Abstract

Project Title: Terminalia catappa Nut Extracts: Novel Ingredient in Making Student-friendly Shoe
Polish
Researcher: Glydyn Cleire Garcia Hoylar
Adviser : Daileen Ratilla - Achacoso

Shoe care products available in the market are too expensive for students in rural areas and pose
health risks. Due to these concerns, there is a need to develop student-friendly shoe polish which can
demonstrate its potential. The purpose of this research is twofold: develop an alternative shoe polish from
Terminalia catappa nut extracts as potential ingredient and investigate the effect of this extract on gloss
duration. No information was found in a literature search on the use of the extracts in making shoe polish.
Formulation of type 1 shoe polish was made of a mixture of oil, candle wax, corn starch and charcoal at a
ratio of 4:1:1:1. Variation was made by adding T.catappa extracts, type 2. Application of shoe polish types
to 30 pairs of shoes and gloss duration were taken. Hypothesis was tested using T-test for dependent samples
and showed that there is significant difference in gloss duration between two shoe polish types at p˂0.05.
Data showed that type 2 shoe polish has 12 hours and 46 minutes longer gloss duration and performed
better compared to type 1. Cost analysis was done and found out that 35 grams of shoe polish would only
cost 20.00 consumable for 2 months or equate to 0.68 pesos/day. Result showed that shoe polish with
T.catappa extracts has longer gloss duration mean and appeared to be economical to students. Thus, T.
catappa extracts can be a potential ingredient in developing an alternative shoe polish.

Keywords: Terminalia catappa, potential, alternative, gloss duration mean

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1. Introduction

People are accustomed of shining their shoes. A pair of shiny shoes can set him apart as a man who

knows how to take care of himself. There are numerous shoe care products available in the market

worldwide. However, these are too expensive especially for the students in rural areas. Every student wishes

to have shiny and shimmering shoes every day in school but can’t afford to buy, so just let the shoes look

dull and untidy. On the other hand, shoe polish users including students who can afford to buy commercially

available shoe polish keep on using these synthetic shoe care products but are not aware of the risks these

products may pose to health. According to McKeown (2015), toluene which is commonly found in

commercial shoe polish can be toxic. People with a history of asthma can be induced by this solvent.

Chemicals found in commercial shoe care products were flammable, skin allergenic and prolong exposure

may lead to airway cancer and acute effects on the central nervous system ( Engelund & Sorensen, 2005) .

Stated in the Transparency Market Research in its growth, trends and forecast 2017-2025, “many shoe

polish manufacturers are claiming their products to be non-toxic, still they don’t list their ingredients, which

is creating concern among consumers.”

Meanwhile, there are easy to follow Do It –Yourself shoe polish in the internet but the ingredients

are too expensive for the students in the rural areas to acquire like bees wax or olive oil. The use of banana

peel and lemon in wiping the leather shoes could be the cheapest and easiest way to shine the shoes but the

fact that you will be going to find banana peel or lemon everyday can, sometimes, be tiring. So, there is a

need to create a shoe care product that is user-friendly especially students, and provide better performance.

On the other hand, Terminalia catappa, also known as Talisay tree is known for its various purposes. The

seeds are edible (Weerawantanakorn, et al., 2015) and the oil content ,chemicals and physical analyses, and

the storage stability of the oil extracted from Terminalia catappa seeds were favourably comparable with

soybean oil,the most popular edible oil globally (Janporn, et al., 2015). Terminalia catappa seeds are also

high in potassium (Matos et al.,2009), and contain polysaccharides and tannins (Stuart, 2018). However, in

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our locality the seeds are not eaten and are scattered on the ground, rotten and become part of the wastes.

As part of Solid Waste Management implemented in our school and to help students look tidy with their

leather shoes without sacrificing their health, hence this study is conducted. To date, there is no study

conducted on the use of T.catappa nut extracts as ingredient in making alternative shoe polish.

In this study, the researcher develops a student-friendly shoe polish from Terminalia catappa nut

extracts as potential ingredient. It also aims to investigate the effect of the extracts on the gloss duration.

