116 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 11, NO.

6, NOVEMBER 1996

Operation of the Unified Power Flow

Controller as Harmonic Isolator
Johan H. R. Enslin, Senior Member, IEEE, Jian Zhao, and RenC SpCe, Senior Member, IEEE

Abstract-The unified power flow controller (UPFC) is a tool Ih Nonlinear load harmonic currents [A].
in the implementation of Flexible AC Transmission Systems
(FACTS). It provides for the equivalent of static VAr compen-
x,,x Transmission line reactance [Q].
X, Equivalent series compensation reactance [RI .
sation and series injection using back-to-back force commutated
converters. This paper ]proposes a control strategy to extend Transformer leakage inductance [HI.
UPFC operation to allow for the isolation of harmonics due to LO High frequency filter inductance [HI.
nonlinear loads. Simulation results based on the Electromagnetic L, Passive harmonic filter inductances [HI.
Transients Program (EMTP) are used to illustrate device per- CO High frequency filter capacitance [F].
formance in a power system environment. Experimental results
based on a single phase laboratory implementation verify the
c, Passive harmonic filter capacitances [F].
proposed control algorithm.
I. INTRODUCTION
NOMENCLATURE ONCEPTS relating to Flexible AC Transmission Sys-
Flexible AC Transmission Systems. tems (FACTS) are gaining popularity internationally for
High voltage direct current transmission. enhancing steady-state power transfer limits as well as improv-
Thyristor controlled series compensator. ing power system dynamic response [ 1]-[S]. FACTS devices
Unified power flow controller. include solid-state phase shifters [ 11, 121, thyristor-controlled
Static VAr compensator. series capacitors [ 3 ] ,[4], and static VAr devices [SI, [6]. First
Insulated gatle bipolar transistor. generation installations using phase controlled series compen-
Injected series voltage [VI. sators are currently being commissioned [4], [14]. Recent
Sending-end transmission line voltage [VI. efforts have addressed the synthesis of FACTS controllers
Receiving-end transmission line voltage [VI using converter-based topologies. The unified power flow
{BEFORE Hhrmonic Isolation}. controller (UPFC) [SI-[7] provides for the equivalent of static
Isolated receiving-end voltage [VI VAr compensation and series injection using back-to-back
{AFTER Harmonic Isolation}. force-commutated converters [6], [7].With an increasing em-
Load-side receiving-end voltage [VI phasis on power quality [E], [12], harmonic isolation [8]-[111,
{AFTER Harmonic Isolation}. and harmonic compensation [12], [13] issues are also being
Injected voltage with series compensation [VI. investigated for high power applications [12], [13].
Injected voltage with angle compensation [VI. The present paper discusses the extension of UPFC opera-
Transmission line midpoint voltage [VI. tion to include not only fundamental phase shift and reactive
Converter dc bus voltage [VI. power compensation, but to also provide for harmonic isolation
Injected volttage with terminal in the presence of nonlinear loads. This is performed using a
voltage compensation [VI. combined harmonic/fundamental control strategy in a single
Transmission power angle ["I. converter topology. This approach allows for the optimum
Transmission power angle between V, and V, ["I. use of installed converter kVA with a potentially attractive
Phase shift control angle ["I. cost/performance characteristic. Simulation results using the
Load thyristor firing angle ["I. electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) illustrate device
UPFC shunt current source [A]. performance of a 120 kVA converter implementation. This
Load ac current [A]. converter system is suitable for a 1.3 MVA nonlinear load,
Transmission line current [A]. implementing both fundamental phase shift and harmonic
Passive filter current [A]. isolation. Experimental results are presented for a low power,
Manuscript received July 18, 1994; revised June 9, 1996. A version of this sing1e phase laboratory prototype' Both and lab-
paper was presented at the 1994 Power Electronics Specialists Conference. oratory data show the capability of the proposed combined
This work was supported by ESKOM and the FRD. control approach.
J. H. R. Enslin is with the Department of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, 7600, Stellenbosch, South Africa. "ITent power device and micro-contro11er de-
J. Zhao is with the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, velopments make this new principle already applicable to
University of Stellenbosch, 7600, Stellenbosch, South Africa. the multi-megawatt power range. Some first applications to
R. Sp6e is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. be considered are controlling power flow and stabilizing
Publisher Item Identifier S 0885-8993(96)06856-1. distribution networks in the presence of harmonic generating
0885-8993/96$05.00 0 1996 IEEE

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 ~

ENSLIN et al.: OPERATION OF UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER 171

Power Controller Output

Modes of Operation v, 1,

1) No Compensation 0 0
2) Series Compensation -jX;I, 0
3) Shunt Compensation 0 -jllV/X(l-cos 6/2)
4) Phase Shift Control *jV, tan a No Reactive Current

As2
PS
Fig. 1. FACTS with phase shifter.
(a)
industrial loads. Transmission system applications to be con-
sidered include the isolation of harmonic power flows and the
stabilization of geographically separate power systems.

