NATIONAL TRANSMISSION AND DESPATCH CO.

LTD

BOOK OF PROTECTION AND

INSTRUMENTATION TRAINING PROCEDURES

(TSG PROTECTION AND INSTRUMENTATION FIELD

TRAINING SKILLS UPGRADING TRAINING
PROGRAM)

TSG TRAINING CENTRE NKLP LAHORE

 TSG NTDC P&I SKILLS UPGRADING TRAINING PROGRAM

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. No. COURSE CONTENTS Page No.

1 Introduction 1-5
2.1 Safety Principles 6-12
2.2 Electric Shock 13
2.3 First Aid 14
2.4 Artificial Respiration 14
2.5 Low Voltage hazards 15
2.6 Grounding and Bounding, Absolute Limits of 15
Approach, Use of PPE
2.7 15
2.8 Permit to Work(PTW) 17-22
2.9 Practical project on PTG installation, first aid and 23-25
artificial respiration.
3 P&I Tools and T&P like clamp on ampere 26-64
meter,secondary injection set,universal set,C&DF test
set, energy meter set and CT analyser along with relay
test performas for different kind of protection in field.
4 Bus bar diffrantial literature and performa for 65-88
inspection at grid station.
5 Teleprotection and cross trip protection scheme along 89-100
with check sheet during field visit.
6 Electrical drawings for AC,DC schematic and wiring 101-120
drawing for demonstration
7 Annunciation and alarm system 121-131
8 Breaker failure relay literature and test performa for 132-162
testing during OJT
9 Batterey and batterey charger theory along with Vol-II
inspection sheets for checking / calibration of battery
charger in field.
12 Energy meter theory and testing procedure for single VOL-III
and three phase energy meters
(Electromechanical/Numerical)
 TSG NTDC GRID MAINTENANCE SKILLS UPGRADING TRAINING
PROGRAM

1. INTRODUCTION

Technical Services Group (TSG), was established in 1985 under the technical
assistance and financing of Canadian International Development Agency
(CIDA) under CIDA/WAPDA Project Phase-II. The Project Phase-II was a
continuity of the already completed CIDA/WAPDA Project Phase-I, under
which the GSO Training Center Tarbela was established in 1980, to meet with
the requirements of technical training of Grid System Operation (GSO) staff.
The objectives of TSG were to set up a pool of technical experts to improve the
performance of Grid System through consultancy services and providing
training for capacity building of the workforce of GSO in all the three major
disciplines:
Grid station maintenance,
Protection and instrumentation (P&I) maintenance,
Transmission lines maintenance.

CIDA/WAPDA Project Phase-II was completed in 1990, since then TSG was
working indepedantly.
At present (in line with the original strategy) the P&I training has two
semesters. The first semester covering theory of protection relays and lab work
at GSO Training Centre Tarbela, whereas the second semester covering on-job
P&I training at TSG Training Centre, NKLP, Lahore.

Maintenance has become nowadays an important factor due to many reasons.

Economic and legal considerations are among the most significant, for example
extending the service life, reducing life cycle costs, reducing downtimes, safety
aspects and environmental protection regulations. In addition to the purchase
costs, the profitability of switchgear and controlgear in both the high and
medium-voltage systems depend above all on the calculated operating costs for
the entire service life.

Therefore, to meet with the current requirements of up-gradations in the

electromechanical technologies, emerging modern trends of maintenance,
standards/specifications and awareness of the technical staff of grid stations
these training manuals have been revised.
It is mandatory for the user of this manual that he must possess theortical
knowledge of electromechnical/solid state/numerical relays and has completed
semester-1 of the P&I training at GSO Training Center Tarbela.
 TSG NTDC P&I SKILLS UPGRADING TRAINING PROGRAM

2. CONCEPT OF MAINTENANCE

1. WHAT IS MAINTENANCE?

The term “maintenance” is encountered frequently, though it is used with

different meanings. Its overall concept includes inspections, scheduled
maintenance and corrective/non-scheduled maintenance. As per IEC
standard/specifications, maintenance is the combination of all technical and
administrative actions, including supervision actions, intended to retain an item
in, or restore it to, a state in which it can perform a required function. The
proper maintenance also ensures correct operation of grid station equipment
permanently over its design life, even longer if it is justified economically and
technically. Generally the maintenance work is categorized as scheduled
maintenance and non-scheduled maintenance.

1.1. SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE

The preventive maintenance carried out in accordance with an established time

schedule. Scheduled maintenance covers all measures aimed at retaining the
design state of the technical equipment belonging to a system and may take
place as and when required or in regular/fixed intervals of time. Scheduled
maintenance includes such activities as cleaning and washing, conservation,
lubrication and where necessary amending or replacing parts subject to wear
and tear. Scheduled maintenance also involves preparation of maintenance
schedules, carrying out the specified work and dealing with feedback relating to
this work.

1.2 NON-SCHEDULED MAINTENANCE

Non-scheduled/corrective maintenance is often not in accordance with an

established time schedule and usually needs a result of malfunction or
unexpected defect. Non-scheduled/corrective maintenance covers all measures
aimed at restoring the designed state of the technical equipment belonging to a
system. Repair works and part replacement are typical types of corrective
maintenance. It also involves planning, handling requests for
performing/checking and evaluating the necessary measures (functional tests
etc.). It is worth mentioning that an effective preventive maintenance program
always minimizes emergency maintenance, breakdowns and damages of grid
station equipment.
2. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PROGRAMME

The responsibility of carrying out maintenance work always lies with the owner
of the equipment i.e., NTDC. The company is under an obligation to observe all
the valid rules and specifications. The specifications of maintenance work must
be based on certain requirements, standards, specifications and the guidelines
supplied by the manufacturer. The main activities of a comprehensive
preventive maintenance programme are as under:

2.1 MAINTENANCE INTERVALS

There are three main criterias, which determine the maintenance intervals for
protective equipment:

- The recommended time and service period

- The number of operations

It is a universal practice that most of the Relays testing work is carried out on
the criteria of recommended time periods of service life of the protective
equipment (daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually, 5 to 10 yearly, 20 yearly,
etc.). Maintenance is carried out rarely on the criteria of rate of operations.

