P.

E
NAME: Subia, Jessica V.

Grade&section: XI- Ruby (Humss 1)

 History of volleyball
Volleyball was invented in 1895 in Holyoke, Massachusetts. It actually began as
a game called Mintonette. William G. Morgan, a physical education director at the
local YMCA, created the indoor game, incorporating aspects of handball and
tennis. The intention was to invent an indoor sport somewhat similar to
basketball, also gaining popularity at the time, which could be enjoyed by older,
less athletic members of the YMCA. While basketball included a great deal of
running, Mintonette required players to basically stand in one place. A specific
game ball for Mintonette was designed in 1900.

The game of volleyball, originally called “mintonette,” was invented in 1895 by

William G. Morgan after the invention of basketball only four years before.
Morgan, a graduate of the Springfield College of the YMCA, designed the game
to be a combination of basketball, baseball, tennis, and handball.

The first volleyball net, borrowed from tennis, was only 6’6″ high (though you
need to remember that the average American was shorter in the nineteenth
century).

The offensive style of setting and spiking was first demonstrated in the
Philippines in 1916. Over the years that followed, it became clear that standard
rules were needed for tournament play, and thus the USVBA (United States
Volleyball Association) was formed in 1928.
Latest Volleyball News from the NCAA and NAIA.

Two years later, the first two-man beach volleyball game was played, though the
professional side of the sport did not emerge until much later. Not surprisingly,
the first beach volleyball association appeared in California (1965), and the
professional players united under the auspices of the AVP (American Volleyball
Professionals) in 1983.

During the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, American men and women took gold
and silver medals in indoor volleyball competitions. Four years later at the
Olympics in Korea, the men once again scored gold. Starting in 1996, two-man

beach volleyball was officially introduced to the Olympics. Today, there are more
than 800 million volleyball players worldwide, 46 million of them in the U.S.

In 1900, a special ball was designed for the sport.

In 1916, in the Philippines, an offensive style of passing the ball in a high

trajectory to be struck by another player (the set and spike) were introduced.

In 1917, the game was changed from 21 to 15 points.

In 1920, three hits per side and back row attack rules were instituted.

In 1922, the first YMCA national championships were held in Brooklyn, NY.
Twenty-seven teams from 11 states were represented.

In 1928, it became clear that tournaments and rules were needed, so the United
States Volleyball Association (USVBA, now USA Volleyball) was formed. The
first U.S. Open was staged, as the field was open to non-YMCA squads.

In 1930, the first two-man beach game was played.

In 1934, national volleyball referees were approved and recognized.

In 1937, at the AAU convention in Boston, action was taken to recognize the U.S.
Volleyball Association as the official national governing body in the U.S.

In 1947, the Federation International De Volley-Ball (FIVB) was founded.

In 1948, the first two-man beach tournament was held.

In 1949, the initial World Championships were held in Prague, Czechoslovakia.

In 1964, volleyball was introduced to the Olympic Games in Tokyo.

In 1965, the California Beach Volleyball Association (CBVA) was formed.

In 1974, the World Championships in Mexico were telecast in Japan.

In 1975, the U.S. National Women’s team began a year-round training regime in
Pasadena, Texas (moved to Colorado Springs in 1979, Coto de Caza and
Fountain Valley, CA, in 1980, and San Diego, CA, in 1985).

In 1977, the U.S. National Men’s Team began a year-round training regime in
Dayton, Ohio (moved to San Diego, CA, in 1981).

In 1983, the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) was formed.

In 1984, the U.S. won their first medals at the Olympics in Los Angeles. The men
won the gold, and the women the silver.

In 1986, the Women’s Professional Volleyball Association (WPVA) was formed.

In 1988, the U.S. men repeated the gold in the Olympics in Korea.

In 1990, the World League was created.

In 1995, the sport of volleyball was 100 years old!

In 1996, two-person beach volleyball became an Olympic sport

Court Dimension of Volleyball
 Equipment and gear

The Ball
The standard volleyball is made of leather or synthetic leather, weighs
between 9 and 10 ounces and has a circumference of 25.6 to 26.4 inches. The
ball has a rubber bladder and can be one color or a combination of colors.
Synthetic leather is lighter and is fine for beginner players. Junior volleyballs for
children 12 years old and younger weigh between 7 and 8 ounces.

The Net and Court

The outdoor volleyball court measures 18 x 9 m, surrounded by a free
zone that is 2 meters wide on all sides. The minimum playing space for U.S.
volleyball competitions is 7 meters. The volleyball net is 32 feet long by 3 feet
wide. For women, the net should be 7 feet, 4 1/8 inches high. For men, the net
should be 7 feet, 11 5/8 inches high. U.S. regulation volleyball playing surfaces
must be flat and not present any hazards to the players.

Lines
The playing court is marked by two side lines and two end lines. All lines
must be 2 inches wide and must be created with a light color that is easy to
discern from the playing court. An attack line should be placed three meters
from the center line. The center line divides the court into two 9 x 9 meter
courts.