11. UNIFIEDPOWERCONTROLCONCEPTS

A. Flexible AC Transmission (FACTS)

Consider power flow over an ac line, in (1) and Fig. 1

p=- V s . Vr . sin S,, .

*S
0 - a n n+a
The power flow depends on transmission angle, S,, be- 2
tween the line-end voltages, the sending-end voltage, V,, the (b)
receiving-end voltage, V,, and line impedance, X,. Currently, Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit and operating modes of the UPFC [ 6 ] .
only limited high speed control over any one of these parame-
ters is used. In electromechanically controlled power systems,
the operators arrive at the required steady-state power flow B. Basic Principle of UPFC Operation
while maintaining voltages and angles within safe tolerable The basic equivalent circuit of the UPFC is shown in Fig. 2.
limits. These levels are well below the peak stability limits A fully controllable voltage source, V,,, is injected in series
of the power system. The consequences of the lack of fast, with the transmission line, and a controllable shunt current
reliable control are stability problems, power flowing through source, I,, is connected in parallel with the transmission line.
other than the intended lines, the inability to fully utilize the The modes of operation are summarized in Fig. 2(b). For
transmission resources to their thermal and/or economic limits, generalized series (shunt) compensation, the source 1, (V,,)
undesirable VAr flows, higher losses, bad voltage regulation, could be omitted if a sufficient dc energy storage device was
cascade tripping, and long restoration times [l], 121. coupled to the controlled voltage (current) source. The UPFC
Fig. 1 shows a representation of a phase shifter in one then operates either as a converter-based series compensator
transmission line. This phase shifter can be realized with a high or static VAr compensator [61, 171.
speed thyristor based converter [ 11, 151. With this arrangement, The different UPFC modes of operation are plotted in
one can obtain substantially the same advantages as with an the power flow diagram, depicted in Fig. 2(b), while the
HVDC line but at a fraction of the cost, since not all power is appropriate values for Iq and V,, are shown in Table I [6].
processed through the power electronic converter. This phase Multiple power flow control functions can be achieved by
controller forms the basis of the UPFC [SI. All the network adding an appropriate voltage phasor V,, to the terminal volt-
parameters in (1) can now be controlled by means of this age phasor VOas shown in Fig. 3, which concentrates on the
equivalent UPFC. voltage control aspect and does not show the load dependent

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 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 11, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 1996