Regular or scheduled inspections, scheduled maintenance, non-scheduled

maintenance all are the basic features of a preventive maintenance program.

2.2 INSPECTION

Visual inspection/investigation of the principal features of control gear and

other equipment in service belonging to a system carried out, without
dismantling, to evaluate the actual status. Inspections are also described as,
walk around visual inspection from distance keeping in view the safe limits of
approaches. Shutdown of the equipment is not involved normally. On the bases
of inspection data, short and long-range work programs for carrying out
preventive maintenance are prepared to meet with the best possible level of
operational availability and reliability of the protective system.
Overhauling may be categorized, as minor overhauling and major overhauling,
depending upon the specific instructions of the manufacturer and / or local
experience and policy of the company.
TSG NTDC GRID MAINTENANCE SKILLS UPGRADING TRAINING
PROGRAM

3. JOB PLANNING

OBJECTIVE:

You will do job planning for routine and emergency grid maintenance jobs from
start up to completion of the job, following the procedure and steps given
below.

A) JOB PLANNING PROCEDURE AND STEPS

Job Planning is the name given to the process of thinking to pool ideas or
opinions to do some job in a safe and efficient way. The job may be routine
and preventive maintenance work or an emergency work. Jobs are executed
more efficiently and effectively when jobs are planned well and all concerned
know what is expected. The key points to do consider for planning a job are as
given below:

1. Follow the work program.

2. Arrange testing procedures.
3. Arrange equipment manual and drawings.
4. Arrange previous testing records.
5. Arrange the spare parts, if required.
6. Arrange T & P and test equipment needed.
7. Estimate and arrange to meet the expenditure involved.
8. Estimate the number of man-hours and the length of .time required to
complete the job.
9. Arrange to get co-ordination of the other work groups ( grid maintenance,
T/L etc.), if needed.
10. Arrange shut down of the equipment to be worked on, if needed (refer procedure for
PTW). .
11. Inspect job site to look for:

11.1 Hazards,

11.2 What equipment is to be de-energized to get safe working clearances?

11.3 Isolation points & grounding facilities.

11.4 What types of aerial devices (i.e. scaffold, bucket truck, ladders and
cranes) are required?
11.5 Is there enough room/space for aerial devices and the ground condition
permits to be fix/move them.

11.6 Approach roads condition.

11.7 Other information of job site that you think necessary for execution of the
job.

12. Conduct a tailboard conference or meeting with the crew member to brief
them and ensure that each person knows what to do.

13. Conduct a job safety analysis. The purpose of job safety analysis is to
uncover inherent or potential hazards, which may encounter in the work
environment and develop possible ways in which the electrical hazards
can be eliminated or effectively controlled.
 of Service Can Ever Justify
TSG NTDC GRID MAINTENANCE Endangering the Life of Anyone”
SKILLS UPGRADING TRAINING
PROGRAM 4.2 FUNDAMENTALS OF THE SAFETY

4. JOB SAFETY AWARENESS AND The electricity companies i.e. NTDC,

SAFETY CODE DISCOs, GENCOs, etc. must have a well-
defined safety programme to provide safe and
healthy environment to their
OBJECTIVE workers/employees with the following
objectives:
You will get safety awareness and follow
the prescribed safety rules, guidelines - The prevention of accidents, injuries and
while on work for your own safety, of weaknesses of professional skill shall be
fellow workers, and of the company’s integrated into all aspects of every work
property following the safety information activities performed for or on behalf of
given hereunder. It is the responsibility of company.
man-incharge and of each crew member to
constantly be on the lookout for safety - All levels of management and supervision
hazards and to take definite steps to shall be responsible for providing a safe
eliminate or control all identified hazards. working environment as well as elimination of
the factors causing health hazards. They shall
also be responsible for provision of adequate
4.1 INTRODUCTION protective equipment, tools and devices for
the safe execution of works and shall
Prior to undertaking, any of the contribute for the development in performing
maintenance procedures outlined in this their work so as to ensure their safety.
manual, proper work protection shall be
established as necessary in accordance - Management shall provide adequate training
with the company’s Safety Code. All work to employees in phases so that they become
activities shall comply with applicable well acquainted to perform the assigned works
safety rules and regulations. In addition to safely.
the above, a safety hazard identification
exercise shall be undertaken. - All persons whether employees of
companies or contractors working on a site,
In a work place, hazards are always shall comply with the applicable safety
expected to the workers and/or the legislation of the Government of Pakistan. In
equipment. The unsafe acts and unsafe addition, they shall comply with safe working
conditions increase the chances of practices of their companies, already
accidents whether fatal or non-fatal. Flow established, to ensure their own safety as well
of unwanted energy also presents as fellow workers.
accidents. Safety can be achieved only - Contractors working at sites involving
through intelligence, cooperation and an electrical hazards shall perform the work with
understanding of adherence to safety specially trained personnel following the
measures. The theme of safety policy of the procedures generally recoganized by
companies should be as follows: companies to be safe and adequate for work in
proximity to live electrical apparatus.
“No Operating Condition or Urgency
- Specific safety requirements for contractors
shall be written in the contract documents. Circuit means and arrangements of devices or
media through which electric current can flow.
- All levels of management and supervision
shall organize and administer a safety Conductor means a component intended to
programme to develop safety culture among carry electric current.
the employees. The safety directorate shall
promote and monitor safety programmes on Danger Notice means, a notice attached to a
regional, circle and divisional levels in live electrical apparatus, calling attention to
company. the danger of touching or interfering with such
apparatus.
4.3 IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Dead means de-energized and earthed.
Accident is the result of an unwanted energy
flow OR the result of any unsafe-act or De-energized means, disconnected from all
unsafe-condition that persists during sources of electricity.
execution of work.
Earth means, the conducting mass of the
Approved used in this code means approved earth whose electric potential at any point is
by company. continuously taken as zero.

Apparatus device or assembly of devices Earth Connection means a metallic

that can be used as an independent unit for conductor for connecting electrical equipment
specific function. to earth.

Authorized Person means a person who is Earth Mesh means a network of a copper
authorized to perform the duties pertaining to conductor burried in the earth and connected
his employment, the authorization being by with earth mass through earth electrodes to
an officer of company, empowered for that control step and touch potential and to provide
purpose. easy earth connection to the equipment.