Posts and Cables

The volleyball net structure is held together with metal cables and posts.
Posts are placed 0.5 to 1.0 meter outside the side lines and 2.55 meters high.
Posts should be round, smooth and padded, to prevent injury to the players
should they dive or crash into them. Metal wires and cables may need to be
covered if it is determined that they present a danger to the players.

Antenna and Side Bands

Antenna are flexible rods that are 1.8 meters long made of fiberglass,
fastened at the outer edge of each side band. Side bands are two white bands
attached vertically to the net and placed above each side line.

Knee pads
Knee pads should be sturdy enough to protect your knees from falls,
slides and dives, but flexible enough to allow you to bend comfortably. Your
volleyball knee pads must be made of fabric that breathes and manages
moisture. Good quality pads have a gel or foam shock-absorbing material that
will cover and protect your patella. It is best to purchase your pads from a
reliable sporting goods store that will allow you to try them on. If you have
difficulty finding the right fit, have the store professional measure you and order
custom-fit pads. Popular volleyball knee pad brands include Asics, Mizuno,
adidas, Nike and Mikasa.

Shoes
Arch and ankle support is key when choosing a volleyball shoe. Mizuno,
Asics and Nike are just a few of the popular brands of volleyball shoes, which
are lightweight, allowing you to be faster on your feet, as well as bearing good
shock absorption on your toes. Volleyball shoes also provide for better lateral
movement than typical running or cross-training shoes.

Clothing and Jewelry

All clothing should be lightweight to allow maximum flexibility and breath-
ability, as well as made of a material that absorbs sweat and keeps skin dry.
Spandex shorts are a good option, as they are flexible, light and absorb odor.
Socks, while not required, absorb sweat and prevent blisters. Jewelry is not
permitted in volleyball, with the exception of smooth wedding bands. Glasses
must be worn with a strap to keep them secure.
 TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL SKILLS

A coach has the responsibility of patiently and systematically explaining

and drilling the athletes on the basic skills that make up the game. These skills,
called technical skills, are the fundamentals that provide each player with the
tools to execute the physical requirements of the game. Each day at practice,
you must also create situations on the court in which players need to use their
technical skills in a game like situation, forcing them to make decisions that
simulate the applications of the skills and the choices they will have to make in a
game. These skills, called tactical skills, are the bridge between practice
performance and game performance. Although the proper execution of technical
skills is necessary for success, the ability of athletes to make appropriate
decisions, known as tactical skills, is the key to having everything come together
when it counts—in the actual game.
Obviously, other types of skills, such as pure physical capacity, mental skills,
communication ability, and character traits, all contribute to athletic performance
(Rainer Martens, Successful Coaching, Third Edition, Champaign, IL: Human
Kinetics, 2004, p. 186-188). Although all these skills are important, effective
teaching of the technical and tactical skills of the game still provides the
foundation for successful volleyball coaching.
This book focuses on the essential basic to intermediate technical and tactical
skills in volleyball. The goal is to provide a resource that will help you improve
your understanding and instructional methods as you strive to teach your players
this exciting sport.

TECHNICAL SKILLS

Technical skills are defined as “the specific procedures to move one's body to
perform the task that needs to be accomplished” (Martens, Successful Coaching,
p. 169). The proper execution of the technical skills in volleyball is, obviously,
crucial to successful performance. Most coaches, even those with little
experience, know what the basic technical skills of volleyball are: serving,
passing, setting, attacking, blocking, and digging. But the ability to teach athletes
how to perform those skills usually develops only over a long period, as a coach
gains knowledge and experience.
The goal of this book is to speed up the timetable of teaching skills, improving
your ability to

 clearly communicate the basic elements of each skill to the athletes,

 construct drills and teaching situations to rehearse those skills in practice,
 detect and correct errors in the athletes' performance of skills, and
 help athletes transfer knowledge and ability from practice into games.
 Effective coaches have the capacity to transfer their knowledge and
understanding of skills into improved performance of those skills by their athletes.
This book outlines a plan that will help you do just that by teaching you how to
become a master of the basic to intermediate technical skills of volleyball and
assisting you in providing your athletes with the resources necessary for
success.

TACTICAL SKILLS

Mastery of the technical skills of volleyball is important, but athletes must

also learn the tactics of the game. Tactical skills are defined as “the decisions
and actions of players in the contest to gain an advantage over the opposing
team or players” (Martens, Successful Coaching, p. 170). Basic volleyball
resources might focus on the technical skills of the game and may overlook the
tactical aspects. Coaches even omit tactical considerations from practice
because they focus so intently on teaching technical skills. For volleyball players
to develop better as overall players, they need to learn techniques and tactics
together. One way you can approach tactical skills is by focusing on three critical
aspects, “the tactical triangle”:*

 Reading the play or situation

 Acquiring the knowledge needed to make an appropriate tactical decision
 Applying correct decision-making skills to the problems at the correct time