frequency, the series impedance, Zh, should be near to zero

and only power flow is controlled.
It is proposed here that the harmonic isolation control mode
, , , ,, , . , .. .. . . . . . . . , ... .,. . ,
, , , , ,, can be implemented concurrently with the conventional UPFC
..).,...'( A ; H , ;"Pq ; ; '..._ , modes described previously. Fig. 4(c) illustrates the power
electronic implementation of the UPFC in a contaminated
power system as a UPFC and a harmonic isolator using
the four quadrant converter topology as proposed by Gyugyi
161, [7]. Other harmonic isolating topologies may also be
considered for this converter, as described by Malesani 191
and others [SI, [ 111. Several controllers for harmonic isolators
have been proposed as indicated in [&[I I]. The present paper
integrates the harmonic isolator within the UPFC, without any
added hardware.
The sample power system described in Fig. 4(c) consists of
Fig. 3. Multiple control modes 161.
a standard two-machine system, with a nonlinear load (phase
controlled rectifier) and the implemented unified controller.
In this equivalent circuit the system is represented by the
line current. Specifically, by appropriate control of phasor series voltage source V,,, the shunt current source I,, and
V,,, i.e., by synthesizing V,, from phasors AV, (representing the nonlinear load with injected current harmonics Ih. It is
voltage magnitude), v; (representing series impedance com- now possible to control fundamental power flow in the power
pensation), and V, (representing phase shift), the following system as described in the previous paragraph, while isolating
power flow control functions can be accomplished [6], 171. the harmonics with the injected voltage source. This will be
1) dedicated terminal voltage regulation or control of Al.%; possible if the converter system (Inverter 2) has an adequate
2) combined series line compensation Vc and terminal dynamic response. The voltage source (Inverter 2) is controlled
voltage control, AV,; in the mode of a harmonic isolator, by injecting a voltage V,,.
3) combined angle regulation, V,, and terminal voltage A high impedance at the harmonic frequencies is thus injected
control, AV,; while controlling the fundamental phase shift, 6,,, between
4) combined terminal voltage regulation AV,, and series sending-end voltage, Vs,and receiving-end voltage, V,.
line compensation Vc and angle regulation V,. The power rating of the UPFC is still determined for the
The UPFC [61, [7] can control transmission line voltage, amount of fundamental phase shift anticipated for a given
transmission angle, and impedance, thus operating as a con- location, while the dynamic response of the converter need not
verter based SVC and series compensator. This implies that the be much higher than in the regular UPFC, since a high quality
UPFC structure has the possibility of controlling all relevant sinusoidal injected voltage is required in any case. When
fundamental frequency parameters of the power transmission considering Fig. 2, the harmonic isolation mode can now be
network, as shown in (1). added as the fifth mode. The system forms in this mode an
isolating active impedance, Z h , in series with the transmission
line at the harmonic frequencies. If only harmonic isolation
111. OPERATION OF UPFC AS HARMONIC ISOLATOR is performed and no cross-correlation between voltage and
The UPFC can be considered as a controlled shunt current current harmonics exists [12], [13], Table I1 determines the
source and a series voltage source with adequate dynamic value of the series injected voltage, Vpq,and shunt current,
response, as is shown in the equivalent circuit of Fig. 4(a). 4.
When considering the UPFC as a pure harmonic isolator,
no active power is flowing in the circuit, and the equiva-
IV. SIMULATION OF UPFC AS HARMONIC ISOLATOR
lent circuit, plotted in Fig. 4(b), is considered at the higher
AND DYNAMIC POWER FLOWCONTROLLER
frequency components. Fig. 4(b) illustrates that the injected
voltage, Vp,, is controlled to have a high impedance (2,)at
the system harmonic frequencies, while being a short circuit A. System Parameters with Simulations
at the fundamental system frequency. The three-phase unified controller as a phase shifting con-
As shown in Fig. 4(b), the UPFC as harmonic isolator uses troller and harmonic isolator for a nonlinear load is simulated
the same series voltage source, Vpq,in yet another mode. In using EMTP. The three-phase circuit shown in Fig. 4(c) is
this mode the voltage lharmonics associated with the nonlinear simulated using two 120 kVA IGBT inverters (Inverters 1 and
load, depicted in Fig. 4(c), are isolated. This isolating voltage 2) with a 1.3 MVA nonlinear load. Passive harmonic filters for
source now prevents the load harmonics from penetrating the fifth, seventh, and eleventh harmonics are included on the
back into the power system onto the voltage receiving bus, bus Vi. The harmonic isolator, Vpn,is placed in series with the
V,,. This injected voltage source, V,,, can also be used transmission line to isolate the harmonic voltages produced by
to isolate incoming network harmonics from penetrating to the nonlinear load on bus Vi. A large portion of the harmonic
local harmonic filters and sensitive loads. At the fundamental currents, It,, is thus confined to the nonlinear load and passive

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 ~

ENSLIN et al.: OPERATION OF UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER 179

(c)
Fig. 4. UPFC as harmonic isolator: (a) equivalent circuit, (b) principle of operation, and (c) power electronics implementation.

Power Controller Output

Extended Modes of Operation "m 4

5 ) Harmonic Isolation 4.1, 0

Transm. Line Ind L, Load Ind. L,

UPFC Filter Ind. Lo UPFC Filter Cap. CO
Trans. 2 Leakage 30 pH Trans. 2 Wind. Ratio
Load RL * 82-84"

