)
intricate symbiosis which must be encouraged by the receive, take ( ): taking from (someone or something)
1
two groups {The Guardian 1986). together with, understanding one thing with another.]
sympatheia n. [Gk. sumpatheia: sun with, together Rhetoric. The representation of a part for the whole,
(2); path(os) feeling, suffering (2): feeling with, sym- a whole for the part, the general for the specific, the
pathy.] Fellow-feeling. Sympathy. The earliest form specific for the general, etc.; e.g, "roof for "house"
of tragedy, which was not action but pure passion, or "ship" for "sailors."
used theforce ofsympatheia, through which the spec- synesis n., pi. syneses [Gk. sunesis: sun with, together
tators shared the emotions of the chorus (Jaeger . . .
(2); (hi)e(mi) send ( 1 ): sending together, union.] Lin-
1970:250). guistics. The joining of a word according to semantic
sympathique adj. [Fr. sympathetic, likeable, attractive.] sense rather than grammatical rule. Occurs commonly
Pertaining to a person, place, or thing which is agree- in English when a plural pronoun is used to refer to a
able and likeable or suitable to one's taste or mood. collective noun: e.g.. "If the committee so desires, they
That dress is quite sympathique! may decide the question."
Symphonie fantastique n. [Fr. symphonie symphony synopsis abbr. synop. n., pi. synopses [Gk. sunopsis:
(2); fantastique fantastic (1): fantastic symphony.] sun with, together (2); opsis seeing ( 1 ): seeing together,
"The Fantastic Symphony," an 1830 orchestral work general view, seeing all together.] A brief outline.
by Hector Berlioz (1803-1869). An abstract. A summary, abstract or brief outline of
symposium n., pi. symposia or symposiums [L. from a book, treatise, play, film. etc. The crimes of the
Gk. sumposion: sun with, together (2); posi(s) drink- Shah are innumerable. Even a synopsis would be too
ing (1): drinking with, a drinking-party. the room in long for me to present in a single session {Time Int.
which a drinking-party is held.] 1. Ancient Greece. 1980). Cf. epitome.
A drinking-party at which music was played, there synthesis n., pi. syntheses [Gk. sunthesis: sun with,
was singing and, above all. the guests engaged in together (2); thesis putting, placing ( 1 ): putting together,
conversation. 2. A social gathering or banquet at composition, combination.] 1. The combination of
which people exchange ideas freely. 3. A meeting or various or diverse elements, factors, parts, ideas, forces,
conference at which a number of participants speak substances, etc. into one consistent or coherent whole.
briefly on some aspects of a topic or on related topics. The product of such combination. Much of Grazier's
A discussion. Xgugi s contribution to the symposium analysis is plainly derivative: a synthesis of the views of
had the quality of a spell (Ben Okri in West Africa American critics from Daxid Riesman to Milton Fried-
1982). 4. A collection of views on a topic, particularly man {Newsweek Int. Feb. 23, 1981:50). 2. Deducing
one published by a journal or periodical. —Symposium particular instances from general causes or principles.
1 . Title of a philosophical dialogue by Plato (4277-347 Syrinx n. [L. from Gk. Surinx.] Greek and Roman
B.C.) in which Socrates, Alcibiades. Aristophanes et Mythology. A nymph who escaped the amorous advances
al. discuss the nature of love at a drinking party. 2. Title of the god Pan by transformation into reeds. From
of a philosophical dialogue by Xenophon (4347-7355 these reeds the god made the first pan-pipes, a musi-
B.C.) in which Socrates and others discuss their most cal instrument also known as a syrinx. —syrinx pi.
prized possessions at a drinking party. syrinxes Music. Pan-pipes. A reed instrument in
synchysis n.,pl. synchyses [Gk. sugkhusis: sun with, which air is blown through sections of varying lengths
together (2); khusis pouring (1): pouring together, of reed to produce sounds.
T
T. or t. abbr. for 1. tempo (q.v.). 2. tempore (q.v.). tacenda pi. n. [L. things which must be silent.] Items
3. tenor (q.v.). 4. tomus (q.v.). or subjects which must not be discussed because they
T.A. or t.a. abbr. for testantibus actis (q.v.). are embarrassing, controversial, etc.
tableau n., pi. tableaux or tableaus [Fr. picture, tacent satis laudant. Terence (died c. 1 59 B.C.). Eunuch
description, scene.] Picture. Image. A vivid descrip- 111,2,23. [L. tacent they are silent (1); satis enough
tion. Scene. Artistic grouping, a) One of the striking (2); laudant they praise (3): They are silent-enough-
features ofthe book is the author 's ability to present they praise.] They are silent enough; they praise
admirable tableaux of rural life, b) The play opens enough. Through their silence they praise.
with an impressive tableau (Lesky 1966:394). c) This tacet [L. It is silent.] Music. Silence. Used to indicate a
allows him . . . to make the opera into a series of place in the music where a part is silent.
nightmares and arresting tableaux (Time Int. 1979). taedium See tedium.
d) . . . the report interspersed scenes of mutilations taedium vitae n. [L. taedium weariness, loathing, dis-
and deaths with tableaus ofArgentines at work and gust (1); vitae of life (2): weariness of life.] Disgust
at play (Newsweek Int. May 9, 1983:44). with life. Loathing of life. Deep discontent. Cf. mal
tableau vivant n., pi. tableaux vivants [Fr. tableau du siecle and VV eltschmerz
picture, depiction, scene (2); vivant living (1): living tafsir n., pi. tafasir [Ar.] Islam. Explanation, under-
scene.] A skit or performance in which silent, cos- standing and interpretation of the Koran as distinct
tumed actors reenact a story or scene. from mere translation.
taboo or tabu adj. [Polynesian, tabu set aside, restricted, talis interpretatio in ambiguis semper fienda est, ut
forbidden.] Forbidden or not permitted, especially by evitetur inconveniens et absurdum. [L. talis such
religious or social beliefs. — n., pi. taboos or tabus (7); interpretatio interpretation (1); in in, on (2);
An action, word, or thing which is forbidden or not ambiguis ambiguous, doubtful (things) (3); semper
permitted among the members of a particular social always (5); fienda to be made, done (6); est is (4); ut
or religious group. — v. To forbid a particular action, may be avoided (12); inconveniens
that (8); evitetur
word, or thing. inconvenient (thing) (9); et and (10); absurdum
tabula in naufragio n. [L. tabula plank, table, board absurd (thing) (11): Interpretation in ambiguous
(1) ; in in, on (2); naufragio shipwreck (3): plank in a thingsis always to be done such that the inconvenient
shipwreck.] Law. Used with reference to the power of and absurd thing may be avoided.] Law. Whenever
a third mortgagee, who did not know of the existence there is ambiguity, the passage or clause should be
of a second mortgagee, to acquire the first incumbrance interpreted in such a way that an inconvenient and
and get satisfaction even before the second. It has sur- absurd decision may be avoided. See talis interpretatio
vived in tacking in English law. semper etc.
tabula rasa n.,pl. tabulae rasae [L. tabula tablet, slate talis interpretatio semper fienda est, ut evitetur
(2) ; rasa smoothed, rubbed (1): smoothed or rubbed absurdum et inconveniens, et ne judicium sit
slate.] Blank slate. Used to describe the state of the illusorium. [L. talis such (5); interpretatio inter-
mind before it receives external impressions. Before pretation (1); semper always (3); fienda to be made,
a man can be really objective and impartial, he must done (4); est is (2); ut that (6); evitetur may be
approach an issue with, as it were, a tabula rasa. avoided (10); absurdum absurd (thing) (7); et and
378
379 tempore
(8); inconveniens inconvenient (thing) (9); et and (11); God. Christianity. 1. The first words of Latin hymn
ne in order that not (12); judicium judgment (13); sit of praise. 2. A musical composition based upon this
be (14); illusorium illusory, worthless (15): Inter- prayer. 3. Any hymn of praise.
pretation is always to be done such that the absurd tedium n.,pl. tediums [L. taedium tediousness.] Bore-
and inconvenient thing may be avoided and in order dom or monotony. As a man of action, he soon got
that judgment not be illusory.] Law. Interpretation disgusted with the tedium ofsedentary work.
must always be carried out in such a way that the tefillin pi. n. [Heb. tepilin attachments.] Two small
absurd and the inconvenient may be avoided, and in leather boxes containing phrases from the Hebrew
order that judgment may not be illusory (or worth- bibleworn by Jews during morning prayer except
less). See talis interpretatio in etc. on Holy Days.
tallith or tallis n., pi. tallithim or talliths or tallisim te judice adv. [L. te with you (1); judice (with being)
[Heb. cover.] Judaism. A prayer shawl worn by Jews judge (2): with you being judge.] With you as judge.
every morning. telegnosis n.,pl. telegnoses [Neo-Gk. from Gk. tele at
tant mieux interj. [Fr. much (1); mieux better
tant so a distance, far off (2); gnosis knowledge ( 1 ): knowledge
(2): so much better.] So much the better! Tough! Cf. at a distance.] Clairvoyance (q.v.). Knowledge of
tant pis. distant occurrences obtained through mysterious
tant pis interj. [Fr. tant so much (1); pis worse (2): so means.
much worse.] So much the worse! Cf. tant mieux. telekinesis n., pi. telekineses [Neo-Gk. from Gk. tele
Tantra or tantra n. [Skt. loom, doctrine.] Hinduism, at a distance, far off (2); kinesis movement, motion
Buddhism, andJainism. A secret writing or teaching (1) : movement at a distance.] The apparent movement
which uses symbolic, often erotic, language to guide of things at a distance, as though under the influence
believers to a higher state of reality. of spiritual powers, without the application of con-
tantum religio potuit suadere malorum. Lucretius tact or any physical means.
(C.94-C.55 B.C.). DeRerum Natura 1,72. [L. tantum telos n., pi. teloi [Gk. end, limit.] Ultimate end or purpose.
so much (1); religio religion, religious scruple (4); temp. abbr. for 1. tempo (q.v.). 2. tempore (q.v.).
potuit could, was able (3); suadere to urge, suggest tempo abbr. T. or t. or temp, n., pi. tempi or tempos
(5); malorum of evils (2): So much of evils could [It. time, interval.] 1. Music. The rate of rhythmical
religion urge.] Such a magnitude of evils religion movement of a passage or piece. . . . as the tempo of
could urge people to commit. the music quickened, couples launched into a familiar
tarantella n., pi. ta ran telle or tarantellas [It. dance step . . . {Newsweek Int. April 14, 1980:16). 2. Pace.
from Taranto.] 1. Music. A traditional Italian dance Rate of activity or movement. The intensity and urgency
in a brisk tempo. 2. A composition for this dance or of these passionate desires become reflected in the
in the style of this dance. quick tempo of the action {West Africa 1987).
tarde venit n. [L. tarde late (2); venit it came (1): It tempora mutantur, et nos mutamur in illis. [L.
came late.] Law. A writ which was received by the tempora times (1); mutantur change, are changed
sheriff or any officer too late to be executed before (2) ; et and (3); nos we (4); mutamur we change, are
the day of return. changed (5); in in, on (6); illis them, those (7): Times
Tartarus n., pi. Tartaruses [L. from Gk.] 1. Greek change and we change in them.] Times change and
and Roman Mythology. The infernal regions or the we change
with them. For fuller form, see tempora
Lower World. 2. Hell. 3. A place which looks like mutantur; nos et etc. Cf. Autres temps etc.
hell. Cf. Elysium; Hades; and Valhalla. tempora mutantur; nos et mutamur in illis. / quo
Taurus n. [L. bull.] 1 . Astronomy. A bull-shaped constel- modo? fit semper tempore pejor homo. John Owen
lation located near Aries. 2. The second
Astrology. (15607-1622). Epigrams. [L. tempora times (1);
sign of the zodiac, dominant from April 20 through mutantur change, are changed (2); nos we (4); et
May 20. 3. A person born under this sign. and (3); mutamur we change, are changed (5); in
tchotchke See chachka. in, on (6); illis them, those quo in what (8); modo
(7);
tecum vivere amem, tecum obeam libens. Horace (in) way (9); fit becomes (13); semper always (12);
(65-8 B.C.). Odes 111,9,24. [L. tecum with you (1); tempore with time (10); pejor worse (14); homo
vivere to live (3); amem I would love (2); tecum person, Times change and we
human being (11):
with you (4); obeam I would die (5); libens with change in them. / In what way? With time, a human
pleasure, willing (6): With you I would love to live; being always becomes worse.] Times change and we
with you I would die with pleasure.] I would like to change with them. How? With time, people always
live with you and with pleasure I would die with you. get worse. For shorter form, see tempora mutantur,
Te Deum n., pi. Te Deums short form of Te Deum et nos etc. Cf. Autres temps etc.
Laudamus [L. te you (2); Deum God (3); laudamus tempore abbr. T. or t. or temp. [L. in the time of]
we praise ( 1 ): We praise you, God.] We praise you, Followed by a name, ordinarily that of a king, queen,
Tempore Paschale 380
or other ruler. Used for approximate chronology when tenor ofits author. 4. The natural adult male singing
the exact date is unknown. See Tempore Regis. voice in its highest range. "I'm loosening up, "says
Tempore Paschale or Paschale Tempore abbr. T.P. the sensitive singer, who scales down his sugar-
or: P.T. [L. tempore at time (1); Paschale of Easter, coated songs and sweet tenor for his new LP
Passover (2): at the time of Easter.] At/during Easter. (Newsweek Int. March 26, 1979:35). 5. A person who
In Eastertide. sings, or an instrument which plays, the kind of note
Tempore Regis abbr. T.R. [tempore at time ( 1 );
regis indicated in 4 (above): "A tenor these days can get
of king (2): in the time of the king.] During the reign $39, 000 an eveningfor appearing at a medium-sized
of the king. See tempore. Italian festival, "... (The Economist 1987).
temps perdu n. [Ft. temps time, weather (2); perdu teras n.,pl. terata [Gk. wonder, marvel, portent, sign.]
lost (1): lost time.] Past time. The irretrievable past. Monster. An organism, such as a fetus, which on
Cf. A la Recherche du temps perdu and fugit account of genetic or other causes is grossly amorphous.
irreparibile tempus. ter die sumendum abbr. T.D.S. or t.d.s. [L. ter thrice,
tempus deliberandi n. tempus time(l); deliberandi

[L. three times (2); die in a day (3); sumendum to be
of deliberating (2): time of deliberating.] Roman, Civil, taken (1): to be taken thrice in a day.] Medicine. To
and Scots Law. The time which in former times was be taken three times daily.
allowed to an heir to decide whether to accept the ter in die abbr. T.D. or t.d. adv. [L. ter thrice, three
inheritance or not. Cf. beneficium abstinendi and times (1); in in, on (2); die day (3): thrice in a day.]
potestas abstinendi. Medicine. Three times a day.
tempus edax rerum Ovid (43 B.C.-17 A.D.). Metamor- terminus n., pi. termini or terminuses [L. boundary,
phoses XV,234. [L. tempus time (1); edax devouring end, limit, term.] Finishing point. Starting point. The
(2); rerum of matters, things, property, business, starting and finishing point of a route. Tip of something.
affairs (3): time, devouring of things.] Time, devourer terminus ad quern n. [L. terminus boundary, end,
of things. Initially, the problems seemedformidable limit, term (1); ad to, at, for, according to (2); quern
but, thanks to tempus edax rerum, everything has which (3): the end to which.] Destination. Deadline.
evaporated. See tempus est etc. Purpose. In the case of such a contract [of employ-
tempus est edax rerum. [L. tempus time (1); est is ment], there is no natural terminus ad quern short of
(2); edax devouring, rapacious (3); rerum of matters, the retirement date of the employee by reference to
things, property, business, affairs (4): Time is devouring which to limit the damagesfor wrongful dismissal . .
of things.] Time devours things; i.e., time solves prob- (Freedland 1976:252). Cf. dies a quo.
lems. In law, e.g., an usucapio (q.v.) which goes terminus ante quern n. [L. terminus boundary, end,
unchallenged for a long time becomes a possession. limit, term (1); ante before (2); quern which (3): the
See tempus edax rerum. end/limit before which.] A date or time firmly estab-
tempus fugit. [L. tempus time (1); fugit flies, runs lished as the latest possible limit of a period. Used by
away, flees (2): Time flees.] Time flies. Time passes historians to fix the latest possible date of an event. The
quickly. For fuller form, see sed fugit etc. age ofhis parents and his career suggest that the termi-
tenendum n., pi. tenendums [L. that which must be nus ante quern ofhis birth is 1940. Cf. dies a quo.
be held.] Law. Used to introduce a clause which in terminus a quo n. [L. terminus boundary, end, limit,
former times indicated the kind of tenure which was term (1); a from (2); quo which (3): the end/limit
vested in the grantee. from which.] 1 The starting point of an activity. The
.
tenet n. pi. tenets [L. He/she/it holds or maintains.] Opin-

, point of origin. 2. Terminus post quern (q.v.). See
dogma deemed to be true, especially
ion, doctrine, or dies a quo.
one prevalent among members of a party, organization, terminus post quern n. [L. terminus boundary, end,
profession, or school. The students re/used to sing the limit, term (1); post after (2); quem which (3): the
national anthem and salute theflag, insisting that such end/limit after which.] A date or time firmly estab-
practices are against the tenets oftheir religion. lished as the earliest possible limit of a period. Used
tenor abbr. T. or t n.,pl. tenors [L. holding on, holding by historians to fix the earliest possible date of an
fast, continuance, uninterrupted course.] 1. The general event. Since the terminus post quem of his birth is
course of thought or literary work. . . . theories that 1935, while the terminus ante quem is 1940, he is
have radicalised the general tenor of liberation clearly Paul's contemporary. See dies a quo.
thought in the Third World (Herbert Ekwe-Ekwe
. . . terra cognita n.,pl. terrae cognitae [L. terra land (2)
in West Africa 1986). 2. Procedure, trend, or direction cognita known (1): known land.] A familiar envi-
in an activity or a course. A man oftenacity ofpurpose ronment or known surroundings.
proceeds, like the planets, on the tenor ofhis course, terra cotta abbr. TC n.,pl. terra cottas [It. terra earth,
unperturbed by the criticisms and insubstantial com- ground, land (2); cotta cooked, baked (1): baked
ments ofbusybodies. 3. Character, nature, or habit. This earth.] 1. A hard, fired, usually reddish and unglazed
is an authentic work which bears the unmistakable material used for earthenware. 2. An object such as a
381 testantibus actis
pot, bowl, or figurine made from such material. 3. A tertius interveniens n. [L. tertius third (1);
brownish red or orange color. — adj. terra-cotta A interveniens intervening (2): a third intervening.]
brownish orange color. The color of clay, Civil Law. A third person who intervenes. A person
terrae Alius See filius terrae. who interpleads, i.e., between parties to a suit, usually
\ terra firma n. [L. terra earth, ground, land (2); firma to protect his/her own interests.
firm, strong (1): firm ground/earth.] Solid ground. terza rima n. [It. terza third (1); rima rhyme (2): third
Dry land. A secure Jfoothold. rhyme.] A type of poetry in which the second line of
; terra ignota n., pi. terrae ignotae [L. terra land (2) verse written in triplets rhymes with the first and third
unknown (1): unknown land.] An

ignota unfamiliar verses of the next triplet. This form of rhyme is used
environment or unknown surroundings. in La Commedia Divina (q.v.) by Dante Alighieri
i terra incognita n.,pl. terrae incognitae [L. terra earth, (1265-1321).
ground, land (2); incognita unknown (1): unknown testamenta cum duo inter se pugnantia reperiuntur,
land.] An unknown territory. An unexplored subject. ultimum ratum est; sic est, cum duo inter se
Books written by Europeans would make us believe pugnantia reperiuntur in eodem testamento. [L.
that, before Christopher Columbus voyage of explo- ' testamenta wills (3); cum when (1); duo two (2);
ration, America was a terra incognita. inter among (6); se themselves (7); pugnantia fight-
terra intacta n. [L. terra earth, ground, land (2); ing (5); reperiuntur are found (4); ultimum last (8);
intacta untouched (1): untouched land.] Unexplored, ratum approved ( 0); est is (9); sic so (1 1); est it is
1
untouched land. Implicit in his discussion . . . is the (12); cum when (13); duo two (things) (14); inter
fact that the Upper Region remains terra intacta as among ( 7); se themselves ( 8); pugnantia fighting
1 1
far as excavation is concerned, . . . (Roger G. Thomas reperiuntur are found (15); in