This book as a whole provides you with the knowledge you need in order to
teach players how to use the tactical triangle. Part III covers important cues that
help athletes respond appropriately when they see a play developing, including
important rules, game strategies, and opponents' strengths and weaknesses that
affect game situations, as well as ways to teach athletes how to acquire and use
this knowledge. Part III will also help you teach athletes how to make appropriate
choices in a given situation and show you how to empower players to recognize
emerging situations on their own and make sound judgments.
Perhaps the greatest frustration for a coach is to witness athletes making errors
in games on skills they have repeatedly done well in practice. For example, an
attacker can successfully hit the ball hard and down into the opposing team's
court in practice, but in a game situation when a ball is set to her in a less than
perfect manner or she is in front of two strong blockers, she is not able to hit the
ball past the blockers. The transfer of skills from practice to the game can be
difficult, but you can reduce errors by placing the athletes in game like situations
in practice to work on tactical skill decisions. Only after rehearsing the tactical
decision repeatedly in practice will the athletes be prepared to execute those
decisions (while maintaining their execution of the related technical skills) in the
game
 Volleyball Rules

Morgan was responsible for documenting the first rules of the game. These
included the net size, number of innings, fouls, and a scoring system.

The name of Mintonette changed in 1896, when someone noticed the number of
volleys that were required to play the game. The rules of the game evolved over
time. In 1916, the addition of the set and spike were introduced. Other skills
required to play the game include serving, passing, attacking, blocking, and
digging. Like many sports, volleyball features a variety of strategies and players
can be aligned in a variety of formations for best results. In 1917, the number of
points required to win a game was lowered from 21 to 15.

Officiating

Volleyball officials have a number of different responsibilities, and they must keep
a watchful eye on every point for the duration of the match. Two people form an
officiating team for each match, with one acting as the head referee who stands
on the referee stand, while the other is "down" referee assisting with monitoring
substitutions and plays at the net.

Learn the rules and the nuances of the game, and pass a certification course to
become a recognized referee. The United States is broken up into a number of
different member regions of USA Volleyball, and each region is sanctioned to
certify referees. Referees typically have to pass written tests and receive the
approval from the USA Volleyball region chair and commissioner to become
certified.

Practice the hand signals and understand when to make them. Referees need to
know the signals for substitutions, illegal contact and fault. They also need to
know how to signal whether the ball landed in or out of play. Officials are
expected to make the correct call in a convincing matter almost immediately after
each play ends.
Maintain order throughout the match. Be in constant communication with your
assistant referee and the scorekeepers to make sure that both teams are
following the rules about substitutions and formations. Be open in communicating
with the captains for each team. Understand when is appropriate to give a yellow
card for a penalty or a red card for an expulsion.

Start the game by marking down the lineup and rotation for each team, flipping a
coin with the captains to see which team serves first and signaling the game to
begin by blowing your whistle.
 P.E
Name: Sangkad, Daneila Gracia
Grade&section: xi- Ruby (humms 1)
 Origins and History of Badminton

Facts and Information About the Game

The origins of the game of badminton date back at least 2,000 years to the game
of battledore and shuttlecock played in ancient Greece, China, and India.

A very long history for one of the Olympics newest sports! Badminton took its
name from Badminton House in Gloucestershire, the ancestral home of the Duke
of Beaufort, where the sport was played in the last century. Gloucestershire is
now the base for the International Badminton Federation.

The IBF was formed in 1934 with nine members: Canada, Denmark, France,
Netherlands, England, New Zealand, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The United
States joined four years later. Membership increased steadily over the next few
years with a surge in new members after the Olympic Games debut at
Barcelona.

The first big IBF tournament was the Thomas Cup (men’s world team
championships) in 1948. Since then, the number of world events has increased
to seven, with the addition of the Uber Cup (ladies’ team), World Championships,
Sudirman Cup (mixed team), World Juniors, World Grand Prix Finals, and the
World Cup.

The World Cup invitational event started in 1981 and is organized by the
International Management Group (IMG). The World Cup series is due to end in
1997, and the IBF is considering organizing exhibition matches featuring the
world’s top players to replace the World Cup.

For the recent Thomas and Uber Cups in Hong Kong, the sale of commercial and
television rights was a multimillion dollar contract. And it’s not just in Asia. In
Europe also, there’s a growing number of companies bidding for rights.
Television companies worldwide are already buying exclusive rights to the 1997
World Championships to be held in Glasgow, Scotland.

A turning point in badminton’s growth was the $20 million tripartite contract in
1994 for sponsorship of the World Grand Prix Finals. Under the terms of the deal
between the IBF, IMG, and STAR TV, STAR injects the monies into the
promotion and development of badminton. In return, STAR gains total exclusivity
for the exploitation of the commercial and television rights to the WGP Finals.
“The deal was good for both main parties,” said David Shaw, IBF’s executive
director, who was brought into the organization with a brief to grow the sport. “We
needed a strong partner in television, and the broadcaster had identified
badminton as a vehicle which would attract audiences across Asia to its prime
sports channel.”

The next phase in the rise and rise of international badminton has been to retake
the USA. The U.S. was an early member of the IBF and initially one of the most
successful. When the Uber Cup was introduced in 1956, Americans won the first
three events. But then interest waned.

