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AI (artificial intelligence)

Posted by: Margaret Rouse

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially
computer systems. These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using
the information), reasoning (using rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions) and self-
correction. Particular applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition and machine vision.

AI can be categorized as either weak or strong. Weak AI, also known as narrow AI, is an AI system that is
designed and trained for a particular task. Virtual personal assistants, such as Apple's Siri, are a form of
weak AI. Strong AI, also known as artificial general intelligence, is an AI system with generalized human
cognitive abilities. When presented with an unfamiliar task, a strong AI system is able to find a solution
without human intervention.

Because hardware, software and staffing costs for AI can be expensive, many vendors are including AI
components in their standard offerings, as well as access to Artificial Intelligence as a Service (AIaaS)
platforms. AI as a Service allows individuals and companies to experiment with AI for various business
purposes and sample multiple platforms before making a commitment. Popular AI cloud offerings
include Amazon AI services, IBM Watson Assistant, Microsoft Cognitive Services and Google AI services.

While AI tools present a range of new functionality for businesses ,the use of artificial intelligence raises
ethical questions. This is because deep learning algorithms, which underpin many of the most advanced
AI tools, are only as smart as the data they are given in training. Because a human selects what data
should be used for training an AI program, the potential for human bias is inherent and must be
monitored closely.

Some industry experts believe that the term artificial intelligence is too closely linked to popular culture,
causing the general public to have unrealistic fears about artificial intelligence and improbable
expectations about how it will change the workplace and life in general. Researchers and marketers hope
the label augmented intelligence, which has a more neutral connotation, will help people understand
that AI will simply improve products and services, not replace the humans that use them.

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Types of artificial intelligence
Arend Hintze, an assistant professor of integrative biology and computer science and engineering at
Michigan State University, categorizes AI into four types, from the kind of AI systems that exist today to
sentient systems, which do not yet exist. His categories are as follows:

Type 1: Reactive machines. An example is Deep Blue, the IBM chess program that beat Garry Kasparov
in the 1990s. Deep Blue can identify pieces on the chess board and make predictions, but it has no
memory and cannot use past experiences to inform future ones. It analyzes possible moves -- its own
and its opponent -- and chooses the most strategic move. Deep Blue and Google's AlphaGO were
designed for narrow purposes and cannot easily be applied to another situation.

Type 2: Limited memory. These AI systems can use past experiences to inform future decisions. Some of
the decision-making functions in self-driving cars are designed this way. Observations inform actions
happening in the not-so-distant future, such as a car changing lanes. These observations are not stored
permanently.

Type 3: Theory of mind. This psychology term refers to the understanding that others have their own
beliefs, desires and intentions that impact the decisions they make. This kind of AI does not yet exist.

Type 4: Self-awareness. In this category, AI systems have a sense of self, have consciousness. Machines
with self-awareness understand their current state and can use the information to infer what others are
feeling. This type of AI does not yet exist .

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What's the difference between AI and cognitive computing?

Examples of AI technology
AI is incorporated into a variety of different types of technology. Here are seven examples.
 Automation: What makes a system or process function automatically. For example, robotic
process automation (RPA) can be programmed to perform high-volume, repeatable tasks that
humans normally performed. RPA is different from IT automation in that it can adapt to changing
circumstances.
 Machine learning: The science of getting a computer to act without programming . Deep
learning is a subset of machine learning that, in very simple terms, can be thought of as the
automation of predictive analytics. There are three types of machine learning algorithms:
 Supervised learning: Data sets are labeled so that patterns can be detected and used to
label new data sets
 Unsupervised learning: Data sets aren't labeled and are sorted according to similarities or
differences
 Reinforcement learning: Data sets aren't labeled but, after performing an action or several
actions, the AI system is given feedback