Barrier is a temporary non-conducting Electric Shock is the sensation and muscular

obstacle that is placed to limit the distance spasm caused by electric current flowing
that the workers can reach or approach to through the body. Effects of electric shocks
anything that is at a different electrical are mild tingling sensation, severe muscular
potential from them OR a means to control contractions, respiratory paralysis, heart
energy flow. stoppage and death.

Body Internal Resistance is the resistance of Electrocution is the death caused by electric
the body after the skin has been punctured. current flowing through the body.

Bonding is the process of electrically Equipment means any item used for such
connecting conductive objects together to purposes as generation, conversation,
bring them to the same electric potential. transmission , storage, distribution are
utilization of electrical energy such as
Caution Notice means a notice attached to machines, transformers, apparatus, measuring
dead electrical apparatus to prevent such instruments, protective devices, appliances,
equipment being made live. etc.
 potential gradient.
Hazard is the potential for an unwanted-
energy-flow to occur OR any unsafe-act or System means an electrical system in which
unsafe-condition that may cause an accident all the conductors and apparatus are
to the worker or damage to property. electrically connected to a common source of
voltage.
Hot or Live (or alive) means electrically
energized. Touch Voltage The potential difference
between a grounded metallic structure that can
Human Body Resistance is the skin be touched and a point one meter away on the
resistance and the major contributor to total earth’s surface. Voltage between conductive
body resistance at voltages below 600 volts parts when touched simultaneously by a
AC. Factors that affect skin resistance are person or an animal.
pressure of contact, contact surface area,
duration of contact and moisture content of Working Clearance is the minimum distance
the contact surface area. that workers shall approach anything that is at
a different potential from them.
Insulated is a term used to describe a device
or medium isolated from earth or other Working Space is the amount of room
potential by an insulating material. However, required for live conductors to perform a job
it shall not be considered safe to touch unless safely.
proper personal insulating protective
equipment is used or apparatus or line is 4.4 BASIC SAFETY GUIDE LINES
made dead.
Personal safety is a primary feature of our
Insulating Protective Equipment is daily work, whether at home or office or field
protective equipment made of rubber or other so all the employees of the company, mainly
approved insulating material used during the un-trained and having multi-nature jobs,
work on energized lines or equipment. must become familiar with these basic safety
guidelines.
Insulator is a component designed to support
and insulates a conducting body. General Principles: Accident prevention can
be accomplished only through possessing and
Nominal Voltage means a suitable applying safety know how and whole hearted
approximate value of voltage used to cooperation of all members of the
designate or identify a system. organization. Learn and understand the
following five basic principles in job safety to
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is an deal with the hazards:
equipment used/ worn by a worker for his
safety during work. IDENTIFY the Hazards.
ELIMINATE the hazards wherever practical.
Potential is the degree of electrification at a CONTROL the hazards when they cannot be
point in an electric circuit with respect to eliminated.
some other point of reference such as earth. PROTECT against injuries in case a hazard
gets out of control.
Step Voltage The potential difference MINIMIZE the severity of an injury, if an
between two points one meter apart on the accident has occured.
earth’s surface in the direction of maximum
-Neither management and supervision, nor unsafe planning or inadequate working space.
the Safety Code can prevent accident without
the help of each employee. Insufficient Light unsuitable location
producing glare or objectionable shadows.
-Unsafe workers are a danger to themselves,
their fellow workers, the public property and Improper Ventilation such as insufficient
the equipment with which they work. Due change of air or presence of harmful vapor,
care and attention to all safety rules and dust or gas.
devices is essential not only to prevent injury
to the workers but also to protect equipment. Unsafe Clothing that fits loosely and can
become entangled in wires and machinery,
-Capable and mentally alert employees will and failure to use goggles, proper shoes and
avoid accidents by learning all they can about insulated gloves or sleeves.
their work, using proper safeguards,
protective equipment, and avoiding shortcuts Unsafe Design and Construction due to
and make shift work methods. deviations from standard design and
specifications and poor workmanship.
-Good operation is safe operation. This is true
for both employees and equipment. A job UNSAFE ACTS: Some examples of unsafe
done safely is job done efficiently. acts which may cause accidents are:

-Accidents do not “just happen”. Accidents Operating Without Authority or Warning