Badminton is a well liked and familiar sport in the USA but, predominantly, is
usually played as a fun game in the backyard or on the beach. We know that
once Americans see the other badminton—international badminton, the world’s
fastest racket sport—they will want to see and play more. The Atlanta Olympics
started to raise the sport’s profile in the U.S. The event was a sell-out and
became one of the “must-see” sports. Ex-President Jimmy Carter, Chelsea
Clinton, Paul Newman, and Princess Anne were among the celebrities who came
to watch. David Broder of the Washington Post reported “seeing one of the
supreme athletic spectacles of my life.”

The year 1996 was a landmark in USA badminton. It’s not only the Atlanta
Olympic Games that started to generate tremendous interest in the U.S. market.
In December 1995, the IBF introduced a new concept tournament in California,
the Hong Ta Shan Cup, a men’s invitation tournament with the best players and
big prize money. There are now plans to add a women’s event and to increase
the prize money. The Hong Ta Shan Group has gone on to sponsor the U.S.
Open, increasing the prize money to $200,000. This makes the event the most
valuable World Grand Prix event in the series and gives it six-star status.

The degree of change is increasing. Badminton’s debut as an Olympic Games

sport has manifestly boosted interest internationally. The STAR TV agreement
has increased the sport’s coverage dramatically. Sponsors and television
companies are being attracted to a sport which gives them access to the Asian
economies. And spectators are increasingly attracted to the exciting mix of
angles, tactics, touch, reaction, and fitness that would exhaust a squash champio
Badminton court dimension
 Equipment and gear

It is obvious that you can really wear whatever you want in badminton game, it wouldn’t
hurt to have chic shoes and a smart looking attire but as a player you should be looking
for function over aesthetics when it comes to your badminton gears and equipment.
I have list down the basic gear and equipment that you need and required in a
badminton game so that you can maximize your movement and you can react faster;

Badminton Racket

A badminton racket is the most if not the most important gear and equipment that you
need to be able to play badminton because the game isn’t like the basketball that you
use your hands to throw the ball but you need a racket to hit the shuttlecock to return it
back to your opponent, There are several types of materials used to create a badminton
racket. Depending on the materials used, this results to different combinations of racket
weight, balance points, and string tension. With a lot of aspect to consider it will really
take time to consider on how to decide which is most suited for your playing style.

Shuttlecock
The Plastic are more durable compared to the feathered types which are commonly
used. But plastics are recommended for beginners who are just starting out. The only
reason for this is that the feathered shuttlecocks are expensive and fray easily especially
if you are hitting it the wrong way. Plastics are used for trainings because even if you are
hitting it wrong it can withstand it.
 Badminton Shoes
Shoes are designed to give you comfort and protection. The badminton shoes mainly is
specialized to give you better traction and grip to stop in time and to return a shot. The
shoes should be lightweight because you don’t like to stress your feet and legs when
playing with a heavy shoes. It should also have a good cushioning to absorb impact
when you jump or land.It is a bad idea to wear jogging shoes as they usually lack grip
and traction. You might end up crashing through the net if you are unable to stop in
time to receive a drop shot or worst you might end up injured.

Badminton Apparels
Some beginners or the non-competitive type of players, wear comfortable pair of shorts
and cotton or dri-fit t-shirts. Then there are players that needs and equip themselves
with hand grips, wristbands and ankle guards some will need it because of a muscle
strain or a previous injury but some players use it for design and decoration.
Each garment that you add on your attire will add style and color to your entire get up
but as a competitive player you would need to go the comfortability and efficiency
rather than the looks.
 Technical and tactical skills in badminton

The high serve:

High serves are used usually in singles, but never in doubles (at a high standard

of play).

Back hand serve:

The backhand low serve is the primary serve utilized in doubles and men's

singles.

Smash:

The smash is perhaps the most attacking shot in badminton.

Clear:

The clear is a move that can be played as an attacking shot or as a defensive

shot

.Drop Shots:

Drop shots are typically disguised to make the opponent tricked and expect a

smash or clear.

Tactical Demands:
In badminton, the primary tactic is to give maximum returns with least or minimal

effort.

Rules of Badminton
Knowing the Rules of Badminton is important if you really want to advance in
Badminton and enjoy this game. In the event that a dispute occurs during a
match, you'll be able to settle it.

Toss

The rules of badminton states that a toss shall be conducted before a game
starts. If you win, you can choose between serving first or to start play at either
end of the court. Your opponent can then exercise the remaining choice.

Scoring system

The rules of badminton states that a badminton match shall consist of the best of
3 games. In doubles and men's singles, the first side to score 15 points wins the
game. In women's singles, the first side to score 11 points wins the game.

If the score becomes 14-all (10-all in women's singles), the side which first
scored 14 (10) shall exercise the choice to continue the game to 15 (11) points or
to 'set' the game to 17 (13) points.

The side winning a game serves first in the next game. Only the serving side
can add a point to its score.