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  Machine vision: The science of allowing computers to see. This technology captures and
analyzes visual information using a camera, analog-to-digital conversion and digital signal
processing. It is often compared to human eyesight, but machine vision isn't bound by biology
and can be programmed to see through walls, for example. It is used in a range of applications
from signature identification to medical image analysis. Computer vision, which is focused on
machine-based image processing, is often conflated with machine vision.
 Natural language processing (NLP): The processing of human -- and not computer -- language by
a computer program. One of the older and best known examples of NLP is spam detection,
which looks at the subject line and the text of an email and decides if it's junk. Current
approaches to NLP are based on machine learning. NLP tasks include text translation, sentiment
analysis and speech recognition.
 Robotics: A field of engineering focused on the design and manufacturing of robots. Robots are
often used to perform tasks that are difficult for humans to perform or perform consistently.
They are used in assembly lines for car production or by NASA to move large objects in space.
Researchers are also using machine learning to build robots that can interact in social settings.
 Self-driving cars: These use a combination of computer vision, image recognition and deep
learning to build automated skill at piloting a vehicle while staying in a given lane and avoiding
unexpected obstructions, such as pedestrians.

AI applications
Artificial intelligence has made its way into a number of areas. Here are six examples.

 AI in healthcare. The biggest bets are on improving patient outcomes and reducing costs.
Companies are applying machine learning to make better and faster diagnoses than humans.
One of the best known healthcare technologies is IBM Watson. It understands natural language
and is capable of responding to questions asked of it. The system mines patient data and other
available data sources to form a hypothesis, which it then presents with a confidence scoring
schema. Other AI applications include chatbots, a computer program used online to answer
questions and assist customers, to help schedule follow-up appointments or aid patients through
the billing process, and virtual health assistants that provide basic medical feedback.

 AI in business. Robotic process automation is being applied to highly repetitive tasks normally
performed by humans. Machine learning algorithms are being integrated into analytics and CRM
platforms to uncover information on how to better serve customers. Chatbots have been
incorporated into websites to provide immediate service to customers. Automation of job
positions has also become a talking point among academics and IT analysts.

 AI in education. AI can automate grading, giving educators more time. AI can assess students and
adapt to their needs, helping them work at their own pace. AI tutors can provide additional
support to students, ensuring they stay on track. AI could change where and how students learn,
perhaps even replacing some teachers.

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  AI in finance. AI in personal finance applications, such as Mint or Turbo Tax, is disrupting financial
institutions. Applications such as these collect personal data and provide financial advice. Other
programs, such as IBM Watson, have been applied to the process of buying a home. Today,
software performs much of the trading on Wall Street.

 AI in law. The discovery process, sifting through of documents, in law is often overwhelming for
humans. Automating this process is a more efficient use of time. Startups are also building
question-and-answer computer assistants that can sift programmed-to-answer questions by
examining the taxonomy and ontology associated with a database.

 AI in manufacturing. This is an area that has been at the forefront of incorporating robots into
the workflow. Industrial robots used to perform single tasks and were separated from human
workers, but as the technology advanced that changed .

Security and ethical concerns

Another major concern is the potential for abuse of AI tools. Hackers are starting to use sophisticated
machine learning tools to gain access to sensitive systems, complicating the issue of security beyond its
current state.

Deep learning-based video and audio generation tools also present bad actors with the tools necessary
to create so-called deepfakes , convincingly fabricated videos of public figures saying or doing things that
never took place .

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https://searchapparchitecture.techtarget.com/quiz/Quiz-19-Artificial-Intelligence

REVIEW: Read on the following questions and mark the necessary answers.