In view of the differences of the mean gloss duration by these two shoe polish types, it was hypothesized

that shoe polish with T.catappa extracts, type 2 differ significantly in terms of mean gloss duration. Result

of this study could serve best to shoe polish users, researchers, farmers and businessman.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Making the shoe polish without T.catappa nut extracts, type 1

In gathering and preparing the raw materials, researchers used hammer in getting the

Terminalia catappa nuts from shell ;tin can and tripod in making charcoal; mortar and pestle in pounding

the charcoal into its finest; sieve in sifting the powder; weighing scale in measuring the dry ingredients’

mass; beaker as container for maceration; graduated cylinder in measuring the volume of the oil; match,

alcohol lamp, tripod, beaker and stirring rod in melting the candle wax; container for the finished product;

stopwatch in recording time and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) used by the researchers in

performing the experiment. The equipment and their intended use are summarized below in table 1.

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Table 1.Equipments and their intended use

Equipment Uses

Hammer Pound Talisay seeds to get the nuts from shell

Tin can Use for incomplete combustion of Talisay shells

tripod Use to support the tin can

Mortar and pestle Pound charcoal into its finest

Sieve Sift the powder

Weighing scale Measure the weight (grams) of dry materials

Graduated cylinder Measure volume of oil

Match Create a flame

Alcohol lamp Use in melting /heating the mixture

Stirring rod Stir the mixture

beaker Use in maceration and heating the mixture

Stopwatch To record time

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) like Self- protection during experiment

gloves, apron, goggles

Materials in making shoe polish without T.catappa nut extracts, 20 pieces of mint leaves were

macerated in 20 milliliters of oil for 24 hours. Charcoal was made out of 20 pieces of Talisay shell

underwent incomplete combustion. The charcoal was pounded using mortar and pestle and the powder was

sifted using sifter. Five (5) grams of candle wax was sliced thinly and was melted in a beaker using the

lighted alcohol lamp. Then, 20 millilitres of macerated oil was poured. After that, 5 grams of cornstarch

and 5 grams of charcoal were added to the mixture. Stirred it constantly until it boils. The container being

used in the experiment was weighed before the shoe polish mixture was poured into. It weighed 8 grams.

Then, mixture was poured into the containers until it hardened for about 30 minutes. Precautionary

4
measures were observed in handling hot objects. Since the container with the mixture was weighed again

and got 43 grams, then subtracted to the weight of the container to get the net weight of the shoe polish

mixture. With the ratio of 4:1:1:1:of oil, candle wax, charcoal, and corn starch respectively, it produced 1

container of shoe polish with a net weight of 35 g each. The materials needed in making shoe polish without

T.catappa nut extracts, type 1 were summarized in table 2.The whole process involved in making type 1

shoe polish was summarized through figures 1-12 below.

Table 2. Materials needed in making shoe polish without T.catappa nut extracts

Quantity Unit Materials

20 ml Oil without T.catappa nut extracts (for

maceration with 5 leaves of mint)
5 grams Candle wax

5 grams Corn starch

5 grams charcoal

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

Mint leaves Separating macerated Charcoal Making Pounding the

macerated in oil oil from mint leaves out of T.catappa charcoal
for 24 hours through decantation (Talisay) shells

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 Figure 5 Figure 62 Figure 7 Figure 8

Sifting the Slicing the candle Weighing the Weighing the

charcoal wax into tiny pieces charcoal powder corn starch
then getting weight

Figure
Figure 99 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12

Pouring the Shoe polish

Melting the Heating the
mixture to the without T.catappa
candle wax mixture
container nut extracts, type 1

2.2 Making of shoe polish with T. catappa nut extracts, type 2

In gathering and preparing the raw materials, researchers used hammer in getting the

Terminalia catappa nuts and electric coffee grinder in grinding the nuts into fine powder ; mortar and pestle

in pounding the charcoal into its finest; sieve in sifting the powder; weighing scale in measuring the dry

ingredients’ mass; beaker as container for maceration; graduated cylinder in measuring the volume of the

oil; match, alcohol lamp, tripod, beaker and stirring rod in melting the candle wax; container for the finished

product; stopwatch in recording time and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) used by the researchers in

performing the experiment. The equipment and their intended use are summarized below in table 3.