Change of ends

The rules of badminton states that you have to change ends with your opponent
after finishing the first game. If a third game was to be played, you shall change
ends when the leading score reaches 6 in a game of 11 points or 8 in a game of
15 points.
Rules of Badminton - Singles

Serving and receiving courts

You shall serve from, and receive in, the right service court when you or your
opponent has scored an even number of points in that game.

You shall serve from, and receive in, the left service court when you or your
opponent has scored an odd number of points in that game.

You and your opponent will hit the shuttle alternately until a 'fault' is made or the
shuttle ceases to be in play.

Scoring and serving

You score a point and serve again from the alternate service court when your
opponent makes a 'fault' or the shuttle ceases to be in play because it touches
the surface of your opponent's side of court.
No points will be scored when you make a 'fault' or the shuttles ceases to be in
play because it touches the surface of your side of court. The serving right will
then be transferred to your opponent.

Rules of Badminton - Doubles

At the start of the game, and each time a side gains the right to serve, the
service shall be delivered from the right service court. Only your opponent
standing diagonally opposite of you shall return the service.
Should your opponent's partner touched or hit the shuttle, it shall be a
'fault' and your side scores a point.

Order of play and position on court

After the service is returned, either you or your partner may hit the shuttle from
any position on your side of the net. Then either player from the opposing side
may do the same, and so on, until the shuttle ceases to be in play.

Scoring and serving

If you are serving or receiving first at the start of any game, you shall serve or
receive in the right service court when your side or your opponent's side scored
an even number of points.

You shall serve from or receive in the left service court when your side or your
opponent's side has scored an odd number of points.

The reverse pattern shall apply to your partner.

In any game, the right to serve passes consecutively from the initial server to the
initial receiver, then to that initial's receiver's partner, then to the opponent who is
due to serve from the right service court, then to that player's partner, and so on.

You shall not serve out of turn, receive out of turn, or receive two consecutive
services in the same game, except as provided in service court errors and 'lets'.

Service court errors

A service court error has been made when a player has served out of turn, has
served from the wrong service or standing on the wrong service court while being
prepared to receive the service and it has been delivered.

If a service court error is discovered after the next service had been delivered,
the error shall not be corrected. If a service court error is discovered before the
next service is delivered, the following rules apply.

If both sides committed an error, it shall be a 'let'. If one side committed the error
and won the rally, it shall be a 'let'. If one side committed the error and lost the
rally, the error shall not be corrected.

If there is a 'let' because of a service court error, the rally is replayed with the
error corrected. If a service court error is not to be corrected, play in that game
shall proceed without changing the player's new service courts.

Faults

The rules of badminton consider the following as faults:

- If the shuttle lands outside the boundaries of the court, passes through or under
the net, fail to pass the net, touches the ceiling or side walls, touches the person
or dress of a player or touches any other object or person.
- If the initial point of contact with the shuttle is not on the striker's side of the net.
(The striker may, however, follow the shuttle over the net with the racket in the
course of a stroke.)

- If a player touches the net or its supports with racket, person or dress, invades
an opponent's court over the net with racket or person except as permitted.

- If a player invades an opponent's court under the net with racket or person such
that an opponent is obstructed or distracted or obstructs an opponent, that is
prevents an opponent from making a legal stroke where the shuttle is followed
over the net.

- If a player deliberately distracts an opponent by any action such as shouting or

making gestures.

- If the shuttle is caught and held on the racket and then slung during the
execution of a stroke.

- If the shuttle is hit twice in succession by the same player with two strokes.

- If the shuttle is hit by a player and the player's partner successively or touches a
player's racket and continues towards the back of that player's court.

- If a player is guilty of flagrant, repeated or persistent offences under Law of

Continuous Play, Misconduct, Penalties.

- If, on service, the shuttle is caught on the net and remains suspended on top,
or, on service, after passing over the net is caught in the net.

Lets

'Let' is called by the umpire, or by a player (if there is no umpire), to halt play.

A 'let' may be given for any unforeseen or accidental occurrence.The rules of

badminton consider the following as 'lets':

- If a shuttle is caught in the net and remains suspended on top or, after passing
over the net, is caught in the net, it shall be a 'let' except on service.

- If, during service, the receiver and server are both faulted at the same time, it
shall be a 'let'.

- If the server serves before the receiver is ready, it shall be a 'let'.

- If, during play, the shuttle disintegrates and the base completely separates from
the rest of the shuttle, is shall be a 'let'.

- If a line judge is unsighted and the umpire is unable to make a decision, it shall
be a 'let'.

- A 'let' may occur following a service court error. When a 'let' occurs, the play
since the last service shall not count and the player who served shall serve
again, except where in situations where the Law of Service Court Errors is
applicable.

Shuttle not in play

A shuttle is not in play when it strikes the net and remains attached there or
suspended on top.

A shuttle is not in play when it strikes the net or post and starts to fall towards the
surface of the court on the striker's side of the net.

A shuttle is not in play when it hits the surface of the court or a 'fault' or 'let' has
occurred.

