See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/265625290

Wind Loading Code Provisions in the Philippines and Identified Future

Improvements

Conference Paper · December 2005

CITATIONS READS

3 7,072

3 authors, including:

Benito M. Pacheco Ronwaldo Emmanuel Aquino

University of the Philippines RWDI
44 PUBLICATIONS   1,298 CITATIONS    35 PUBLICATIONS   164 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Project Damping Extraction View project

Project Engineered Damping View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Benito M. Pacheco on 12 January 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Wind Loading Code Provisions in the Philippines and
Identified Future Improvements
a,b a b
Benito M. Pacheco , Ronwaldo E. R. Aquino , and William T. Tanzo
a
PICE Committee
b
on DMAPS and DQRP, Philippines
Vibrametrics, Inc., Philippines

ABSTRACT: Philippine engineers are recently starting to focus on “typhoon engineering” in

general and wind engineering in particular, as strong winds due to typhoons have been shown
to have serious damaging effects. A brief discussion about the wind loading provisions in the
NSCP 2001 (National Structural Code of the Philippines) is presented. A recent review of the
the development of wind speed maps in the Philippines, from which much was learned, is
summarized. Ideas for future activities and research related to wind engineering, including
possible improvements in the NSCP wind loading provisions, are then suggested.

KEYWORDS: Philippines, NSCP, wind engineering

1 INTRODUCTION: TYPHOON DISASTER MITIGATION EFFORTS BY ENGINEERS

The Philippines is considered to be in the “Typhoon Alley” or “Typhoon Gateway” of the

Pacific northwest. [Rellin, et al, ~2002] An average of 9 landfalling typhoons visit the
Philippines each year. [Pacheco & Aquino, 2005; after PAGASA]

In 2004, the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers (PICE) launched a national program named
Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness Strategies (DMAPS), to complement the earlier Disaster
Quick Response Program (DQRP). See [Pacheco, 2004a and 2004b]. In addition to the
response phase and recovery/rehabilitation phase, which historically were the first focus of
DQRP, the mitigation phase and preparedness phase of disaster management were now being
given due attention. In addition to earthquake which was historically the focus of DQRP,
typhoons and other natural hazards were now being discussed.

This report summarizes portions of an earlier paper entitled “DMAPS Looking Forward:
Calling for ‘Typhoon Engineers’,” presented at the PICE National Convention last November
17-19, 2005. The objectives of the paper were:
a. to create an appreciation of the damaging effects of typhoons
b. to introduce “typhoon engineering” and why it is necessary
c. to present sources of useful and available information for typhoon engineers
d. to present recent research and possible future research in typhoon engineering in general
e. to inspire research in wind engineering in particular by presenting possible areas for
improvement in the wind loading code

The earlier paper was largely based on a report entitled “Philippine Wind Information for
Engineering, Research, and Mitigation,” submitted last June 2005 to the Center of Excellence
(COE) Program for Wind Effects on Buildings and Urban Environment, at the Tokyo
Polytechnic University in Atsugi, Kanagawa, Japan.
2 AVAILABLE TYPHOON DAMAGE INFORMATION AND THEIR USE

2.1 Damages due to Strong Winds from Typhoons

The earlier paper also noted that “typhoon engineering” is a multi-disciplinary field wherein
wind engineering is a major component. True enough, typhoon winds cause damages to
structures that, although not generally catastrophic, due to the frequency of typhoons, add up
more significantly than those by other types of disasters.

Example photos of damages due to strong winds from one typhoon (Typhoon 'Unding,'
International Name: Muifa, November 2004) are shown. More damage photos from the same
typhoon could be obtained from http://www.typhoon2000.com. The photos show that strong
winds could damage electrical transmission lines and their supporting poles or lattice towers,
roof structures, windows, internal or external walls, advertisement boards or sign structures, and
trees. Additionally, fallen trees, walls, and other structures were shown to damage adjacent
houses, transmission lines, and even parked cars.