1. This is a system of programs and data structures that approximates the operation of the human brain.
a. Intelligent Network
b. decision support system
c. neural network
d. genetic programming

2. This is the tendency for people to think of inanimate objects as having human-like characteristics.
a. aliasing
b. personalization
c. self-replication
d. anthropomorphism

3. This is a programming language that was designed for easy manipulation of data strings. It was developed
in 1959 by John McCarthy and is still commonly used today in artificial intelligence (AI) programming.
a. LISP
b. assembly language
c. machine code
d. Ruby

4. This is an approach to computing developed by Dr. Lotfi Zadeh based on "degrees of truth" rather than the
usual "true or false" (1 or 0) Boolean logic. Dr. Lotfi Zadeh developed this approach while working on the
problems computers had understanding natural language.
a. cyberwoozling
b. fuzzy logic
c. Smalltalk
d. arachnotaxis

5. This is a type of computer program that simulates the judgement and behavior of a human or organization
that possesses expert knowledge and experience in a particular field.
a. expert system
b. cyborg
c. autonomous system
d. cybrarian

6. This is a program that allows the computer to recognize human movement such as waving, finger pointing,
or change in eye direction and identify the motions as specific means of interaction.
a. MIME
b. show control
c. gesture recognition
d. motion plan

7. This is the ability of a computer to use binocular vision to differentiate between objects. The computer
uses high-resolution cameras, a large amount of random access memory (RAM), and an artificial
intelligence (AI) program to interpret data.
a. DiffServ
b. model-view-controller

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 c. machine vision
d. eye-in-hand system

8. This is a program that gathers information or performs some other service on a regular schedule without a
human being's immediate presence.
a. aggregator
b. agile applet
c. page
d. intelligent agent

9. This is a program that allows the computer to simulate conversation with a human being. "Eliza" and
"Parry" are early examples of programs that can at least temporarily fool a real human being into thinking
they are talking to another person.
a. Speech Application Program Interface
b. chatterbot
c. speech recognition
d. Amiga

10. This is the potential ability of the human brain to accept an implanted mechanical device, such as a
computer, as a natural part of its representation of the body.
a. virtual machine
b. self-assembly
c. serendipity
d. brain-machine interface

11. This is a telephone network architecture originated by Bell Communications Research (Bellcore) in which
the service logic for a call is located separately from the switching facilities, allowing services to be added
or changed without having to redesign switching equipment.
a. Intelligent Network
b. decision support system
c. neural network
d. genetic programming

12. This is commonly used to enhance customer service or e-commerce sales, personalization is sometimes
referred to as one-to-one marketing.
a. aliasing
b. personalization
c. self-replication
d. anthropomorphism

13. This is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts them into a pattern of bits that the
computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations.
a. LISP
b. Ruby
c. machine code
d. assembly language

14. This is describe by Integralis as "a combination of cookie and browser -side add-in code" (meaning code
sent to the user's PC rather than run at the Web site).
a. arachnotaxis

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 b. fuzzy logic
c. Smalltalk
d. cyberwoozle

15. This is a term coined by Manfred Clynes in 1960 to describe the need for mankind to artificially enhance
biological functions in order to survive in the hostile environment of space.
a. cybrarian
b. cyborg
c. expert system
d. autonomous system

16. This is an extension of the original Internet e-mail protocol that lets people use the protocol to exchange
different kinds of data files on the Internet such as audio, video, images, application programs, and other
kinds, as well as the ASCII text.
a. motion plan
b. show control
c. MIME
d. gesture recognition

17. This is the name of a methodology or design pattern for successfully and efficiently relating the user
interface to underlying data models.
a. eye-in-hand system
b. DiffServ
c. model-view-controller
d. machine vision

18. This is a small application program with the capability to serve as a mobile agent of services in a computer
network.
a. page
b. intelligent agent
c. agile applet
d. aggregator

19. This is the ability of a machine or program to identify words and phrases in spoken language and convert
them to a machine-readable format.
a. Amiga
b. Speech Application Program Interface
c. speech recognition
d. chatterbot

20. This is a specialized software that emulates the PC client or server's CPU, memory, hard disk, network and
other hardware resources completely, enabling virtual machines to share the resources.
a. virtual machine
b. brain-machine interface
c. hypervisor
d. serendipity

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