Agile Model

The meaning of Agile is swift or versatile. "Agile process model" refers to a

software development approach based on iterative development. Agile methods
break tasks into smaller iterations, or parts do not directly involve long term
planning. The project scope and requirements are laid down at the beginning of the
development process. Plans regarding the number of iterations, the duration and
the scope of each iteration are clearly defined in advance.

Each iteration is considered as a short time "frame" in the Agile process model,
which typically lasts from one to four weeks. The division of the entire project into
smaller parts helps to minimize the project risk and to reduce the overall project
delivery time requirements. Each iteration involves a team working through a full
software development life cycle including planning, requirements analysis, design,
coding, and testing before a working product is demonstrated to the client.

Phases of Agile Model:

Following are the phases in the Agile model are as follows:

1. Requirements gathering
2. Design the requirements
 3. Construction/ iteration
4. Testing/ Quality assurance
5. Deployment
6. Feedback

1. Requirements gathering: In this phase, you must define the requirements.

You should explain business opportunities and plan the time and effort needed to
build the project. Based on this information, you can evaluate technical and
economic feasibility.

2. Design the requirements: When you have identified the project, work with
stakeholders to define requirements. You can use the user flow diagram or the
high-level UML diagram to show the work of new features and show how it will
apply to your existing system.

3. Construction/ iteration: When the team defines the requirements, the work
begins. Designers and developers start working on their project, which aims to
deploy a working product. The product will undergo various stages of improvement,
so it includes simple, minimal functionality.

4. Testing: In this phase, the Quality Assurance team examines the product's
performance and looks for the bug.

5. Deployment: In this phase, the team issues a product for the user's work
environment.

6. Feedback: After releasing the product, the last step is feedback. In this, the
team receives feedback about the product and works through the feedback.

Agile Testing Methods:

o Scrum
o Crystal
o Dynamic Software Development Method(DSDM)
o Feature Driven Development(FDD)
o Lean Software Development
o eXtreme Programming(XP)

Scrum

SCRUM is an agile development process focused primarily on ways to manage tasks

in team-based development conditions.

There are three roles in it, and their responsibilities are:

 o Scrum Master: The scrum can set up the master team, arrange the meeting
and remove obstacles for the process
o Product owner: The product owner makes the product backlog, prioritizes
the delay and is responsible for the distribution of functionality on each
repetition.
o Scrum Team: The team manages its work and organizes the work to
complete the sprint or cycle.

eXtreme Programming(XP)

This type of methodology is used when customers are constantly changing demands
or requirements, or when they are not sure about the system's performance.

Crystal:

There are three concepts of this method-

1. Chartering: Multi activities are involved in this phase such as making a

development team, performing feasibility analysis, developing plans, etc.
2. Cyclic delivery: under this, two more cycles consist, these are:
o Team updates the release plan.
o Integrated product delivers to the users.
3. Wrap up: According to the user environment, this phase performs
deployment, post-deployment.

Dynamic Software Development Method(DSDM):

DSDM is a rapid application development strategy for software development and

gives an agile project distribution structure. The essential features of DSDM are
that users must be actively connected, and teams have been given the right to
make decisions. The techniques used in DSDM are:

1. Time Boxing
2. MoSCoW Rules
3. Prototyping

The DSDM project contains seven stages:

1. Pre-project
2. Feasibility Study
3. Business Study
 4. Functional Model Iteration
5. Design and build Iteration
6. Implementation
7. Post-project

Feature Driven Development(FDD):

This method focuses on "Designing and Building" features. In contrast to other

smart methods, FDD describes the small steps of the work that should be obtained
separately per function.

Lean Software Development:

Lean software development methodology follows the principle "just in time

production." The lean method indicates the increasing speed of software
development and reducing costs. Lean development can be summarized in seven
phases.

1. Eliminating Waste
2. Amplifying learning
3. Defer commitment (deciding as late as possible)
4. Early delivery
5. Empowering the team
6. Building Integrity
7. Optimize the whole

When to use the Agile Model?

o When frequent changes are required.

o When a highly qualified and experienced team is available.
o When a customer is ready to have a meeting with a software team all the
time.
o When project size is small.

Advantage(Pros) of Agile Method:

1. Frequent Delivery
2. Face-to-Face Communication with clients.
3. Efficient design and fulfils the business requirement.
4. Anytime changes are acceptable.
 5. It reduces total development time.

Disadvantages(Cons) of Agile Model:

1. Due to the shortage of formal documents, it creates confusion and crucial

decisions taken throughout various phases can be misinterpreted at any time
by different team members.
2. Due to the lack of proper documentation, once the project completes and the
developers allotted to another project, maintenance of the finished project
can become a difficulty.