* RLis adjusted to keep load current, ILdoconstant (83 Adc)

filters, Cf and L f . It is assumed that the dc link voltage in implemented in the controller of the UPFC for the first
the UPFC circuit is kept constant at 400 V by Inverter 1. simulation case. Thus, the UPFC is operating mainly as
To simulate the circuit under the same defined conditions, the harmonic isolator. The EMTP output is plotted in Fig. 5. For
load current I L , filter current I F , and line current I, are kept this case, the power rating of the UPFC (Inverter 2) is very
constant. The sending-end voltage, V,, is also kept constant small compared to the transmission rating. The waveform
at 6.35 kV (rms). The load current is the current produced of V,, still has a small fundamental component, which is
by the phase controlled rectifier circuit. A clean sinusoidal included to compensate for the internal leakage reactance of
voltage at V, is assumed on the sending-end power bus. The the injecting transformer, Tr2. The load voltage V, before
main parameters of the simulations are shown in Table 111. harmonic isolation (resulting from the six-pulse load converter
Case 1-Small Phase Compensation and Harmonic Isola- and network impedance X , ) exhibits the well-known distortion
tion: No fundamental phase shift between VTi and is v! of fifth, seventh, eleventh, thirteenth, etc., harmonics.

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 780 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL 1 1 , NO. 6, NOVEMBER 1996

TABLE IV
RELATIVEPOWERCALCULATIONS

No (i) Harmonic (ii) Phase Contr.

Description Compensation Isolation & Harm. Iso.
Load Apparent 1.27 MVA 1.28 MVA 1.04 MVA
Power [S,]
Load Active 140 kW 173 kW 104 kW
Power [P,]
Transmission 1.27 MVA 602 kVA 602 kVA
Apparent Power
UPFC Inv. 2 0 7 kVA 120 kVA (Rect.)
Power Rating
UPFC Inv. 1 0 0 36 kVA (Inv.)
Power Rating
Passive Filters 0 770 kVA 625 kVA
Eqv. Impd. Z, X,= j 1.88 Q X,= j 1.88 Q Z, = 12j38 Q

t- --I
0 10 20 30 40
‘ 0 10 20 30 40
f(ms)
tfms)

Fig. 5. EMTP simulation of UPFC as harmonic isolator: (a) I:: source Fig. 6. EMTP simulation of UPFC as harmonic isolator and phase shift
sending-end voltage and reference {6.35 kV}, (b) 1’; : receiving-end load compensator: (a) IT,: source sending-end voltage and reference { 6.3.5 kV},
voltage without compensation {6.22 kV}, (c) VrZ: receiving voltage with (b) V,: receiving-end load voltage without compensation (6.22 kV}, (c) VrZ:
harmonic isolation 16.31 kV}, (d) I);!: load voltage with harmonic isolation receiving voltage with harmonic isolation { 6.304 kV}, (d) V: load voltage
{ 6.28 kV}, (e) injected harmonic isolation voltage (70 V}, (f) I,: source with phase shift and harmonic isolation (5.08 kV}, (e) injected phase
current through UPFC and line after compensation { 32 A}, and (g) I L : current shift and harmonic isolation voltage { 1.25 kV}, (f) I,?: source current through
through nonlinear load {68 A ] . (For Fig. 5: R L = 25 n: I L ~ = < 83 A: UPFC and line after compensation (32 A}, and ( 8 ) I L : current through
RJ, = 20 Cl without harmonic isolation.) nonlinear load before compensation (68 A } . ( R L = 1 5 0 : 1 ~ = ~ 83
1 ~
A: {RL = 20 s2 without compensation.)
After the unified converter has injected the voltage Vpq, the
voltage harmonics are isolated as shown in the V,,waveform.
The small fundamenlal component to cancel the leakage isolator is considered in Fig. 6, using EMTP. The load current
impedance voltage drop is clearly visible in the injected V,, is the same as in the previous simulations. The original phase
[Fig. 5(e)] waveform. For this case, no phase shift exists shift between V, and V,, due to X,, is now completely
between V,,and V:. A passive filter is also added to keep the compensated by means of the injected voltage Vpq.The
power rating of the UPFC small compared to the transmission receiving-end voltage, Vi, is also controlled to be lower than
system. The passive filter compensates the load current, I L , to in Case 1 (5.08 kV vls 6.28 kV}. Energy is thus withdrawn
the transmission line current, I s , as c,hown in Fig. 5(f) and (g). from the transmission system through V,, and injected back
In the process, the load voltage is affected as shown in V:. by Inverter 1, using Iq.
Case 2-Phase Compensation with Harmonic Isolation: For this case, there is active and reactive power flow through
Operation of the UPFC as a phase shifter and harmonic the UPFC. This is also evident from the large fundamental

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 ENSLIN et al.: OPERATION OF UNIFlED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER 781

Fig. 7. Simplified circuit of UPFC as harmonic isolator (dc energy added at dc bus, Vd).