Figure 1. Sample photos of damages due to typhoons

2.2 Sources of General Typhoon Damage Information

Various sources of typhoon damage information were cited, including the OCD-NDCC (Office
of Civil Defense – National Disaster Coordinating Council), PAGASA (Philippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration), and even Philippine
media (newspapers, TV and radio, and other Internet websites).
PAGASA’s public storm warning signals correspond to forecasted or recorded maximum
sustained winds, and expected damages. It was noted however that these “expected damages,”
with the appropriate mitigation and preparedness, could be reduced.

2.3 Developing “Typhoon Disaster Maps” and “Typhoon Vulnerability Maps”

Currently available typhoon damage information were found to be useful for initial attempts in
preparing historical “typhoon disaster maps”. The tropical cyclone tracks and corresponding
wind speeds provided by PAGASA are also particularly useful information.

Likewise, the effects of disasters also shown in the available damage information could provide
a starting point in preparing current “typhoon vulnerability maps.” Engineers were asked to at
least document damages due to typhoons within their locality, ideally with accompanying
photographs, notes, and sketches, as these could provide information as to typhoon
vulnerabilities of our structure types and other properties.

3 BRIEF DISCUSSION ON PRESENT NSCP WIND LOAD PROVISIONS

Wind hazard mitigation begins with the National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP),
wherein wind loads are specified in Section 207.

The NSCP 2001, Volume 1 – Buildings, Towers, and Other Vertical Structures, has significant
improvements over its predecessor (NSCP 1992) in general, and in their wind loading
provisions in particular: (a) use of 3-second gust speeds instead of fastest-kilometer wind
speeds; (b) consideration of dynamic effects as well as torsional effects; and (c) consideration of
topographic effects. Additional details can be found in [Tanzo & Pacheco, 2004].

However, it should be noted that Volume 2 of the NSCP (for Bridges) has not been updated.
Also, the NSCP 1992 wind loading provisions are still being used by a small fraction of the
engineering community. This is acceptable as long as design wind loads computed using the
NSCP 1992 are well above the minimum required by the newer NSCP 2001. Some possible
issues in using the previous version are raised though.

First, considering that the NSCP 2001 wind zone map has been based on extreme value
statistical analysis of a more consistent and more extensive set of data, the equivalent fastest-
kilometer wind speeds for each of the three zones could be calculated after some conversion.
Results (Table 1) show that NSCP 1992 basic wind speeds may be underestimated in Zone I,
and overestimated in Zone III, similar to conclusions by Rosaria & Pacheco [2002a, 2002b].
Engineers were thus warned when using the NSCP 1992 wind zone map together with the
NSCP 2001 wind loading provisions.

Table 1. Conversion of NSCP 2001 3-sec Gust Speeds to Fastest-Kilometer Wind Speeds

Zone NSCP 2001 NSCP 2001 NSCP 1992 % diff

3-sec gust equiv. fastest-km fastest-km
(kph) (kph) (kph)
I 250 230 200 -13%
II 200 180 175 -3%
III 125 110 150 36%
Secondly, the NSCP 2001 specifies the use of an independent gust effect factor (GEF) that is
meant to primarily account for dynamic amplification due to resonance with wind gusts.
Resonant response is ignored in NSCP 1992. An example was cited, showing that for one
flexible structure, there is possibly an under-design of about 15% if dynamic effects were not
considered. [Pacheco & Aquino, 2005]

And lastly, possibly the most significant new feature of NSCP 2001 is the consideration of
topographic effects, particularly for structures that are on top of hills, ridges, or escarpments.
As Rosaria & Pacheco [2002b] have noted, in some cases, the design wind loads computed
using the NSCP 1992 and NSCP 2001 are just about equal before the calculation of any
topographic multiplier. However, for the said structures on one of the mentioned topographic
features, the topographic multiplier could increase the design wind loads by as much as 200%.

4 A REVIEW OF WIND SPEED MAPS:

TOWARDS IMPROVING THE NSCP WIND SPEED MAP

4.1 Data from PAGASA

The development of wind speed maps in the Philippines starts with the gathering of
meteorological data from PAGASA, which presently has around 56 synoptic stations.
However, as Rosaria & Pacheco [2002a] have noted, the actual terrain exposure, elevation, and
calibration of instruments, as well as topographic features at the stations have not been
surveyed.