Continuous play, misconduct, penalties

Play shall be continuous from the first service until the match is concluded,
except as allowed in intervals not exceeding 90 seconds between the first and
second games, and not exceeding 5 minutes between the second and third
games

Officials and appeals

The referee is in overall charge of the tournament. The umpire, where appointed,
is in charge of the match, the court and its immediate surrounds. The umpire
shall report to the referee. The service judge shall call service faults made by the
server should they occur. A line judge shall indicate whether a shuttle landed 'in'
or 'out' on the line or lines assigned. An official's decision is final on all points of
fact for which that official is responsible.

An umpire shall:

- Upload and enforce the Rules of Badminton and, especially, call a 'fault' or 'let'
should either occur.

- Give a decision on any appeal regarding a point of dispute, if made before the
next service is delivered.

- Ensure players and spectators are kept informed of the progress of the match.

- Appoint or remove line judges or a service judge in consultation with the

referee.

- Where another court official is not appointed, arrange for that official's duties to
be carried out.

- Where an appointed official is unsighted, carry out the official's duties or play a
'let'.

- Record and report to the referee all matters in relation to continuous play,
misconduct and penalties.

- Take to the referee all unsatisfied appeals on questions of law only. (Such
appeals must be made before the next service is delivered, or, if at the end of the
game, before the side that appeals has left the court.)
 Officiating in Badminton

Officials roles are among the most important positions when planning badminton
events as they are specialized roles filled by qualified volunteers.

Badminton events of all size - be it a local circuit tournament, county competition

or even one of our major events - on a national and international level, require a
team of officials.

This team will typically be made up of:

 Line judges
 Umpires
 Match referees
 P.E
Name: Nicolas, Anghel-lyn
Grade&section: XI-Ruby ( humms1)
 Origins and History of Badminton

The origins of the game of badminton date back at least 2,000 years to the game
of battledore and shuttlecock played in ancient Greece, China, and India.

A very long history for one of the Olympics newest sports! Badminton took its
name from Badminton House in Gloucestershire, the ancestral home of the Duke
of Beaufort, where the sport was played in the last century. Gloucestershire is
now the base for the International Badminton Federation.

The IBF was formed in 1934 with nine members: Canada, Denmark, France,
Netherlands, England, New Zealand, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The United
States joined four years later. Membership increased steadily over the next few
years with a surge in new members after the Olympic Games debut at
Barcelona.

The first big IBF tournament was the Thomas Cup (men’s world team
championships) in 1948. Since then, the number of world events has increased
to seven, with the addition of the Uber Cup (ladies’ team), World Championships,
Sudirman Cup (mixed team), World Juniors, World Grand Prix Finals, and the
World Cup.

The World Cup invitational event started in 1981 and is organized by the
International Management Group (IMG). The World Cup series is due to end in
1997, and the IBF is considering organizing exhibition matches featuring the
world’s top players to replace the World Cup.

For the recent Thomas and Uber Cups in Hong Kong, the sale of commercial and
television rights was a multimillion dollar contract. And it’s not just in Asia. In
Europe also, there’s a growing number of companies bidding for rights.
Television companies worldwide are already buying exclusive rights to the 1997
World Championships to be held in Glasgow, Scotland.

A turning point in badminton’s growth was the $20 million tripartite contract in
1994 for sponsorship of the World Grand Prix Finals. Under the terms of the deal
between the IBF, IMG, and STAR TV, STAR injects the monies into the
promotion and development of badminton. In return, STAR gains total exclusivity
for the exploitation of the commercial and television rights to the WGP Finals.
“The deal was good for both main parties,” said David Shaw, IBF’s executive
director, who was brought into the organization with a brief to grow the sport. “We
needed a strong partner in television, and the broadcaster had identified
badminton as a vehicle which would attract audiences across Asia to its prime
sports channel.”

The next phase in the rise and rise of international badminton has been to retake
the USA. The U.S. was an early member of the IBF and initially one of the most
successful. When the Uber Cup was introduced in 1956, Americans won the first
three events. But then interest waned.

Badminton is a well liked and familiar sport in the USA but, predominantly, is
usually played as a fun game in the backyard or on the beach. We know that
once Americans see the other badminton—international badminton, the world’s
fastest racket sport—they will want to see and play more. The Atlanta Olympics
started to raise the sport’s profile in the U.S. The event was a sell-out and
became one of the “must-see” sports. Ex-President Jimmy Carter, Chelsea
Clinton, Paul Newman, and Princess Anne were among the celebrities who came
to watch. David Broder of the Washington Post reported “seeing one of the
supreme athletic spectacles of my life.”

The year 1996 was a landmark in USA badminton. It’s not only the Atlanta
Olympic Games that started to generate tremendous interest in the U.S. market.
In December 1995, the IBF introduced a new concept tournament in California,
the Hong Ta Shan Cup, a men’s invitation tournament with the best players and
big prize money. There are now plans to add a women’s event and to increase
the prize money. The Hong Ta Shan Group has gone on to sponsor the U.S.
Open, increasing the prize money to $200,000. This makes the event the most
valuable World Grand Prix event in the series and gives it six-star status.