(16); in, on (19);
j
in West Africa 1982). eodem the same (20); testamento will (21): When
terra manens vacua occupanti conceditur. [L. terra two wills are found fighting among themselves, the
earth, ground, land (1); manens remaining, staying last is approved; so it is, when two things are found
(2); vacua unoccupied, vacant (3); occupanti to one fighting among themselves in the same will.] Law.
occupying (5); conceditur is granted, given (4): Land When there are two conflicting wills, the last is accepted.
remaining vacant is granted to the one occupying.] The same rule applies when there are two conflicting
Law. Land which remains vacant is given to the first provisions in the same will. See cum duo inter se
person to occupy it. See res nullius naturaliter etc. etc. and si duo in testamento etc.
terra nullius n. [L. terra earth, ground, land (1); nullius of testamenta latissimam interpretationem habere
nobody (2): land of nobody.] Land which has not been debent. [L. testamenta wills ( 1 ); latissimam broad-
annexed by any nation. Land which belongs to nobody. est (4); interpretationem interpretation (5); habere
terra transit cum onere. [L. terra earth, ground, land to have, hold, regard (3); debent ought, should (2):
(1); transit passes, is transferred (2); cum with (3); Wills should have the broadest interpretation.] Law.
onere burden, load (4): Land passes with the bur- Wills should be interpreted very broadly.
den.] Law. Land is transferred with its incumbrance. testamenti factio See factio testamenti.
Cf. res transit etc. testamentum n., pi. testamenta [L. will, testament ]
terrazzo n., pi. terrazzi [It.] A marble or stone floor Civil Law. A testament. Will.
set in mortar and highly polished. testamentum destitutum n.,pl. testamenta destituta
terre-a-terre adj. [Fr. terre earth, ground, land (1); a to, [L. testamentum will (2); destitutum abandoned,
toward, in, by, with, until (2); terre earth (3): earth to deserted (1): an abandoned will.] A deserted will,
earth.] 1 . Performed on the floor or ground. Performed i.e., an inheritance which no one has entered on.
with hardly any elevation. The dancer is most admirable Cf. hereditas jacens.
when he does terre-a-terre dancing. 2. Performing with testamentum inofficiosum n., pi. testamenta
the feet very close to the floor or ground. The terre-a- inofficiosa [L. testamentum will (2); inofficiosum
terre dancers in the troupe put up a very outstanding undutiful, inofficious (1): an undutiful testament.]
performance. 3. Commonplace, unimaginative, prosaic Civil Law. A will which does not fulfill obligations
or matter-of-fact. Down-to-earth. The guest of honor or duties, i.e., a will that violates natural duty and
almost ruined the occasion with his terre-a-terre speech. deprives children and parents of their rightful share
tertium quid n. [L. tcrtium third (1); quid what (2): a in the estate. See donatio inofficiosa.
t third what.] 1 . Something lying between two mutually testamentum omne morte consummatur. [L. testamen-
exclusive things, but sharing features of both. 2. A tum will (2); omne every, all (1); morte by death (4);
third party of uncertain status. This is a case of a consummatur is consummated, perfected (3): Every will
i husband, wife, and a tertium quid. is consummated by death.] Law. All wills are perfected
tertius gaudens n. [L. tertius third ( 1 ); gaudens rejoic- by the death of the testator. See legatum morte etc.
ing (2): a third rejoicing.] Law. A third party benefits testantibus actis abbr. T.A. or t.a. [L. testantibus
from a dispute between two other parties. (with) testifying, bearing witness (2); actis with the
testatoris ultima 382
acts/deeds (1): with the acts testifying.] As the acts testisnemo in sua causa esse potest. [L. testis wit-
show. As the acts indicate. As shown by the acts. ness (4);nemo no one (1); in in, on (5); sua one's
testatoris ultima voluntas est perimplenda secun- own, his/her own (6); causa cause, case, reason (7);
dum veram intentionem suam. [L. testatoris of esse to be (3); potest can, is able (2): No one can be
testator (3); ultima last (1); voluntas will, desire, a witness in his/her own cause.] Law. No one can be
wish (2); est is (4); perimplenda to be fully executed a witness in a case in which he/she is involved.
(5); secundum according to (6); veram true (8); Cf. nemo debet esse etc.
intentionem intention (9); suam his/her (7): The last testis oculatus unus plus valet quam auriti decern.
wish of a testator is to be fully executed according to See plus valet oculatus testis quam auriti decern.
his/her true intention.] Law. A testator's last will must tete-a-tete n., pi. tete-a-tetes or tetes-a-tetes [Fr. tete
be fully executed according to his/her true intention. head (1); a to, toward, in, by, with, until (2); tete
See interest reipublicae suprema etc. head (3): head to head.] A private or confidential con-
testatum n.,pl. testata [L. that which has demonstrated, versation or interview, especially between two persons.
declared, or borne witness to, a writ.] Law. 1 . The por- . . . the head ofFrance 's largestfarm union was sitting
tion of a deed of conveyance which, among other things, down for a tete-a-tete with President Francois
states the consideration and contains the operative Mitterrand (Newsweek Int. Feb. 22, 1982:9). — adj.
words. Testatum capias ad satisfaciendum (q.v.).

2. 1 . Face As he strolled on the crowded side-
to face.
testatum capias ad satisfaciendum or testatum capias walk, Tony found himself tete-a-tete with the girl he
n. [L. testatum that which has demonstrated declassed, had been avoidingfor the pastfour years. 2. Private.
or borne witness to, a writ (2); capias you should take Done between two persons. The two lovers had a
(1); ad to, at, for, according to (3); satisfaciendum quiet night, enjoying a tete-a-tete dinner at a secluded
satisfying (4): You should take a writ for satisfying.] villa. — adv. Privately. Face-to-face. With no third
Law. An additional writ issued by a court of one county person present. The lovers had a quiet night, dining,
to a sheriff of another county, if the judgment debtor conversing and reading tete-a-tete. Cf. vis-a-vis.
has moved to the latter county and a writ of ca. sa. Tetragrammaton n. [Gk. tet(ta)ra four(l); gramma
(q.v.) has been returned, indicating that he/she cannot letter (2): four letters.] The four letters (YHWH or
be found in the county of the issuing court. JHVH) representing the Hebrew name for God.
testatus n. , pi. testati [L. one who has made a will or textus receptus n. [L. textus text (2); receptus received
testament.] Civil Law. A person who has made a will. (1) : received text.] The established text in a manu-
A testate. A testator. script tradition, especially that of the Bible.
testesponderantur, non numerantur. See pon- thanatophidia/?/. n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. thanato(s) death
derantur testes, non numerantur. (2) ; ophi(s) serpent (1): serpent of death.] Poisonous
testibus praesentibus [L. testibus with witnesses (1); snakes.
praesentibus (with) present (2): with witnesses thanatophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. thanato(s) death
present.] In the presence of witnesses. (2); phob(os) fear (1): fear of death.] An excessive
testimonia ponderanda sunt, non numeranda. [L. fear of death.
testimonia testimonies, evidences (1); ponderanda thaumaturgus n., pi. thaumaturgi [L. from Gk.
to be weighed (3); sunt are (2); non not (4); numeranda thaumaturgos: thaumat(os) wonder (1); erg(on)
to be counted (5): Testimonies are to be weighed, not work (2): wonder-worker.] A person, especially a magi-
counted.] Law. Testimonies must be evaluated by their cian or saint, who performs miracles. Thaumaturge.
weight, not their number. See ponderantur testes etc. Th.B. abbr. for Theologiae Baccalaureus (q.v.).
testimonium n., pi. testimonia or testimoniums [L. Th.D. abbr. for Theologiae Doctor (q.v.).
evidence, attestation, testimony.] Law. The concluding theatrum mundi n. [L. theatrum theater (1); mundi
or authenticating clause of a deed or instrument of of the world (2): theater of the world.] The theater as
conveyance, which usually begins with "In witness a mirror of the world.
whereof, the parties to these presents . .
." and con- threnos n., pi. threnoi [Gk. threnos lament.] A song
tains such information as the date, the parties, and of sorrow, especially for the dead. A dirge.
the witnesses. Theologiae Baccalaureus abbr. Th.B. n. [L. theologiae
testis n., pi. testes [L. witness, a person who attests, of theology (2); baccalaureus bachelor ( 1 ): Bachelor
testicle.] 1 . A witness. A person who gives testimony of Theology.] An undergraduate degree in theology.
or witnesses a document. 2. Testicle. Theologiae Doctor abbr. Th.D. n. [L. theologiae of
de visu praeponderat aliis. [L. testis witness
testis theology (2); doctor teacher ( 1 ): teacher of theology.]
de of, from, about, for (2); visu sight, vision (3);
(1); Doctor of Theology. A terminal graduate degree in J
praeponderat is regarded as superior to, outweighs theology.

(4); aliis others (5): A witness from sight outweighs Theologiae Magister abbr. Th.M. n. [L. theologiae of
others.] Law. An eye-witness outweighs others. See theology (2); magister master ( 1 ): Master of Theology .]
plus valet unus etc. and securius expediuntur etc. A predoctoral graduate degree in theology.
.
383 Torah
theophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. theo(s) God (2); toccata n.,pl. toccatas [It. touched.] Music. A free-style
phob(os) fear (1): fear of God.] An excessive fear composition for the keyboard, especially the organ,
of God. characterized by big chords and complicated runs.
thesaurus n., pi. thesauri or thesauruses [L. from Gk. Tod und Verklarung n. [Ger. Tod death (1); und and
thesauros treasure, treasury, store-house.] I. A collec- (2); Verklarung transfiguration, clarification (3):
tion of information or words, especially one respecting death and transfiguration.] "Death and Transfiguration,"
a particular discipline. A dictionary of synonymous an 1 889 symphonic poem by Richard Strauss ( 1 864-
expressions. An encyclopedia. For 130 years Roget 's 1949) about a dying man remembering his past and
Thesaurus has been the book that writers, students, preparing for his death.
crossword-puzzle addicts and logophiles turned to toga n., pi. togas [L. gown, garment.] 1. The loose outer
"
when they wondered, "What 's another wordfor ? . . garment normally worn in public by an ancient Roman
(Newsweek Int. April 26, 1982:34). 2. Storehouse, reposi- male citizen. 2. Any similar loose wrapper, like the kente
tory or treasury. A room in the residence ofthe Basseys cloth of a Ghanaian, which is draned in such a way that
has been converted into a thesaurus ofpriceless articles. the left arm is covered while the right arm is left uncov-
thesis n., pi. theses [Gk. laying down, situation, posi- ered. 3. An official, professional, or academic gown. An
tion assumed and requiring proof] 1. A statement interesting aspect ofthe convocation ceremony was the
advanced for discussion and proof, a) His thesis is colorful procession of graduands and members of the
simple: the African was the slave because disease academic staff, each wearing his/her toga. 4. Authority.
selected him for the role (Kofi Akainyah in West Africa An official position. Clothed with the toga ofa chiefex-
1986) b) The scholar's
. thesis, though ably argued, ecutive, he assumes omnipotence and omniscience, and
had a fundamentalflaw and was with difficulty demol- in the process makes himselfa laughingstock
ished by the discussants. 2. A dissertation or essay toga virilis n., pi. togae viriles [L. toga gown, garment
incorporating the outcome of original research, espe- (1); virilis of a man (2): garment of a man.] 1 . A man's
cially one conducted by a candidate for a high academic garment or toga, which the ancient Roman youth
degree under competent direction or supervision. started wearing at puberty, i.e., at the age of about
Also, an essay written by an undergraduate who is a fourteen. 2. Maturity. Symbol of maturity, especially
candidate for an honors degree. A person who holds a responsible
intellectual maturity.
Th.M. abbr. for Theologiae M agister (q.v.). position should not behave like one who is yet to wear
thug n. [Hindi thag.] A hoodlum or ruffian, especially the toga virilis.
one working in a gang, tolle lege tolle lege Augustine of Hippo (354-430
tiara n., pi. tiaras [Gk. crown.] A crown or ceremonial A.D.). Confessions VIII, 12,29. [L. tolle pick up (1);
headpiece. lege read (2); tolle pick up (3); lege read (4): Pick
timeo Danaos et dona ferentes. Vergil (70-19 B.C.). up, read, pick up, read.] Pick up and read (the book,
Aeneid 11,49. [L. timeo I fear ( 1 ); Danaos Greeks (2); 1. e., the Bible).
et even (3); dona gifts (5); ferentes bringing (4): I tolle voluntatem et erit omnis actus indifferens. [L.
fear Greeks even bringing gifts.] I fear the Greeks even tolle take way, remove (1); voluntatem will, incli-
when they bring gifts; i.e., Be on your guard when nation (2); et and (3); erit will be (6); omnis every,
dealing with your enemy, even if he/she/they should all (4); actus act, action (5); indifferens indifferent,
be nice or should offer gifts. An allusion to the wooden neither good nor bad (7): Remove the will and every
horse given to the Trojans by the Greeks. action will be indifferent.] Law. Take away the will,
tinea pedis n. [L. tinea worm (1); pedis of foot (2): and every action will be neither good nor bad.
worm of foot.] Medicine. Athlete's foot. See actus non facit etc.
tinnitus n. [L. ringing.] Medicine. A ringing in the ears. torn us n.,pl. tomi abbr. T. or t. [L. from Gk. tomos a
tirade n., pi. tirades [Fr. diatribe, vituperative speech, cutting, volume, book.] A book, especially a serious
string or volley, i.e., of insults.] A vituperative one or one volume in a series. A tome.
speech. A protracted or prolonged speech, usually tontine n.,pl. tontines [Fr. from Lorenzo Tonti (1635—
full of insulting language. A continuous fire or vol- 1690?).] Finance. A scheme in which investors re-
ley, i.e., of insults, invective, etc. a) The "press- ceive shares in a fund and earn annuities for a certain
man " out of the way, it was time for her to release period of time, after which the remaining fund is
a tirade of insults on her challenger {The Guardian awarded to the surviving investors.
1987) b) Unionist opposition to the Anglo-Irish
. topos n.,pl. topoi [Gk. place.] A traditional or customary
agreement turned that Stormont experiment into one form or theme, especially literature or art.
long tirade ofineffectual protest ( The Economist 1 987). Torah n. [Heb. instruction, teaching.] Judaism. 1. The
tmesis n., pi. tmeses [Gk. tmesis cutting, division.] books of the Hebrew Bible. The Pentateuch.
first five
Linguistics. Separation of the constituent parts of a 2. The scroll containing these books, read at Jewish
compound word by the intrusion of a word or phrase; services. 3. The collection of Jewish religious law
e.g., "what idea soever" for "whatsoever idea." and learning, both written and oral.
torso 384
torso n., pi. torsi or torsos or torsoes [It. stock, stem.] all ( 1 ); pour for (2); un one (3); un one (4); pour for
1. The trunk of a human being, i.e., body excluding (5) ; tous all (6): All for one, one for all.] All for one
the head and the limbs, a) His hands and torso were and one for all. Cf. Les Trois Mousquetaires.
covered with blood {Newsweek Int. Nov. 12, tout a fait adv. [Fr. tout all (1); a to, toward, in, by,
1 979: 1 5). b) Seidu wore a shirt which fitted his torso with, until (2); fait deed, act (3): all to deed.] En-
tightly and emphasized his masculinity. 2. The part tirely. Absolutely. Thoroughly.
of a garment which covers the human trunk. 3. The Tout comprendre, c'est tout pardonner. [Fr. tout
trunk of the statue of a human being, especially one everything (2): comprendre to understand (1); c' it
which is nude or whose head and limbs are muti- (3); est is (4); tout everything (5); pardonner to
lated. 4. A thing such as a literary or artistic work pardon, forgive (6): To understand everything, it is
which is mutilated or was not completed by the author to pardon everything.] Understanding everything is
or artist. 5. Something such as the trunk of a tree the same as forgiving everything.
which resembles a human being's torso. Tout comprendre rend tres indulgent. Mme. de Stael
totidem verbis adv. [L. totidem in just so many, just ( 1 766- 1817). Corinne XVIII,5 [Fr. tout everything .
as many ( 1 ); verbis (in) words (2): in so many words.] (2) ;comprendre to understand, comprehend (1);
In so many words. See in totidem verbis. rend makes (3); tres very (4); indulgent lenient,
toties quoties adv. [L. toties so many times (1); quoties forbearing (5): To understand everything makes (one)
as (2): so many times as.] As often as. Repeatedly. very lenient.] Understanding everything makes a
Whenever the occasion arises. The President has been person very tolerant.
granting indulgence toties quoties. tout court adv. [Fr. tout all (1); court short (2): all
totis viribus adv. [L. totis with the whole (1); viribus short, in short.] In brief. The allegorical equation of
(with) strength, energy, power (2): with the whole Hermes with speech tout court, logos, is reflected in
strength/power.] With all one's might. Very vigor- our word hermeneutics (Burkert 1985: 1 58).
ously. Energetically. He is a very industrious man tout de suite adv. [Fr. tout all, entirely (1); de in (2);
who executes every assignment totis viribus. suite succession (3): entirely in succession, immedi-
toto caelo adv. [L. toto by the whole (1); caelo (by) ately.] Right away. Now.
sky, heaven (2): by the whole heaven.] In a diametri- Toute nation a le gouvernement qu'elle merite. Jo-
cally opposite way. In an entirely different fashion. seph De Maistre (1753-1821). [Fr. toute every (1);
His position differs toto caelo from my own. nation nation (2); a has (3); le the (4); gouvernement
totum tenet et nihil tenet. [L. totum the whole (2); government (5); qu' which (6); elle it, she (7); merite
tenet he holds, has (1); et and (3); nihil nothing (5); deserves, earns (8): Every nation has the government
tenet he holds, has (4): He has the whole and has which it deserves.] Nations get the governments they
nothing.] Law. Applicable, inter alia (q.v.), to joint deserve.
tenancy. tout ensemble n. [Fr. tout everything (1); ensemble
touche interj. [Fr. touched, a hit, a touch.] A good together (2): everything together.] The general ef-
thrust! A good point! Used to admit a good hit, thrust, fect of something, such as a work of art. Something
point, etc. in fencing, debate, or accusation. considered as a whole.
"Touche, " said Ben, admitting the validity ofa point Tout est perdu fors l'honneur. Francis I of France
urged by his opponent. — n., pi. touches A good hit, (1494-1547). [Fr. tout all (1); est is (2); perdu lost
thrust, point, etc. in fencing, debate, or accusation. (3) ; fors except, save (4); 1' the (5); honneur honor
tour de force n.,pl. tours de force [Fr. tour feat, trick (6) All is lost except honor.] Everything
: is lost except
(1); de of (2); force strength, power (3): feat of honor.
strength.] A wonderful feat of strength or skill. An Tout est pour le mieux dans ce meilleur des mondes
extraordinary performance in the literary, artistic, etc. possibles Voltaire (1694-1778). Candide 30. [Fr.
field, a) One London critic hailed the performance tout all ( 1 );