Transm. Line Ind L, 11.9mH Load Ind. LL 28 mH

UPFC Filter Ind Lo 56 pH UPFC Filter Cap CO 800 pF
Trans. 2 Leakage L, 12 pH Trans. 2 Turn Ratio 1:2.13
Nom. Load Current I, 5A Nominal Voltage V, 220 v
3rd Passive Filter 42 pF 5th Passive Filter 7.1 pF

1 I
27 mH 57 mH
7th Passive Filter 3.56 pF DC Bus V, 50 Vdc
157 m~
IGBT Current Limit 10 A Load Firing Angle 95"
Load RL' 110-1662 1
' Adjusted to keep I, constant

&-
+Vd

T2 D
L OT
F, Toi 2I 7, $ ~

IGBT
IS0 In v.2

1- 4
l VPq

Fig. 8. Block diagram of simplistic harmonic isolator and UPFC.

frequency voltage { 1.25 kV} injected at Vpq.The UPFC is mainly a function of the phase shift effort required in the
operates simultaneously in modes 2, 4, and 5. power flow control strategy. The power requirements for the
UPFC in the harmonic isolating mode is only a fraction of
B. Power Flow and Rating Calculations the total power system requirements when passive filters are
When considering the power ratings of the different com- also integrated. The minnmum dynamic response of the UPFC,
ponents in the simulation cases, the power rating of the UPFC however, is determined by the harmonic spectrum of the load

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 782 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 11, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 1996

to be isolated. Table IV shows the power flows and rating -

requirements for Invertiers 1 and 2 in the different simulation
cases. In Case ii, the eiquivalent network impedance, Z,,has
a resistive and capacitive portion, which indicates the amount
of active power removed from the system at point V.,, and
injected back by means of I q .

v. EXPEIRIMENTAL VERIFICATION

A. Power Electronic System for Experimental Verification

To evaluate the concept of harmonic isolation using a unified
power controller experimentally, a small single phase exper-
imental UPFC has been developed using an IGBT inverter.
The basic experimental converter system is shown in Fig. 7
and represents a portion of the system shown in Fig. 4(c). In
Fig. 7, energy is added at the dc bus to maintain a constant
link voltage, V d .
The parameters of the experimental system are included
in Table V and refer to Figs. 7 and 4(c). Only Inverter
2, reference to Fig. 4(c), is integrated using IGBT devices
with associated gate-drives and controllers. The active power
is directly supplied to1 the dc bus V d , from a separate dc .............................. .......................... ...............................
. . .
power supply. Due to the harmonic isolator topology and
series transformer, a half-bridge power electronic converter
implementation was adequate for this application. The IGBT
inverter is rated for 100 V, 10 A. Controller inputs are the
desired angle, ,:S , and Ithe instantaneous values of sending-end
....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . i .......: . . . . . ... ...................
>... ! /

voltage, v, ( t ) ,and receiving-end voltage, vTz( t ) .The passive

filters are designed as tuned harmonic traps for the third, fifth, (d)
and seventh current harmonics and are connected on the load
voltage bus Vi. The single phase implementation also requires
a third harmonic passive filter.