The degree of change is increasing. Badminton’s debut as an Olympic Games

sport has manifestly boosted interest internationally. The STAR TV agreement
has increased the sport’s coverage dramatically. Sponsors and television
companies are being attracted to a sport which gives them access to the Asian
economies. And spectators are increasingly attracted to the exciting mix of
angles, tactics, touch, reaction, and fitness that would exhaust a squash champio
Court dimension of badminton
 Equipment and gear

It is obvious that you can really wear whatever you want in badminton game, it wouldn’t
hurt to have chic shoes and a smart looking attire but as a player you should be looking
for function over aesthetics when it comes to your badminton gears and equipment.
I have list down the basic gear and equipment that you need and required in a
badminton game so that you can maximize your movement and you can react faster;

Badminton Racket

A badminton racket is the most if not the most important gear and equipment that you
need to be able to play badminton because the game isn’t like the basketball that you
use your hands to throw the ball but you need a racket to hit the shuttlecock to return it
back to your opponent, There are several types of materials used to create a badminton
racket. Depending on the materials used, this results to different combinations of racket
weight, balance points, and string tension. With a lot of aspect to consider it will really
take time to consider on how to decide which is most suited for your playing style.

Shuttlecock
The Plastic are more durable compared to the feathered types which are commonly
used. But plastics are recommended for beginners who are just starting out. The only
reason for this is that the feathered shuttlecocks are expensive and fray easily especially
if you are hitting it the wrong way. Plastics are used for trainings because even if you are
hitting it wrong it can withstand it.
 Badminton Shoes
Shoes are designed to give you comfort and protection. The badminton shoes mainly is
specialized to give you better traction and grip to stop in time and to return a shot. The
shoes should be lightweight because you don’t like to stress your feet and legs when
playing with a heavy shoes. It should also have a good cushioning to absorb impact
when you jump or land.It is a bad idea to wear jogging shoes as they usually lack grip
and traction. You might end up crashing through the net if you are unable to stop in
time to receive a drop shot or worst you might end up injured.

Badminton Apparels
Some beginners or the non-competitive type of players, wear comfortable pair of shorts
and cotton or dri-fit t-shirts. Then there are players that needs and equip themselves
with hand grips, wristbands and ankle guards some will need it because of a muscle
strain or a previous injury but some players use it for design and decoration.
Each garment that you add on your attire will add style and color to your entire get up
but as a competitive player you would need to go the comfortability and efficiency
rather than the looks.
 Technical and tactical skills in badminton

The high serve:

High serves are used usually in singles, but never in doubles (at a high standard

of play).

Back hand serve:

The backhand low serve is the primary serve utilized in doubles and men's

singles.

Smash:

The smash is perhaps the most attacking shot in badminton.

Clear:

The clear is a move that can be played as an attacking shot or as a defensive

shot

.Drop Shots:

Drop shots are typically disguised to make the opponent tricked and expect a

smash or clear.

Tactical Demands:
In badminton, the primary tactic is to give maximum returns with least or minimal

effort.

Rules of Badminton
Knowing the Rules of Badminton is important if you really want to advance in
Badminton and enjoy this game. In the event that a dispute occurs during a
match, you'll be able to settle it.

Toss

The rules of badminton states that a toss shall be conducted before a game
starts. If you win, you can choose between serving first or to start play at either
end of the court. Your opponent can then exercise the remaining choice.

Scoring system

The rules of badminton states that a badminton match shall consist of the best of
3 games. In doubles and men's singles, the first side to score 15 points wins the
game. In women's singles, the first side to score 11 points wins the game.

If the score becomes 14-all (10-all in women's singles), the side which first
scored 14 (10) shall exercise the choice to continue the game to 15 (11) points or
to 'set' the game to 17 (13) points.

The side winning a game serves first in the next game. Only the serving side
can add a point to its score.

Change of ends

The rules of badminton states that you have to change ends with your opponent
after finishing the first game. If a third game was to be played, you shall change
ends when the leading score reaches 6 in a game of 11 points or 8 in a game of
15 points.
Rules of Badminton - Singles

Serving and receiving courts

You shall serve from, and receive in, the right service court when you or your
opponent has scored an even number of points in that game.

You shall serve from, and receive in, the left service court when you or your
opponent has scored an odd number of points in that game.

You and your opponent will hit the shuttle alternately until a 'fault' is made or the
shuttle ceases to be in play.

Scoring and serving

You score a point and serve again from the alternate service court when your
opponent makes a 'fault' or the shuttle ceases to be in play because it touches
the surface of your opponent's side of court.
No points will be scored when you make a 'fault' or the shuttles ceases to be in
play because it touches the surface of your side of court. The serving right will
then be transferred to your opponent.

Rules of Badminton - Doubles

At the start of the game, and each time a side gains the right to serve, the
service shall be delivered from the right service court. Only your opponent
standing diagonally opposite of you shall return the service.
Should your opponent's partner touched or hit the shuttle, it shall be a
'fault' and your side scores a point.

Order of play and position on court

After the service is returned, either you or your partner may hit the shuttle from
any position on your side of the net. Then either player from the opposing side
may do the same, and so on, until the shuttle ceases to be in play.