are the natural result of unsafe conditions or such as closing switches without authority,
unsafe acts, usually a combination of both. operating hoists and trucks without warning,
Machinery and equipment generally are failure to place warning signs or signal man
manufactured to perform safely within limits where needed, failure to block equipment
of design. In fact, statistics show that more against unexpected movement, failure to
then 90% of accidents are due to the human observe work clearance procedures.
element, such as failure to use safety devices
and observe safety rules and procedures. Operating or Working at Unsafe Speed
such as driving too fast, throwing material or
UNSAFE CONDITIONS: Some examples tools to another worker, jumping from
of unsafe conditions which may cause vehicles or platforms or running.
accidents are:-
Making Safety Devices Inoperative such as
Improper Guarding such as unshielded removing guards from machines, using
moving parts of machine, in-barricaded floor oversize fuses, blocking safety valves,
openings and excavation, unenclosed high bypassing interlocks and isolating fire
voltage equipment, lack of protective protection etc.
equipment and insufficient warning signs etc.
Use of Unsafe Equipment or Improper Use
Defective Material or equipment such as of Equipment such as using dull cutting
mushroomed-head chisels, split handles, tools, mushroom-head chisels, and pipe
deteriorated poles, poorly manufactured or extension on wrenches not designed for them,
weak equipment. or the wrong tool for the job, or using hands
instead of hand tools.
Hazardous Arrangements such as those due
to poor housekeeping at work locations, Unsafe Loading such as overloading cranes
and winches, carrying too heavy load. Wrong or improper use of this energy can
cause accidents. The flow of wanted energy is
Placing or Leaving Objects where they are consumed in accomplishment of work e.g.
likely to fall. current flow in conductor, mechanical energy
in rotating machine, etc. Where as flow of
Mixing Improper Packing or combining unwanted energy is a hazard e.g. making
chemicals to form a dangerous mixture. inadvertent electrical contact, being caught in
Taking Unsafe Position or Posture such as rotating machinery, etc.
working on live conductors from above
instead of below, walking under suspended a) Body mechanics safety awareness
loads or too close to openings, lifting while in Body mechanics energy is derived from the
awkward position, entering areas where there use of the body muscles and from the action of
are dangerous gases or fumes, passing on gravity on the body. Normal activities such as
curves of hills, riding on running boards or walking, bending, twisting, etc. and the more
other unsafe places on vehicles. work-oriented activities such as lifting,
carrying, pushing, pulling and climbing, are
Working on Equipment without Taking examples.
Proper Precautions such as installing and
removing temporary earth, cleaning, oiling or Body mechanics injuries may be such as
adjusting moving machinery, and working on pulled muscles, slips and falls on the same and
or near live electrical equipment. different levels. Other injuries may also be
caused by:
Distracting, Teasing or Startling such as
practical joking, horseplay, quarrelling or -A falling injury from a platform or tower due
annoying. to involuntary muscular response to an electric
shock.
Failure to Use Safe Clothing or Protective
Equipment such as failure to use insulated -From striking another object due to
gloves, hard hat or goggles. involuntary muscular response to a sudden
high intensity noise level, operation of an air
4.5 DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY blast breaker, or release of a high-pressure
COMMONLY INVOLVED IN DOING fluid.
WORK AND THEIR SAFETY ASPECTS
b) Electrical energy safety awareness
Different forms of energy that we commonly
encounter in our every day work have been The basic injury hazard from electrical energy
identified as: is caused by the flow of current through the
body, which may be established by:
- Body mechanics,
- Electrical energy, -direct physical contact,
- Chemical energy, -spark-over or flashover,
- Mechanical energy, -electromagnetic induction,
- Heat energy, -electrostatic induction.
- Light energy,
- Noise energy, In the work environment, hazards from
- Pressurized fluid energy. electrical energy may be encountered when:

-working on electrical equipment,

-working adjacent to live electrical droplets like hydrochloric acid mist. Gases
equipment. absorbed into the lungs pass directly into the
blood and may replace necessary oxygen, thus
The electrical hazard i.e. flow of current causing asphyxiation. Other substances, which
through the body may result in: enter the lungs, can eventually enter the
bloodstream and be deposited in the bones or
-damage to the body tissues caused by the organs.
heat produced by the current flow,
-malfunction of vital body organs, -Toxicity
-body mechanics injury because of unplanned A toxic effect can result from a one time
physical movement. exposure or from a long-term exposure. In this
context, it should be noted that some
c) Chemical energy safety awareness chemicals used in industry are known to cause
cancer.
Chemical energy is the energy released when
an element or combination of elements d) Mechanical energy safety awareness
interacts with other matter. Hazardous
chemicals are those chemicals that can react Mechanical energy is the energy in an object
with or be accumulated in body tissue, because of its position or motion.
altering it either temporarily or permanently. Because of its position, such as charged
A potential hazard exists when employees springs, elevated objects, and because of its
work with chemicals, or where chemicals are motion, such as rotating objects, moving
stored. objects.

The harmful effect to the body varies with the Mechanical energy may be found in
chemical type, the concentration, length or practically all work areas and activities, for
exposure, and in some cases, individual example:
reaction to the chemical. These effects may be
apparent immediately or develop over -Mobile equipment – truck, forklift,
extended periods of time. Handling of used snowmobile, crane, tele-lift.
SF6 gas, Electrolyte of lead acid D.C battery
cells (dilute sulphuric acid-H2SO4) requires -Stationary machinery and equipment – lathe,
special precautionary measures. drill, press grinder, compressor.

-Gastrointestinal Absorption -Portable tools – wrenches, grinders, chain

Toxic materials, if swallowed, can damage the saw, and hand drill.
gastrointestinal tract. They are absorbed
through the stomach and intestines, causing -Structures – scaffold, ladders, storage bins,
damage to vital organs such as heart, liver, towers.
kidneys and brain.
-Winds and wind age - handling material in
-Absorption through the Lungs the wind, wind blows dirt in your eyes,
Most industrial poisonings occur because of pressure differentials in buildings (doors),
inhalation of a harmful substance and truck doors slamming on your fingers.
subsequent absorption through the lungs.
These substances include gases like carbon e) Heat and Cool energy safety awareness
monoxide, finely divided particulate matter
like asbestos dust, and suspended liquid
Heat is a form of energy, which may be more Ultraviolet radiation causes physical and/or
commonly identified as “hot’ or “cold”. chemical changes in some materials. This may
Man’s body temperature is 98.6oF (38oC), result in hazardous conditions because of
therefore, anything higher is considered as adverse changes to the electrical or chemical
hot, and anything lower is considered as cold. properties of the materials. For example:
Frostbite and/or sunburn are two fairly
common examples or the results of excessive -polypropylene rope,
heat-cold and hot. -Rubber gloves and electrical cover-up,
-Hoses,
Some other forms of heat energy are: -Gasket material,
-Live-line tools,
-open fires (heaters),
-hot liquid (molten solder), Oxygen produces ozone in the presence of
-hot metals (welding, engine exhausts), ultraviolet radiation. Cleaning fluids and
-dry ice, solvents (chlorinated hydrocarbons) produce
-Bare metals – extreme cold, toxic gases like phosgene.

f) Light energy safety awareness: Flashes may cause involuntary movements.

The eyes have to be given time to adjust to
Light energy is a form of electromagnetic lighting changes (welding arc).
radiation very close in wavelength to
ultraviolet radiation, which is invisible. The
effects of intense visible light and invisible
ultraviolet radiation on vision, skin, some g) Noise energy safety awareness
material, or other energy forms may create a
hazard such as: Noise is defined as unwanted sound. It does
not have to be loud. It could be the noise of a
-Vision truck, jet engine or a dripping tap. Our safety
The eyes may be damaged by exposure to concern is the prolonged exposure to
ultraviolet radiation from such sources as excessive noise that can cause permanent
welding, power switching, the sun, and hearing damage.
unjacketed mercury vapor lamps. The damage
may be temporary or permanent depending on The delicate inner ear is the part that is
radiation intensity, length of exposure, type of damaged by repeated exposure to noise. The
eye protection worn, and the angle at which degree of damage to the hearing ability is
the radiation strikes the eye. Extreme damage dependent upon the noise intensity, frequency
may result in blindness. and duration of exposure.