est is (2); pour for (3); ce this (4); mieux
as a tour deforce . . . (Newsweeklnt. May 30, 1983:64). best (5); dans in (6); le the (7); meilleur best (8); des
b) Donald Erb 's Trombone Concerto . . . was a of the (9); mondes worlds (11); possibles possible
half mad, jazz-inspired tourdeforce (Newsweeklnt. (10): All is for the best in this best of the possible
March 3, 1980:44B). worlds.] All is for the best in the best of all possible
tour d' horizon n., pi. tours d'horizon [Fr. tour course, worlds. A reference to the positive philosophy of
circuit (1); d' of (2); horizon horizon (3): circuit of hori- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-1716).
zon.] A survey. A general survey. The purpose of the tout le haut monde n. [Fr. tout all (1); le the (2); haut
retreat . . . was to conduct a thorough tour d 'horizon of high, upper (3); monde world (4): all the high world.]
U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East, Iran and South- All the elite of the society. Yves Saint Laurent toasted
west Asia (Newsweek Int. March 3 1 , 1 980: 1 2). his twentieth anniversary as the kingof couture last
Tous pour un, un pour tous. Alexandre Dumas week with a lavish bash for 1,000 .... drawing tout
( 1 803-1 870). Les Trois Mousquetaires IX. [Fr. tous le haut monde and some lesserfolks, too (Newsweek
385 trattoria
Int. Feb. 8, 1982:50). See beau monde and haut to transfer no more to the one who receives than is in
monde. the possession of the one who delivers.] Law. Delivery
toutle monde n. [Fr. tout all, entirely (1); le the (2); should or can transfer to the recipient no more than
monde world (3): all the world.] Everybody. is possessed by the one who makes the delivery.
tout Paris n. [Fr. tout all ( 1 );
Paris Paris (2): all Paris.] See nemo dat qui etc.
The "beautiful people" of Paris. Affluent fun-loving tragedienne or tragedienne n., pi. tragediennes or
Parisians. The ruse works, and Vicky becomes . . . tragediennes [Fr. an actress in tragedy.] A tragic
the sensation oftout Paris {Newsweek Int. March 29, actress or, by extension, any actress. Cf. comedienne.
1982:49). Cf. le tout Paris. trahison des clercs n.,pl. trahisons des clercs J. Benda
tout seul n. [Fr. tout all, entirely ( 1 ); seul alone (2): all (1873- 1956). [Fr. trahison treason, perfidy, betrayal
alone.] Completely alone. (1); des of the (2); clercs scholars, learned men (3):
tout simple n. [Fr. tout all, entirely (1); simple easy, betrayal of scholars.] 1. The treason of intellectuals
simple (2): entirely simple.] Altogether simple. who desert academic pursuit and take to politics. 2. The
tout Fr. tout all ( 1 ); un one (2); sound
un sound [Obs. title of a 1927 book by Benda.
sound one sound.] Of the same sound. With
(3): all trahit sua quemque voluptas. Vergil (70-19 B.C.).
the same sound. Idem sonans (q.v.). Eclogues 11,65. [L. trahit draws, drags (3); sua one's
T.P. abbr. for Tempore Paschale (q.v.). own, his/her own ( 1 ); quemque each one (4); voluptas
T.R. abbr. for Tempore regis (q.v.). pleasure, delight (2): One's own pleasure draws each
traditio handing over, delivery, transfer of
n. [L. one.] Each one is attracted by what interests him/her.
possession.] Civil Law. Delivery of possession, i.e., tranche n.,pl. tranches [Fr. slice, installment.] Portion
transference of a corporeal thing by the owner to or installment. Portion of bond issue for distribution
somebody in return for something. in another country. The World Bank has released an
traditio brevi manu n. [L. traditio handing over, deliv- initial tranche of 250 million dollars out of a total
ery, transfer of possession (1); brevi by short (2); of 452 million to be granted to Nigeria . . . {Sunday
manu (by) hand (3): delivery by short hand.] Law. Tribune 1986).
An implied delivery in which a person who possesses tranche de vie n. [Fr. tranche slice, installment (1);
something name of another reaches agreement
in the de of (2); vie life (3): slice of life.] A piece of real
with the latter to hold possession in his/her own name. life, especially in art and literature.
traditio clavium n. [L. traditio handing over, delivery, transferuntur dominia sine titulo et traditione,
transfer of possession (1); clavium of keys (2): deliv- per usucaptionem, scil., per longam continuam
ery or transfer of keys.] Law. Transfer of ownership et pacificam possessionem. [L. transferuntur
of goods in a warehouse by the symbolic act of deliv- are transferred (2); dominia absolute ownerships (1);
ering keys. sine without (3); titulo title (4); et and (5); traditione
traditio longa manu n. [L. traditio handing over, deliv- delivery (6); per through, by (7); usucap(t)ionem
ery, transfer of possession (1); longa by long (2); manu usucaption (8); scil.(icet) that is to say, namely (9);
(by) hand (3): delivery or transfer of possession by per through, by (10); longam long (1 1); continuam
long hand.] Law. A form of delivery in which the continuous, unbroken (12); et and (13); pacificam
owner puts the property in the hands of the receiver peaceable, peaceful (14); possessionem possession
or orders the delivery of the property at the receiver's (15): Absolute ownerships are transferred without
house. title and delivery through usucaption, namely through
traditio loqui chartam facit. [L. traditio handing over, long, continuous, and peaceable possession.] Law.
delivery, transfer of possession (1); loqui (to) speak Absolute ownership may be transferred without title
(4); chartam paper (3); facit makes (2): Delivery and delivery through usucaption, that is to say, through
makes a paper speak.] Law. Delivery causes a deed long, continuous, and uncontested possession. Cf.
to speak; i.e., a deed becomes effective when there is praescriptio est titulus etc. and sine possessione etc.
delivery. Cf. in traditionibus etc. transgressione multiplicata, crescat poenae inflictio.
traditio nihil amplius transferre debet vet potest, ad See multiplicata transgressione, crescat poenae
eum qui accipit, quam est apud eum qui tradit. inflictio.
[L. traditio handing over, delivery, transfer of pos- transire n., pi. transires [L. to pass, cross over, go
session (1); nihil nothing (6); amplius more, further through.] A customs document indicating the cargo,
(7); transferre to transfer (5); debet ought, should the consignors), and the consignee(s), and permitting
(2); vel or (3); potest can, is able (4); ad to, at, for, the passage of the vessel.
according to eum one, him/her (9); qui who (
(8); 1 0); transitus n.,pl. transituses [L. passage.] Passage of a
accipit receives, accepts (11); quam than (12); est person or thing from one place to another. Transit.
is (13); apud in the possession of, in the power of trattoria n.,pl. trattorias [It. restaurant.] An establish-
(14); eum one, him/her (15); qui who (16); tradit ment which sells meals, especially Italian home-style
surrenders, delivers (17): Delivery ought, or is able, food. A public eating-house. A restaurant (q.v.). A
Trauermusik 386
two course meal with house wine in a nice trattoria 1. Threefold. Triple. 2. Having three apartments.
has climbedfrom $10 to $15 . . . (Newsweek Int. May 3. Having three levels. A triplex building. Cf. duplex.
9, 1983:39). triptyque n., pi. triptyques [Fr. from Gk. triptukhos

Trauermusik Trauer mourning (1); Musik
n. [Ger. from tr(es) three (1); ptux fold (2): three folds.] 1 . A
music (2): mourning music] Music of Mourning, a document issued by departments of customs or motor-
string composition by Paul Hindemuth (1895-1963), ing associations which permits temporary importation
written in 1936 on the occasion of the death of King of automobiles and thus facilitates their movement
George V of Great Britain. across international'boundaries. 2. Art. A group of three
trauma n., pi. traumata or traumas [Gk. wound, painted or carved panels which are hinged together.
heavy blow.] 1. A physical wound or injury caused triskaidekaphobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. triskaideka
by violence, a fall, or a blow. 2. A psychologically three-and-ten, thirteen (2); phob(os) fear(l): fear of
or emotionally shattering experience, a) the trauma three-and-ten.] Superstitious fear of the number "13."
of divorce; b) The Nigerian national trauma is the triste adj. [L./Fr. mournful, sad.] Miserable. Sorrow-
1967-70 civil war. The one thing Nigerians do not ful. Low-spirited, a) a triste musical group; b) a triste
want to see is a repetition ofthat conflict (Odumegwu performance.
Ojukwu in Newsweek Int. Aug. 8, 1983:14). tristesse n. [Fr. sadness, sorrow.] Unhappiness. Dis-
c) . . . Japan recovered from the trauma of the war, couragement. Dismay. She was overcome by tristesse
post 1945, to become the greatest technologically at the bittersweet memory of her lost love.
advanced country . . . (The Guardian 1986). tristis successio n. [L. tristis mournful, sad (1);
trecento n. [It. tre three (1); cento hundred (2): the successio succession, inheritance (2): mournful in-
three hundreds.] The 1300s. The 14th century. Used heritance.] See hereditas luctuosa.
especially in reference to Italian history, literature, triumvir n.,pl. triumvirs or triumviri [L. tr(es) three
and art. Cf. cinquecento; quatrocento; and seicento. man, one of a body of three.]
(1) ; vir man(2): three
tres adv./adj. [Fr. very.] Very. Too much. That 's tres cool. A member of a ruling body of three. That left Meese,
tres chic adj. [Fr. tres very (1); chic stylish (2): very the third and weightiest of the triumvirs . . .
stylish.] Very stylish. Very sophisticated. Cf. chic. (Newsweek Int. Jan 18, 1982:28). Cf. decemvir.
tria capita pi. n. [L. tria three ( 1 ); capita heads (2): three trivia pi. n. Used as either sing, or pi. [L. from trivium
heads.] Roman Law. The three elements of a person's a place where three roads meet, crossroads, inter-
civil status, namely libertas "freedom," civitas "citi- section, frequented place.] The meaning is influenced
zenship" (q.v.), and familia "family rights" (q.v.). by trivialis [L. vulgar, commonplace, trivial.] Insig-
trid. abbr. for triduum (q.v.). nificant or unimportant things or matters. Trifles.
triduo n., pi. tridui or triduos [It./Sp.] A period of Trivialities, a) ... a reference to critics who expect the
three days. Triduum 1 (q.v.). historian to record all kinds oftrivia, like the emperor 's
triduum abbr. trid. n., pi. triduums [L. three days' dinner conversation. . . (Laistnen 1966: 152). b) Though
time, three days.] 1. A term or period of three days. he holds a very important position, he devotes most
2. Roman Catholic Church. A period of three days of his time to trivia.
of prayers that usually precedes an important reli- trivium n. [L. from tr(es) three (1); vi(a) road, way
gious occasion such as a feast or first communion. (2) three roads, a place
: where three roads meet, an
triennium n.,pl. trienniums or triennia [L. tres three intersection.] Medieval Europe. The initial course of
(1); annus year (2): three years, three years' time.] study in the liberal arts, i.e., grammar, rhetoric, and
A period or epoch of three years. Cf. biennium. logic. Cf. quadrivium.
trio n., pi. trios [It./Sp. three persons.] 1. A musical troika n.,pl. troikas [Russ. group of three.] 1 . A Russian
composition designed for three voices or instruments. carriage or vehicle drawn by a team of three horses
A dance performed by three persons. 2. A set or group abreast. 2. A team or body of three authorities, leaders,
of three persons, singers, dancers, things, etc. a) They rulers, etc. A triumvirate. The poster is dwarfed by
are the very model ofa modern major company, even huge red-and-black portraits of Lenin, Marx and
though two-thirds of the trio has scant experience Engels. Pictures of the same troika are also avail-
on the stage (Newsweek Int. June 22, 1981:50). able on T-shirts (Newsweek Int., July 6, 1 98 1 1 7).
. . . :
b) There a trio ofcharacters: an oil engineer

is ,a . . . trombone n., pi. trombones [It. a big trumpet.] Music.
secretary and a Bedouin guide
. . . (West Africa . . . 1.A brass wind instrument with a bell-shaped mouth
1982). and a long tube with a U-shaped slide which moves
tripara n., pi. triparas [Neo-L. from tr(es) three (2); to create various pitches. 2. A person who plays this
par(io) give birth ( 1 ): giving birth for the third time.] instrument in an orchestra or band.
Medicine. A woman who has given birth for the third trompe l'oeil n.,pl. trompe Poeils [Fr. trompe deceive,
time. Cf. multipara, trick (1); T the (2); oeil eye (3): deceive the eye, decep-
triplex n.,pl. triplexes [L. threefold, triple, a threefold tive painting of still life, deception, illusion, camouflage.]
portion.] Something which is threefold. — adj. Art work, especially painting, which is so realistic
.
387 Tyche
that it easily deceives the eye. — adj. Characteristic cause that is scandalous or base and so deemed inad-
of trompe 1'oeil. So realistic that it can be deceptive, equate to support a contract or a law suit. See ex turpi
a) From 6000 sq. ft. of marble mosaic floors, up causa etc.
monumental stairways, past trompe I 'oeil wall panels, turpis contractus n. [L. turpis base, disgraceful (1);
rich brocaded drapes . . . (Time Int. 1982). b) Barzini contractus drawing together, shrinking, contract,
concludes that even on its best postwar behavior, agreement (2): base contract.] Law. An immoral con-
" an
Germany is "a trdmpe I 'oeil Protean country, tract and so unenforceable. See ex turpi causa etc.
unpredictable force that continues to mystify and tutelage n. [Fr. guardianship.] Law. Care or education
frighten the rest of Europe (Newsweek Int. May 23, under a tuteur (q.v.).
1983:53). tuteur n., pi tuteurs [Fr. guardian.] French Law. A

troubadour n., pi. troubadours [Fr. from Provencal guardian, trustee, or tutor of a minor.
trobador composer.] 1. One of a group of lyric poets tuteur officieux orfern, tutrice officieuse n. [Fr. tuteur
who flourished in France and northern Italy from the guardian (2); officieux unofficial semi-official, infor-
eleventh century to the thirteenth century. 2. An itin- mal ( 1 ): unofficial or informal guardian.] French Law.
erant minstrel. A person who uses the medium of A person of not less than fifty years of age who, with
poetry, music, etc. to promote a cause. the consent of parents or the conseil de famille (q.v.),
troupe n., pi. troupes [Fr. troop, band.] A company, is appointed tutor or guardian of a child who is not
especially a group of theatrical performers, dancers, less than fifteen years of age and serves in loco
etc. or members of a circus foffrey 11, the appren- parentis (q.v.) to him/her.
tice touring troupe of the popular New York-based tuteur subroge n., pi. tuteurs subroges [Fr. tuteur
ballet company (Newsweek Int. July 14, 1980:31). guardian (2); subroge surrogate, deputy (1): surro-
trousseau n.,pl. trousseaux or trousseaus [Fr. outfit, gate guardian.] French Law. A surrogate or deputy
bunch, wedding outfit.] A bride's personal outfit, guardian, i.e., one who performs his/her duties when
which usually includes clothes, household linen, and there is conflict of interests between the substantive
accessories. guardian and the child.
trouvaille n., pi. trouvailles [Fr. a find.] A lucky find. tutius erratur ex parte mitiorc. [L. tutius more safely
tsaddik or tzaddik n., pi. tsaddikim or tzaddikim or (2); erratur it is erred, there is erring (1); ex out of,
tsaddiks or tzaddiks [Heb. saddik righteous, just.] from, directly after, away from (3); parte side, part
Judaism. An extremely righteous and holy man, (5); mitiore more lenient, mild (4): There is erring
especially, for Hasidic Jews, a religious and spiritual more safely from the more lenient side.] Law. It is
guide and authority. In Chaim Potok's The Chosen, safer to make a mistake on the side of leniency (or
Danny 's father was a tsaddik who expected his son mercy). See in dubio, pars etc.
to follow in his footsteps. tutius semper est errare acquietando quam in

tsar See czar. puniendo, ex parte misericordiae quam ex parte
tsatske See chachka. justitiae. [L. tutius safer (3); semper always (2);
tsunami n., pi. [Japan, tsu port (1); nami wave (2): est it is ( 1 ); errare to err (4); acquietando in acquitting
port wave.] A gigantic ocean wave caused by an (5); quam than (6); in in, on (7); puniendo punishing
earthquake or volcanic eruption. (8); ex out of, from, directly after, away from (9);
tsuris or tzuris n. [Yid. tsores.] Trouble. Difficulty. Woes. parte part, side (10); misericordiae of mercy (11);
tu es sacerdos in aeternum. [L. tu you (1); es you are quam than (12); ex out of, from, directly after, away
(2); sacerdos priest (3); in into, to, against, for (4); from (13); parte part, side (14); justitiae of justice
aeternum perpetuity (5): You are a priest into perpe- (15): It is always safer to err in acquitting than in
tuity.] You are a priestfor ever. Priesthood isforever. punishing, from the side of mercy than the side of
Tu es sacerdos in aeternum . . . we do not return the justice.] Law. It is always safer to make a mistake in
gift once given (Pope John Paul II in Newsweek Int. acquittal rather than in punishment, on the side of
Oct. 15, 1979:56). mercy rather than on the side ofjustice. See in dubio,
tu quoque n., pi. tu quoques [L. tu you (1); quoque pars etc.
too, also (2): you also.] You too. A retort by a person tutti adj./adv. [It. all.] Music. All perform. Used to
that the allegations made by another are equally appli- direct all performers to participate. — n., pi. tuttis
cable to the one making them, a) One of the most A section of a composition in which all parts play
natural retorts is that oftu quoque [i.e., in setoff and simultaneously.
counterclaims] (Hanbury 1962:42). b) The arbitration tuum n. [L. yours.] Law. Your property. Cf. meum et
degenerated into a session oftu quoques as the parties tuum.
kept charging one another with the same offenses. Tyche n. [Gk. tukhe\] Fortune. Providence. Fate.
turpis causa n. [L. turpis base, disgraceful (1); causa Chance. Coincidence. Good fortune. We must therefore
cause, case, reason (2): base cause.] Law. A base, kill a cock to Tyche for the great papyrus discovery . .
immoral or scandalous cause or consideration; i.e., a (Lesky 1966:202).

tycoon 388
tycoon n., pi tycoons [Japan, taikun great ruler or wealth, and influence, especially one engaged in com-
prince.] 1. Shogun of Imperial Japan. A Japanese merce, or industry, a) a motor tycoon; b) . . . the British
military governor in the period before the revolution soccer-pool tycoon bought seven horses for
of the mid-nineteenth century who was more powerful $13,950,000 (Newsweek Int. Aug. 2, 1982:41).
. . .
than the emperor. 2. A person of immense power, 3. A powerful leader, especially in the political arena.
u
u.a. abbr. for usque ad (q.v.). having been removed removed (9);
(7); tollitur is
fiber alles adv. [Ger. fiber above, over (1); alles impedimentum the obstruction, impediment (8):
everything (2): above everything.] Over everything Where something is obstructed on account of one
else. Cf. Deutschland fiber alles. thing, with that thing having been removed, the obstruc-
Ubermensch n., pi. Ubermenschen [Ger. fiber over, tion is removed.] Where something is obstructed by
above (1); Mensch human, person (2): the over per- one factor, the removal of that factor removes the
son.] Superman. A term derived from Also sprach obstruction. See cessante causa etc. and sublata
Zarathustra (q.v.), an 1883 philosophical by
treatise causa, etc.
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900). Cf. Untermensch. ubi bene ibi patria. [L. ubi when, where (1); bene
uberrimae fidei adj. [L. uberrimae of most abundant, well (2); ibi there (3); patria country, home (4):
fullest (1); fidei (of) faith (2): of the fullest faith.] Law. Where well, there country.] One's home (or country)
Of the most abundant good faith. Applicable to con- is the place where one is doing well. Bawa left his
tracts which require full disclosure of every relevant fatherland ten years ago when a combination ofpo-
fact. In the case of contracts uberrimae fidei, full dis- litical turbulence and a shattered economy rendered
closure of every material fact is required both by law lives happily in a foreign
life intolerable. He now
and by equity Q\artio\xry 1962:652). See uberrima fides. country and his motto is Ubi bene ibi patria.
uberrima fides n. [L. uberrima most abundant, fullest ubi caritas et amor, Deus ibi est. [L. ubi when, where
(1); fides faith, confidence, trust (2): the most abun- (1) caritas charity, affection (2); et and (3); amor
;
dant faith.] The most abundant good faith. Absolute love (4); Deus God (5); ibi there (7); est is (6): Where
candor and honesty. Perfect good faith. Contracts of there are charity and love, there God is.] Anthem of
life insurance demand a spirit of uberrima fides. the ecumenical community of Taize in southeast
See uberrimae fidei. France. The Passion ofJesus was read aloud in eight
ubi aliquid conceditur, conceditur et id sine quo res languages, followed by the chanting of "Ubi . . .
ipsa esse non potest. [L. ubi when, where (1); caritas et amor, Deus ibi est" {Newsweek Int. May . . .
aliquid something (2); conceditur is granted (3); 18, 1981:52).