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Table 3.Equipments and their intended use

Equipment Uses

Hammer Pound Talisay seeds

Electric coffee grinder Grind Talisay nuts

Mortar and pestle Pound charcoal into its finest

Sieve Sift the powder

Weighing scale Measure the weight (grams) of dry materials

Graduated cylinder Measure volume of oil

Match Create a flame

Alcohol lamp Use in melting /heating the mixture

Stirring rod Stir the mixture

beaker Use in maceration and heating the mixture

Stopwatch To record time

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) like Self protection during experiment

gloves, apron, goggles

2.2a. Collection of raw materials in making shoe polish with T.catappa extract, type 2

Three hundred (300) pieces of T. catappa dried fruits were collected from the campus of

Alicia Technical-Vocational High School, Poblacion , Alicia, Bohol. The fruits were cleaned and sun dried

for 8 hours. The shells were hammered to get all the nuts. The seeds were milled for 5 minutes into a fine

powder using electric coffee grinder at Poblacion Public Market, Poblacion, Alicia, Bohol. The fine powder

of T. catappa nuts were stored in a clean container. Fifty (50) ml of cooking oil with 20 fresh leaves of mint

were added to 100 g of T. catappa nut powder and let it macerated for 24 hours in a beaker. Maceration is

the simplest mode of extraction where the powdered plant material is taken in a container and soaked with

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the solvent for a specific period of time. To get the oil, it was strained using a clean piece of cloth and

extracted by manual pressing and put in a separate beaker. Eighty (80) ml of oil was extracted from

macerated T.catappa nut powder in an oil. Twenty pieces of dried T. catappa shells undergone incomplete

combustion to produce charcoal. Twenty (20) pieces of charcoal were pounded using mortar and pestle and

meshed by the sifter to get its finest powder. The tools and materials needed were sterilized and cleaned

before using. The list of raw materials was summarized in table 4.The whole process was summarized

through figure 13-23 below.

Table 4. Raw materials

Quantity Unit Raw Materials

300 pcs Terminalia catappa seeds

100 grams Terminalia catappa seed powder (for maceration)

50 ml Cooking oil (for maceration)

80 ml Oil with T. catappa extracts(after maceration)

20 pcs dried T.catappa shell

20 pcs Charcoal (from T.catappa shell)

20 pcs Fresh Mint leaves

Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16

Gathering of Cleaning the Sun-drying the Hammering the

Talisay seeds Talisay seeds Talisay seeds Talisay shells

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 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20

Grinding the Adding the oil to Extracting oil by

Maceration
Talisay nuts Talisay nut powder manual pressing

Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23

Charcoal Making Pounding the Sifting the

out of T.catappa charcoal charcoal
(Talisay) shells

2.2b. Process in making the shoe polish with T.catappa (Talisay) nut extracts, type 2

In making the Catalia shoe polish or shoe polish with T.catappa nut extracts, 5 grams of candle

wax was melted in a beaker using the lighted alcohol lamp. Then, 20 millilitres of oil with T.catappa

extracts were poured. After that, 5 grams of cornstarch and 5 grams of charcoal were mixed then added to

the mixture. Stirred it constantly until it totally melt. The container being used in the experiment was

weighed before the shoe polish mixture was poured into. It weighed 8 grams. Then, mixture was poured

into the containers until it hardened for about 30 minutes. Precautionary measures were observed in

handling hot objects. Since the container with the mixture was weighed again and got 43 grams, then

9
subtracted to the weight of the container to get the net weight of the shoe polish mixture. Lastly, the

containers were sealed and ready to be used. With the ratio of 4:1:1:1 of macerated oil, candle wax, corn

starch and charcoal, it produced 1 container of Catalia shoe polish with a net weight of 35 g each. The

materials needed in making Catalia shoe polish were summarized in table 5. The process in making type 2

shoe polish was summarized through figure 24-30 below.

Table 5. Materials needed in making Catalia shoe polish or shoe polish with T.catappa nut extracts

Quantity Unit Materials

20 ml Oil with T.catappa extracts

5 grams Candle wax

5 grams Corn starch

5 grams charcoal

Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27

Slicing the candle wax Weighing the Weighing the Melting the
into tiny pieces and charcoal powder cornstarch candle wax
getting the weight

Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30

Adding other Pouring the mixture to

Finish product
ingredients and the container
Heating the mixture
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2.2c. Expenses incurred in every 35 grams produced in one container of shoe polish

Given that all ingredients were bought at a reasonable price, the quantity in bulk, quantity of

ingredients being consumed, unit cost and total cost were summarized in Table 6.