Excessive visible light or glare causes A hazardous noise area exists if the following
temporary loss of vision and may cause condition can be identified:
discomfort in the eye, eye fatigue and
headache. It rarely causes permanent damage. -If you have difficulty in carrying out normal
Gas welding and electric welding with out conversation.
proper protection of eyes is a serious hazard. -If you experience head noises or ringing in
the ear after noise exposure.
-Materials and interaction with other energy -If you experience temporary loss of hearing
forms after being exposed for several hours to the
noise.
h) Pressurized fluid energy safety Electric shock is the after effect of electric
awareness (liquid and gases) current flow through the body by application
of the voltage across the body. Some
The term “fluids” applies to all substances conditions that can cause this are:
that offer no resistance to change of shape.
Fluids are divided into two classes – gases -direct physical contact with an energized
and liquids. Gases are easily compressed; conductor or component where a current from
liquids are virtually incompressible. the source through the body to ground.

A pressurized fluid in either gas or liquid -spark-over or flashover from an electric

form, has stored energy. Because gases are source to the body with a resultant current
very compressible, considered amounts of flow through the body to ground.
energy can be stored up under pressure. A gas
under pressure can be turned into a -electromagnetic and / or electrostatic field
pressurized liquid; but when released from its when bridge a human body, an electric may
containment, the liquid rapidly returns to the flow through the body without physical
gaseous state. contact or arcing.

Where the pressure on a fluid is below normal In the source-body-ground circuit source
atmospheric pressure, it is termed to be under voltage, circuit resistance, contact resistance,
vacuum. body resistance and the earth resistance or the
main variables that affect the flow of current
The safety considerations for pressurized through the body.
fluids energy are the hazards from the
uncontrolled release of the stored energy. Basic Hazards to human beings as a result of
electric shock are the followings:
Some examples of pressurized fluids energy
in the work environment are: Liquid -The sensation of the shock alone can cause an
petroleum gases, high-pressure air and oil involuntary movement that can cause physical
lines, bottled gases, aerosol cans, and vacuum harm due to bumps, slips, falls, etc.
tanks.
-Physical damage to the body caused by the
Pressurized fluids may react with many other heat generated by the current passing through
energy forms: the body.
-Ceasing of the functioning of vital body
Chemical energy - The gases may be toxic. organs caused by the passage of current.
Heat energy - The gases may be flammable
and explosive. -Physical damage to the body in the form of
Noise energy - The sudden release of high- external burns caused by the ultraviolet light
pressure fluids could result in damaging noise produced by an electrical arc.
levels.
Mechanical energy - Struck by a flying 4.7 RESUSSITATIOIN AND FIRST AID
object as a result of the high-pressure fluids
being released. Resuscitation or Artificial Respiration means
revival of an unconscious person to life i.e.
rising again from dead or restoration to life.
4.6 ELECTRIC SHOCK
First aid is the immediate care of the injured potential it can become ionized. In ionized
or sick person. Basic first aid is essential for state, it becomes a good conductor.
the treatment of injuries, which may
accompany electric shock. The treatment of Electrical conductors and their component
bleeding wounds and burns is essential for the parts are designed so that they have sufficient
preservation of life after successful clearance from ground, such that the
resuscitation is achieved. intervening air is not stressed on the point
where it becomes a conductor. However, when
Principles of first aid (the three P’s) you bring the ground plane closer to the
conductor by tools or parts of your body, there
-Preserve life, is always the danger that you overstress the
-Promote quicker recovery, intervening air to the point where it conducts
-Prevent further aggravation of the wound. i.e. an arc is former across the air path.

Scope of first aid (the four D’s) In this manner, you do not have to touch a live
component in order to receive a shock. The
Diagnosis- Find out what is wrong by limit of safe approach considers this
history, signs or symptoms. phenomenon. The staff required to work in an
Decide- On extent of treatment, remove cause environment influenced by electrical energy
of the injury. have been classified based on their knowledge,
Do it- Promptly and calmly. training and experience and safe limits of
Dispose- off the casualty: Send to do approach according to different levels of
doctor, hospital or home as conditions may voltage established. These classifications are
warrant. as given below: -