conceditur is granted (6); et also (5); id that (4); sine ubi cessat remedium ordinarium, ibi decurritur ad
without (7); quo which (8); res matter, thing, prop- extraordinarium. [L. ubi when, where (1); cessat
erty, business, affair (9); ipsa itself (10); esse to be, stops, ceases (4); remedium cure, remedy (3);
exist (13); non not (12); potest can, is able (11): ordinarium ordinary, usual (2); ibi there (5);
When something is granted, that also is granted with- decurritur it is hastened, there is hastening, recourse is
out which the thing itself cannot exist.] Law. When had (6); ad to, at, for, according to (7); extraordinarium
something is granted, anything without which the extraordinary, uncommon (8): Where the ordinary
grant cannot exist is also granted. See cuicunque remedy ceases, there is hastening to the extraordi-
aliquis etc. nary.] Where the ordinary remedy is ineffective, we
ubi aliquid impeditur propter unum, eo remoto resort to the extraordinary. See numquam
tollitur impedi men turn. [L. ubi when, where (1); decurritur etc.
aliquid something (2); impeditur is obstructed, pre- ubicunque est injuria ibi damnum sequitur. [L.
vented (3); propter on account of (4); unum one ubicunque wherever, wheresoever (1); est there is
(thing) (5); eo with that (thing) (6); remoto (with) (2) ; injuria injury, wrong, insult (3); ibi there (4);
389
ubi damna 390
damnum damage (5); sequitur follows (6): Wherever (14): Where the law compels anyone to show cause,
there is injury damage follows.] Law. Wherever there it is necessary that the cause be just and legitimate.]
is an injury or a wrong, damage follows. Cf. actio Law. Where the law compels a person to show cause,
non datur etc. the cause must be just and lawful,
ubi damna dantur victus victori in expensis ubi lex est specialis, et ratio ejus generalis,
condemnari debet. [L. ubi when, where (1); damna generaliter accipienda est [L. ubi when, where ( 1 );
damages (2); dantur are given (3); victus the defeated, lex law (2); est is (3); specialis special (4); et and
vanquished (party) (4); victori to the victorious (party) (5) ; ratio reason (7); ejus its (6); generalis general
(9); in in, on (7); expensis payments (8); condemnari (8) ; generaliter generally (11); accipienda to be
to be condemned, sentenced (6); debet ought, should accepted (10); est it is (9): Where a law is special
(5): Where damages are given, the defeated party and its reason general, it is to be accepted generally.]
ought to be condemned in payments to the victorious Law. Where a law is special, but its reason general,
party.] Law. Where damages are given, the losing it must be applied generally. See generate dictum
party should be sentenced to pay the costs of the vic- generaliter est intelligendum.
torious party. ubi lex non distinguit, nec nos distinguere debemus.
ubi eadem ratio, ibi eadem lex; et de similibus idem [L. ubi when, where (1); lex law (2); non not (3);
est judicium. [L. ubi when, where (1); eadem the distinguit distinguishes (4); nec and not, not also
same (3); ratio reason (2); ibi there (4); eadem the (6) ; nos we (5); distinguere to distinguish (8);
same (6); lex law (5); et and (7); de of, from, about, debemus we ought, should (7): Where the law does
for (8); similibus like, similar (things) (9); idem the not distinguish, we also should not distinguish.] Law.
same (12); est is (11); judicium judgment (10): In a case where the law does not mark a difference,
Where the reason is the same, there the law is the we should not either.
same; and about similar things the judgment is the ubi major pars est, ibi totum. [L. ubi when, where
same.] Law. Where the same reason is operative, the (1); major greater (2); pars part (3); est is (4); ibi
same law operates; and where the cases are similar, there (5); totum the whole (6): Where the greater
thesame judgment is passed. See de similibus idem part is, there the whole.] Where the greater part is,
est judicium. See also lex plus laudatur etc. there the whole is; e.g., the votes of the majority rep-
ubi eadem ratio, ibi idem jus. [L. ubi when, where resent the decision of the whole. See majus continet
(1); eadem the same (3); ratio reason (2); ibi there minus.
(4); idem the same (5); jus right, law (6): Where the ubi matrimonium, ibi dos. [L. ubi when, where (1);
reason is the same, there the same law.] Law. Where matrimonium marriage (2); ibi there (3); dos dowry
the reason is the same, the same law prevails. See de (4): Where marriage, there dowry.] Where there is
similibusidem est judicium. marriage, there is a dowry. Cf. ubi nullum matri-
ubi innocens damnatur pars patriae exsul. [L. ubi monium etc.
where, when (1); innocens innocent (2); damnatur ubi non est directa lex, standum est arbitrio judicis,
is condemned, convicted (3); pars part, piece (4); vel procedendum ad similia. [L. ubi when, where
patriae of the country (5); exsulat is exiled (6): When (1); non not (3); est there is (2); directa direct (4);
an innocent is condemned, a piece of the country is lex law (5); standum to be stood (7); est it is (6);
exiled.] Law. When an innocent person is convicted arbitrio by decision, judgment (8); judicis of judge
unjustly, a piece of the country is lost along with the (9) ; vel or ( 1 0); procedendum to be proceeded (11);
person. ad according to (12); similia similar
to, at, for,
ubi jus, ibi remedium. [L. ubi when, where (1); jus (things) (13): Where there is not direct law, it must
right, law (2); ibi there (3); remedium remedy (4): be stood by the decision of the judge or proceeded to
Where a right, there a remedy.] Law. Where there is similar things.] Law. Where there is no direct law,
a right, there is a remedy. Cf. actio non datur etc. we must abide by the decision of the judge or refer
ubi jus incertum, ibi jus nullum. [L. ubi when, where to similar cases.
(1); jus right, law (3); incertum uncertain (2); ibi ubi non est lex, ibi non quoad
est transgressio,
there (4); jus right, law (6); nullum no (5): Where mundum. [L. ubi when, where non not (3); est (1);
uncertain right/law, there no right/law.] Law. Where there is (2); lex law (4); ibi there (5); non not (7); est
the right/law is uncertain, there is no right/law. there is (6); transgressio transgression (8); quoad
ubi lex aliquem cogit ostendere causam, necesse est as far as (9); mundum world (10): Where there is
quod causa sit justa et legitima. [L. ubi when, where not law, there is not transgression, as far as the world.]
( I ) lex law (2); aliquem one, anyone (4); cogit com-
; Law. Where there is no law, there is no transgres-
pels (3); ostendere to show (5); causam cause (6); sion, as far as the world is concerned. Cf. nullum
necesse necessary (8); est it is (7); quod that (9); crimen sine lege.
causa cause, case, reason (10); sit should/may be ubi non est principalis non potest esse accessorius.
(I I) ; justa just (12); et and (13); legitima legitimate [L. ubi when, where (1); non not (3); est there is (2);
391 ultra vires
principalis principal (4); non not (6); potest there farthest point of the habitable world. Many Nigerian
can (5); esse to be (7); accessorius accessory (8): civil servants regard a certain town as the ultima
Where there is not a principal, there cannot be an Thule of the country and pray fervently not to be
accessory.] Law. Where there is no principal, there transferred there. 3. A remote goal, objective or end.
can be no accessory. See accessorium non ducit etc. ultimatum n., pi. ultimata or ultimatums [L. the final
ubi nullum matrimonium ibi nulla dos. [L. ubi when, thing.] 1. A final proposition or condition made in the
where (1); matrimonium marriage
nullum no (2); negotiation of treaties or contracts and whose rejection
(3); ibi there (4); (6): Where
nulla no (5); dos dowry would mark the end of the negotiation and necessitate
no marriage, there no dowry.] Where there is no mar- resort to other measures, usually drastic. The demand
riage, there is no dowry. Cf. ubi matrimonium etc. ofthe workers was tantamount to an ultimatum. 2. A
ubi quis dclinquit, ibi punietur. [L. ubi when, where final end or objective. Cf. ultima ratio.
(1); quis anyone (2); delinquit does wrong, trans- ultima voluntas testatoris est perimplenda secun-
gresses (3); ibi there (4); punietur he/she will be dum veram intentionem suam. [L. ultima last (1);
punished (5): Where anyone does wrong, there he/she voluntas will (2); testatoris of testator (3); est is (4);
will be punished.] Law. A person who transgresses perimplenda to be fulfilled, thoroughly satisfied (5);
the law should be brought to trial in the area where secundum according to (6); veram true (8);
the offense was committed. intentionem intention (9); suam one's own, his/her
ubi sunt n., pi ubi sunts [L. ubi where (1); sunt they own (7): The last will of a testator is to be thoroughly
are (2): Where are they?] A lament for times past satisfied according to his/her true intention.] Law.
and things and forgotten, as in the expression

lost The last will of a testator must be fulfilled in accordance
"Where snows of yesteryear?" The old timers
are the with his/her true intention. See interest reipublicae
spent their reunion voicing a series of ubi sunts. suprema etc.
ubi supra abbr. U.S. or u.s. adv. [L. ubi when, where ultimo abbr. ult adj. [L. in the last, i.e., month.] Occurring
(1); supra above (2): where above.] Where above in the preceding month. Last month. Of the preceding
mentioned. At the place mentioned above. Used for month. The tenth meeting ofthe committee was held on
bibliographical references. the 15th ultimo. Cf. proximo.
u.d. abbr. for ut dictum (q.v.). ultimum supplicium n. [L. ultimum extreme, last (1);
u.i. abbr. for ut infra (q.v.). supplicium punishment, penalty (2): the extreme or
U.J.D. abbr. for Utriusque Juris Doctor (q.v.). last punishment.] The death penalty.
ukulele n.,pl. ukuleles shortform uke pi. ukes [Haw. ultimum supplicium esse mortem solam inter-
'ukulele: 'uku flea(l); lele jumping (2): flea-jumping.] pretamur. [L. ultimum last, extreme (2); supplicium
A small guitar-like instrument with four strings usually punishment, penalty (3); esse to be (4); mortem death
strummed with one hand and fingered with the other. (5); solam alone (6); interpretamur we understand,
ult. abbr. for ultimo (q.v.). interpret (1): We interpret the extreme penalty to be
ulterior adj. [L. farther, on the more remote,
farther side, death alone.] Law. By our interpretation, the extreme
beyond.] 1 Further. The recommendation was accepted
. punishment is death alone. See mors dicitur etc.
without ulterior discussions. 2. Remoter. // was appar- ultim us heres or ultimus haeres n. [L. ultimus last, most
ent that the administrator had no plans immediate or remote (1); heres heir, successor (2): the last or most
ulterior. 3. Situated or located on the further side. remote heir.] Feudal Law. The sovereign, who is quali-
She intends to visit the ulterior region soon. 4. Latent fied to take property when no capable heirs are available.
or intentionally concealed. Initially, his suggestions ultra adj. [L. on the farther side of, beyond, above,
seemed altruistic, but it soon became clear that he exceeding.] Fanatical. Extreme. Going beyond, or
had ulterior motives. doing more than, others or what is considered
ulterior causa n. [L. ulterior more remote (1); causa proper, a) ultra revolutionaries; b) ultra Christians;
cause, case, reason (2): more remote cause.] Hidden or c) ultra fun. — n., pi. ultras 1. Fanatic. Extremist.
latent cause. Everybody kept emphasizing the imme- 2. A person belonging to a political group in France
diate cause of the event, and hardly anybody gave a of the 19th century, who were mostly returned
thought to the ulterior causa. emigres and advocated a restoration of the social
ultima ratio n. [L. ultima last, extreme (1); ratio con- and political order which prevailed in the period
sideration, plan, course (2): the last plan.] The last before the 1 789 Revolution. —
pref. Beyond. Beyond
resort or argument. When all attempts at negotiations the ordinary. Extreme, a) ultramarine; b) ultra-
with management provedfutile, the workers went on fashionable; c) ultra-conservatism. Cf. ne plus ultra.
strike as the ultima ratio. Cf. ultimatum. ultra crepidam adv. [L. ultra beyond ( 1 ); crepidam
ultima Thule n. [L. ultima most distant, furthest, extreme sandal (2): beyond a sandal.] Shortform for ne sutor
(l);ThuleThule(2): furthest Thule.] 1. Most northerly supra crepidam judicaret (q.v ).
inhabitable region known to the ancient Greeks. Often ultra vires adj. /adv. [L. ultra beyond, exceeding (1);
identified with Iceland, Ireland, or Norway. 2. The vires power, strength (2): beyond power/strength.]
umbilicus 392
Law. Beyond the scope of legal authority. Acting testimony of one witness is absolutely inadequate. It
irregularly. Used to describe acts of corporations, is a maxim of the civil and canon law.
legislative bodies, and officials. — adj. a) The contract universitas n.,pl. universitates [L. the entirety, whole,
is ultra vires, b) It is obvious that any act ultra vires aggregate.] Something considered by the law as a
ofa company may not be ratified by its shareholders, unit, whether composed of one or more than one el-
whether the purported ratification is by a simple or ement. A corporation.

special majority or, indeed, by the unanimous assent universitas facti n. [L. universitas the entirety, whole,
of every member (Olawoyin 1977:269). adv. The aggregate (1); facti of deed (2): the aggregate of a
police officer acted ultra vires. See extra vires. deed.] Czv/7 Law. A group of corporeal things of the
Cf. intra vires. same class considered as a whole; e.g., a flock of sheep.
umbilicus n., pi. umbilici or umblicuses [L. navel, universitas juris n. [L. universitas the entirety, whole,
bellybutton.] 1. Anatomy. The navel or bellybutton. aggregate (1); juris of right, law (2): the aggregate
2. The center. Cf. omphalos. of right.] Civil Law. The aggregate or totality of a
umbra n.,pl. umbrae or umbras [L. shade, shadow ]
person's rights and liabilities. Many things, both cor-
1 . Astronomy. A shadow cast by a heavenly body, poreal and incorporeal, which are regarded as a unit
usually the moon, during an eclipse. 2. A person who and belong to a person; e.g., an estate or a legacy. A
acts like a shadow. Someone who follows another corporate body of rights.
constantly. universitas personarum n. [L. universitas the entirety,
Umwelt n. [Ger. environment, surroundings.] 1 . Th* whole, aggregate personarum of persons (2):
(1);
natural environment. 2. Milieu (q.v.). the aggregate of persons.] Civil Law. A number of
una voce adv. [L. una with one (1); voce (with) voice persons in an organization, such as a corporation,
(2) : with one voice.] Unanimously. With no dissent. institution, or state, operating together as an inde-
The proposal was accepted una voce. Cf. dissentiente pendent unit.
Un ballo in maschera [It. un a (1); ballo ball (2); in in universitas rerum n. [L. universitas the entirety,
(3) ; maschera mask (4): a ball in mask.] "A Masked whole, aggregate (1); rerum of matters, things, prop-
Ball," an 1 859 opera by Giuseppe Verdi (1 8 1 3- 1 90 1 erty, business, affairs (2): the entirety of things.] Civil
modeled on the assassination of Gustav IE of Sweden. Law. A number of objects which, though not really
uncore prist n. [Obs. Fr. uncore still (1); prist ready connected to one another, are in law regarded as a
(2): still ready.] Law. A plea by which a party claims whole.
that he/she has been, and is, ready to pay or perform uno absurdo dato, infinita sequuntur. [L. uno with
what is legitimately required of him/her. one (1); absurdo (with) absurd (thing) (2); dato
Unding n. [Ger. a non-thing, nonsense, absurdity.] An (with) having been granted, conceded (3); infinita
absurdity. infinite, endless, countless (things) (4); sequuntur
und so weiter abbr. U.S.W. or u.s.w. adv. [Ger. und follow (5): With one absurd thing having been
and (1); so so, thus (2); weiter wider, further (3): granted, infinite things follow.] When one absurdity
and so further.] And so on. Et cetera. is granted, an infinity of absurdities follow suit.
Une Saison en Enfer [Fr. une one, a (1); saison sea- Untergang des Abendlandes n. Oswald Spengler
son (2); en in (3); enfer hell (4): a season in hell.] A (1880-1936). [Ger. Untergang setting, decline (1);
Season in Hell, a collection of French symbolist prose des of the (2); Abendlandes Occident, west (3): decline
poetry by Arthur Rimbaud (1854-1891). of the West.] 1 . The German title of Oswald Spengler's
unigravida n., pi. unigravidas [Neo-L. un(us) one, The Decline of the West (1918, 1922). 2. Spengler's
single, once (2); gravida pregnant (1): pregnant argument that the ascendancy of civilization was mov-
once.] Medicine. A woman who is carrying her first ing gradually from Europe and the Americas towards
pregnancy. Cf. gravida. Asia. The decline of Western Civilization.
unipara n., pi. uniparas [Neo-L. un(us) one, single, In term en sen n.,pl. Untermenschen [Ger. unter under
once (2); par(io) give birth (1): giving birth once.] (1); Mensch human, person (2): the under person.]
Medicine. A woman who has given birth to only one An inferior person. A term derived from Ubermensch
child. A uniparous woman. Cf. multipara. (q.v.) in Also sprach Zarathustra (q.v.), an 1883
unitas personarum n. [L. unitas unity (1); person- philosophical treatise by Friedrich Nietzsche ( 1 844-
arum of persons (2): unity of persons.] Law. The 1900) and used in Nazi Germany to refer to a person
bond or unifying factor that subsists among persons classified as inferior.

such as husband and wife or decedent and heir. Untersuchungsrichter n. [Ger. Untersuchung inves-
unius omnino testis responsio non audiatur. [L. tigation (1); Richterjudge(2): investigating judge.]
unius of one (2); omnino at all (6); testis (of) wit- German Law. Investigating magistrate. Juge
ness (3); responsio response, answer (1); non not destruction (q.v.).
(5); audiatur should be heard (4): The response of unum est necessarium Luke 10:42. [L. unum one
one witness should not be heard at all.] Law. The thing (1); est is, has been (2); necessarium necessary
393 uteromania
(3): One thing is necessary.] One thing is needful. that the landowner's right of air has the sky as its
Jesus said this to Martha in reference to her com- limit. An obsolete rule. See cujus est solum etc.
plaint that her sister Mary was neglecting domestic usque ad filum aquae adv. [L. usque as far as ( 1); ad
chores to sit at the feet of Jesus. to, at, for, according to (2); filum thread (3); aquae
unum est tacere, aliud celare. [L. unum one (thing) of water (4): as far as to the thread of water.] Law.
(2); est it is (1); tacere to be silent, say nothing (3); As far as the middle or central line of the stream.
aliud another (thing) (4); celare to hide, conceal (5): See ad filum aquae.
It is one thing to say nothing, another to conceal.] usque ad filum viae adv. [L. usque as far as ( 1 ); ad to,
Law. Thus, though it is not obligatory for a vendor to at, for, according to (2); filum thread (3); viae of
reveal defects of a commodity, it is a culpable act if road (4): as far as to the thread of the road.] Law. As
he/she attempts to hide them. See aliud est celare etc. far as the middle or central line of the road. See ad
unum necessarium Luke 10:42. [L. unum one thing filum aquae.
( 1 ); necessarium necessary (2): one necessary thing.] usque ad medium filum aquae adv. [L. usque as far
The single most important thing. Based upon unum as ( 1 ); ad to, at, for, according to (2); medium middle
est necessarium (q.v.). (3); filum thread (4); aquae of water (5): as far as to
unumquodque dissolvitur eodem ligamine quo the middle thread of the water.] Law. As far as the
ligatur. [L. unumquodque each individual, every middle of the stream. See ad filum aquae.
(thing) (1); dissolvitur is dissolved (2); eodem with usque ad nauseam [L. usque all the way ( 1 ); ad to, at,
the same (3); ligamine (with) band, tie (4); quo with for, according to (2); nauseam sickness, nausea (3):
which (5); ligatur it is bound, tied (6): Each indi- all the way to nausea.] To the very point of nausea.
vidual thing is dissolved with the same band with usucapio n. [L. usu by use, enjoyment (2); capio seize,
which it is bound.] Law. Every obligation is dissolved capture (1): seizing by use. Acquisition of owner-
in the same manner in which it was made. See eodem ship by use, acquisition by prescription, usucaption.]
modo quo quid constituitur dissolvitur. Roman Law. Acquisition of ownership by continuous
unumquodque eodem modo quo colligatum est, possession or occupation of property in good faith
dissolvitur. [L. unumquodque every single, each for the period of one year in the case of movables
individual (thing) (1); eodem in the same (3); modo and two years in the case of immovables.
(in) way, manner (4); quo in which (5); colligatum usura n., pi. usurae [L. usury.] Civil Law. Usury or
est it was united, combined (6); dissolvitur is dis- interest on loan.
solved Every single thing is dissolved in the same
(2): usurae usurarum pi n. [L. usurae usuries, interests
way in which it was established.] Law. See eodem (1); usurarum of usuries, interests (2): interests of/on
modo quo quid constituitur, dissolvitur. interests.] Roman Law. Compound interest.
uomo universale n., pi. uomini universali [It. uomo usura maritima n. [L. usura usury, interest (2); mar-
human being, man (2); universale universal ( uni- 1 ):
itima maritime, marine ( 1 ): maritime/marine interest.]
versal man.] A Renaissance man. Someone who has Law. Interest on bottomry, which is proportional to
broad knowledge and skill in a wide number of fields. the risk.
Urbi et Orbi [L. urbi for city (1); et and (2); orbi for usurpatio n. [L. a taking into use, making use.] Civil
world (3): for the city and the world.] Reman Catholic Law. Interruption of usucapio (q.v.) by the real owner
Church. For Rome and the world. Applicable to a of the property.
papal proclamation to be observed by all members usus n. [L. use, enjoyment.] Roman Law. 1. Use. The
of the church. act of using something. 2. A personal and inalien-
Ursprache n., pi. Ursprachen [Ger. from ur- original able right to use real or personal property with the
(1) Sprache speech, language (2): original speech.]
; permission of the owner.
1. The hypothetical earliest human language from usus et fructus or usus fructus or usufructus n. [L.
which all other languages are derived. 2. The hypo- usus use, enjoyment (1); et and (2); fructus enjoyment
thetical origin of a specific language. (3): use and enjoyment.] Roman Law. Usufruct. The
Urtext n.,pl. Urtexte [Ger. from ur- original (1); Text right of using and enjoying the profits or fruits of
text, written version (2): original text.] The original another's property without having full dominion of
version of a text, especially the earliest text from the property. Mr. Brown 's unaware ofthe origi-
heir,
which a broad family of manuscript versions is derived. nal arrangement between Mr. Brown and Mrs. Whyte,
U.S. or u.s. abbr. for 1 . ubi supra (q.v.). 2. ut supra (q.v.). thought that the estate was the former 's property,
usque ad abbr. u.a. adv. [L. usque as far as ( 1); ad to, though in fact it was given by the latter in usufructus.
at, for, according to (2): as far as to.] As far as. U.S.W. or u.s.w. abbr. for und so weiter (q.v.).
usque ad caelum or usque ad coelum adv. [L. usque ut dictum abbr. U.D. or ut diet. [L. ut as (1); dictum
as far as, all the way (1); ad to, at, for, according to said, having been said (2): as said.] As directed.
(2) caelum sky, heaven (3): as far as the sky.] Law.