What is Scrum? How Does

Rugby Help Software
Developers Create Quality
Products?
STACKIFYMAY 11, 2017DEVELOPER TIPS, TRICKS & RESOURCES
Wondering how Rugby relates to Scrum? In this post, we’ll examine the Scrum
development framework, its benefits and disadvantages, and some best practices for
Scrum software development. When you’re ready to manage your development process
with Scrum methodology, check out this post for our analysis of 15 Scrum boards you
can use to manage your workflow.

Definition of Scrum
Scrum is a software product development strategy that organizes software developers
as a team to reach a common goal — creating a ready-for-market product. It is a widely
used subset of agile software development.

The word scrum also is used in rugby to define a play where players struggle against
each to gain possession of the ball. The goal of a scrum in software development is
to perform at a high-performing level like a rugby team does in a scrum.

How Scrum Works

In a rugby scrum, all the players literally put their heads together. When it comes to
software development, a scrum can be characterized by developers putting their heads
together to address complex problems.

 Scrum software development starts with a wish list of features — a.k.a. a product
backlog. The team meets to discuss:
o The backlog.
o What still needs to be completed.
o How long it will take.
 Scrum relies on an agile software development concept called sprints:
o Sprints are periods of time when software development is actually done.
o A sprint usually lasts from one week to one month to complete an item from the
backlog.
o The goal of each sprint is to create a saleable product.
o Each sprint ends with a sprint review.
o Then the team chooses another piece of backlog to develop — which starts a
new sprint.
o Sprints continue until the project deadline or the project budget is spent.
 In daily scrums, teams meet to discuss their progress since the previous meeting
and make plans for that day.
o The meetings should be brief — no longer than 15 minutes.
o Each team member needs to be present and prepared.
o The ScrumMaster keeps the team focused on the goal.

Image via Wikimedia Commons

Who is in the Scrum?
In rugby, the forwards are involved in the scrum. In software development, three roles
are defined in the scrum framework:

 The scrum team does the work. It is the individuals who are working together in the
sprints to produce the products.
 The scrum master is part of the scrum team makes sure the team works in
compliance with the scrum rules. This is not a manager.
 The product owner represents the customer. This role prioritizes the backlog and
coordinates the scrum teamwork. The product owner is a role similar to project
manager in more traditional project management frameworks.

Benefits of Scrum
Rugby players try to gain control of the ball in the scrum and move it downfield.
Software developers use scrum to move their projects quickly. And the benefits trickle
down to software developers:

 Developers who want the freedom to make decisions thrive in scrum teams. Team
morale tends to be high.
 Each sprint produces a product that is ready for market even though the project is
ongoing. The highest priority requirements are addressed first so a high-quality, low-
risk product can be on the market.
 The incremental process shortens the time to market by about 30 percent to 40
percent. Because the product owner is part of the scrum team, requirements can be
delivered as they are needed.
 Scrum projects often realize a higher return on investment (ROI). This is attributed
to:
o Decreased time to market.
o Early and regular feedback that prompts course corrections early when they are
less costly.
o Defects that are fewer and less costly.
o Projects failing early and quickly when it’s less costly.
 Reviewing each sprint before the team moves on to the next sprint spreads testing
throughout development.
 Project focus and goals can change with evolving business goals.

Disadvantages of Scrum
While a rugby scrum may get rough and bloody, software developers shouldn’t have to
worry about that. Nonetheless, scrum is not for all developer teams or software
development projects. There are disadvantages to implementing scrum projects:
 There is a danger of scope creep if stakeholders keep adding functionality to the
backlog. This could be encouraged by the fixed deadline.
 Scrum works best with small teams of experienced software developers. They need
to be able to work quickly.
 Scrum teams do not work well when the scrum master micromanages their work.
 Losing any team members can hurt the progress of the project.

Scrum Best Practices

Teamwork wins rugby games and helps software developers create quality products. To
get the best quality out of scrum:

 Define requirements just in time to keep product features as relevant as possible.

 Test and incorporate product owner feedback daily.
 Sprint reviews with stakeholders need to be regular.
 The scrum team needs to use the sprint retrospectives to improve how they work.
 Conduct face-to-face conversations to reduce miscommunications.
 Trust the teams to do the best job possible.
 Allow the teams to self-organize around people’s skills, work styles and
personalities.
 Don’t burn out the team members. Respect the balance between their personal and
professional lives to ease stress.

Additional Scrum Tutorials and Resources

Instead of joining a local rugby league, check out the following agile framework
resources and resources dedicated to the Scrum framework:

 Scrum Alliance
 15 Scrum Boards for your team
 Scrum Guides
 Scrum Community Blog
 Scrum Questions
 Scrum subreddit
What is eSewa?

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