Two types of raw data files have been used in developing extreme wind speed maps for the
Philippines: the “Monthly Maximum Wind Speed and Direction” (MMWS) data file, and the
“Daily and Monthly Climatic Data” (DMCD) data file. These files include what could be
considered as monthly or daily maximum 10-minute average and 3-second gust wind speeds, as
well as corresponding wind directions. It was also shown that the data could be used in
generating wind directionality factors.

There were other documents cited that are available from PAGASA which could be useful for
engineers.

4.2 Studies on Extreme Wind Speeds and Wind Speed Mapping in the Philippines

Various extreme wind speed maps or extreme wind speed estimation for the Philippines were
cited, such as those by Simiu [1974], ASEP [1972-2001], Rosaria [2001], Rellin et al [2002],
Holmes & Weller [2002], and Garciano et al [2005a].

4.3 Wind Speed Data from Other Sources

It was noted that wind power companies also conduct wind speed measurements at heights
higher than 10 meters, and usually at 30 meters, for one to two straight years, usually at an ideal
location for a wind farm. A similar work presented was by Elliott et al [2001].

Also cited was the recording of wind speeds in Naga City during the passing of Typhoon
Unding in November 2004, also freely available from the Typhoon2000.com website. Weather
and other wind- and typhoon-related information in the Philippines were shown to be available
from various other websites.
4.4 Towards Improving the NSCP Wind Speed Maps

Data from PAGASA and other sources are available, and in fact have already been used in a
number of studies by different groups in estimating extreme wind speeds in the Philippines. It
was shown that existing “wind hazard maps” such as the wind zone map in the NSCP could still
use some improvement. Some of these possible improvements were also discussed (see next
chapter). The idea that one single group could coordinate activities of all groups involved in
developing these hazard maps was also suggested.

5 LEARNING FROM RECENT WIND ENGINEERING RESEARCH

While in recent years, there have been a number of research studies related to typhoon and wind
engineering in the Philippines, it was shown that there are still more possible activities and
research studies that may be conducted in the Philippines, given the amount of available
information. Collaboration, and harmonization of documents and data between engineers and
researchers from other fields were also promoted.

5.1 Learning from International Wind Loading Codes

There have been significant recent developments in international wind loading codes. Many
different features in recently updated wind loading codes such as those from the USA (ASCE7-
05), Japan (AIJ-RLB-2004), and Australia/New Zealand (AS/NZS1170.2: 2002) may soon be
adopted in the next edition of the NSCP. (Table 2)

Table 2. Some Recent Developments in International Wind Loading Codes

Wind speed contour map or hybrid zone/contour wind map

Simplified procedure for regular, low-rise buildings
Modified gust effect factor formulation
Across-wind and/or torsional response of buildings and similar structures
Monte-carlo simulation of typhoons/hurricanes
Independent wind directionality factor

5.2 PAGASA Research Studies Related to Wind

PAGASA research in different fields of the natural and social sciences related to mitigating the
effects of typhoons and wind were presented as these were almost unknown to the civil
engineering community. Table 3 lists some of these research studies by two branches of
PAGASA. It is noted that PAGASA also conducts research on air pollution modeling.

5.3 Possible Improvements in NSCP 2001 Wind Loading Provisions

There are certainly some more studies that could be conducted to further improve the NSCP
wind loading provisions. Some additional suggestions presented are listed in Table 4.

5.4 Other Possible Research Activities in Typhoon Engineering

There are many more possibilities for research in the many sub-fields of typhoon engineering.
Even more suggested research ideas are listed in Table 5.
 Table 3. Some Research Studies by PAGASA Related to Wind