; uteromania n. [Neo-L. from L. uter(us) womb (2);
As far as heaven. Up to the heavens. A rule in law Gk. mania madness, insanity, passion (1): insanity
uti 394
womb.] A woman's excessive desire for sexual

for the fear affect all. A maxim expressing one of the prin-
andromania
pleasure. See cipal reasons for punishing criminals. See impunitas
uti adv. [L. to use.] Civil Law. For necessary use, as semper etc.
opposed to frui (q.v.), i.e., for enjoyment. ut res magis valeat quam pereat. [L. ut in order that,
uti frui adv. [L. uti to use (1); frui to enjoy (2): to use that (1); res matter, thing, property, business, affair
(and) enjoy.] Civil Law. The right to use something (2) ; magis more, rather (4); valeat may prevail, be
not only for necessity (uti q.v.) but also for enjoy- strong, be effective (3); quam than (5); pereat may
ment (frui q.v.). perish, may be wasted (6): in order that the thing be
utilitatis gratia adv. [L. utilitatis of usefulness, expe- strong rather than perish.] Law. That the thing may
diency (2); gratia for the sake of, on account of (1): be effective rather than be wasted. A maxim which
for the sake of expediency.] On account of expediency. governs, inter alia (q.v.), charitable bequest.
ut infra abbr. ut inf. adv. [L. ut as (1); infra below Utriusque Juris Doctor abbr. U.J.D. n. [L. utriusque
(2): as below.] See subsequent section. Used for biblio- of each of two, of both (2); juris (of) right, law (3);
graphical references. Cf. ut supra. doctor teacher ( 1 ): teacher of each of two laws.] Doctor
uti possidetis [L. uti to use (1); possidetis you possess of Both Civil and Canon Law. A terminal graduate
(2): you possess to use.] 1. Roman and Civil Law. degree in civil and canon law.
An interdict for determining the right to the posses- utrubi n., pi. utrubis [L. in which of two places.]
sion of immovable property and for keeping things Roman and Civil Law. An interdict for deciding the
as they are until the settlement of the suit. 2. Internu right to possess movables and keep them in statu
tional Law. A principle in peace treaties to the effect quo (q.v.) pending the final decision. It serves the
by force of arms. Cf. status quo ante bellum and same purpose as uti possidetis (q.v.) in the case of
utrubi. immovables.
Utopia n. [Neo-L. from Gk. (o)u not, no (1); top(os) ut supra abbr. U.S. or u.s. or ut. sup. adv. [L. ut as
place (2): no place.] Nowhere. The fictional island supra above (2): as above.] See previous section.
( 1 );
paradise which gives its name to Utopia, a 15 16 po- Used for bibliographical reference. Cf. ut infra.
litical treatise about the ideal state by Thomas More ux. abbr. for uxor [L. wife.].
(1478-1535). uxor non est sui juris, sed sub potestate viri. [L. uxor
ut pictura poesis Horace (65-8 B.C.). Ars Poetica 361 wife ( 1 ); non not (3); est is (2); sui of her own (4); juris
[L. ut as, like (1); pictura painting, art of painting (of) right, law (5); sed but (6); sub under (7); potestate
(2); poesis poetry (3): like painting poetry.] Poetry power (8); viri of husband (9): A wife is not of her
is like painting. own right but under the power of her husband.] A
ut poena ad paucos, metus ad omnes perveniat [L. wife is not independent, but under the authority of
ut in order that, that (1); poena punishment (2); ad her husband. An obsolete legal maxim,
to, at, for, according to (4); paucos few (5); metus uxor sequitur domicilium viri. [L. uxor wife (1);
fear (6); ad to, at, for, according to (7); omnes all sequitur follows (2); domicilium abode, domicile
(8); perveniat may reach, arrive (3): In order that (3) viri of husband (4): A wife follows the abode of
;
the punishment may reach to a few, fear may reach her husband.] The residence of a wife follows that of
to all.] Law. That punishment may affect a few, let her husband.
V
V. or v. abbr. for 1. verso (q.v.). 2. versus (q.v.). 3. verte vadium vivum or vivum vadium n. [L. vadium pledge
(q.v.). 4. via (q.v.). 5. vice (q.v.). 6. vide (q.v.). 7. virus (2); vivum living (1): living pledge.] Security for a
(q.v.). loan which involves giving an estate to the creditor
vacantia bona or vacantia See bona vacantia. who keeps it until the profits of the estate have paid
vacatur n., pi. vacaturs [L. It is vacated.] A court's off the money borrowed. Cf. vadium mortuum.
order vacating a proceeding. vae victis! Livy (59 B.C.-17 A.D.). Ab urbe condita
vacua possessio n. [L. vacua empty, vacant, unoccu- V,49,9. [L. vae woe, alas ( 1 ); victis to the conquered
pied ( 1 ); possessio possession (2): vacant possession.] (2): Woe to the conquered!] Woe to the vanquished.
Law. A possession which is free, without burden, and vahanna or vahan «., pi. vahannas or vahans [Skt.
can be alienated. vahana vehicle.] Indian Mythology. The vehicle
vacuum n.,pl. vacua or vacuums [L. something empty, upon which a god is carried or rides.
vacant.] Empty space. Isolation from external influ- vale v., pi. valete [L. "Be well."] Farewell. Goodbye.
ences, a) Mr. Adewale 's demise has left a profound Adieu. — n., pi. vales A greeting. A farewell. The
vacuum in the lives of many relatives and friends. host wondered why the vales of the guests were so
b) Aliyu lives in a vacuum and is hardly bothered by obviously strained.
activities outside his world. — adj. Relating to a valet n.,pl. valets [Fr. footman, manservant.] 1. Male
vacuum. A vacuum cleanen servant employed by a man to perform personal ser-
vade in pace [L. vade go (1); in in, on (2); pace peace vices such as taking care of clothes and running errands.
Go in peace.] Go in the peace of God.
(3): 2. A man employed by a hotel or any public estab-
vade mecum n., pi. vade mecums [L. vade go (1); lishment to perform personal services such as taking
mecum with me (2): Go with me.] A handbook. A 1 . care of the clothes of guests.
manual. Simi's work has become a standard vade valet de chambre n., pi. valets de chambre [Fr. valet
mecum. Something which a person regularly car-
2. footman, manservant (1); de of (2); chambre cham-
ries about. The briefcase is the vade mecum of most ber (3): manservant of chamber.] Valet. Man-servant.
businessmen. A man's personal male servant who, among other
vade retro me Satana. [L. vade go (1); retro behind and runs errands.
functions, takes care of his clothes
(2); me me (3); Satana Satan (4): Go behind me, Though having the same meaning as valet, the valet
Satan.]Get behind me, Satan. The words of Jesus de chambre usually worksin a palace or the house-
when tempted by the devil at Matthew 16:23, Mark hold of a noble.

8:33, and Luke 4:8. These words are also applied to valet de place n., pi. valets de place [Fr. valet footman,
any tempter. manservant (1); de of (2); place place (3): manservant
vadium mortuum mortuum vadium n. [L. vadium
or of place.] A courier. A person employed by a travel
pledge (2); mortuum dead (1): dead pledge.] A mort- agency to serve as a guide for tourists. Cf. cicerone.
gage; i.e., giving an estate as security for a loan on Valhalla n. [Late L. from Old Norse Valholl: valr battle-
condition that, if the money be not repaid, the mort- slain warriors (1); holl hall (2): battle-slain warriors'
gagor loses the estate. A pledge in which the rents or hall.] 1 . Norse Mythology. The hall where warriors slain
profits of the pledged article do not contribute to the on the battlefield spend eternity in feasting with the gods.
payment of the debt. Cf. vadium vivum. 2. Heaven. A state of eternal bliss. Elysium (q.v.).
395
Vanitas 396
Vanitas n. [L. vanity, conceit.] Art. A form of still-life vendetta n., pi. vendettas [It. revenge, vengeance.]
popular in 17th-century Holland into which objects 1. A hereditary feud in which one family seeks to
are incorporated which suggest moral lessons and the wreak vengeance on another family or a member of
brevity of life. that family for an offense done to the family or one
vanitas vanitatum! inter/. Ecclesiastes 1 :2. [L. vanitas of its members. The vendetta between the Abayomi
vanity, conceit (1); vanitatum of vanities, conceits clan and the Falana clan originatedfrom a land dis-
(2): vanity of vanities!] Vanity of vanities! Used as a pute many decades ago. 2. A bitter and protracted
warning about the ultimate futility of human endeavor. feud. Alleging an anti-government vendetta, officials
varia lectio n., pi. variae lectiones [L. varia varied, refused to renew the work visa of the Australian
different ( 1 ); lectio reading (2): different reading.] A Broadcasting Company 's Jakarta correspondent . .
different version of the text, usually based upon another (Newsweek Int. July 7, 1980:19).
manuscript reading. Cf. difficilior lectio. venditio n. [L. a sale or vending.] Civil Law. Sale or
v ariatim adv. [L.] In various ways. contract of sale.
variorum [L. of various (persons).] A collection of the venditioni exponas abbr. V.E. n. [L. venditioni for
various notes and commentaries collected in the com- sale (2); exponas you should expose, exhibit ( 1 ): You
works of an author.
plete should expose/exhibit for sale.] A writ ordering any
varium et mutabile semper / fern in a. Vergil (70-19 competent official to sell goods, obtained under a fieri
B.C.). AeneidTV, 569. [L. varium fickle, untrustworthy facias, or lands seized. See fieri facias.
(thing) (2); et and (3); mutabile changeable (thing)* venez-ici adj. [Fr. venez come (1); ici here (2): Come
(4); semper always (1); femina woman (5): Always here.] Seductive, beguiling, or tempting. She appeared
a fickle and changeable thing is / woman.] A woman without warning on thousands ofbillboards through-
is a fickle and changeable thing. Cf. Elle flotte etc. out France a pert mystery model wearing a venez-ici —
Vaterland n. [Ger. from Vater father (1); Land land, smile and a minuscule bikini (Newsweek Int. Sept.
country (2): fatherland.] One's native land, especially 21, 1981:33).
Germany for Germans. venia aetatis n. [L. venia favor, indulgence (1); aetatis
vates n., pi. vates [L. prophet, poet.] A poet with proof age (2): favor/indulgence of age.] Roman and Civil
phetic skill. A prophet-poet. Law. Privilege of age. A privilege granted to a minor
vaticinatio ex eventu [L. vaticinatio prediction, which permits him/her to enjoy the rights of a person
prophecy (1); ex after, following (2); eventu occur- who is of full age or sui juris (q.v.).
rence, event (3): prediction after the event.] Prediction veni Creator Spiritus [L. veni come (1); Creator
after the occurrence. Predicting something after its creator (2); Spiritus spirit (3): Come, Creator Spirit.]
occurrence. Socrates promises in the Apology . . . that Come Holy Spirit, Creator. The first words of an
others. . . would continue the work oftesting people. ancient Christian hymn.
Ifwe take this sharply as a vaticinatio ex eventu, . . . venienti occurrite morbo. Persius (34-62 A.D.). Satires
(Lesky 1966:515). See ex eventu. 111,64. [L. venienti while coming (3); occurrite meet
vaticinium ex eventu var. of vaticinatio ex eventu (1) ; morbo disease (2): Meet the disease while com-
(q.v.). ing.] Attempt to cure the disease at its early stage.
vaudeville n. [Fr. light comic per-
comedy.] A light Cf. principiis obsta.
formance, especially composed of varied skits and venire facias or venire n. [L. venire to come (2); facias
performers. —
adj. Pertaining to such a light comic you should cause ( 1 ): You should cause to come.] 1 A .
performance. writ for summoning a specific number of qualified

v.c. abbr. for 1. verbi causa (q.v.). 2. visum cultum persons for jury service at a particular time. 2. An
(q.v.)- entire list of potenial jurors from which a jury is
v. cel. abbr. for vir celeberrimus (q.v.). drawn. 3. English Law. A writ ordering the appear-
V.E. abbr. for venditioni exponas (q.v.). ance in court of a person who has been indicted on a
vel primus vel cum primis [L. vel either (1); primus penal statute.
first (person) (2); vel or (3); cum with (4); primis venire facias ad respondendum n. [L. venire to come
first (persons) (5): either the first or with the first.] (2) ; facias you should cause (1); ad to, at, for, accord-
Either be first or together with the first. Motto of respondendum answering (4): You should
ing to (3);
Adisadel College (Cape Coast, Ghana). cause to come for answering.] Law. A writ summoning
velut inter ignis / luna minores Horace (65-8 B.C.). a person indicted for misdemeanor to appear in court.
Odes 1,12,47-48. [L. velut just as, like (1); inter venire facias de novo or venire de novo n. [L. venire
among, in the midst of (3); ignis fires (5); luna moon to come (2); facias you should cause ( 1 ); de of, from,
(2); minores smaller (4): like the moon among the about, for (3); novo new (4): You should cause to
smaller fires.] Like the moon among the stars. Brian come from new.] Law. You should cause to come
towered above his colleagues, to put it in the words anew. A new writ summoning a jury afresh for a
of Horace, velut inter ignis luna minores. retrial because of irregularity or impropriety in the
397 Veritas, a quocunque
first summons, or unacceptable verdict, or a reversal verba sunt indices animi. [L. verba words (1); sunt
of judgment. are (2); indices indications, pointers (3); animi of
veni, vidi, vici. abbr. v.v.v. Julius Caesar (100-44 mind (4): Words are indications of the mind.] Words
B.C.). [L. veni I came (1); vidi I saw (2); vici I con- indicate thoughts and intentions. See index animi
quered (3): I came, I saw, I conquered.] Julius sermo.
Caesar's quasi-telegraphic announcement of his victory verbatim adv. [L. word for word.] In the exact sarqe
over Pharnaces at the battle of Zela in 47 B.C. As words; i.e., of the speaker or document. Everything
quoted by Suetonius (born c. 69 A.D.) at 1, 37. Elated you said will appear in the papers verbatim . . .
( The
by his spectacular victory in the competition, the vic- Guardian 1 986). —
adj. Reported or reproduced word
tor, quoting Julius Caesar, said "Veni, vidi, vici.'''' for word. The prosecutor tendered in evidence a ver-
venter n., pi. venters [L. belly, womb.] Law. Wife or batim statement of the accused person 's confession
mother. James was Mr. Bond 's son by hisfirst venter. recorded at the police station. Cf. mot a mot.
ventre a terre adj. [Fr. ventre stomach, belly ( 1 ); a to, verbatim et litteratim abbr. verb, et lit. adv. I adj. [L.
toward, in, by, with, until (2); terre earth, ground verbatim word word (1); et and (2); litteratim
for
(3): belly to the ground.] 1 . Belly-flat on the ground. letter for letter (3): word for word and letter for letter.]
2. Art. Describing an animal in swift movement with Exactly as written. Anybody who reproduces parts
legs stretched out parallel to the ground. of a book, verbatim et litteratim, for sale without
venue venues [Fr. coming, arrival, advent.]
n., pi. obtaining permissionfrom the publishers or the author,
1. Law. The place where alleged events of an action mayface court action for infringement ofa copyright.
at law took place. 2. Law. The place from which jurors See de verbo in verbum.
are drawn and where the trial of the case takes place. verbi causa abbr. v.c. [L. verbi of word (2); causa for
3. The scene, real or imaginary, of an event. 4. A the sake ( 1 ): for the sake of word.] For example. For
place chosen for a proposed meeting, especially a instance.
meeting for a sporting event, a political rally, enter- verbi gratia abbr. V.G. or v.g. adv. [L. verbi of word
tainment, lectures, etc. (2); gratia by favor, for the sake (1): for the sake of
Venus n., pi. Venuses [L.] Roman Mythology. The
1. the word.] For the sake of example. For instance. For
goddess of love. 2. A woman believed to bear close example.
resemblance to Venus, goddess of love and beauty. verbomania n. [Neo-L. from L. verb(um) word (2);
A beautiful, graceful, and charming woman. Gk. mania madness, insanity, passion (1): passion
vera causa n., pi. verae causae [L. vera true, real ( 1 ); for words.] Verbosity. Use of too many words.
causa cause, reason, case (2): true cause.] Philosophy. verbomm obligatio verbis dissolvitur. [L. verborum
The real cause. The true cause for an action or event. of words (2); obligatio obligation (1); verbis by
vera copula n.,pl. verae copulae [L. vera true, real ( 1 ); words (4); dissolvitur is dissolved (3): An obligation
copula union (2): real union.] Full sexual intercourse. of words is dissolved by words.] A verbal obligation
veranda or verandah n. [Hindi varanda ] An exten- can be dissolved by word of mouth. See eodem modo
sion to a house usually roofed but open at the sides quo quid constituitur dissolvitur.
or screened. Cf. piazza. verboten adj. [Ger. forbidden.] Forbidden. Prohibited.
verba accipienda sunt secundum subjectam Smoking in buses is verboten. n.,pl. verbotens —
materiam. [L. verba words (1); accipienda to be Something forbidden. An intriguing aspect of that
accepted (3); sunt are (2); secundum according to, school 's philosophy ofdiscipline is that the children,
in accordance with subjectam subject (5);
(4); instead of being taught to distinguish right from
materiam matter (6): Words are to be accepted in wrong, are guided by verbotens.
accordance with the subject matter.] Words must be verbum sapienti short form of verbum satis sapienti
understood according to the subject matter. (q.v.).
verba generalia generaliter sunt in telligenda. [L. verba verbum sapienti sat. See verbum sapienti sat est.
words (2); generalia general ( 1 ); generaliter generally verbum sapienti sat est. abbr. verb. sap. or verbum
(5); sunt are (3); intelligenda to be understood (4): sap. [L. verbum word ( 1 ); sapienti to wise (person)
General words are to be understood generally.] Gen- (2); sat enough (4); est is (3): A word to the wise is
eral statements must be interpreted generally. enough.] A wise person needs only a word of warning.
Cf. generale dictum etc. and generalia verba etc. verbum satis sapienti. abbr. verb. sap. or verb sat.
verba in ten tioni, non e contra, debent inservire. [L. or verbum sap. See verbum sapienti sat est.
verba words (1); intentioni intention (4); non not Veritas [L. truth.] Truth. Motto of Harvard University.
(5); e from (6); contra against, opposite (7); debent Veritas, a quocunque Deo est. [L. Veritas
dicitur, a
should, ought (2); inservire to serve (3): Words ought truth (1); a by quocunque whomsoever (3);
(2);
to serve the intention, not from the opposite.] Words dicitur it is said (4); a from (6); Deo God (7); est is
should be subservient to the intention, not vice versa. (5): Truth, by whomsoever it is said, is from God.]
See falsa demonstratio non nocet. Truth, whatever be its source, is from God.
Veritas habenda 398
Veritas habenda est in juratore, justitia et judicium a)Adagba versus Adegbite; b) Unimaid versus
in judice. [L. Veritas truth (1); habenda to be had, Unilag.2. As the alternative of. In contrast to. Free-
held, regarded (3); est is (2); in in, on (4); juratore dom versus servitude.
juror (5); justitia justice (6); et and (7); judicium verte abbr. v. [L. turn.] Turn over. Turn the page.
judgment (8); in in, on (9); judice judge (10): Truth vertex n.,pl. vertices [L. top, crown.] The top or crown,
is to be had in the juror, justice and judgment in the as the head of a body, the top of a mountain, the high-
judge.] Law. The juror must evince truth, the judge est point in a geometric figure, or the highest point
justice and judgment. Cf. ad quaestionem facti etc. in the movement of a heavenly body.
Veritas et Utilitas [L. Veritas truth (1); et and (2); vertigo n., pi. vertigines or vertigoes [L. a turning
utilitas usefulness (3): Truth and Usefulness.] Truth round or whirling, a sensation of dizziness, whirling,
and Utility. The motto of Howard University. or giddiness.] 1 . Dizziness. Giddiness. A morbid con-
Veritas nihil veretur nisi abscondi. [L. Veritas truth dition in which things in one's vicinity seem to be
(1); nihil nothing (3); veretur fears, is afraid of (2); turning around one or in which one seems to be turning
nisi unless, except (4); abscondi to be hidden, con- around in space. 2. Mental dizziness, giddiness, con-
cealed (5): Truth fears nothing except to be concealed.] fusion, or bewilderment.
Truth fears nothing but its concealment. verve n., pi. verves [Fr. zest, warmth, high spirits.]
Veritas nimium altercando amittitur. See nimium 1 . Vivacity or vigor in the composition or perfor-
altercando Veritas amittitur. mance of works of literature, music, art, etc. a) But
Veritas nominis tollit errorem demonstrationis. [L" in haute couture, Yves Saint Laurent . . . showed the
Veritas truth (1); nominis of name (2); tollit removes, verve that has long kept high fashion indisputably
takes away (3); errorem error, mistake (4); demon- French (Newsweek Int. Jan. 2, 1984:58). b) The author
strationis of description, designation (5): The truth wrote the novel with such verve that every part of it
of name removes the error of description.] Law. Use seems to be pregnant with life. 2. Vitality, energy,
of the proper name takes away the errors caused by enthusiasm. Felicia s grandfather is an octogenarian
mere description. See falsa demonstratio non nocet. who walks with the verve of a teenager.
Veritas vos liberabit. John 20: 15. [L. Veritas truth (1); vestigium n., pi. vestigia [L. footprint, sign, trace,
vos you (3); liberabit will free (2): Truth will free token.] Law ofEvidence. Trace or mark, i.e., left by
you.]The truth will set you free. The motto of The a person or thing.
Johns Hopkins University. Veterinariae Medicinae Doctor abbr. V.M.D. n. [L.
veritatem qui non libere pronuntiat proditor est veterinariae of veterinary (2); medicinae (of) medi-
veritatis. [L. veritatem truth (4); qui (one) who (1); cine (3); doctor teacher (1): teacher of veterinary
non not (2); libere freely, openly, frankly (5); medicine.] Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. A terminal
pronuntiat tells, utters (3); proditor traitor, betrayer graduate degree in veterinary medicine.
(7); est is (6); veritatis of truth (8): He who does not veto n.,pl. vetoes [L. I forbid.] Act of forbidding some-
tell the truth freely is a betrayer of truth.] A person thing such as a plan, proposal, or bill. The right or
who does not tell the truth freely betrays truth. power to forbid or prevent a plan, a) There was general
vers de societe n. [Fr. vers poetry (1); de of (2); societe criticism of the president 's veto of the bill passed by
society (3): poetry of society.] Witty, usually sarcastic, the House of Representatives, b) Abimbola resents
light poetry composed for the amusement of sophisti- her parents veto ofher proposed marriage to Aminu.
'
cated readers. This most versatile ofRoman poets [i.e., — v. To refuse to approve. The president vetoed the
Ovid] composed various kinds of vers de societe with bill passed by the House of Representatives.
unfailing dexterity . . . (Cary 1970:581). Vetus Tes tarn en turn n. [L. vetus old, ancient (1);
vers d'occasion n. [Fr. vers verse ( 1); d' of (2); occasion testamentum testament (2): old testament.] The Old
occasion (3): verse of occasion.] Occasional verse. Testament. The Latin version of the Hebrew bible.
Poetry composed to commemorate a particular an- Cf. Novum Testamentum.
niversary or event By assiduous practice in translating vexata quaestio See quaestio vexata.
the highlyfinished vers d 'occasion ofthe Hellenistic V.G. or v.g. abbr. for verbi gratia (q.v.).
writers he [i.e., Catullus] attained an effortless ease vi adj.ladv. [L. by force.] Forcible. Forcibly. By force.
in manipulating the various lyric metres (Cary Way,