Table 6. Expenses incurred in 1 container (35 g net wt) of Catalia shoe polish

Quantity/bulk Quantity Articles/Items Unit cost Total Cost

used
1 box (200 g) 5 grams cornstarch 35 0.88
5 pcs (40 g) 5 grams Candle wax 10 1.25
1 bottle (400 12.5 mL Cooking oil 22 0.69
ml)
20 pcs 5 pcs Mint leaves 1 .25
300 pcs 25 grams Talisay nuts 50 3.15
seeds/400 g
nut
350 grams 5 grams charcoal 30.00 0.43
1 (8 g) 1 (8 g) Shoe polish container 1 1.00
Total costs of purchased Ingredients 7.65
Milling fee of Talisay nuts 20.00 .05
Labor 5.00
Total Expenses 12.70

2.3. Research Design

The researcher made use of the quasi-experimental design, specifically posttest-only design. To

investigate the effect of Terminalia catappa nut extracts on the gloss duration and gloss performance

through observation method conducted solely by the researcher.

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 To get the exact observations whether the addition of T.catappa extracts will increase the gloss

duration, the researcher determined two (2) shoe polish types: type 1 was the shoe polish without T.catappa

extracts (control), type 2 was the Catalia shoe polish or shoe polish with T. catappa nuts extracts

(experimental). The researcher applied each type of shoe polish to 30 pair of black leather shoes borrowed

from her classmates. Type 1 shoe polish was applied to left shoes, while type 2 shoe polish was applied to

right shoes .After applying different shoe polish types on the shoes, gloss duration and gloss performance

were taken by observing every 3 hours. The experimental period lasted for 3 days. Hypothesis was tested

using T-test for dependent samples as tool.

3. Results and Discussions

The researchers try to develop an alternative shoe polish that is student-friendly and provide better

performance in terms of gloss duration without sacrificing one’s health. Experiment was done to formulate

type 1 shoe polish without T. catappa nut extracts and type 2 shoe polish with T.catappa nut extracts.

Application of shoe polish types to 30 pairs of black leather shoes was done and observation on the gloss

performance and gloss duration were collected by the researcher. Hypothesis- testing was taken.

3.1 Catalia shoe polish composition

Percentage composition of Catalia shoe polish is shown in figure 31.The Catalia shoe polish is
composed of 57.13 %of oil with T. catappa nut extracts, 14.29 % of corn starch and another 14.29 % of
candle wax and 14.29 % of charcoal.

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 Percent composition of Catalia shoe polish

15%
charcoal
cornstarch
14%
57% wax
oil with Terminalia catappa extracts
14%

Figure 31.

3.2.Physical attributes of shoe polish types

Based on the observable physical characteristics of the shoe polish types, both shoe polish types

have the same physical characteristics since, they were made of the same components except the

absence/presence of T.catappa nut extracts (experimental). The physical characteristics of the shoe polish

types is summarized in table 7.

Table 7. Physical characteristics of shoe polish types

Number of shoes =30 Physical attributes of shoe polish types
Gloss color Odor Texture
Type 1 Glossy Black odourless fine
Type 2 Glossy black odourless fine

*Type 1= shoe polish without T.catappa extracts (control), Type 2= Catalia, shoe polish with
T.catappa extracts

3.3.Gloss duration of type 1 and type 2 shoe polish

Data collected from the 30 pair of black leather shoes reveal that type 1 shoe polish has a gloss duration

mean of 9 hours, 13 minutes and 8 seconds, while type 2 has gloss duration mean of 22 hours and 06

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minutes. It indicates that type 2 shoe polish has 12 hours and 46 minutes longer gloss duration compared

to type 1 shoe polish (control). Mean gloss duration (hr) is summarized in figure 32.

Figure 32.

Mean gloss duration (hr)

0:00:00
21:36:00
19:12:00
16:48:00
14:24:00
12:00:00
22:06:00
9:36:00
7:12:00
4:48:00 9:13:08
2:24:00
0:00:00
type 1 shoe polish (control) type 2 shoe polish

Mean gloss duration (hr)

3.4. T- Test Result

Critical Value= 2.045 ; 0.05 level of significance

The t- value is 13.7351. The p-value is .00001. The result is significant at p˂.05. The null

hypothesis, H0 = Catalia shoe polish and commercial have equal mean gloss duration is rejected. So, the

researchers’ claim that there is significant difference in mean gloss duration of Catalia shoe polish and

commercial one (H1) is accepted. The T-test result is summarized in table 8.