B. Controller for UPFC as Harmonic Isolator

L t , s
A simple analog controller was implemented to derive the
reference signal for ' u ~( (t ~
) .The block diagram for this simple (e) (f)
controller is shown in Fig. 8. Inputs to the controller are the
Fig 9 Expenmental results of UPFC as harmonic isolator (zero phase
angle reference S:,, the receiving-end voltage, v,(t), and the compensation) (a) V, {top}, V,,{bottom} - 100 V/div, 5 mddiv,
sending-end voltage, v s ( t ) . The control function is shown in V,,,,,) = 201 4 V, VT/7L(rrllb)
= 213 4 V, 5 : 1 4 O , (b) FFT{VT},A = 21
(2). dB, 10 dB/dlv; 120 Hz/dlv, (c) FFT{VrZ};A = 32 dB, 10 dB/dlv;
120 Hz/div, (d) V,, - 2 V/div, 5 ms/div; (Vpq(rms) = 1 76 V), (e)
v p q ( t )= A . sin(& + &,) - B . v.(t)
FFT{V,,}, A = 1 5 dB, 10 dB/div, 120 Hz/div, and (f) V,,{top},
V,'{bottom} - 100 V/div, 5 ms/div, V,,,,,,) = 213 4 V; Vi(rms) = 2 1 1 7
A;B = Constants. (2) v, 6 E oo
The inner control loops shown in Fig. 8 force the reference simulation Case 1. No fundamental component is visible in
voltage and current to the desired values. Fig. 9(d).
Case I-UPFC as Harmonic Isolator: No fundamental The effect of the harmonic isolation is evident from the
phase shift = 0) is implemented to illustrate the UPFC suppression of the third voltage harmonic from 21 dB to 32
as a harmonic isolator. There is therefore no compensation of dB in V,, shown in Fig. 9(a)-(c).
the line impedance X,, and the experimental results in Fig. 9 The voltages at the isolation point V,,, and receiving end,
show the operation of the UPFC mainly as harmonic isolator. Vi, after harmonic isolation have no noticeable phase shift,
In most cases the frequency spectra (in dB) of the waveforms while the root mean square receiving end voltage has been
are also included to indicate the effect of the harmonic isolator raised to 213 V from the value of 201 V before harmonic
on the waveforms. For this case, the power rating of the UPFC isolation. The system currents and associated spectra are
is very small compareld to the rating of the transmission line plotted in Fig. 9(h)-(k). The passive filter current is mainly
since mainly harmonic isolation is considered. This operating responsible for the large reduction of the transmission line
mode corresponds to the defined mode 5 in Table 11, and current from 4.8 A to 3.23 A.

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 ENSLIN et al.: OPERATION OF UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER 783

(k)
Fig. 9. (Continued.) Experimental results of UPFC as harmonic isolator
(zero phase compensation): (g) FFT{V'r}; 6 = 29 dB; 10 dB/div;
120 Hz/div, (h) I L {top}; I , {center}; I~{bottom}-5 Ndiv; 5 ms/div;
IL(rms) = 4.8 A; I,(,,,,,) = 3.23 A; IF(,,n,) = 4.31 A; CYL = 95', (i)
FFT{IL}; A = 7.8 dB; 10 dB/div; 120 Hz/div, (i) FFT(IA}; A = 12.5
dB; 10 dB/div; 120 Hz/div, and (k) FFT(I&}; A = 6.25 dB; 10 dB/div;
120 Hz/div. (e)
Fig. 10. Experimental results of UPFC as harmonic isolator and phase shifter
While the concept of harmonic isolation is clearly demon- (full X , compensation). (a) Kt - 100 V/div; 5 ms/div; V,,(,,,) = 217.1
strated by the results in Fig. 9, it should be noted that the V; 6,,, = 3.4', (b) FFT{VTi});A = 31 dB; 10 dB/div; 120 Hz/div, (c)
dynamic range of V,, suffers from a low dc bus voltage during FFT{V,,}; A = 10 dB; 10 dB/div; 120 Hz/div, (d) V,, - 10 V/div; 5
ms/div; l'p/ps(rms)= 12.4 V, and ( e ) V,{top}; VT/,l{bottom}- 100 V/div; 5
the experiment. Thus, appropriate selection of V d , and filter
ms/div; V,(,,,,,, = 215.4 V; V:,rIr,s, = 219.3 V; 6,, % 0'.
components Lo and CO,will allow for further improvement of
waveform quality on the isolated bus, VTt.
Case 2-UPFC as Harmonic Isolator and Fundamental on the waveforms. The power rating of the UPFC is still small
Phase Shifter: Fundamental phase shift (S:, = 4") is added (but larger than in Case 1) compared to the rating of the
to the injected voltage, Vpq,to illustrate the operation of the transmission line, since harmonic isolation and phase shifting
UPFC as harmonic isolator and fundamental phase shifting modes are integrated.
device. In this case, line impedance, X,, is fully compensated, The large fundamental component in V,, is visible in
leaving V , in phase with V:. The experimental results of Fig. 10(d). This fundamental component is necessary to con-
Fig. 10 show the operation of the UPFC as harmonic isolator trol the required phase shift between V, and Vi. As shown in
and phase shifter integrated into one power electronic device. Fig. 10(e), the phase shift between V, and Vi has been reduced
Frequency spectra (in dB) for some waveforms are also to nearly zero. The large fundamental component is shown in
included to indicate clearly the effect of the harmonic isolator the FFT spectrum of Fig. 10(d). A 31 dB reduction (from the