via n.,pl. viae or vias [L. path, way, road, street.]
1970:464). road, passage, or right of way.—prep. [L. by way,
vers libre n., pi. vers lib res [Fr. vers verse, poetry (2); by road.] 1 By way of. Her goods were shippedfrom
.
libre free (1): free verse.] A poetic form which does not New York via London to Tema. 2. Through the me-
use rhyme, meter, and other standard features of poetry, dium of. By means of. Somejournalists try to attract
verso abbr. V. or v. n., pi. versos short form of folio readers attention via sensational headlines.
'
verso (q.v.). Cf. recto, via affirmativa n. [Late L. via way, road (2); affirmativa
versus abbr. v. or vs. prep. [L. turned in the direction affirmative (1): affirmative way.] Theology. The use
of or towards.] 1 . Against; i.e., another party or team. of affirmative or positive statements in describing
399 vide ante
the nature of God; i.e., stating what God is, not what suggestion which does not enjoy the support of author-
God is not. Cf. via negativa. ity or precedent. See omnis innovatio etc.; via
via antiqua via est tuta. [L. via path, way, road (2); antiqua etc.; and via trita via tuta.
antiqua old (1); via way, road (5); est is (3); tuta via trita via tuta. [L. via path, way, road (2); trita
safe (4): The old way is the safe way.] The safe road trodden, frequented, familiar ( 1 ); via path, way, road
or path is the one which has been used in the past. (4); tuta safe (3): The trodden path is the safe path.]
See via trita est tutissima. See via trita est tutissima.
Via Crucis n. [L. via path, way, road (1); crucis of vi aut clam adv. [L. vi by force (1); aut or (2); clam
cross, gallows (2): way/road of the cross.] Roman secretly, covertly (3): by force or secretly.] Forcibly
Catholic Church and Anglican Church. The Stations or secretly.
of the Cross. A series of fourteen representations, vicarius non habet vicarium. [L. vicarius substitute,
signifying scenes of the Passion of Christ, before deputy (1); non not (2); habet has, holds, regards
which worshipers meditate and pray. Cf. Via (3) ; vicarium substitute, deputy (4): A deputy does
Dolorosa. not have a deputy.] Law. A delegated power cannot

Via Dolorosa n. [L. via path, way, road (2); dolorosa in turn be delegated. See delegata potestas etc.
sorrowful, painful (1): sorrowful/painful road.] The vice abbr. V. or \.prep. [L. in the position, stead, duty.]
route of Jesus from the judgment hall of Pontius Pilate In the place of. Succeeding. Taking the place of.
to Golgotha for crucifixion. Cf. Via Crucis. —via Kwadwo Bonsu has been appointed ChiefAccountant
dolorosa A painfully arduous path or route. A very vice Peter Kwofie, who has retired. —pref. One who
painful series of experiences, a) After following her occupies or takes the place of. One who acts or is
a long way along her via dolorosa we can under- substitute for. a) Vice-Chancellor; b) Vice-Chairman;
stand why this weary old woman turns into an . . . c) Vice-President; d) Vice-consul.
avenging demon who gloats over the impotent raging vice-reine n., pi. vice-reines [Fr. vice in place of (1);
of her victim (Lesky 1966:374). b) "To get a license reine queen (2): in place of the queen.] A viceroy's
to dig a private well is via dolorosa, "says Ben-Meir wife. A woman who is a viceroy (q.v.).
(Newsweek Int. Feb. 23, 1981:48). viceroy n., pi. viceroys [Obs. Fr. vice in place of (1);
viae servitus n. [L. viae of path, way, road (2); servitus roy king (2): in place of the king.] The king's repre-
servitude, service (1): servitude of way.] Right of sentative. The governor of a province, colony, or
way; i.e., the right to walk, ride, and drive over the country. Cf. vice-reine.
land of another. vice versa abbr. v.v. adv. [L. vice with condition, lot,
via lactea n. [L. via path, way, road (2); lactea milky, position (1); versa (with) having been changed,
milk-white ( 1 ): milky way.] 1 . The constellation or gal- altered, reversed (2): with the condition having been
axy in which earth's solar system is located. 2. Greek reversed.] Conversely. With the reversal of relations.
and Roman Mythology. The breast milk which flowed Mr. Drob is a man who strongly believes that a hus-
from the goddess Hera when she nursed the infant hero band should guide, direct and control his wife rather
Heracles. This milk became the constellation. than vice versa.
via media n. [L. via path, way, road (2); media middle, vicini viciniora praesumuntur scire. [L. vicini neigh-
mean (1): middle road.] The middle path, road, bors ( 1 ); viciniora nearer (places) (4); praesumuntur
ground, way, course or conception. A course of action are presumed (2); scire to know (3): Neighbors are
which lies midway between two extremes. Via media presumed know nearer places.] Law. Neighbors
to
is generally preferable to extremes. See aurea are presumed to know the neighborhood. Cf. lex
mediocritas intendit vicinum etc.
via negativa n. [Late L. via way, road (2); negativa vi clam aut precario adv. by force (1); clam
[L. vi
negative (1): negative way.] Theology. The use of secretly (2); aut or (3); precario by right granted
negative statements in describing the nature of God; (4) by force, secretly, or by right granted.] Law.
:
i.e., a belief that one can only state what God is not, Forcefully, secretly or by permission of the owner.
not what God is. Cf. via affirmativa Cf. nec vi etc.
viaticum n.,pl. viatica or viaticums [L. traveling money, victor ludorum n., pi. victores ludorum [L. victor
provision for a journey.] 1. Traveling allowance. For ludorum of the games (2): victor of the
victor (1);
the conference, each official was given a viaticum of games.] The winner of a series of athletic competitions.
$500.00. 2. Christianity. The communion or Eucha- The New York Yankees are baseball 's perennial victor
rist administered to one who is likely to die soon. ludorum.
via trita est tutissima. [L. via path, way, road (2); trita vide abbr. v. or vid. v. [L. See.] See. Refer to. Used for
trodden, frequented, familiar ( 1 ); est is (3); tutissima bibliographical references.
safest (4): The trodden/familiar path is the safest.] vide ante v. [L. vide see ( 1 ); ante before (2): see before.]
Established procedure is preferable to innovation. Used in books to refer the reader to a previous pas-
Thus, a court of law will normally not accept a novel sage or item. See vide supra and vide ut supra.
vide infra 400
vide infra abbr. V.I. or v.i. v. [L. vide see (1); infra dawn.] The wakeful bird is up early enough to pro-
below, beneath (2): See below.] Used in books to claim the arrival of dawn. Motto of the University of
refer the reader to a subsequent passage or item. Ghana, Legon.
See vide post. vigilante n., pi. vigilantes [Sp. guard, policeman.] A
videlicet abbr. viz. adv. [L. vide(re) to see (2); licet it member of a group of citizens who have volunteered
is permitted (1): it is permitted to see.] Law. Clearly. to maintain law and order. With the increasing rate
"
Of course. Namely. Expressions such as "namely, ofburglary, vigilantes have been patrolling the area
"to wit " or "that is to say " are called the "videlicet.
"
every night. — attrib. Of, belonging to, relating to,
video meliora, proboque; / deteriora sequor. Ovid characteristic of vigilantes, a) The government is
(43 B.C.-17 A.D.). Metamorphoses VII,7-8. [L. contemplating setting up vigilante groups to identify
video I see ( 1 ); meliora better (things) (3); proboque troublemakers . . . (New African 1981). b) .. . some
and I approve of (2); deteriora worse (things) (5); vigilante groups ofleft-wing whites already are taking
sequor I follow (4): I see and I approve of better matters into their own hands (Newsweek Int. Feb.
things; / 1 follow worse things.] I see and approve of 23, 1981:11).
the better course, though I follow the worse course. vigilantibus, et non dormientibus, jura subveniunt.
The legal profession is such that the lawyer has to [L. vigilantibus the vigilant (3); et and (4); non not
observe the maxim "Video meliora proboque, (5); dormientibus the sleeping (6); jura rights, laws
"
deteriora sequor. (1) ; subveniunt aid, assist, help (2): The laws help
vide post v. [L. vide see (1); post after (2): See after of those who are vigilant, not those who are asleep.] Law.
below.] See vide infra. The laws assist those who care, not those who do not
vide supra abbr. V.S. or v.s. v. [L. vide see (1); supra care, about their rights. See leges vigilantibus etc.
above (2): See above.] See vide ante and vide ut vigilantibus lex succurrit. [L. vigilantibus the vigi-
supra. lant (3); lex law (1); succurrit aids, helps, assists
vide ut supra v. [L. vide see ( 1 ); ut as (2); supra above (2) : The law helps the vigilant.] Law. See leges
(3): See as above.] See what is stated above. Used vigilantibus etc.
for bibliographical references. See vide ante and vide vigilantibus, non dormientibus, aequitas subvenit.
supra. [L. vigilantibus the vigilant (3); non not (4);
vidimus n., pi. vidimuses [L. We have seen.] Official dormientibus the sleeping (5); aequitas equity (1);
inspection of, for instance, a document. A certified subvenit aids, assists, helps (2): Equity helps those
copy of a document. who are vigilant, not those who are asleep.] The law
vie deBoheme n. [Ft. vie life (1); de of (2); Boheme helps those who are watchful, not those who are not.
Bohemian (3): life of a Bohemian.] Bohemian There is an important maxim, "Vigilantibus, non
life-style. The unconventional, free, easy-going, dormientibus, aequitas subvenit, " expressed in the
life-style adopted by some artists. vernacular as "delay defeats equities " (Hanbury
vie en rose n. [Ft. vie life (1); en in (2); rose rose (3): 1962:306). Cf. leges vigilantibus etc.
A naive, unrealistic view of the world,

life in rose.] vignette n.,pl. vignettes [Fr. small vine, an ornamental
one seen through rose-colored glasses. Based
i.e., border, text illustration.] 1. A border or illustration
upon song lyrics made famous by the French chan- in a text, especially one which is not marked off by a
teuse Edith Piaf (1915-1963). lined border. Originally, this decoration was often a
vi et armis adv. by force (1); et and (2); armis
[L. vi grape vine. 2. Architecture. The use of a grape vine
by arms (3): by force and arms.] By force of arms. as carved decoration. 3. Photography. A depiction
Used to qualify trespass and applicable to the of only the upper body, or even the head alone, with a
common-law action for damages in respect of trespass darkened background. 4. A short sketch or description
to property or person. In its original legal meaning of a person, place, incident, etc. — v. 1 . Photography.
"trespass " signified no more than "wrong "... and To make a photograph of only the upper body or the
in course oftime the allegation that the trespass was head alone. 2. To offer a short sketch or description
committed vi et armis came to be used as common of a person, place, incident, etc.
form in order to preserve the jurisdictional propriety villa n.,pl. villas or villae [L./It. country-house, farm.]
of an action brought in those Courts (Rogers . . . A large country residence. A suburban or rural man-
1975:31). Cf. manu forti. sion, especially one used as a place of retreat from
vieux marcheur n. [Ft. vieux old ( 1 ); marcheur walker urban by an affluent person. Expatriates live
life . .
(2): an old walker.] An elderly profligate. An old in sprawling villas behind manicured hedges in
lady-killer. An old man who spends most of his time Nairobi (Newsweek Int. 19, 1982:23). My
having fun with women. Cf. roue. vim vi repellere licet, modo fiat moderamine
vigil ales evocat auroram. [L. vigil wakeful, awake inculpatae tutelae, non ad sumendam vindictam,
(1); ales bird (2); evocat summons, calls forth (3); sed ad propulsandam injuriam. [L. vim force (3);
auroram dawn (4): The wakeful bird summons vi with force (4); repellere to repel (2); licet it is
"
401 vir et uxor sunt
allowed, lawful (1); modo provided only, on con- strong presumption is full proof. See praesumptio
dition that (5); fiat it is done (6); moderamine violenta and probatio plena etc.
with/under direction, control (7); inculpatae of virago n.,pl. viragoes or viragos [L. a manlike woman,
blameless (8); tutelae (of) defense, protection (9); heroic maiden, female warrior.]A shrew. A quarrel- 1 .
non not ad to, at, for, according to (11);

(10); some, nagging, overbearing woman. 2. A very strong
sumendam be taken (13); vindictam ven-
to and courageous woman, especially one who, physi-
geance, revenge (42); sed but (14); ad to, at, for, cally and mentally, has the qualities of a man.
according to (15); propulsandam to be warded See Amazonand Xanthippe. Cf. androgynus.
off(17); injuriam injury (16): It is lawful to repel vir bonus dicendi peritus Cato the Censor. [L. vir man,
force with force, on condition that it is done under male, husband (2); bonus morally good (1); dicendi
the direction of blameless defense, not for ven- of speaking (4); peritus experienced, skilled (3): a
geance to be taken, but for injury to be warded morally good man experienced of speaking.] A man
off] Law. It is lawful to repel force with force, of probity accomplished in speaking. The definition
provided only that it is prompted by blameless of the ideal orator in ancient Rome was "vir bonus
defense, not to take vengeance but to ward off injury. dicendi peritus.
See homicidium and se defendendo. vir celeberrimus abbr. v. cel. n. [L. vir man, male,
vincet amor patriae Vergil (70-19 B.C.). Aeneid husband (2); celeberrimus most celebrated, distin-
VI,823. [L. vincet will conquer (3); amor love (1); guished (1): most celebrated man.] A most distin-
patriae of country, fatherland Love of country(2): guished man.