Priority of treatment ((the three B’s) 1) Work by unqualified/untrained

workers: Unqualified and untrained persons
Breathing- Apply artificial resuscitation as shall not be allowed to approach, or work, or
soon as possible. allow any material or equipment to approach,
Bleeding- Apply dressing to control or stop closer to exposed live electrical apparatus than
bleeding. the distances given in table 1.
Burns- Apply dry dressing and transport to
medical aid as soon as possible to prevent or 2) Work by qualified/trained workers:
to lessen shock. The worker’s position in relation to the
exposed live electrical apparatus shall be
4.8 CLASSIFICATIOIN OF WORK IN established such that movement of his body or
THE ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCED BY conducting tools or equipment will not result
ELECTRICAL ENERGY in any encroachment upon the distances given
in table 1.
Every substance is to some degree a
conductor of electricity. Metals are good 3) Work by especially qualified/trained
conductors-insulators are very poor workers: The person-in-charge shall carefully
conductors. Under the stress of electric study the work location, and the possible
potential, some poor conductors can take on extreme accidental or unplanned movements
changes that make good or better conductors. of workers and any conducting tools and
Air is an example of this. Under normal equipment, which they may be using. The
condition, dry air is a fairly good insulator, extreme boundary of the resulting required
however, when it is sufficiently by an electric work area shall not encroach nearer to exposed
live apparatus than the absolute limits of 50 000 (1.5ft)
approach given in table 1. These absolute -do- 50 000 to 0.92 m (3 ft)
limits of approach must never be reduced 150 000
unless the work is being done by qualified -do- 150 000 to 1.22 m (4 ft)
employees having appropriate in the use of 250 000
protective equipment, such rubber gloves, -do- 250 000 to 2.75 m (9 ft)
hose, hoods or barriers, or in accordance with 550 000
approved bare hand, live line maintenance
procedures.
Table 2: Safe limits of approach for Un-
4) Un-insulated boom-type equipment insulated boom-type equipment e.g. mobile
e.g. cranes, power shovels, aerial ladder, cranes, etc. while working in vicinity of live
pole derricks, etc. Only qualified personnel electrical apparatus
shall use equipment of types as said above
near live electrical apparatus. All work shall Description Nominal Limits of
be done in accordance-approved procedures, of Phase to Approach
and the distances from live apparatus given in Equipment Phase
table 2 shall always be maintained. Voltage
Table 1: Safe limits of approach for Range
workers while working in vicinity of live (Volts)
electrical apparatus For cranes 750 to 15 3.05 m (10
and power 000 ft)
Classification Nominal Limits of shovels
of Workers Phase to Approach -do- 15 000 to 3.05 m (10
Phase 50 000 ft)
Voltage -do- 50 000 to 3.05 m (10
Range 150 000 ft)
(Volts) -do- 150 000 to 4.58 m (15
For untrained 750 to 150 3.05 m (10 250 000 ft)
workers 000 ft) -do- 250 000 to 6.10 m (20
-do- 150 000 to 3.58 m (15 550 000 ft)
250 000 ft) For Aerial 750 to 15 0.92 m (3
-do- 250 000 to 6.10 m (20 Frames and 000 ft)
550 000 ft) ladders
For trained 750 to 15 0.92 m (3 -do- 15 000 to 1.22 m (4
workers 000 ft) 50 000 ft)
-do- 15 000 to 1.22 m (4 -do- 50 000 to 2.44 m (8
50 000 ft) 150 000 ft)
-do- 50 000 to 1.53 m (5 -do- 150 000 to 3.05 m (10
150 000 ft) 250 000 ft)
-do- 150 000 to 2.14 m (7 -do- 250 000 to 4.58 m (15
250 000 ft) 550 000 ft)
-do- 250 000 to 3.66 m (12
550 000 ft)
For specially 750 to 15 0.31 m (1 ft)
trained 000 Table 3: Minimum clearance of
Workers overhead lines (at 150 F/65.5oC)
o

-do- 15 000 to 0.46 m

 1 Ton = 1000 Kg Atmosphere
1 Kg = 2.204 (standard) =
Pound (lb) 101.325
1 lb = 0.453 Kpa
Kg
= 14.7 psi
Length
Gauge pressure =
1 micron = 1.0 Actual pressure+
micro meter
1 mil = Atmosphere pressure
25.4 m
1 inch = 1 bar = 100
2.54 cm Kpa = 0.1 Mpa
1 mm = 1 Kpa = 10
0.039 inch mbar
1 foot = 1 Mpa = 10
0.305 m bar
1m = 1 bar = 14.5
3.280 foot psi = 1.02 Kg/cm2
1 mile = 1 psi = 0.07
2
1.609 km Kg/cm
1 Kg/ cm2 = 14.21
Force/moment of psi
force/torque 1 Torr =
133.328 Pa = 1.33
1 Kg = mbar
9.806 N 1 Pa =
1N = 0.0075 torr
0.102 Kg 1 Kpa = 7.5 m
1 Lb = torr
4.448 N 1 mbar = 0.75
1N = torr
0.224 Lb 1 psi = 6.894
1 pound foot = Kpa
1.355 Nm 1 Kpa = 0.145
1 Nm = psi
0.749 lb.ft 1 Kg/ cm2 =
1 Kgm = 98.066 Kpa
9.806 Nm 1 Kpa = 0.010
1 Nm = Kg/Cm
0.102 Kgm 1 Kg/litre = 10.1
Table 4: Conversion factors
1 Kgm = Pound per gallon
commonly used 7.336 lb.ft 1 Pound per gallon =
1 lb.ft = 0.099 Kg/litre
0.138 Kgm 1 atm =
Weight/mans Pressure 29.98 inch of Hg at
Temperature 20oC
 14.9 Psi = 76
C=(F-32)x5/9 cm of Hg at 20oC
F=(Cx9/5)+32 Vacuum = (-)ve
pressure < 1 atm
1 torr = 1 mm
o
Hg at 20 C

1. PTW introduction
TSG NTDC P&I SKILLS UPGRADING
TRAINING PROGRAM As per WAPDA/PEPCO rules, any type of
schedule/non-scheduled maintenance work on
5. PERMIT TO WORK (P.T.W) any power equipment at a grid station must be
arranged by an authorized person. Before
OBJECTIVE: starting work, the authorized person will get
approval for shut down of the equipment from
You will arrange shutdown of a power the competent authority. Then after approval
equipment at a grid station for maintenance of the competent authority, the authorized
purpose. After getting approval of shutdown person himself or the other authorized person
from the competent authority, you will will obtain Permit to Work (PTW) from the
get/cancel Permit to Work (PTW) and you shift engineer/shift in charge. After having
will use the recommended work protections PTW and following the instructions therein,
to perform maintenance work safely by he will start the work and cancel PTW after
observing the procedure given and the completion of the work. A properly issued
applicable safety rules. PTW and instructions therein implemented
provide sufficient work protection. Severe and
fatal accidents result by ignoring minute
activities in this process.