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 184 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 11, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 1996

original 21 dB) of the voltage harmonics is still maintained in REFERENCES

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the traditional UPFC modes of operation. Experimental results ~, “Solid state control of AC power transmission,” presented at the
EPRI Workshop on FACTS, Cincinnati, OH, Nov. 14-16, 1990.
are provided for a low power laboratory prototype. While the F. 2. Peng, H. Akagi, and A. Nabae, “Compensation characteristics of
practical results shown, are far from optimum, they serve well the combined system of shunt and series active filters,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
to illustrate the concept developed. Future work will address Applicar., vol. 29, no. I , pp. 144-152, JadFeb. 1993.
N.Balboa, D. Sella, R. Penzo, B. Bisiach, D. Cappellieri, L. Malesani,
the optimization of isolation performance by improving the and A. Zuccato, “Hybrid active filter for parallel harmonic compensa-
UPFC dynamic range. Three phase implementations at more tion,” in Proc. European Power Electronics Con$, 1993, pp. 133-138.
S. Bhattacharya, D. M. Divan, and B. B. Banerjee, “Synchronous frame
realistic power ratings will also be investigated. harmonic isolator using active series filter,” in Proc. EPE-91 Con$,
As illustrated in the paper, the UPFC does not require a Firenze, Italy, Oct. 1991.
substantial increase in converter kVA to isolate significant -, “Control and reduction of terminal voltage total harmonic
distortion (THD) in a hybrid series active and parallel passive filter
harmonic loads when used in conjunction with appropriate system,” in Proc. PESC-93 Con$, Seattle, WA, June 20-24, 1993.
passive filters. For example, a converter rating of 120 kVA J. H. R. Enslin, J. D. Van Wyk, and M. NaudC, “Adaptive, closed-loop
was shown to be suitable for harmonic isolation of a 1.3 MVA control of dynamic power filters as fictitious power compensators,” IEEE
Trans. hd. Electron., vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 203-211, June 1990.
load while providing for fundamental phase shift and voltage G. L. Van Harmelen and J. H. R. Enslin, “Real-time, dynamic control
control of 0.2 p.u. Thus, UPFC operation including harmonic of dynamic power filters i n supplies with high contamination,” IEEE
isolation provides for the optimum use of installed converter Trans. Power Electron., vol. 8 , no. 3, pp. 301-308, July 1993.
Y. Wang, R. R. Mohler, R. SpCe, and W. Mittelstadt, “Variable structure
kVA and offers potentially attractive cosVperformance ratios. FACTS controllers for power system transient stability,” IEEE Trans.
Present day power device limitations will initially limit the Power Syst., vol. 7, no. I , pp. 307-313, 1992.
UPFC harmonic isolator concept to several MVA to achieve
the desired switching frequencies of several kHz. There are
numerous applications at the distribution level as well as Johan H. R. Enslin (M’85-SM’92), for a photograph and biography, see p.
for industrial loads, however, where this concept can already 697 of the September I996 issue of this TRANSACTIONS.
be implemented. Eventually, converter implementations seem
feasible for high power applications, such as isolation of
harmonics between two power systems while providing for
Jian Zhao received the M.S. degree from the Insti-
fundamental power flow control. Future work will address tute of Special Electrical Machines at the Shenyang
application specific design advantages and tradeoffs for the Polytechnic University, Shenyang, P.R. China, in
UPFC when compared to other, more conventional FACTS 1988.
From 1988 to 1991 he was a Lecturer at the
devices, such as the TCSC. For example, the absence of Dalian Institute of Technology, Dalian, P.R.C. Dur-
capacitor based subs,ynchronous resonance may make the ing 1991, he was a Research Assistant at the Univer-
UPFC with harmonic: isolation capability a very attractive sity of Catania in Italy. In 1992 he was a Research
Assistant at the University of Cape Town in South
candidate for systems with high levels oE thermal generation Africa. Since 1992, he has been a Ph.D. student at
in the presence of high power nonlinear loads, such as arc- the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa. His
furnaces. research interests include PM motors, linear induction motors, DSP control of
synchronous reluctance drives, and flexible ac transmission systems.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of J. Ren6 Sp6e (S’84-M’%-SM’92), for a photograph and biography, see p. 697
Beukes. of the September 1996 issue of this TRANSACTIONS.

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