will conquer.] Love of one's country will win out virement n., pi. virements [Fr. transfer, clearing.]
(over personal interests). Administrative transfer of funds, i.e., in bookkeeping

vincit qui se vincit. [L. vincit conquers (4); qui (one) and accounting.
who (1); se one's self (3); vincit conquers (2): One vir et uxor censentur in lege una persona. [L. vir
who conquers oneself conquers.] The person who man, male, husband (1); et and (2); uxor wife (3);
conquers or controls himself/herself is the victor. censentur are believed, held, thought (4); in in, on
vinciunt leges. [L. vinciunt bind (2); leges laws (1): (5); lege law (6); una one (7); persona person (8):
The laws bind.] The laws have binding force. Husband and wife are in law deemed (to be) one per-
vinculum n.,pl. vincula [L. bond, fetter, chain.] A link. son.] A married couple are legally considered
Law.
Unifying bond. There is a strong vinculum between to be a single person. A common law rule which is
Emmanuel and Jacob which makes them, as it were, no longer rigidly observed. See omnia quae sunt etc.
inseparable. uxor sunt quasi unica persona. [L. vir man,
vir et
vindicatio rei n. [L. vindicatio establishment of a right, (1); et and (2); uxor wife (3); sunt are
male, husband
vindication (1); rei of a matter, thing, property, busi- (4); quasi just as if, as one might say (5); unica sole,
ness, affair (2): establishment of a right of a thing.] single (6); persona person (7): Husband and wife are,
Civil Law. Establishing one's right to a thing. so to speak, one person.] Law. A husband and wife
vindicatio servitutis n. [L. vindicatio establishment are like one person. See omnia quae sunt etc.
of the right, vindication (1); servitutis of servitude vir et uxor sunt quasi unica persona, quia caro et
(2): establishment of a right of servitude.] Roman sanguis unus; res licet sit propria uxoris, vir tamen
Law. Establishment of one's right to a servitude. ejus custos, cum sit caput mulieris. [L. vir man,
See actio confessoria. male, husband (1); et and (2); uxor wife (3); sunt
vindicatio ususfructus n. [L. vindicatio establishment are (4); quasi just as if, as one might say (5); unica
of the right; vindication (1); ususfructus of usufruct, one (6); persona person (7); quia because (8); caro
use and enjoyment (2): establishment of the right of flesh ( 1 0); et and (11); sanguis blood ( 1 2); unus one
usufruct.] Roman Law. Establishment of one's right (9); res matter, thing, property, business, affair (14);
to use and enjoyment. See actio confessoria. licet although, notwithstanding (13); sit is; be (15);
vindicta / nemo magis gaudet quam femina. Juvenal propria belonging to, individual ( 1 6); uxoris of wife
(c.60-1 17 A.D.). Satires XIII, 191-192. [L. vindicta (17); vir man, male, husband (19); tamen neverthe-
vengeance, revenge (3); nemo no one, nobody (1); less, yet ( 1 8); ejus its (20); custos guard, keeper (2 1 );
magis more (4); gaudet rejoices in, takes pleasure cum since (22); sitcaput head (24);
he is (23);
in (2); quam than (5); femina woman (6): No one / mulieris of woman, wife (25): Husband and wife are
takes pleasure in revenge more than a woman.] No just as if one person because they are one flesh and
one takes more delight in revenge than a woman. blood; although a thing may be (a) belonging to the
violenta praesumptio aliquando est plena probatio. wife, nevertheless the husband is its keeper, since he
[L.violenta forcible, vehement (1); praesumptio is the head of the wife.] Law. Husband and wife are,
presumption (2); aliquando sometimes (4); est is (3); so to speak, one person because they are one flesh
plena full (5); probatio proof (6): Vehement presump- and blood; although property may belong to the wife,
tion is sometimes full proof] Law. Occasionally nevertheless the husband keeps it, since he is the head
virginibus puerisque 402
of the household. As a rule of civil law, the maxim is visa n., pi. visas [L. things that have been seen.] 1 An .
no longer quite valid. See omnia quae sunt etc endorsement of a document by a superior officer,
virginibus puerisque adj. Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes indicating that it has been examined and found to be
111,1,4. [L. virginibus for maidens (1); puerisque satisfactory in form and content. 2. An endorsement
and for boys (2): for maidens and boys.] For girls on a passport by officials of the country of destina-
and boys. Applicable, especially, to books considered tion that the bearer is qualified to proceed. — v. 1 . To
suitable for youths. give a visa to. Seth has got his passport visaed and
Virgo n. [L. virgin, young woman.] 1. Astronomy. A he may soon departfor Italy. 2. To ratify or approve
constellation shaped like a young woman and located officially. Topics ofpapers to be read at the confer-
near Leo and Libra. 2. Astrology. The sixth sign of ence have already been visaed.
the zodiac dominant from August 23 through Septem- vis a fronte n. [L. vis force, power (1); a from, by (2);
ber 22. 3. A person bom under this sign. fronte front (3): force from the front.] A physical
virgo intacta n.,pl. virgines intactae [L. virgo virgin, force from the front. Cf. vis a tergo.
young woman (2); intacta untouched, intact (1): an vis armata n. [L. vis force (2); arm ata armed ( 1 ): armed
untouched virgin.] A woman who has not experi- force.] Civil Law. Armed force. See vis cum armis.
enced vaginal intercourse. vis a tergo n., pi. vires a tergo [L. vis force ( 1 ); a from
virtuoso or fern, virtuosa n., pi. virtuosi or virtuosos (2); tergo back (3): a force from the back.] A force or
or fern, virtuose or virtuosas [It. learned, virtuous, pressure from behind. Mr. Mulira approaches every
skilled.]A person interested in pursuing knowledge.
1 . assignment enthusiastically and acts as though pro-
A savant (q.v.). A person who does research in the pelled by vis a tergo. See a tergo. Cf. vis a fronte.
sciences or arts. A group of virtuosi have published vis-a-vis prep. [Fr. vis face ( 1 ); a to, toward, in, by, with,
the results of their research on sea life in the Journal until (2); vis face (3): face to face, opposite, in regard
of Natural Sciences. 2. A person who is very skilled to a person opposite.] 1. Opposite. Face to face with.
in the technique of a fine art, for instance a musician, 2. As compared with. The Syrians are well aware
a) When it comes to singing praises, both gentlemen they are in a much inferior position vis-a-vis Israel
are virtuosos {Newsweek Int. Feb. 8, 1982:51). b) and that it is not a realistic option to start a war
Perlman, Prince of the new violin virtuosos {Newsweek Int. Jan. 4, 1982: 1 7). 3. In relation to. ...
{Newsweek Int. April 14, 1980:36). adj. Of char- — taking into account the nation 's resources vis-d-vis
acteristic of relating to, pertaining to, exhibiting the its population, . . . {West Africa 1986): — n., pi.
or ability ofa virtuoso, a).

style Woody Allen, the . . vis-a-vis 1. A person who is face to face with an-
film-maker, comic and virtuoso jazz clarinetist . . . other, as in an indoor game or dance. One who holds
{Time Int. 1979). b) // was a virtuoso performance a corresponding or equal position. A person paired
{Time Int. 1982). with another as a date, an escort, a partner, etc.
virtute et armis [L. virtute (by/with) courage, valor, Throughout the dinner Mat kept gazing at his
and (2); armis (by/with) arms
strength, virtue (1); et vis-d-vis, smiling and admiring her. 2. A private, inti-
(3): by courage and by arms.] By valor and arms. mate conversation. A tete-a-tete (q.v.). 3. A carriage
Motto of the State of Mississippi. in which people sit facing each other. — adv. Face to
virtute officii adv. [L. virtute by virtue (1); officii face. In company of each other. The seats of the bus
of office (2): by virtue of office.] Because of one's are such that passengers have to sit vis-d-vis.
office. Ex officio (q.v.). a) The sole administrator of vis consili expers mole rait sua. Horace (65-8 B.C.).
the metropolis, acting virtute officii, ordered the Odes 111,4,65. [L. vis force (1); consili of wisdom,
demolition of the building, b) . . . the term "legal sense (3); expers devoid of, free from (2); mole (with/
assets" comprised only what came to the repre- under) weight (6); rait tumbles down, goes to ruin
sentative virtute officii (Hanbury 1962:450). (4);sua with/under its own (5): Force, devoid of
virus abbr. V. or v. n., pi. viruses [L. a potent juice, wisdom, tumbles down under its own weight.] The
venom, poison.] 1. A poisonous element or agent use of force which is not based upon wisdom
which is the cause of an infectious disease. 2. An crumbles under its own weight. The sage concluded
infection. Something which has an infectious effect, his speech on misuse of power with: "vis consili
"
morally, intellectually, etc. a) "Emigration is a virus expers mole ruit sua.
"
inour society, and it can spread very quickly vis cum armis n. [L. vis force (1); cum with (2); armis
{Newsweek Int. Feb. 16, 1981:14). b) . . . the seven arms, weapons (3): force with arms.] See vis armata.
higher institutions in Anambra had been closed for viscus n., pi. viscera [L. the interior or inner part, the
fear of the solidarity virus spreading into the other inner parts of the body, the organs.] Medicine. An
campuses {The Guardian 1988). internal organ of the body. A secret CIA memorandum
vis n. [L. force, power, strength.] Force or power. — pi. of 1962 . . . details a plan to capture a crocodile in
vires Legal strength or legitimacy. Cf. extra vires; Tanganyika . . . and concoct a poisonfrom its viscera . .
intra vires; and ultra vires. {New African 1979). — pi. Interior or inner contents.
403 vix ulla lex
The policemen conducted a thorough search of the vitae sum ma brevis spem nos vetat incohare longam.
and sofas to examine
house, tearing apart mattresses Horace (65-8 B.C.). Odes 1,4,15. [L. vitae of life
their viscera. (3); summa sum, total (2); brevis short (1); spem
vis divina n. [L. vis force, power (2); divina divine hope (8); nos us (5); vetat forbids (4); incohare to
(1): divine force.] Civil Law. Divine force. An act of commence, begin (6); longam long (7): The short
God. See actus Dei nemini est damnosus. sum of life forbids us to commence long hope.] Life's
vis inertiae n., pi. vires inertiae [L. vis force, power short span does not permit us to embark on long-term
(1) ; inertiae of inactivity, idleness (2): force of inac- expectations.
tivity.] 1. Inertia (q.v.) 1. The physical resistance of vita nuova n. [It. vita life (2); nuova new (1): a new
matter to a force which tries to change its position or life.] Changing one's lifestyle for the better. After
state of movement. 2. A tendency for a person, insti- maltreating his wife for a decade, Mr. Chuks has
tution, etc. to prefer the status quo (q.v.) to change. realized the senselessness ofhis attitude and adopted
vis legibus est inimica. [L. vis force, power ( 1 ); legibus a vita nuova. See La vita nuova.
to laws (4); est is (2); inimica hostile, inimical (3): Viva! interj. [It./Sp. Live!] Long live! a) Viva Federal
Force is hostile to laws.] Law. The use of force is Republic of Nigeria! b) 1 ,500 supporters briefly . . .
hostile to the law. blocked her way along the route, banging on the car
vis major n., pi. vires majores [L. vis force, power and shouting "Viva Peron" {Newsweek Int. Dec. 19,
(2) ; major greater, bigger (1): a greater force.] A 1983:30). See vivat and Vive.
superior force. A natural force which cannot be pre- Viva il Papa! interj. [It. viva may live (1); il the (2);
vented by human agency; e.g., a storm, earthquake, Papa Pope (3): May
Pope live!] Long live the
the
or flood. See actus Dei nemini est damnosus. Pope! Arriving that morning for a prayer service at
vis medicatrix naturae n. [L. vis force, power (2); St Patrick's, his face lit up into a benign, contented
medicatrix healing (1); naturae of nature (3): the smile as cries of "Viva il Papa" and applause
healing force of nature.]The healing power of nature. drowned out the organ music (Newsweek Int. Oct.
In moments of misfortune, tribulation, and despon- 15, 1979:48).
dency, it is advisable to maintain one 's presence of vivat! interj. [L. Let him/her live. May he/she live.]
mind and submit to vis medicatrix naturae. Long life! Long life and prosperity to ... ! Hurrah!
vista n., pi. vistas [It. sight, view, vision.] 1. A far- See Viva and Vive.
reaching or distant view along a corridor or opening. viva voce abbr. v.v. adv. [L. viva with living ( 1 ); voce
After the curve, they entered a stretch of the road (with) voice (2): with living voice.] Orally. By word
which showed a beautiful vista of thickly-forested of mouth. He gave an account of the incident viva
hills interrupted by valleys. 2. An extensive mental voce. — adj. Oral. We intend to conduct a viva voce
vision or view. When Sam saw a photograph of Vicky, examination. — n., pi. viva voce Oral examination.
hisformer girlfriend, hismind was immediatelyfilled See ore tenus.
with vistas of the good old days. Vive interj. [Fr. let live.] Long live! Hail! Up with!
visum cultum abbr. v.c. [L. visum seen (1); cultum Vive the people of Ghana! See Viva and vivat.
cultivated (2): seen cultivated.] Botany. Seen cultivated. Vive la difference! [Fr. vive long live (1); la the (2);
vis vitae n. [L. vis force, power (1); vitae of life (2): a difference difference (3): Long live the difference.]
force/power of life.] Living force. Hurray for the difference between the sexes!
vis viva n. [L. vis force, power (2); viva living (1): Vive le roi! interj. [Fr. vive let live (1); le the (2); roi
living force.] Physics. The principal that the power king (3): Let the king live.] Long live the king!
of an object is equal to its weight or mass multiplied vivum vadium See vadium vivum.
by its speed squared. vixit v. [L. He/she lived.] A tombstone inscription indi-
vita n., pi. vitae [L. life.] A short biographical sketch. cating the length of the deceased's life.
See curriculum vitae. vix ulla lex fieri potest quae omnibus commoda sit,
vita activa n. [L. vita life (2); activa active (1): active sed si majori parti prospiciat, utilis est. [L. vix
life.] Practical life. A life of action. . . . the ethical hardly, scarcely (1); ulla any (3); lex law (4); fieri to
necessity which forces the philosopher away from be made, to become (5); potest can, is able (2); quae
the happiness of the vita contemplativa to the vita which (6); omnibus to all (9); commoda favorable,
activa ofpolitical life (Lesky 1966:530). Cf. vita con- suitable (8); sit is, may be (7); sed but ( 1 0); si if ( 1 1 );
templativa. majori greater (13); parti part, side ( 1 4); prospiciat