2. Description of PTW

PTW is a legal document of

WAPDA/PEPCO, which is issued in the
name of an authorized person to perform
maintenance work on power equipment. A
PTW has two copies double side printed red
& white (Reference copy attached). When
issued one copy is left in the PTW book as
office copy and the second is handed over
to the person in whose name it is issued and
the same he will return to the issuing
authority after doing the work or when he
wishes. Station operator cannot make any
switching operation on the equipment,
which is under PTW until he does receive
back the PTW duly signed by the person in
whose name it was issued.
3. How to Apply for Shutdown Copy to all concerned.
The applicant must be an authorized person
(XEN/DM, AE/AM, Test Inspector / Lab The shutdown has been approved and you
Assistant). For scheduled work, apply a have been informed, now get PTW and start
written request at least 72hours before the work.
date/time of the requisite work to be done.
For non-scheduled/emergency work there is
no restriction of pre-apply time. The 4. Procedure for Issuance of PTW
application/written request must contain the
following information (refer to single line key The following steps should be followed for
diagram of the grid station): getting PTW:-

- Equipment nomenclature in the application - Ask the shift engineer or shift in charge
(voltage level, control number, controlled station operator to issue a PTW on the
equipment). concerned equipment in your name.
- Equipment location (name of grid station).
- Nature of maintenance work (routine, - Station operator after his satisfaction will
special, major or minor maintenance). isolate the equipment to be going under
- Dates and timings for work. PTW through local or remote switching
operations
Hereunder is given a specimen of the
application/written request for arranging - If applicable he will provide PTGs on the
shutdown of an equipment. equipment or will ask you to provide PTGs
before starting work.
From: Senior Engineer/Dy. Manager
220 KV G/S NTDC, New Kot Lakhpat - He will write the nomenclature of the
Lahore equipment on which it is safe to work on front
page of the PTW (upper column).
To: NPCC/RCC
Islamabad/Jamshoro - He will also write (lower column) where
and on which points he has installed PTGs or
Subject: SHUT DOWN ask you to do the same.

A shut down is required on 132 KV Circuit - He will put his signature at the specific space
Breaker' KLP-4 controlling KLP-Saidpur and ask you to receive your copy of PTW.
circuit at New Kot Lak Pat Grid Station for
the purpose of major overhauling of the - You must read the entries made by station
circuit breaker . This shut down is required operator in his portion (front page of PTW)
on dated _________ from _____ hours to and verify that equipment nomenclature,
______ hours. isolation points and matter of the PTGs are
clear and correct. (refer grid station single line
Please approve the shut down and inform key diagram).
this office accordingly.
- Then write your name, designation, date,
time in front column of backside of the PTW,
put your signature and receive your copy.
Signature
- Ask the station operator to put caution
notice (reference copy attached) duly filled - Tell your crew to stay clear of the
and signed by him, on the control switch of equipment because now it is no more safe to
equipment mentioned in PTW. work on.

CAUTION NOTICE - Go to Control Room and fill up second

Caution notice is also a legal document of column (clearance certificate) of backside
WAPDA/PEPCO which is to be put on of PTW. Now the equipment, which was
controlling switch-gears, switching in those under PTW, is ready from your side for
the equipment under PTW can become live. putting in service.

CAUTION TAG 4.3 Cancellation of PTW

Caution tag is also a type of caution notice
but it has no legal value. This can be in any - Now the station operator after his
form of a warning sign to be put on the satisfaction will cancel the PTW by making
auxiliary supply control. switches. In our entries in third column.
system isolation switches on auxiliary
supplies (AC, DC, CT, PT supply, etc.) are - Station operator will remove caution
not provided normally in the equipment local notices after getting your signature therein
control cubical but in control room building, and making other - entries in caution notices.
so in case the isolation of these supplies is
required ask the operator also to put caution
tags on these switches.

- Now go at equipment site, have a walk

around from ground level and check isolation
points carefully and verify that these are as
mentioned in PTW, otherwise have them
corrected by the issuing authority.

- After having your complete satisfaction of

isolation and of your crew, install PTGs at
the desired points,

- Put barrier around the work area and

caution tags at the requisite locations.
Barrier may be a physical one or warning
signs.

- Perform the maintenance work.

4.1. Return PTW after doing the Job

- After completion of the maintenance work

wind up your T&P and local safety
precautions (barriers, caution tags etc.)

- Remove PTGs.
PTW (Permit to Work) Specimen ___________________________________
__________________________
NATIONAL TRANSMISSION AND
DESPATCH COMPANY LTD 3.___________________________________
__________________________
PERMIT-TO-WORK ___________________________________
__________________________
It is safe to work on the following apparatus
which is dead, isolated from all live
conductors, and is earthed. All other parts are Signature:
dangerous. ___________________Designation:
_______________________
State below exactly the apparatus on which it
is safe to work: Date ________________________Time
________________________(Hrs)
1.
_____________________________________
_______________________ PTO
___________________________________
__________________________

2.
_____________________________________
_______________________ (Back side of PTW Form)
___________________________________ RECEIPT OF CLEARANCE
__________________________
This form after being signed for the work to
3. proceed must be retained by the authorized
_____________________________________ person in charge of the work until the work is
_______________________ suspended or completed.
___________________________________ I hereby declare that I am the authorized
__________________________ person in charge of work, for which the
apparatus mentioned hereon has been made
State below exactly at what point (s) the dead.
apparatus is connected to earth:
Signature_______________ Designation
1.___________________________________ __________________________
__________________________ Date ____________________ Time
___________________________________ _________________Hrs)-
__________________________ _____________________________________
_________________________
2.___________________________________
__________________________ RETURN OF CLEARANCE
The apparatus mentioned hereon must not be
again made live until this Form has been
signed and returned by the authorized person
in charge of the work. In case where more
CAUTI O N
than one Permit-to-Work has been issued for
the same apparatus, it must not be again made MEN WORKING ON THIS APPARATUS
live until all forms have been signed and TO MAKE IT LIVE WILL KILL THEM
returned by all the authorized persons in
charge of the work.

I hereby declare that all men under my charge No:

have been withdrawn and warned that it is no ___________
longer safe to work on the apparatus specified Aerial Line
in this Form, and that gear, tools, temporary _____________________________________
earth connections are all clear, leaving that ______________
portion of the apparatus upon which my men
have been working ready for placing into Electrical Apparatus
commission. _____________________________________
_______
Signature______________ Designation
__________________________ Working party in charge
Authorized person in charge of the work ____________________designation
Date _____________________ Time ____________
_______________________(Hrs) (name)
_____________________________________ This Caution Notice placed on controlling
_________________________ switchgear at ________________
CANCELLATION OF CLEARANCE.
(time)
I hereby declare this Form cancelled on ________________
(date)
Signature__________________ Designation
________________________
Date ________________________ Time Signed by Shift In charge
_______________________(Hrs)
Note: Work being done
This Form, duly completed, must be kept for _____________________________________
record by the RE/AE/AM according to __________
instructions.
This Caution Notice removed from the
controlling switchgear in the presence of
_______
Caution Notice Specimen _____________________________________
_________________________
NATIONAL TRANSMISSION AND (name)
DESPATCH CO LTD.
In charge of the, working party at
_____________________ on __________
(tim
e) (date)
Signed by In charge working party