Title of Research Study by PAGASA-AGSSB

Year
http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/researchAGSSB.html
Tropical Cyclone Variations
2003 A Study Of Tropical Cyclone Activity Over Northwest Pacific Before, During And After The
1997-1998 El Niño Episode
1990 Variations Of Tropical Cyclones In The Western North Pacific
1989 Long Period Variations Of Tropical Cyclones In The Western North Pacific
Air Pollution
1976 Air Pollution Model For Metropolitan Manila Area Using The Gaussian Distribution
Miscellaneous Research Related to Wind
2004 Simulation Of Sea And Mountain Breezes Over Metro Manila
1970 An Analysis Of The Relationship Between The Position Of The Major Wind Discontinuity And
The Position Of Areas Of Rainfall Over The Philippines
Title of Technical Report by PAGASA-NDRB (Tech. Rep. No.)
Year
http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/researchNDRB.html
Extreme Wind Speeds
~2002 Extreme Wind Hazard Mapping in the Philippines (111)
Tropical Cyclone Variations
~2002 A Study of Tropical Cyclones Originating from the South China Sea (110)
1997 Southwest Monsoon Surge Associated with Tropical Cyclone (93)
1996 Tropical Cyclone Wind Profiles (87)
Tropical Cyclone Forecasting
~2000 A Verification of 1994-1998 Tropical Cyclone Movement Forecasts of PAGASA (106)
1999 Analyses Of Vorticity, Omega And 850 HPa Wind of the FLM 12 in Relation to Tropical
Cyclones Forecasting (104)
1999 The Revised Analog Method of Forecasting Tropical Cyclone Movement (101)
1998 The Development And Application Of The Direct Model Output Statistics (DMOS) to Improve
Forecasting Of Tropical Cyclone Tracks (97)

Table 4. Some Possible Research Studies to Further Improve the NSCP 2001 Wind Load Provisions

Correction of wind speed measurements

Calibration of mass density of air constant
Simplified procedure for simple structures
Applicability for lattice towers and other structures (e.g. gust effect factor formulations)
For which types of structures or components do wind loads govern over earthquake loads
Performance-based design; guidelines for habitability design of buildings

Table 5. Other Possible Activities and Research for Wind Hazard Mitigation in the Philippines

• Wind-response monitoring • Feasibility of special “typhoon shelters”

• Feasibility of setting up a wind tunnel for • Introduction to natural disasters and their effects
extensive wind engineering research on property and the population for college students
• Low-cost typhoon-resistant construction • Separately published, continuously updated wind
materials and methods zone map, or Dynamic/digital wind hazard map
• ISO-compatible version of NSCP 2001 • Development of Typhoon/Wind Design Manual

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to acknowledge valuable contributions and inputs from: the Tokyo
Polytechnic University (Japan) COE Program on Wind Effects on Buildings and Urban
Environment, headed by Prof. Yukio Tamura, program director; Mr. Nicetos Rosaria, former
structural engineer, PNOC-EDC; Mr. Michael Padua from Naga City for use of the damage
photos and other information from his website, Typhoon2000.com; Mr. Lessandro Garciano, of
Musashi Institute of Technology; Dr. John D. Holmes of JDH Consulting (Australia); Dr. Emil
Simiu of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA); Mrs. Emilia Tadeo of the
National Disaster Coordinating Council for generously providing information; and, Staff at the
PAGASA-CDS, PAGASA-PIIAS, PAGASA-NDRB, and at the PAGASA Library.