vita brevis longa ars [L. vita art (2); brevis short ( 1 ); longa it should provide for, take care of (12); utilis useful
long (3); ars art (4): short life, long art.] Art is long (1 6); est it is ( 1 5): Hardly can any law be made which
but life is short. Art survives the lifetime of the artist. is suitable to all, but if it should provide for the greater
vita contemplativa n. [L. vita life (2); contemplativa part, it is useful.] Law. There can hardly be any law
contemplative (1): contemplative life.] Intellectual which is satisfactory to all, but, if a law should take
or philosophical life. Cf. vita activa. care of the interests of the majority, it is useful.
viz. 404
viz. abbr. for videlicet (q.v.). injury is not entitled to damages. Generally, a plain-
V.M.D. abbr. for Veterinariae Medicinae Doctor tiff is not entitled to damages for an act for which he/
(q.v.)- she gave permission. Thus, a man who encourages
vocabula artis pi. n. [L. vocabula expressions, designa- his wife to commit adultery, or who connives at that
tions (1); artis of art (2): expressions of art.] Technical adultery, is not entitled to damages. Similarly, a per-
expressions. Technical terms. son who receives a defamatory letter and gives it to
vocabula artium explicanda sunt secundum others to read is the one who is spreading the infor-
definitiones prudentum. [L. vocabula expressions mation contained therein and so cannot sue the writer
(1); artium of arts, skills, professions (2); explicanda for defamation. See qui non improbat, approbat.
to be explained, unfolded (4); sunt are (3); secun- volk n., pi. volks [Ger. and Dutch Volk people, race.]
dum according to, in accordance with (5); 1 . The pure German people, especially during the Nazi
definitiones definitions, explanations (6); era. 2. South Africa. The Afrikaners. 3. South Africa.
prudentum of experienced, skilled (persons) (7): Colored employees of whites under apartheid (q.v.).
Expressions of arts are to be explained according to Volksbewegung n.,pl. Volksbewegungen [Ger. Volks
the definitions of skilled persons.] Law. Technical of people (2); Bewegung movement (1): movement
expressions must be explained in accordance with of people.] Popular movement, agitation or stir. Spon-
the definitions of experts. taneous upsurge of national feeling.
vocatio in jus n. [L. vocatio calling, summoning (1); volksgeist n., pi. volksgeists [Ger. Volksgeist: Volk
in into, to, against, for (2); jus right, law (3): a calling people, race (2); Geist spirit (1): spirit of people.]
into law.] Early Roman Law. Summons to court; i.e.," The spirit of a people. The distinguishing character-
the practice of orally calling upon the debtor to follow istics of a particular nation or ethnic group.
one to court. volkslied n.,pl. volkslieds [Ger. and Dutch Volkslied:
vogue n.,pl. vogues [Fr. fashion.] 1. Popularity. Popular Volk people, race (2); Lied song, poem (1): song
favor, acceptance or use. a) . . . Paris couturiers tried of people.] A folk-song, especially a German one.
1 .
to bring the '60s miniskirt look back into vogue 2. South Africa. A national anthem.
{Newsweek Int. Jan. 5, 1981:60). b) . . . the conference Volkerwanderung n.,pl. Volkerwanderungen [Ger.
will violate the so-called national security law which Volker peoples (2); Wanderung wandering, migra-
is still in vogue . . . {Time Int. 1985). c) demon- . . . tion (1): wandering of the peoples.] Migration of
strations against the invasion of an African country peoples, especially that of the Teutons, Slavs, and
by another are not in vogue . . . {New African 1978). Huns into Europe, beginning in the 2nd century A.D.
2. A person or thing that is fashionable or in fashion and ending about the 1 1th century.
at a particular time or place. In the postwar years, volo ignorari et nihilo reputari. [L. volo I wish, want
when existentialism became an international vogue. .
(1); ignorari to be ignored, be paid no attention (2);
{Newsweek Int. April 28, 1980:63). et and (3); nihilo nothing (5); reputari to be reck-
voila inter/. [Fr. There it is.] There! oned (4): I wish to be ignored and to be reckoned
Voila le commencement de la fin. Talleyrand ( 1 754- (as)worth nothing.] I wish to be ignored and reck-
1838). [Fr. voila there is, that is (1); le the (2); com- oned to be of no value.
mencement beginning (3); de of (4); la the (5); fin volte-face n. [Fr. turning-round.] Reversal. About-face.
end (6): That is the beginning of the end.] This is Total change. In a dramatic volte-face, Salihu
where the end begins. In reference to the defeat of changed from a staunch supporter of the National
Napoleon at Borodino in 1812. Seele commence- Popular Party to its most fiery opponent.
ment etc. for a shorter form. voluit, sed non dixit. [L. voluit he wished, willed (1);
voir dire n. [Obs. Fr. voir truth, true (2); dire to say; sed but (2); non not (3); dixit he said (4): He wished,
speak (1): to speak the truth.] Law. A preliminary but did not say.] Law. He may have so wished, but
examination which a witness or juror may undergo he did not say so. Used with reference to wills.
to ascertain whether he/she is incompetent to serve voluntas defuncti n. [L. voluntas will, desire (1);
as witness or juror by reason of his/her interest in the defuncti of the dead, deceased (2): desire of the
cause. The witness had to swear on his voir dire. deceased.] Law. The
of the deceased. will
volens adj., pi. volentes [L. willing.] Law. Willfully. voluntas donatoris in charta doni sui manifeste
With purpose. Of choice. A person is volens, if he/ expressa observetur. [L. voluntas will, desire (1);
she either expressly gives consent or tacitly does not donatoris of donor (2); in in, on (5); charta paper,
oppose. Cf. sciens. deed (6); doni (of) gift (8); sui of one's own, his/her
volentinon fit injuria. [L. volenti to the willing (4); own (7); manifeste clearly, manifestly (3); expressa
non not (2); done
fit is (3); injuria injury, wrong expressed, represented (4); observetur should be
(1): Injury is not done to the willing.] Law. A person observed (9):The will of the donor clearly expressed
who willingly/knowingly exposes himself/herself to in his/her deed of gift should be observed.] Law. The
405 voyageur
intent of the giver, clearly stated in the deed of gift, 3. Anything which resembles a whirlpool or whirl-
should be followed. wind. The secrecy which surrounded the decision
voluntas est justa sententia de eo quod quis post naturally aroused a vortex ofconjectures and specu-
mortem suam fieri velit. [L. voluntas will, desire lations. 4. A stormy, tempestuous, or turbulent center.
(1); est is (2); justa just, true, reasonable (3); The city, being the capital of the country, became
sententia decision, opinion (4); de of, from, about, the vortex of every national characteristic, particu-
for (5); eo that (6); quod which (7); quis any one, larly evil influences. 5. A predicament, force, pursuit,
some one (8); post after (11); mortem death (13); or situation which inexorably draws one. The religion
suam one's/his/her own (12); fieri to be done (10); had such magnetism and popular appeal that within
velit wishes, wants (9): A will is a true decision about a short time it had sucked large numbers ofpeople
thatwhich someone wishes to be done after his/her into its vortex. Cf. maelstrom,
own death.] Law. A will is a true decision on what a vox audita perit. [L. vox voice, utterance, spoken word
person wants to be done after his/her death. ( 1 ); audita having been heard (2); perit perishes (3):
voluntas et propositum distinguunt maleficia. [L. The spoken word, having been heard, perishes.] The
voluntas will, desire ( 1 ); et and (2); propositum aim, spoken word disappears as soon as it is heard. Cf. vox
purpose (3); distinguunt distinguish (4); maleficia emissa volat etc.
crimes (5): The will and the aim distinguish crimes.] vox emissa volat, littera scripta manet. [L. vox voice,
Law. Intention and purpose distinguish crimes. utterance, spoken word (1); emissa having been ut-
See actus non facit etc. tered (2); volat flies (3); littera letter (4); scripta
voluntas in delictis, non exitus spectatur. [L. voluntas having been written (5); manet remains (6): The spo-
will, desire (3); in in, on ( 1 ); delictis crimes (2); non ken word having been uttered flies, the letter having
not (4); exitus result, end (5); spectatur is looked at been written remains.] The spoken word disappears,
(6): In crimes the will, not the result, is looked at] Law. but the written word remains. Cf. vox audita perit.
In criminal cases, what is considered is the intention, vox et praeterea nihil [L. vox voice (1); et and (2);
not the result. See actus non facit etc. praeterea further, besides, hereafter (4); nihil nothing
voluntas reputatur pro facto. [L. voluntas will, desire (3): voice and nothing further.] Voice and nothing
(1); reputatur is reckoned, computed (2); pro as, for more. Sound but no sense. He delivered a long speech,
(3); facto deed, act, fact (4): The intention is reckoned but it was clearly vox et praeterea nihil.
as the deed.] Law. Desire or intention is considered to vox nihili n., pi. voces nihili [L. vox voice (1); nihili
be the same as the act. See actus non facit etc. of nothing (2): voice of nothing.] A meaningless word
voluntas testatoris est ambulatoria usque ad ex- or phrase, especially the result of a scribal or printing
tremum vitae exitum. [L. voluntas will, desire ( 1 ); error.The numerical sequence in the margin of the
testatoris of testator (2); est is (3); ambulatoria page was apparently no more than a vox nihili.
ambulatory, alterable (4); usque as far as, all the way vox populi abbr. vox pop. n., pi. vox populis [L. vox
to (5); ad to, at, for, according to (6); extremum last, voice (1); populi of people (2): the voice of the
utmost (7); vitae of life (9); exitum end, termination (8): people.] Popular view or sentiment, a) Conceivably,
The will of a testator is alterable as far as to the last end of Carter could try to persuade electors to switch their
life.] Law. The will of a testator is changeable right up to allegiances to comply with the vox populi (Newsweek
the final moment of life. See legatum morte etc. Int., Nov. 3, 1980:33). b) The fall of the regime is
voluntas testatoris habet interpretationem latam et principally attributable to its stubborn refusal to respect
benignam. [L. voluntas will, desire (1); testatoris vox populi.
of testator (2); habet has, holds, regards (3); vox populi vox Dei. [L. vox voice ( 1 ); populi of people
interpretationem interpretation (7); latam broad (4); (2) vox voice (3); Dei of God (4): voice of the people,
;
et and (5); benignam liberal, favorable (6): The will voice of God.] The voice of the people is the voice
of the testator has a broad and liberal interpretation.] of God. A saying quoted by Alcuin (c. 735-804).
Law. The will of a testator is interpreted broadly and voyage a Cythere n.,pl. voyages a Cythere [Fr. voyage
liberally. journey, voyage, trip (1); a to, toward, in, by, with,
voluntas ultima testatoris est perimplenda secundum until (2); Cythere Cythera (3): a voyage/trip to
veram intentionem suam. See testatoris ultima Cythera.] A voyage to the island of Aphrodite, goddess
voluntas est perimplenda secundum veram of love. A trip to the island of love. A quest for, or
intentionem suam. pursuit of, amorous pleasure. Mike 's voyage a Cythere
vortex n., pi. vortices or vortexes [L. whirl, eddy, ended in ignominy when he was chased away by the
whirlpool, whirlwind.] 1. Whirlwind. Tornado. A girl 's boyfriend.
cyclone's eye. 2. Whirlpool. A powerful, destructive voyageur n. [Fr. traveler.] A worker, boatman or guide
water current which moves very rapidly in a circular hired to transport materials in the Canadian and U.S.
manner, sucking down anything that comes within. Northwest.
voyant 406
voyant oxfern, voyante n.,pl. voyants orfern, voyantes vs. abbr. for versus (q.v.).
[Fr. person who can see.] A seer. A Prophet or proph- V.S. or v.s. abbr. for vide supra (q.v.).
etess. A clairvoyant (q.v.). Arthur Rimbaud's theory vue d'ensemble n.,pl. vues d'ensemble [Fr. vue view
ofpoetry demanded that the poet dismantle his/her (1); (T of (2); ensemble whole, general effect (3): a
senses to become a voyant. view of the whole.] A comprehensive view or opinion
voyeur n., pi. voyeurs [Fr. a looker.] 1. A person who which takes cognizance of everything that is relevant.
derives sexual pleasure from observing the sexual acts vulgoque Veritas jam attributa vino est. [L. vulgo
of others. A peeping Tom. The voyeur steals the pri- generally, commonly (5); que and (1); Veritas truth
vacy ofanother, and part ofthe pleasure to befound in (3); jam now (2); attributa attributed, assigned (6);
Hopper is the thrill ofthe crime {Newsweek Int. March , vino to wine (7); est is (4): And now truth is com-
2, 1981: 43). 2. A person who pries inordinately, usu- monly attributed to wine.] Truth is generally believed
ally searching for scandalous events, acts, or sights. The to come out of wine. A proverb quoted by Pliny the
sordid domestic fight between Mr. and Mrs. Vandyke Elder (A.D. 23-79) in Historia Naturalis XIV, 141.
attracted the attention ofseveral voyeurs, who came to Cf. in vino Veritas.
the residence in the guise ofsympathetic neighbors. vulgus n. [L. the common people.] The populace, rabble
vraisemblance n. [Fr. from vrai true (1); semblance or common people. See canaille.
likeness, similarity (2): true likeness.] 1. Theater. The v.v. abbr. for 1. vice versa (q.v.). 2. viva voce (q.v.).
principle of verisimilitude, i.e., that theatrical repre- v.v.v. abbr. for veni, vidi, vici (q.v.).
sentations should be true to life. 2. A realistic portrait
or description of a person or thing.
w
Waldsterben n. [Ger. Wald forest, woods (1); sterben elevation was anathema to white Weltanschauung
to die, be destroyed (2): forest dying.] The destruction notwithstanding, most blacks remained optimistic
of forest and other plant life due to environmental (Tunde Adeleke, unpublished seminar paper,
pollution. Unimaid, 1987).
Walpurgisnacht Walpurgis of St. Walpurga
n. [Ger. Weltburger n., pi. Weltbiirger [Ger. Welt world (1);
(2); Nacht night (1): night of St. Walpurga.] Burger citizen (2): world citizen.] A cosmopolitan.
1 .Walpurgisnight. The night of April 30th (the night A citizen of the world.
preceding May Day) when, according to German Weltliteratur n. Welt world (1); Literatur litera-
[Ger.
superstitious belief, witches go out to display their ture (2): world The literature of the world.
literature.]
powers. Witches' sabbath. A particular midnight A literature shared by people around the world.
when witches and sorcerers supposedly meet to pay Weltpolitik n. [Ger. Welt world (1); Politik politics
homage to the devil, to celebrate rites, and to take (2): world politics.] International or world politics.
part in orgies. 2. A situation or event which looks Discussion of, and decision on, international affairs.
like a nightmare or orgy, a) The marriage, a product Weltschmerz n. [Ger. Welt world (1); Schmerz pain
of love at first sight, soon became a never-ending (2): world pain.] Distress at, or disgust with, the con-
Walpurgisnacht. b) The ceremony to mark the anni- dition of the world. Pessimism. Sentimental sadness.
versary of the association was climaxed by a party Cf. mal du siecle and taedium vitae.
which proved to be a Walpurgisnacht. Weltstadt n., pi. Weltstadts [Ger. Welt world (1);
Wanderjahr n., pi. Wanderjahrs [Ger. wander to Stadt city (2): world city.] A city of international
wander ( 1 ); Jahr year (2): wander year.] A period of standing and significance in the area of commerce,
travel, especially for a young person or a journeyman politics, culture, etc. A cosmopolis (q.v.).
worker. Wende n. [Ger. turning.] Turning-point. Turnabout.
Wanderlust n. [Ger. wandern wander (2); Lust desire Change in direction. Critics of the Administration
(1): desire for wandering.] A strong desire for travel- have been harping upon the needfor a Wende in its
ing, especially globe-trotting. policies.
Wehmut n. [Ger. sadness, melancholy.] A sense of Wendepunkt n. [Ger. Wende turning ( 1 );
Punkt point
sadness, especially a yearning for the past. (2): turning-point.] A moment of decisive change,
Wein, Weib und Gesang [Ger. Wein wine (1); Weib especially in the events of a novelle (q.v.).
woman (2); und and (3); Gesang song (4): wine, Wer nicht liebt Wein, Weib und Gesang, Der bleibt
woman, and song.] An expression of a carefree atti- ein Narr sein Leben lang. Martin Luther (1483-
tude towards life in which the only things that matter 1546). [Ger. Wer who (2); nicht not (3); liebt loves,
are pleasures like drink, sex, and music. Cf. Wer is in love with (4); Wein wine (5); Weib woman (6);
Wein etc.
nicht liebt und and (7); Gesang singing, song (8); Der that one
Weltanschauung n., pi. Weltanschauungen or (1); bleibt remains, stays (9); ein a, one (10); Narr
Weltanschauungs [Ger. Welt world ( 1 ); Anschauung foolish man, fool (1 1); sein his (12); Leben life (13);
view, perception (2): world view.] 1. World view or lang long (14): That one who does not love wine,
outlook. A philosophical view respecting the purpose woman, and life long.] He
singing remains a fool his
of, and the course of events in, the world. 2. Ideol- who does not love wine, woman, and music, remains
ogy. Philosophy of life. The realization that Black a fool throughout his life.
407
wertfrei 408
wertfrei adj. [Ger. from Wert value, worth (1); frei in the spectacular success of West Germany 's
free (2): value free.] Without moral bias. Free from Wirtschaftswunder (Time Int. 1979). b) . . . the
value judgment. program moderator pointed out that the days of
's
Wertfreiheit n. [Ger. from Wert value, worth (1); West Germany's Wirtschaftswunder. were clearly
. .
Freiheit freedom (2): value freedom.] Freedom from over (Newsweek Int. Dec. 6, 1982:14).
moral bias or value judgment. Wissenschaft n. [Ger. knowledge, science, scholarship.]
Westpolitik n. [Ger. west west (1); Politik politics, The careful and meticulous use of the scientific
policy (2): west policy.] The policy of eastern Euro- method in the pursuit of knowledge. Academic schol-
pean countries to establish political and economic arship. See Geisteswissenschaften.
ties with the countries of western Europe after the Wunder kind n.,pl. Wunderkinder or Wunder kinds
fall of Communism. [Ger. Wunder wonder (1); Kind child (2): wonder
Wirtschaftswunder n. [Ger. Wirtschaft economy (2); child, infant prodigy.] 1. An infant or child prodigy.
Wunder wonder (1): wonder of the economy.] Eco- 2. A person who shows exceptional ability in a very
nomic miracle, specifically West Germany's amazing difficult profession or field at a very early age. He
economic recovery after the Second World War, i.e., was playing a role scripted largely by budget director
the 1950s and 1960s, a) Thefirm prospered through David Stockman, the new wunderkind of Washington
the first and second World Wars, and atfirst shared (Newsweek Int. Feb. 16, 1981:1).
X
Xanthippe n.,pl. Xanthippes [Gk. Xanthippe ] 1 . Wife fondness for foreign things.] Excessive interest in,
of Socrates, notorious for her bad temper. 2. A fondness for, or attraction to foreign things. Xeno-
woman of bad temper. See virago. philia breaks out as Teng marches his people toward
xenomania n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. xeno(s) foreign, alien modernization {Time Int. 1978). See xenomania. Cf.
(2); mania passion, rage (1): passion or rage for for- xenophobia.
eign things.] Excessive fondness for or attachment xenophobia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. xeno(s) foreign, alien
to foreign fashions, manners, institutions, customs, (2); phob(os) fear (1): fear of foreign things.] Irratio-
etc. There is -widespread xenomania in the country, nal or abnormal fear or hatred of foreigners as well as
especially among young men and women. of foreign fashions, institutions, culture, etc. France
See xenophilia. Cf. xenophobia. has a long tradition ofxenophobia, but sometimes even
xenophilia n. [Neo-Gk. from Gk. xeno(s) foreign, alien Frenchmen think it goes a little too far. {Newsweek
(2); philia love, fondness, affectionate regard (1): Int., Nov. 8, 1982:26). Cf. xenomania and xenophilia.
409
yah rzeit n., pi. yahrzeits [Yid. from German Jahr year y£-y6 adj. [Fr. from Eng. yeah-yeah.] I. Describing the
(1); Zeit time (2): year time.] Judaism. The anniversary popular youth culture of the 1960s. 2. Enthusiastic
of a person's death, marking the end of the official about this culture. — n. 1. A person who is enthusi-
period of mourning. astic about or connected with this culture. 2. The
yakuza n., pi. yakuza [Japan, mobster, gangster, rack- music of this culture.
1 The network of Japanese crime organizations.
eteer.] . yin n. [Chin, yin moon, darkness, femininity.] The cosmic
The Japanese mafia. 2. A member of such an organi- principle of passive femininity in Chinese philosophy.
zation. A criminal. Cf. dacoit, mafia, and petit truand. Cf. yang.
yang n. [Chin, yang sun, light, masculinity.] The cosmic yoga n. [Skt. yogah union, joining.] 1. Hinduism. A
principle of active masculinity in Chinese philosophy. form of religious discipline in which physical and
Cf. yin. mental control is used to attain spiritual understanding
y antra n.,pl. yantras [Skt. a supporter, fastener.] Hin- and peace. 2. Exercises used to achieve such physical
duism, Buddhism, and Jainism. A geometric design and mental control.
used in the tantra (q.v.) for meditative purposes. yogi n., pi. yogis [Skt. yogah union, joining.] A
varmulke or yarmelke n. [Yid.] A Jewish prayer cap. practioner of yoga (q.v.).
yashmak or yashmac n., pi. yashmaks or yashmacs Yom Kippur n. [Heb. yom day (1); kippur atonement,
[Turk.] A veil covering the face of Muslim woman propitiation (2): day of atonement.] Judaism. The Day
in public. of Atonement, a day of fasting and prayer for propi-
yeshiva or yeshivah n., pi. yeshivas or yeshivot(h) tiation of the sins of humankind.
[Heb. yeshibah] Judaism. A religious school, espe- yored n., pi. yordim [Heb. one who descends.] A person
cially for the study of sacred texts. who emigrates from Israel.
410
z
zaibatsu n., pi. zaibatsu [Japan, from zai wealth (2); in such a way that its meaning is strictly applicable
batsu powerful individual or family (1): powerful to only one of the words, or it applies to each of them
family wealth.] 1. A commercial enterprise controlled in a different sense; e.g., "The boys, dogs, and cats
by a single powerful family. 2. A conglomerate or entered the house, shouting." Cf. syllepsis.
cartel (q.v.). ziarat or zearat n., pi. ziarats or zearats [Urdu from
zakat «.[Arab. zaka(t) almsgiving.] Islam. An annual Pers. ziyarat visit, pilgrimage.] Islam. A journey or
payment or tax used for the purposes of religious pur- pilgrimage to a holy shrine.
poses and almsgiving. zither or zithern n. [Ger. Zither from L. cithara from
zamindar or zemindar n. [Hindi zamindar.] A person Gk. kith ;ira a stringed musical instrument.] A musi-
charged with collecting land taxes in India. cal instrument with 30-40 strings stretched over a
Zeitgeist n. [Ger. Zeit time (1); Geist spirit (2): time flat sound box. Usually played horizontally either
spirit, spirit of the age, time, or era.] Moral and intel- with the fingertips or with a pick. Cf. cithara.
lectual atmosphere, cultural trend, taste, etc. of an zizith pi. n. [Heb. sisith ] Judaism. The religiously-
age, time, or era. a) The reforms introduced by the symbolic, knotted fringe on a garment, especially the
Administration failed dismally mainly because the tallith (q.v.) or prayer shawl.
Zeitgeist of the nation was not taken into consider- Zoilus n.,pl. Zoili or Zoiluses [L. from Gk. Zoilos.] 1. A
ation, b) A single generation, by numbers alone, will Greek rhetorician and philosopher of the 4th century
have changed the nation 's Zeitgeist from young to B.C., who was notorious for his bitter criticisms of
old {Newsweek Int. March 30, 1981:33). the philosopher Plato, the rhetorician Isocrates, and,
Zen n. [Japan, from Chin, chan meditation.] Buddhism. above all, the epic poet Homer. 2. An extremely bitter
A branch of Buddhism which emphasizes medita- and carping critic. A person who takes delight in unwar-
tion over religious devotion as the means to personal ranted fault-finding. See momus.
enlightenment. Zollverein n.,pl. Zollvereins [Ger. Zoll customs, duty
zenana n., pi. zenanas [Hindi zenana women's quar- (1); Verein union (2): customs union.] A tariff union.
ters.] In India and Persia the section of a house where An arrangement or system whereby several or many
the women live in seclusion. A harem (q.v.). states observe free trade among themselves, while
See seraglio. imposing a uniform tariff on states which do not belong
zeugma n., pi. zeugmata or zeugmas [Gk. yoke, band, to the union.
bond, joining.] Rhetoric. A figure of speech in which zut alors! inter/. [Fr. zut darn, damn (2); alors then, in
a noun, adjective, or verb governs a number of words that case, therefore (1): in that case, darn.] Darn!
411
f
\V A
Mirabile Visu!*
An indispensable reference for those who work and play with words
The World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions is an excellent resource for

those who
encounter the foreign words and phrases that permeate spoken
and written English and seek a fuller understanding of them. It contains
abbreviations, single words, and phrases from a wealth of languages
including: Afrikaans, Arabic, Aramaic, Chinese, Dutch, French, Greek,
German, Italian, Hawaiian, Hebrew, Hindi, Inuit, Japanese, Latin, Persian,
Portuguese, Provengal, Russian, Sanskrit, Spanish, Turkish, and Yiddish.
Featuring:
identification of the language of origin and a polished
translation for each expression
a literal word-by- word explication of each entry
models for proper usage through quotations from recent
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easy-to-follow format that's gentle on the eyes
Busy professionalswho need accurate information quickly will get exactly what
they require from World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions. Leisurely word-lovers
will he instructed and entertained. In short: this is a marvelous reference tool
Aaron Baker, Ph.D., J.D., from the Foreword
There is more scholarship and just plain useful information in World

Dictionary of Foreign Expressions than in any comparable publication I know
of My copy is fated to become dog-eared in no time at all.
William Murchison
Nationally Syndicated Columnist, Creators Syndicate, Inc.
[World Dictionary] is recommended for all public and academic libraries.

Library Journal, July 1999
mirabile visu interj. [L. mirabile wonderful (1) ; visu in the seeing (2): wonderful in the
seeing.] Amazing to see! Mr.Adigan entered his residence and, mirabile visu, he saw the accused in
his bedroom opening his suitcases.
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Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, Inc.

Printed in the United States of America

Hardbound, ISBN 0-86516-422-3

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Adeleye, Gabriel, 1940-

Books Ltd. Reprinted by permission of Penguin Books Ltd.

From Freedland, M. R. The Contract ofEmployment. Oxford: Oxford University Press,

From Time International. Reprinted by permission of Time Life Syndication.

From West Africa. Reprinted by permission of West Africa Publishing Co.

David and Victoria Adeleye

Kwesi Acquah and Mary Adwubi Twumasi

Editor's Preface xvii

Guide to the Entries xxi

Table of Abbreviations xxiii

Words and Expressions 1

Aaron E. Baker, Ph.D., J.D.

1. "this criteria" instead of "these criteria"

strata of our society"

6. "autrevois convict" instead of "autrefois convict"

atHoward University in Washington. D.C. We maintained a trans-atlantic correspondence

Anglicized the pronunciation of Wanderlust so that the w is pronounced as in Lnglish,

Gabriel intended this book to be called An English Dictionary ofForeign Expressions

1 . The foreign word or phrase in bold.

b. Translation of individual words or word elements. Numbers in parentheses

5. A usage label, such as Law, Mecidine, etc., indicated in italics.

A Table of Abbreviations appears on pages xxiii-xxiv.

Sweet <v Maxwell.

ed. New York: Random House.

1997b. iialliwcli's Filmgoer's Companion, 12th ed. Edited by John Walker,

New York: HarperCollins,

Collins. New York: Harper & Row .

Oxford: Oxford University Press

University of California Press.

1 esky, A. 1966. A History of Greek I iterature. Translated by J. Willis and C. de Heer.

1 iddell, H. QM A Greek- English Lexicon,

mented by Sir Henry s. Jones et al. ondon: Oxford University Press. I

Major, W. T. 1978. The Law of Contract. Plymouth: Pitman Publishing (formerly

London: Sweet and Maxwell.

T. Gottheiner. London: C. Hurst & Co.

Magazines and Newspapers

CatholicNews Service, Washington, D.C.

concretum. Characterized by, or specializing in, music unaccom-

Christum (q.v ). accessorius sequitur naturam sui principalis. [L. ac-

is usually incurable. An act with no rational motive.

heirs, respectively. negotiorum of/for businesses (2); gestorum (of/for)

actio finium regundorum regundorum

should be prejudiced by an act of God. See actus be criminally liable.

neminem gravabit. absurdum absurd or silly (thing) (2): to an absurd

way of being more cautious. See ad abundantiorem ad eundem gradum or ad eundem ad

cautelam to. at. for. according to (1 ): eundemsame (2): the

usque ad filum viae. (3): at this place.] On this passage.