Designation _____________________

Signed by Shift In charge

TSG NTDC P&I SKILLS The application of portable temporary
UPGRADING TRAINING PLAN ground (P.T.G) to isolated electrical
equipment in preparation for work is a
6. PORTABLE TEMPORARY most important safety practice. P.T.Gs
GROUND (P.T.G) provide essential safety not only to the
worker but also to the equipment, so it is
important that the reasons for grounding an
electrical equipment are well understood.
Grid maintenance work is always
performed on electrical equipment with the
OBJECTIVE equipment in isolated and grounded state.
Grounding of the equipment to be worked
You will apply/remove Portable Temporary upon is accomplished by installing portable
Grounds (P.T.G) on/from isolated, electrical temporary grounds on both or all sides of
equipment following the procedure given and the supply sources.
observing the safety precautions.
P.T.Gs provides a low resistance power
circuit between the electrical equipment
and station ground mesh. If due to an
accident or by mistake the equipment being
worked on is energized, then the P.T.Gs
provide a high capacity, low resistance
circuit between phases and station ground
if they are used correctly. The P.T.Gs
maintains this circuit until the primary or
back up protection relaying senses the fault
and disconnects the power source.

2. Protection Provided by Properly

Installed P.T.Gs

The following protections and safe

conditions are automatically achieved if
P.T.Gs are provided on the input and output
connection sides of the equipment to be
worked upon:

- Positive proof of isolation

- Drain of induced potentials

(Electromagnetic and Electrostatic
potentials)

- Guards against the danger of accidental

energization of the equipment being
1. Introduction worked on
- Ensures that non-current carrying - Check the P.T.Gs hardware (cables,
metallic parts of equipment remains at clamps) and grounding stick for good
ground potential condition.

3. Fittings and Accessories of P.T.G Set - Physically check and verify the isolation
of the electrical equipment to be worked on
Grounding Cables: A PTGs set has 3 with an approved tester or by an approved
separate grounding cables. The length of method e.g. line teasing.
cable may vary according to the
requirement but must not exceed 15 feet in - Select a suitable ground conductor and
length. 4/0 AWG (13.46 mm diameter) clean it with wire brush to remove
stranded extra flexible copper cable is corrosion if any.
recommended to be used as a P.T.G. cable
when fault currents are less than 34000 - Apply ground-end clamp at the cleaned
amps. 2/0 AWG stranded extra flexible ground conductor. The clamp jaws must
copper cable can be used when the fault fully cover the conductor and be tight.
currents are less than 22000 amps.
The jacket or cover of the cable is only to Note. If installation of ground-end clamp
protect the copper strands from mechanical on station ground conductor is not possible
damage and should not be relied upon for directly, then copper stirrups made of 4/0
insulation purpose. solid copper can be used at that particular
location.

Ground-End Clamp: The "Tee" handle - Lay down the grounding cable on the
clamp is the most commonly used ground- ground, fix up line end clamp into the
end clamp. grounding stick hook and tight it fully.

Line-End Clamp: The most commonly - Open the line-end clamp jaws enough to
used line end clamps are "All Angle be put on the line conductor.
Clamp" and "C Clamp”. Both the "ground- - Lift holding on only to the ground stick to
end" and "line-end" clamps must have the a vertical position. Get assistance from a
same current rating as of the grounding second person with a ground stick if
cable. necessary

Grounding Stick: An approved epoxy - With a firm grip of your hand on stick raise it
stick or any other insulated stick is used to up and put the line-end clamp on the line
apply and remove P.T.Gs. conductor by adjusting the jaw opening of
clamp so that it fully covers the line conductor.
4. Procedure to Apply PTGs Tighten the line-end clamp by rotating the stick
anti clockwise. Before tightening it fully, turn it
A thumb rule to apply P.T.Gs is: around the conductor to remove corrosion,
otherwise the line conductor should be cleaned
GROUND-END CLAMP MUST BE with line end wire brush before applying
ATTACHED TO THE STATION P.T.Gs line-end clamp on it.
GROUND SYSTEM FIRST AND
TAKEN OFF LAST - In the same way apply the remaining P.T.Gs.
- After having the P.T.Gs been applied, the - Potential testing on the equipment
grounding cables should not be allowed to concerned should be performed before
swing but should be tied to the structure and applying P. T. Gs. This can be done by using
fastened with a nylon rope. approved potential testers, or by touching
the line conductor wish the metallic head of
5. Procedure to Remove P.T.Gs grounding stick and then slowly removing
it. If a potential is present a "buzzing
A thumb rule to remove PTGs is: sound" will be heard. This is known as
"teasing" a circuit. Potential testing is
WHILE REMOVING P.T.G.s, FIRST necessary while applying P.T.Gs in gas
REMOVE LINE-END CLAMP AND insulated switchgears (GIS).
THEN REMOVE GROUND-END CLAMP
- Some high voltage circuits may appear to
- Untie the wrapped/fastened ground cables. be live when teased due to induced
potentials.
- To remove P.T.Gs, fix up ground stick hook
in to line-end clamp and rotate the stick - It is not necessary to test for any electrical
clockwise until the line conductor is fully potential when the equipment is obviously
released. Then take off the clamp and lower it isolated.
to the ground gently. Take off the grounding
stick from line-end clamp. - Safe limits of approach must always be
considered while applying and removing
- In the same way remove all the line-end P.T.Gs.
clamps.

- Then take off all the ground-end clamps.

- Coil all the P.T.Gs and tie each coil with a

piece of nylon rope.

6. Safety Precautions for Handling P.T.Gs

- While applying and removing P.T.Gs, safety

shoes, hard hat, eye protection flash goggles
and leather gloves must be worn.

- Avoid touching the ground cables when

installed.

- In damp or wet weather insulated rubber

gloves must be worn while applying and
removing P.T.Gs.

- Grounding stick must always be inspected

for good condition before use and held
away from body while in use.
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