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Table 8. T-Test result

Summary
Group 1 Group 2
Mean 9.2333 22.1
Variance 17.77 8.92
Standard Deviation 4.2156 2.9868
n 30 30
t 13.7351
Degrees of freedom 29
Crtical value 2.045
P-value ˂.00001
*Group 1= shoe polish without T.catappa extracts (control), Group 2= Catalia, shoe polish with T.catappa
extracts

3.5 Gloss Performance of two shoe polish types

Shoe polish without T.catappa nut extracts, type 1 has uneven gloss or unequal adsorption of oil

as evident in the formation of somewhat like white residue when gloss loss. While, shoe polish with

T.catappa nut extracts, type 2 has even gloss or equal adsorption of oil. The white residue in the shoes

applied by type 1 does not appear on the shoes applied by type 2 shoe polish. The equal adsorption of oil

as evident in the absence of white residue after gloss loss in the shoes applied by type 2 could be due to

the potassium content found in T.catappa nuts, since potassium is known in minimizing scuff marks in

leather shoes (McCarthy,Danielle, Banana peel great to polish shoes…; )

3.2 Cost analysis

From 50 milliliter (50 ml) of oil added to every 100 grams of T. catappa nut powder, eighty

milliliter (80 ml) of oil can be extracted from maceration process of T. catappa nut powder. Four (4) equal

sets of 20 millilitre (20 ml) extracted oil were produced. Each set produced one (1) container of Catalia

shoe polish with a net weight of 35 g. Data shows that in 80 ml of extracted oil used in making shoe polish,

we can produce 4 shoe polish filled containers with 35 grams net weight. That also means that in every 400

ml of oil added to every 800 grams of T. catappa nut powder, we can produce 32 containers of Catalia shoe

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polish. Table 9 shows if all the ingredients will be bought at a reasonable price, in every 35 g of Catalia

shoe polish will cost 12.70. If it will be sold 20 pesos, a net profit of 7.30 pesos or 57.50 % Mark up . In

32 containers, then gross income is 640 pesos. Total expenses incurred in making Catalia shoe polish

amounting 406.40 pesos including labor costs deducted from the gross income which is 640.00, producing

a net income of P 233. 60 .

Table 9. Cost Analysis

Quantity/bulk Quantity Articles/Items Unit cost Total Cost

used
1 box (200 g) 5 grams cornstarch 35 0.88
5 pcs (40 g) 5 grams Candle wax 10 1.25
1 bottle (400 12.5 mL Cooking oil 22 0.69
ml)
20 pcs 5 pcs Mint leaves 1 .25
300 pcs 25 grams Talisay nuts 50 3.15
seeds/400 g
nut
350 grams 5 grams charcoal 30.00 0.43
1 (8 g) 1 (8 g) Shoe polish container 1 1.00
Total costs of purchased Ingredients 7.65
Milling fee 20.00 .05
Labor 5.00
Total Expenses 12.70
Cost Percent Mark-up Retail Price

Mark up percentage 57.50 % Calculated Mark- up amount =7.30

Calculated Retail Price per container 20.00

Each container of Catalia shoe polish with a net weight of 35 grams if applied to a pair of shoes

once a day would be consumed up to 2 months. Since each container would only cost 20 pesos for 30 days

wearing school uniform for 2 months, that is student only have to spend at least 0.66 pesos per day in 30

days wearing school uniform for 2 months.

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 The researcher discovers the following data: (1) shoe polish with T.catappa nut extracts (type 2)

has longer mean gloss duration and better gloss performance than the shoe polish without T.catappa extracts

(type 1), (2) Type 2 shoe polish is economical and profitable.

Moreover, the ingredients being used in producing Catalia alternative shoe polish are easily found

in the community. This study use Terminalia catappa as potential ingredient due to its potassium (Matos

et al.,2009), polysaccharides and tannin (Stuart, 2018) , and a good source of edible oil (Janporn, et al.,

2015).Moreover, the rest of the ingredients play significant role in formulating Catalia shoe polish.

Conclusion

The current results show that Catalia, shoe polish containing T. catappa extracts (type 2) has

longer mean gloss duration and better gloss performance compared to shoe polish without T.catappa

extracts (type 1). Catalia shoe polish is economical without risking one’s health. Thus, Catalia shoe polish

can be a potential alternative shoe polish for shoe polish users, especially students.

Recommendation

To further investigate the effect of Catalia shoe polish, a similar experiment should be conducted

taking into consideration of the ff. aspects: a) further observe the physical characteristics and gloss duration

and performanceof Catalia shoe polish to determine its shelf life; b) replicate the findings of this study.

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