Scoring and serving

If you are serving or receiving first at the start of any game, you shall serve or
receive in the right service court when your side or your opponent's side scored
an even number of points.

You shall serve from or receive in the left service court when your side or your
opponent's side has scored an odd number of points.

The reverse pattern shall apply to your partner.

In any game, the right to serve passes consecutively from the initial server to the
initial receiver, then to that initial's receiver's partner, then to the opponent who is
due to serve from the right service court, then to that player's partner, and so on.

You shall not serve out of turn, receive out of turn, or receive two consecutive
services in the same game, except as provided in service court errors and 'lets'.

Service court errors

A service court error has been made when a player has served out of turn, has
served from the wrong service or standing on the wrong service court while being
prepared to receive the service and it has been delivered.

If a service court error is discovered after the next service had been delivered,
the error shall not be corrected. If a service court error is discovered before the
next service is delivered, the following rules apply.

If both sides committed an error, it shall be a 'let'. If one side committed the error
and won the rally, it shall be a 'let'. If one side committed the error and lost the
rally, the error shall not be corrected.

If there is a 'let' because of a service court error, the rally is replayed with the
error corrected. If a service court error is not to be corrected, play in that game
shall proceed without changing the player's new service courts.

Faults

The rules of badminton consider the following as faults:

- If the shuttle lands outside the boundaries of the court, passes through or under
the net, fail to pass the net, touches the ceiling or side walls, touches the person
or dress of a player or touches any other object or person.
- If the initial point of contact with the shuttle is not on the striker's side of the net.
(The striker may, however, follow the shuttle over the net with the racket in the
course of a stroke.)

- If a player touches the net or its supports with racket, person or dress, invades
an opponent's court over the net with racket or person except as permitted.

- If a player invades an opponent's court under the net with racket or person such
that an opponent is obstructed or distracted or obstructs an opponent, that is
prevents an opponent from making a legal stroke where the shuttle is followed
over the net.

- If a player deliberately distracts an opponent by any action such as shouting or

making gestures.

- If the shuttle is caught and held on the racket and then slung during the
execution of a stroke.

- If the shuttle is hit twice in succession by the same player with two strokes.

- If the shuttle is hit by a player and the player's partner successively or touches a
player's racket and continues towards the back of that player's court.

- If a player is guilty of flagrant, repeated or persistent offences under Law of

Continuous Play, Misconduct, Penalties.

- If, on service, the shuttle is caught on the net and remains suspended on top,
or, on service, after passing over the net is caught in the net.

Lets

'Let' is called by the umpire, or by a player (if there is no umpire), to halt play.

A 'let' may be given for any unforeseen or accidental occurrence.The rules of

badminton consider the following as 'lets':

- If a shuttle is caught in the net and remains suspended on top or, after passing
over the net, is caught in the net, it shall be a 'let' except on service.

- If, during service, the receiver and server are both faulted at the same time, it
shall be a 'let'.

- If the server serves before the receiver is ready, it shall be a 'let'.

- If, during play, the shuttle disintegrates and the base completely separates from
the rest of the shuttle, is shall be a 'let'.

- If a line judge is unsighted and the umpire is unable to make a decision, it shall
be a 'let'.

- A 'let' may occur following a service court error. When a 'let' occurs, the play
since the last service shall not count and the player who served shall serve
again, except where in situations where the Law of Service Court Errors is
applicable.

Shuttle not in play

A shuttle is not in play when it strikes the net and remains attached there or
suspended on top.

A shuttle is not in play when it strikes the net or post and starts to fall towards the
surface of the court on the striker's side of the net.

A shuttle is not in play when it hits the surface of the court or a 'fault' or 'let' has
occurred.

Continuous play, misconduct, penalties

Play shall be continuous from the first service until the match is concluded,
except as allowed in intervals not exceeding 90 seconds between the first and
second games, and not exceeding 5 minutes between the second and third
games

Officials and appeals

The referee is in overall charge of the tournament. The umpire, where appointed,
is in charge of the match, the court and its immediate surrounds. The umpire

An umpire shall:

- Upload and enforce the Rules of Badminton and, especially, call a 'fault' or 'let'
should either occur.

- Give a decision on any appeal regarding a point of dispute, if made before the
next service is delivered.

- Ensure players and spectators are kept informed of the progress of the match.

- Appoint or remove line judges or a service judge in consultation with the

referee.

- Where another court official is not appointed, arrange for that official's duties to
be carried out.

- Where an appointed official is unsighted, carry out the official's duties or play a
'let'.

- Record and report to the referee all matters in relation to continuous play,
misconduct and penalties.

- Take to the referee all unsatisfied appeals on questions of law only. (Such
appeals must be made before the next service is delivered, or, if at the end of the
game, before the side that appeals has left the court.)
 Officiating in Badminton
Officials roles are among the most important positions when planning badminton
events as they are specialized roles filled by qualified volunteers.

Badminton events of all size - be it a local circuit tournament, county competition

or even one of our major events - on a national and international level, require a
team of officials.

This team will typically be made up of:

 Line judges
 Umpires
 Match referees