REFERENCES

ASCE (1996). Standard 7: Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE7-95).
ASCE Press, USA.
ASCE (2005). Standard 7: Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE7-05).
ASCE Press, USA.
Aquino, R.E.R. (2005). Philippine Wind Information for Engineering, Research, and Mitigation.
Country report submitted to the Tokyo Polytechnic University. http://www.wind.arch.t-kougei.
ac.jp/ info_center/APECwind/philippine.pdf
ASEP (1972). National Structural Code for Buildings 1972, 1st ed., 1st printing.
ASEP (1972/1977). National Structural Code for Buildings 1972, 1st ed., 2nd printing.
ASEP (1982). National Structural Code for Buildings 1982, 2nd ed.
ASEP (1987). National Structural Code of the Philippines 1987, Volume 1 – Buildings, Towers, and
Other Vertical Structures. 3rd ed.
ASEP (1992). National Structural Code of the Philippines 1992, Volume 1 – Buildings, Towers, and
Other Vertical Structures. 4th ed.
ASEP (2001). National Structural Code of the Philippines 2001, Volume 1 – Buildings, Towers, and
Other Vertical Structures (NSCP C101-01). 5th ed.
Elliott, D., M. Schwartz, R. George, S. Haymes, D. Heimiller, and G. Scott (2001). Wind Energy
Resource Atlas of the Philippines. US Department of Energy – Natural Renewable Energy
Laboratory.
Garciano, L.E., Hoshiya, M., and Maruyama, O. (2005a). Development of a Regional Map of Extreme
Wind Speeds in the Philippines. Structural Eng./Earthquake Eng., JSCE, Vol. 22, No. 1, 15s - 26s,
2005 April. (J. Struct. Mech. Earthquake Eng., JSCE, No. 787/ I - 71.)
Garciano, L.E., et al (2005b). A Proposed Wind Zone Map of the Philippines and its use for
Performance-Based Design. Proc. 11th ASEP International Convention.
Holmes, J.D., and Weller, R. (2002). Design Wind Speeds for the Asia-Pacific Region (HB 212-2002).
Standards Australia.
Pacheco, B.M. (2004a). Introduction to Disaster Mitigation and Preparedness Strategies: the DMAPS
Program of the PICE. Proc. PICE 2004 National Midyear Convention, Davao, July 2004.
Pacheco, B.M. (2004b). 100 Years of Natural Disasters in the Philippines. Proc. PICE Seminar on
DMAPS.
Pacheco, B.M., and Aquino, R.E.R. (2005). DMAPS Looking Forward: Calling for ‘Typhoon
Engineers.’ Proc. PICE 2005 National Convention, November 17-19, 2005, Manila, Philippines.
Padua, Michael. Typhoon2000.com website. http://typhoon2000.com/
Pardo, R.R. (1990). “A Primer on Terms Used By PAGASA,” Philippine Almanac: Book of Facts 1990,
Aurora Publications, pp. 968-969.
Rellin, M.F., Jesuitas, A.T., Sulapat, L.R., and Valeroso, I.I. (2002). NDRB Technical Report No. 111:
Extreme Wind Hazard Mapping in the Philippines. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration – Natural Disaster Reduction Branch.
Rosaria, N.E., and Pacheco, B.M. (1999). Maximum Wind Speed Data from PAGASA in the Past 30
Years: Statistical Analysis for Engineering Use. Proc. ASEP 8th International Convention, Manila,
Philippines.
Rosaria, N.E. (2001). Estimation of Extreme Wind Speeds for the Development of Wind Zone Map for
the Philippines. MS Thesis. University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City.
 Rosaria, N.E., and Pacheco, B.M. (2002a). Overview of the Wind Load Provisions of Section 207 of
NSCP 2001. Proc. ASEP Seminar on the NSCP 2001, Philippines.
Rosaria, N.E., and Pacheco, B.M. (2002b). Comprehensive Guide on the Use of the Wind Load
Provisions of NSCP 2001. Proc. 2002 Conference on the Safety & Reliability of Built Structures,
ASEP, Manila, Philippines.
Simiu, E. (1973). “Estimation of Extreme Wind Speeds—Application to the Philippines,” Development
of improved design criteria for low-rise buildings in developing countries to better resist the effects
of extreme winds: proceedings of a workshop held at the Dr. Paulino J. Garcia Memorial Hall,
National Science Development Board, Manila, Philippines, November 14-17, 1973. Noel J.
Raufaste Jr and Richard D. Marshall (eds). Building Science Series No. 100, vol 2. National
Insitute of Standards and Technology.
Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand (2002). Australian/New Zealand Standard: Structural
Design Actions Part 2: Wind Actions (AS/NZS 1170.2:2002).
Tamura, Y., Kawai, H., Uematsu, Y., Okada, H., and Ohkuma, T. (2004) Documents for wind resistant
design of buildings in Japan. Proc. Workshop on Regional Harmonization of Wind Loading and
Wind Environmental Specifications in Asia-Pacific Economies, Nov. 19-20, 2004.
Tanzo, W.T., and Pacheco, B.M. (2004). Philippine Structural Code. Addendum to Proc. Workshop on
Regional Harmonization of Wind Loading and Wind Environmental Specifications in Asia-Pacific
Economies (APEC-WW), November 19 & 20, 2004, Wind Engineering Research Center, Tokyo
Polytechnic University, Atsugi, Japan.

View publication stats